-CITE- 26 USC CHAPTER 42 - PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS; AND CERTAIN OTHER TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 26 - INTERNAL REVENUE CODE Subtitle D - Miscellaneous Excise Taxes CHAPTER 42 - PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS; AND CERTAIN OTHER TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS -HEAD- CHAPTER 42 - PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS; AND CERTAIN OTHER TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS -MISC1- Subchapter Sec.(!1) A. Private foundations 4940 B. Black lung benefit trusts 4951 C. Political expenditures of section 501(c)(3) organizations 4955 D. Failure by certain charitable organizations to meet certain qualification requirements 4958 E. Abatement of first and second tier taxes in certain cases 4961 AMENDMENTS 1996 - Pub. L. 104-168, title XIII, Sec. 1311(c)(6), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1478, struck out item for subchapter D "Abatement of first and second-tier taxes in certain cases" and added items for subchapters D and E. 1987 - Pub. L. 100-203, title X, Sec. 10712(c)(7), (9), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330-467, substituted in chapter heading "AND CERTAIN OTHER TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS" for "BLACK LUNG BENEFIT TRUSTS", struck out item for subchapter C "Abatement of first and second tier taxes in certain cases", and added items for subchapters C and D. 1984 - Pub. L. 98-369, div. A, title III, Sec. 305(b)(3), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 784, substituted "Abatement of first and second tier taxes in certain cases" for "Abatement of second tier taxes where there is correction during correction period" in item for subchapter C. 1980 - Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(c)(3), Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3474, added item for subchapter C. 1978 - Pub. L. 95-227, Sec. 4(c)(2)(A), Feb. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 22, in chapter heading inserted "; BLACK LUNG BENEFIT TRUSTS" after "FOUNDATIONS", and added items for subchapters A and B. 1969 - Pub. L. 91-172, title I, Sec. 101(b), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 498, added chapter heading "PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS". -FOOTNOTE- (!1) Section numbers editorially supplied. -End- -CITE- 26 USC Subchapter A - Private Foundations 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 26 - INTERNAL REVENUE CODE Subtitle D - Miscellaneous Excise Taxes CHAPTER 42 - PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS; AND CERTAIN OTHER TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS Subchapter A - Private Foundations -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER A - PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS -MISC1- Sec. 4940. Excise tax based on investment income. 4941. Taxes on self-dealing. 4942. Taxes on failure to distribute income. 4943. Taxes on excess business holdings. 4944. Taxes on investments which jeopardize charitable purpose. 4945. Taxes on taxable expenditures. 4946. Definitions and special rules. 4947. Application of taxes to certain nonexempt trusts. 4948. Application of taxes and denial of exemption with respect to certain foreign organizations. AMENDMENTS 1978 - Pub. L. 95-227, Sec. 4(c)(2)(A), Feb. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 22, added subchapter A heading and designated sections 4940 to 4948 as subchapter A. 1969 - Pub. L. 91-172, title I, Sec. 101(b), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 498, added analysis of sections. -End- -CITE- 26 USC Sec. 4940 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 26 - INTERNAL REVENUE CODE Subtitle D - Miscellaneous Excise Taxes CHAPTER 42 - PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS; AND CERTAIN OTHER TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS Subchapter A - Private Foundations -HEAD- Sec. 4940. Excise tax based on investment income -STATUTE- (a) Tax-exempt foundations There is hereby imposed on each private foundation which is exempt from taxation under section 501(a) for the taxable year, with respect to the carrying on its activities, a tax equal to 2 percent of the net investment income of such foundation for the taxable year. (b) Taxable foundations There is hereby imposed on each private foundation which is not exempt from taxation under section 501(a) for the taxable year, with respect to the carrying on of its activities, a tax equal to - (1) the amount (if any) by which the sum of (A) the tax imposed under subsection (a) (computed as if such subsection applied to such private foundation for the taxable year), plus (B) the amount of the tax which would have been imposed under section 511 for the taxable year if such private foundation had been exempt from taxation under section 501(a), exceeds (2) the tax imposed under subtitle A on such private foundation for the taxable year. (c) Net investment income defined (1) In general For purposes of subsection (a), the net investment income is the amount by which (A) the sum of the gross investment income and the capital gain net income exceeds (B) the deductions allowed by paragraph (3). Except to the extent inconsistent with the provisions of this section, net investment income shall be determined under the principles of subtitle A. (2) Gross investment income For purposes of paragraph (1), the term "gross investment income" means the gross amount of income from interest, dividends, rents, payments with respect to securities loans (as defined in section 512(a)(5)), and royalties, but not including any such income to the extent included in computing the tax imposed by section 511. (3) Deductions (A) In general For purposes of paragraph (1), there shall be allowed as a deduction all the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred for the production or collection of gross investment income or for the management, conservation, or maintenance of property held for the production of such income, determined with the modifications set forth in subparagraph (B). (B) Modifications For purposes of subparagraph (A) - (i) The deduction provided by section 167 shall be allowed, but only on the basis of the straight line method of depreciation. (ii) The deduction for depletion provided by section 611 shall be allowed, but such deduction shall be determined without regard to section 613 (relating to percentage depletion). (4) Capital gains and losses For purposes of paragraph (1) in determining capital gain net income - (A) There shall be taken into account only gains and losses from the sale or other disposition of property used for the production of interest, dividends, rents, and royalties, and property used for the production of income included in computing the tax imposed by section 511 (except to the extent gain or loss from the sale or other disposition of such property is taken into account for purposes of such tax). (B) The basis for determining gain in the case of property held by the private foundation on December 31, 1969, and continuously thereafter to the date of its disposition shall be deemed to be not less than the fair market value of such property on December 31, 1969. (C) Losses from sales or other dispositions of property shall be allowed only to the extent of gains from such sales or other dispositions, and there shall be no capital loss carryovers. (5) Tax-exempt income For purposes of this section, net investment income shall be determined by applying section 103 (relating to State and local bonds) and section 265 (relating to expenses and interest relating to tax-exempt income). (d) Exemption for certain operating foundations (1) In general No tax shall be imposed by this section on any private foundation which is an exempt operating foundation for the taxable year. (2) Exempt operating foundation For purposes of this subsection, the term "exempt operating foundation" means, with respect to any taxable year, any private foundation if - (A) such foundation is an operating foundation (as defined in section 4942(j)(3)), (B) such foundation has been publicly supported for at least 10 taxable years, (C) at all times during the taxable year, the governing body of such foundation - (i) consists of individuals at least 75 percent of whom are not disqualified individuals, and (ii) is broadly representative of the general public, and (D) at no time during the taxable year does such foundation have an officer who is a disqualified individual. (3) Definitions For purposes of this subsection - (A) Publicly supported A private foundation is publicly supported for a taxable year if it meets the requirements of section 170(b)(1)(A)(vi) or 509(a)(2) for such taxable year. (B) Disqualified individual The term "disqualified individual" means, with respect to any private foundation, an individual who is - (i) a substantial contributor to the foundation, (ii) an owner of more than 20 percent of - (I) the total combined voting power of a corporation, (II) the profits interest of a partnership, or (III) the beneficial interest of a trust or unincorporated enterprise, which is a substantial contributor to the foundation, or (iii) a member of the family of any individual described in clause (i) or (ii). (C) Substantial contributor The term "substantial contributor" means a person who is described in section 507(d)(2). (D) Family The term "family" has the meaning given to such term by section 4946(d). (E) Constructive ownership The rules of paragraphs (3) and (4) of section 4946(a) shall apply for purposes of subparagraph (B)(ii). (e) Reduction in tax where private foundation meets certain distribution requirements (1) In general In the case of any private foundation which meets the requirements of paragraph (2) for any taxable year, subsection (a) shall be applied with respect to such taxable year by substituting "1 percent" for "2 percent". (2) Requirements A private foundation meets the requirements of this paragraph for any taxable year if - (A) the amount of the qualifying distributions made by the private foundation during such taxable year equals or exceeds the sum of - (i) an amount equal to the assets of such foundation for such taxable year multiplied by the average percentage payout for the base period, plus (ii) 1 percent of the net investment income of such foundation for such taxable year, and (B) such private foundation was not liable for tax under section 4942 with respect to any year in the base period. (3) Average percentage payout for base period For purposes of this subsection - (A) In general The average percentage payout for the base period is the average of the percentage payouts for taxable years in the base period. (B) Percentage payout The term "percentage payout" means, with respect to any taxable year, the percentage determined by dividing - (i) the amount of the qualifying distributions made by the private foundation during the taxable year, by (ii) the assets of the private foundation for the taxable year. (C) Special rule where tax reduced under this subsection For purposes of this paragraph, if the amount of the tax imposed by this section for any taxable year in the base period is reduced by reason of this subsection, the amount of the qualifying distributions made by the private foundation during such year shall be reduced by the amount of such reduction in tax. (4) Base period For purposes of this subsection - (A) In general The term "base period" means, with respect to any taxable year, the 5 taxable years preceding such taxable year. (B) New private foundations, etc. If an organization has not been a private foundation throughout the base period referred to in subparagraph (A), the base period shall consist of the taxable years during which such foundation has been in existence. (5) Other definitions For purposes of this subsection - (A) Qualifying distribution The term "qualifying distribution" has the meaning given such term by section 4942(g). (B) Assets The assets of a private foundation for any taxable year shall be treated as equal to the excess determined under section 4942(e)(1). (6) Treatment of successor organizations, etc. In the case of - (A) a private foundation which is a successor to another private foundation, this subsection shall be applied with respect to such successor by taking into account the experience of such other foundation, and (B) a merger, reorganization, or division of a private foundation, this subsection shall be applied under regulations prescribed by the Secretary. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 91-172, title I, Sec. 101(b), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 498; amended Pub. L. 94-455, title XIX, Sec. 1901(b)(33)(N), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1802; Pub. L. 95-345, Sec. 2(a)(4), Aug. 15, 1978, 92 Stat. 481; Pub. L. 95-600, title V, Sec. 520(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2884; Pub. L. 98-369, div. A, title III, Secs. 302(a), 303(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 779, 781; Pub. L. 99-514, title XIII, Sec. 1301(j)(6), title XVIII, Sec. 1832, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2658, 2851.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1986 - Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 1301(j), substituted "(relating to State and local bonds)" for "(relating to interest on certain governmental obligations)". Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 1832, added subpar. (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) and concluding provision which read as follows: "(B) the average percentage payout for the base period equals or exceeds 5 percent. In the case of an operating foundation (as defined in section 4942(j)(3)), subparagraph (B) shall be applied by substituting '3 1/3 percent' for '5 percent'." 1984 - Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98-369, Sec. 302(a), added subsec. (d). Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98-369, Sec. 303(a), added subsec. (e). 1978 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95-600 substituted "2 percent" for "4 percent". Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 95-345 inserted provision relating to payments with respect to securities loans. 1976 - Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94-455 substituted "capital gain net income" for "net capital gain" in par. (1) after "investment income and the", and in par. (4) after "par. (1) in determining". EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 1301(j)(6) of Pub. L. 99-514 applicable to bonds issued after Aug. 15, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see sections 1311 to 1318 of Pub. L. 99-514, set out as an Effective Date; Transitional Rules note under section 141 of this title. Amendment by section 1832 of Pub. L. 99-514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98-369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99-514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT Section 302(c)(1) of Pub. L. 98-369 provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1984." Section 303(b) of Pub. L. 98-369 provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1984." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENTS Section 520(b) of Pub. L. 95-600 provided that: "The amendment made by the first section of this Act [probably meaning section 520(a), which amended this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after September 30, 1977." Amendment by Pub. L. 95-345 applicable with respect to amounts received after Dec. 31, 1976, as payments with respect to securities loans (as defined in section 512(a)(5) of this title), and transfers of securities, under agreements described in section 1058 of this title, occurring after such date, see section 2(e) of Pub. L. 95-345, set out as a note under section 509 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE Section 101(k) of Pub. L. 91-172, as amended by Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided: "(1) In general. - Except as otherwise provided in this subsection and subsection (l) [set out as a note below] the amendments made by this section [enacting this section and sections 507 to 509, 4941 to 4848, 6056, 6684, and 6685 of this title, amending sections 101, 170, 501, 503, 542, 663, 681, 878, 884, 1443, 2039, 2517, 4057, 4221, 4253, 4294, 5214, 6033, 6034, 6043, 6104, 6161, 6201, 6211 to 6214, 6344, 6501, 6503, 6511, 6512, 6601, 6652, 6653, 6659, 6676, 6677, 6679, 6682, 7207, 7422, and 7454 of this title, repealing section 504 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 1 of this title] shall take effect on January 1, 1970. "(2) Provisions effective for taxable years beginning after december 31, 1969. - The following provisions shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1969: "(A) Sections 4940, 4942, 4943, and 4948 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] (as added by this section), and "(B) The amendments made by subsection (d) [enacting section 6056 of this title, and amending sections 6033 and 6652 of this title] and paragraphs (3), (15), (16), (20), (21), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34), (35), and (61) of subsection (j) [amending sections 501, 542, 878, 884, 6033, 6034, and 6043 of this title and repealing section 504 of this title]. "(3) Sections 508(a), (b), and (c). - Sections 508 (a),(b), and (c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as added by this section) shall take effect on October 9, 1969." SAVINGS PROVISION Section 101(l) of Pub. L. 91-172, as amended by Pub. L. 93-490, Sec. 4(a), Oct. 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1467; Pub. L. 94-455, title XIII, Secs. 1301(a), 1309(a), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1713, 1729; Pub. L. 95-600, title VII, Sec. 703(f), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2940; Pub. L. 98-369, div. A, title III, Sec. 314(b)(1), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 787; Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "(1) References to internal revenue code provisions. - Except as otherwise expressly provided, references in the following paragraphs of this subsection are to sections of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] as amended by this section. "(2) Section 4941. - Section 4941 shall not apply to - "(A) any transaction between a private foundation and a corporation which is a disqualified person (as defined in section 4946), pursuant to the terms of securities of such corporation in existence at the time acquired by the foundation, if such securities were acquired by the foundation before May 27, 1969; "(B) the sale, exchange, or other disposition of property which is owned by a private foundation on May 26, 1969 (or which is acquired by a private foundation under the terms of a trust which was irrevocable on May 26, 1969, or under the terms of a will executed on or before such date, which are in effect on such date and at all times thereafter), to a disqualified person, if such foundation is required to dispose of such property in order not to be liable for tax under section 4943 (relating to taxes on excess business holdings) applied, in the case of a disposition before January 1, 1977, without taking section 4943(c)(4) into account and it receives in return an amount which equals or exceeds the fair market value of such property at the time of such disposition or at the time a contract for such disposition was previously executed in a transaction which would not constitute a prohibited transaction (within the meaning of section 503(b) or the corresponding provisions of prior law); "(C) the leasing of property or the lending of money or other extension of credit between a disqualified person and a private foundation pursuant to a binding contract in effect on October 9, 1969 (or pursuant to renewals of such a contract), until taxable years beginning after December 31, 1979, if such leasing or lending (or other extension of credit) remains at least as favorable as an arm's-length transaction with an unrelated party and if the execution of such contract was not at the time of such execution a prohibited transaction (within the meaning of section 503(b) or the corresponding provisions of prior law); "(D) the use of goods, services, or facilities which are shared by a private foundation and a disqualified person until taxable years beginning after December 31, 1979, if such use is pursuant to an arrangement in effect before October 9, 1969, and such arrangement was not a prohibited transaction (within the meaning of section 503(b) or the corresponding provisions of prior law) at the time it was made and would not be a prohibited transaction if such section continued to apply; "(E) the use of property in which a private foundation and a disqualified person have a joint or common interest, if the interests of both in such property were acquired before October 9, 1969; and "(F) the sale, exchange, or other disposition (other than by lease) of property which is owned by a private foundation to a disqualified person if - "(i) such foundation is leasing substantially all of such property under a lease to which subparagraph (C) applies, "(ii) the disposition to such disqualified person occurs before January 1, 1978, and "(iii) such foundation receives in return for the disposition to such disqualified person an amount which equals or exceeds the fair market value of such property at the time of the disposition or at the time (after June 30, 1976) a contract for the disposition was previously executed in a transaction which would not constitute a prohibited transaction (within the meaning of section 503(b) or any corresponding provision of prior law). "(3) Section 4942. - In the case of organizations organized before May 27, 1969, section 4942 shall - "(A) for all purposes other than the determination of the minimum investment return under section 4942(j)(3)(B)(ii), for taxable years beginning before January 1, 1972, apply without regard to section 4942(e) (relating to minimum investment return), and for taxable years beginning in 1972, 1973, and 1974, apply with an applicable percentage (as prescribed in section 4942(e)(3)) which does not exceed 4 1/2 percent, 5 percent, and 5 1/2 percent, respectively; "(B) not apply to an organization to the extent its income is required to be accumulated pursuant to the mandatory terms (as in effect on May 26, 1969, and at all times thereafter) of an instrument executed before May 27, 1969, with respect to the transfer of income producing property to such organization, except that section 4942 shall apply to such organization if the organization would have been denied exemption if section 504(a) had not been repealed by this Act, or would have had its deductions under section 642(c) limited if section 681(c) had not been repealed by this Act. In applying the preceding sentence, in addition to the limitations contained in section 504(a) or 681(c) before its repeal, section 504(a)(1) or 681(c)(1) shall be treated as not applying to an organization to the extent its income is required to be accumulated pursuant to the mandatory terms (as in effect on January 1, 1951, and at all times thereafter) of an instrument executed before January 1, 1951, with respect to the transfer of income producing property to such organization before such date, if such transfer was irrevocable on such date; "(C) apply to a grant to a private foundation described in section 4942(g)(1)(A)(ii) which is not described in section 4942(g)(1)(A)(i), pursuant to a written commitment which was binding on May 26, 1969, and at all times thereafter, as if such grant is a grant to an operating foundation (as defined in section 4942(j)(3)), if such grant is made for one or more of the purposes described in section 170(c)(2)(B) and is to be paid out to such private foundation on or before December 31, 1974; "(D) apply, for purposes of section 4942(f), in such a manner as to treat any distribution made to a private foundation in redemption of stock held by such private foundation in a business enterprise as not essentially equivalent to a dividend under section 302(b)(1) if such redemption is described in paragraph (2)(B) of this subsection; "(E) not apply to an organization which is prohibited by its governing instrument or other instrument from distributing capital or corpus to the extent the requirements of section 4942 are inconsistent with such prohibition; and "(F) apply, in the case of an organization described in paragraph (4)(A) of this subsection, "(i) by applying section 4942(e) without regard to the stock to which paragraph (4)(A)(ii) of this subsection applies, "(ii) by applying section 4942(f) without regard to dividend income for such stock, and "(iii) by defining the distributable amount as the sum of the amount determined under section 4942(d) (after the application of clauses (i) and (ii)), and the amount of the dividend income from such stock. With respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1971, subparagraphs (B) and (E) shall apply only during the pendency of any judicial proceeding by the private foundation which is necessary to reform, or to excuse such foundation from compliance with, its governing instrument or any other instrument (as in effect on May 26, 1969) in order to comply with the provisions of section 4942, and in the case of subparagraph (B) for all periods after the termination of such judicial proceeding during which the governing instrument or any other instrument does not permit compliance with such provisions. "(4) Section 4943. - "(A) In the case of a private foundation - "(i) which was incorporated before January 1, 1951; "(ii) substantially all of the assets of which on May 26, 1969, consist of more than 90 percent of the stock of an incorporated business enterprise which is licensed and regulated, the sales or contracts of which are regulated, and the professional representatives of which are licensed, by State regulatory agencies in at least 10 States; and "(iii) which acquired such stock solely by gift, devise, or bequest, section 4943(c)(4)(A)(i) shall be applied with respect to the holdings of such foundation in such incorporated business enterprise as if it did not contain the phrase ', but in no event shall the percentage so substituted be more than 50 percent', and section 4943(c)(4)(D) shall not apply with respect to such holdings. For purposes of the preceding sentence, stock of such enterprise in a trust created before May 27, 1969, of which the foundation is the remainder beneficiary shall be deemed to be held by such foundation on May 26, 1969, if such foundation held (without regard to such trust) more than 20 percent of the stock of such enterprise on May 26, 1969. "(B) Subparagraph (A) shall apply to a private foundation only if - "(i) the foundation does not purchase any stock or other interest in the enterprise described in subparagraph (A) after May 26, 1969, and does not acquire any stock or other interest in any other business enterprise which constitutes excess business holdings under section 4943; and "(ii) in the last 5 taxable years ending on or before December 31, 1970, the foundation expends substantially all of its adjusted net income (as defined in section 4942(f)) for the purpose or function for which it is organized and operated. "(C) For purposes of section 4943(c)(6), the term 'purchase' does not include an exchange which is described in paragraph (2)(B) of this subsection and which is pursuant to a plan for disposition of excess business holdings. "(5) Section 4945. - Section 4945(d)(4) and (h) shall not apply to a grant which is described in paragraph (3)(C) of this subsection. "(6) Section 508(e). - Section 508(e) shall not apply to require inclusion in governing instruments of any provisions inconsistent with this subsection. "(7) Section 509(a). - In the case of any trust created under the terms of a will or a codicil to a will executed on or before March 30, 1924, by which the testator bequeathed all of the outstanding common stock of a corporation in trust, the income of which trust is to be used principally for the benefit of those from time to time employed by the corporation and their families, the trustees of which trust are elected or selected from among the employees of such corporation, and which trust does not own directly any stock in any other corporation, if the trust makes an irrevocable election under this paragraph within one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 30, 1969], such trust shall be treated as not being a private foundation for purposes of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 but shall be treated for purposes of such Code as if it were not exempt from tax under section 501(a) for any taxable year beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 30, 1969] and before the date (if any) on which such trust has complied with the requirements of section 507 for termination of the status of an organization as a private foundation. "(8) Certain redemptions. - For purposes of applying section 302(b)(1) to the determination of the amount of gross investment income under sections 4940 and 4948(a), any distribution made to a private foundation in redemption of stock held by such private foundation in a business enterprise shall be treated as not essentially equivalent to a dividend, if such redemption is described in paragraph (2)(B) of this subsection." [Section 314(b)(2) of Pub. L. 98-369 provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending section 101(4)(A)(iii) of Pub. L. 91-172, set out above] shall apply as if included in section 101(l)(4) of the Tax Reform Act of 1969 [Pub. L. 91-172]."] [Section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 94-455 provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [enacting subpar. (F) of section 101(2) of Pub. L. 91-172, set out above] shall apply to dispositions after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 4, 1976] in taxable years ending after such date."] [Section 1309(b) of Pub. L. 94-455 provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending section 101(2)(B) of Pub. L. 91-172, set out above] shall apply to dispositions made after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 4, 1976]."] [Section 4(b) of Pub. L. 93-490 provided that: "The amendment made by this section [enacting subpar. (F) of section 101(3) of Pub. L. 91-172, set out above] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1971."] DETERMINATION OF OPERATING FOUNDATION STATUS FOR CERTAIN PURPOSES Pub. L. 100-647, title VI, Sec. 6204, Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3730, provided that: "For purposes of section 302(c)(3) of the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 [Pub. L. 98-369, set out below], a private foundation which constituted an operating foundation (as defined in section 4942(j)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) for its last taxable year ending before January 1, 1983, shall be treated as constituting an operating foundation as of January 1, 1983." PLAN AMENDMENTS NOT REQUIRED UNTIL JANUARY 1, 1989 For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [Secs. 1101-1147 and 1171-1177] or title XVIII [Secs. 1800-1899A] of Pub. L. 99-514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99-514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title. PUBLIC SUPPORT REQUIREMENT NOT APPLICABLE TO CERTAIN EXISTING FOUNDATIONS Section 302(c)(3) of Pub. L. 98-369 provided that: "A foundation which was an operating foundation (as defined in section 4942(j)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954) as of January 1, 1983, shall be treated as meeting the requirements of section 4940(d)(2)(B) of such Code (as added by subsection (a))." -End- -CITE- 26 USC Sec. 4941 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 26 - INTERNAL REVENUE CODE Subtitle D - Miscellaneous Excise Taxes CHAPTER 42 - PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS; AND CERTAIN OTHER TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS Subchapter A - Private Foundations -HEAD- Sec. 4941. Taxes on self-dealing -STATUTE- (a) Initial taxes (1) On self-dealer There is hereby imposed a tax on each act of self-dealing between a disqualified person and a private foundation. The rate of tax shall be equal to 5 percent of the amount involved with respect to the act of self-dealing for each year (or part thereof) in the taxable period. The tax imposed by this paragraph shall be paid by any disqualified person (other than a foundation manager acting only as such) who participates in the act of self- dealing. In the case of a government official (as defined in section 4946(c)), a tax shall be imposed by this paragraph only if such disqualified person participates in the act of self- dealing knowing that it is such an act. (2) On foundation manager In any case in which a tax is imposed by paragraph (1), there is hereby imposed on the participation of any foundation manager in an act of self-dealing between a disqualified person and a private foundation, knowing that it is such an act, a tax equal to 2 1/2 percent of the amount involved with respect to the act of self-dealing for each year (or part thereof) in the taxable period, unless such participation is not willful and is due to reasonable cause. The tax imposed by this paragraph shall be paid by any foundation manager who participated in the act of self- dealing. (b) Additional taxes (1) On self-dealer In any case in which an initial tax is imposed by subsection (a)(1) on an act of self-dealing by a disqualified person with a private foundation and the act is not corrected within the taxable period, there is hereby imposed a tax equal to 200 percent of the amount involved. The tax imposed by this paragraph shall be paid by any disqualified person (other than a foundation manager acting only as such) who participated in the act of self- dealing. (2) On foundation manager In any case in which an additional tax is imposed by paragraph (1), if a foundation manager refused to agree to part or all of the correction, there is hereby imposed a tax equal to 50 percent of the amount involved. The tax imposed by this paragraph shall be paid by any foundation manager who refused to agree to part or all of the correction. (c) Special rules For purposes of subsections (a) and (b) - (1) Joint and several liability If more than one person is liable under any paragraph of subsection (a) or (b) with respect to any one act of self- dealing, all such persons shall be jointly and severally liable under such paragraph with respect to such act. (2) $10,000 limit for management With respect to any one act of self-dealing, the maximum amount of the tax imposed by subsection (a)(2) shall not exceed $10,000, and the maximum amount of the tax imposed by subsection (b)(2) shall not exceed $10,000. (d) Self-dealing (1) In general For purposes of this section, the term "self-dealing" means any direct or indirect - (A) sale or exchange, or leasing, of property between a private foundation and a disqualified person; (B) lending of money or other extension of credit between a private foundation and a disqualified person; (C) furnishing of goods, services, or facilities between a private foundation and a disqualified person; (D) payment of compensation (or payment or reimbursement of expenses) by a private foundation to a disqualified person; (E) transfer to, or use by or for the benefit of, a disqualified person of the income or assets of a private foundation; and (F) agreement by a private foundation to make any payment of money or other property to a government official (as defined in section 4946(c)), other than an agreement to employ such individual for any period after the termination of his government service if such individual is terminating his government service within a 90-day period. (2) Special rules For purposes of paragraph (1) - (A) the transfer of real or personal property by a disqualified person to a private foundation shall be treated as a sale or exchange if the property is subject to a mortgage or similar lien which the foundation assumes or if it is subject to a mortgage or similar lien which a disqualified person placed on the property within the 10-year period ending on the date of the transfer; (B) the lending of money by a disqualified person to a private foundation shall not be an act of self-dealing if the loan is without interest or other charge (determined without regard to section 7872) and if the proceeds of the loan are used exclusively for purposes specified in section 501(c)(3); (C) the furnishing of goods, services, or facilities by a disqualified person to a private foundation shall not be an act of self-dealing if the furnishing is without charge and if the goods, services, or facilities so furnished are used exclusively for purposes specified in section 501(c)(3); (D) the furnishing of goods, services, or facilities by a private foundation to a disqualified person shall not be an act of self-dealing if such furnishing is made on a basis no more favorable than that on which such goods, services, or facilities are made available to the general public; (E) except in the case of a government official (as defined in section 4946(c)), the payment of compensation (and the payment or reimbursement of expenses) by a private foundation to a disqualified person for personal services which are reasonable and necessary to carrying out the exempt purpose of the private foundation shall not be an act of self-dealing if the compensation (or payment or reimbursement) is not excessive; (F) any transaction between a private foundation and a corporation which is a disqualified person (as defined in section 4946(a)), pursuant to any liquidation, merger, redemption, recapitalization, or other corporate adjustment, organization, or reorganization, shall not be an act of self- dealing if all of the securities of the same class as that held by the foundation are subject to the same terms and such terms provide for receipt by the foundation of no less than fair market value; (G) in the case of a government official (as defined in section 4946(c)), paragraph (1) shall in addition not apply to - (i) prizes and awards which are subject to the provisions of section 74(b) (without regard to paragraph (3) thereof), if the recipients of such prizes and awards are selected from the general public, (ii) scholarships and fellowship grants which would be subject to the provisions of section 117(a) (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1986) and are to be used for study at an educational organization described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(ii), (iii) any annuity or other payment (forming part of a stock- bonus, pension, or profit-sharing plan) by a trust which is a qualified trust under section 401, (iv) any annuity or other payment under a plan which meets the requirements of section 404(a)(2), (v) any contribution or gift (other than a contribution or gift of money) to, or services or facilities made available to, any such individual, if the aggregate value of such contributions, gifts, services, and facilities to, or made available to, such individual during any calendar year does not exceed $25, (vi) any payment made under chapter 41 of title 5, United States Code, or (vii) any payment or reimbursement of traveling expenses for travel solely from one point in the United States to another point in the United States, but only if such payment or reimbursement does not exceed the actual cost of the transportation involved plus an amount for all other traveling expenses not in excess of 125 percent of the maximum amount payable under section 5702 of title 5, United States Code, for like travel by employees of the United States; and (H) the leasing by a disqualified person to a private foundation of office space for use by the foundation in a building with other tenants who are not disqualified persons shall not be treated as an act of self-dealing if - (i) such leasing of office space is pursuant to a binding lease which was in effect on October 9, 1969, or pursuant to renewals of such a lease; (ii) the execution of such lease was not a prohibited transaction (within the meaning of section 503(b) or any corresponding provision of prior law) at the time of such execution; and (iii) the terms of the lease (or any renewal) reflect an arm's-length transaction. (e) Other definitions For purposes of this section - (1) Taxable period The term "taxable period" means, with respect to any act of self-dealing, the period beginning with the date on which the act of self-dealing occurs and ending on the earliest of - (A) the date of mailing a notice of deficiency with respect to the tax imposed by subsection (a)(1) under section 6212, (B) the date on which the tax imposed by subsection (a)(1) is assessed, or (C) the date on which correction of the act of self-dealing is completed. (2) Amount involved The term "amount involved" means, with respect to any act of self-dealing, the greater of the amount of money and the fair market value of the other property given or the amount of money and the fair market value of the other property received; except that, in the case of services described in subsection (d)(2)(E), the amount involved shall be only the excess compensation. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the fair market value - (A) in the case of the taxes imposed by subsection (a), shall be determined as of the date on which the act of self-dealing occurs; and (B) in the case of the taxes imposed by subsection (b), shall be the highest fair market value during the taxable period. (3) Correction The terms "correction" and "correct" mean, with respect to any act of self-dealing, undoing the transaction to the extent possible, but in any case placing the private foundation in a financial position not worse than that in which it would be if the disqualified person were dealing under the highest fiduciary standards. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 91-172, title I, Sec. 101(b), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 499; amended Pub. L. 94-455, title XIX, Secs. 1901(b)(8)(H), 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1795, 1834; Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(1)(A), (B), (2)(A), (3)(A), Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3469, 3471; Pub. L. 96-608, Sec. 5, Dec. 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 3553; Pub. L. 99-234, title I, Sec. 107(c), Jan. 2, 1986, 99 Stat. 1759; Pub. L. 99-514, title I, Sec. 122(a)(2)(A), title XVIII, Sec. 1812(b)(1), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2110, 2833; Pub. L. 100-647, title I, Sec. 1001(d)(1)(A), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3350.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The date of the enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, referred to in subsec. (d)(2)(G)(ii), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 99- 514, which was approved Oct. 22, 1986. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1988 - Subsec. (d)(2)(G)(ii). Pub. L. 100-647 amended cl. (ii) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (ii) read as follows: "scholarships and fellowship grants which are subject to the provisions of section 117(a) and are to be used for study at an educational organization described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(ii),". 1986 - Subsec. (d)(2)(B). Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 1812(b)(1), inserted "(determined without regard to section 7872)" after "without interest or other charge". Subsec. (d)(2)(G)(i). Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 122(a)(2)(A), inserted "(without regard to paragraph (3) thereof)" after "section 74(b)". Subsec. (d)(2)(G)(vii). Pub. L. 99-234 substituted "5702" for "5702(a)". 1980 - Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(1)(A), substituted "taxable period" for "correction period". Subsec. (d)(2)(H). Pub. L. 96-608 added subpar. (H). Subsec. (e)(1)(B), (C). Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(2)(A), added subpar. (B) and redesignated former subpar. (B) as (C). Subsec. (e)(2)(B). Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(1)(B), substituted "taxable period" for "correction period". Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(3)(A), struck out par. (4) which defined correction period, with respect to any act of self-dealing, as the period beginning with the date on which the act of self-dealing occurs and ending 90 days after the date of mailing of a notice of deficiency with respect to the tax imposed by subsec. (b)(1) of this section under section 6212 of this title, extended by any period in which the deficiency cannot be assessed under section 6213(a) of this title and any other period which the Secretary determines is reasonable and necessary to bring about correction of the act of self-dealing. 1976 - Subsec. (d)(2)(G)(ii). Pub. L. 94-455, Sec. 1901(b)(8)(H), substituted "educational organization described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(ii)" for "educational institution described in section 151(e)(4)" after "study at an". Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 94-455, Sec. 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary". EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 100-647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100-647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENTS Amendment by section 122(a)(2)(A) of Pub. L. 99-514 applicable to prizes and awards granted after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 151(c) of Pub. L. 99-514, set out as a note under section 1 of this title. Amendment by section 1812(b)(1) of Pub. L. 99-514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98-369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99-514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title. Amendment by Pub. L. 99-234 effective (1) on effective date of regulations to be promulgated not later than 150 days after Jan. 2, 1986, or (2) 180 days after Jan. 2, 1986, whichever occurs first, see section 301(a) of Pub. L. 99-234, set out as a note under section 5701 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 96-596 with respect to any first tier tax and to any second tier tax, see section 2(d) of Pub. L. 96-596, set out as an Effective Date note under section 4961 of this title. SAVINGS PROVISION Exceptions to applicability of section, see section 101(l)(2) of Pub. L. 91-172, set out as a note under section 4940 of this title. PLAN AMENDMENTS NOT REQUIRED UNTIL JANUARY 1, 1989 For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [Secs. 1101-1147 and 1171-1177] or title XVIII [Secs. 1800-1899A] of Pub. L. 99-514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99-514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title. TAX ON SELF-DEALING NOT TO APPLY TO CERTAIN STOCK PURCHASES Pub. L. 98-369, div. A, title III, Sec. 312, July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 786, as amended by Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "(a) General Rule. - Section 4941 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] (relating to taxes on self-dealing) shall not apply to the purchase during 1978 of stock from a private foundation (and to any note issued in connection with such purchase) if - "(1) consideration for such purchase equaled or exceeded the fair market value of such stock, "(2) the purchaser of such stock did not make any contribution to such foundation at any time during the 5-year period ending on the date of such purchase, "(3) the aggregate contributions to such foundation by the purchaser before such date were less than $10,000 and less than 2 percent of the total contributions received by the foundation as of such date, and "(4) such purchase was pursuant to the settlement of litigation involving the purchaser. "(b) Statute of Limitations. - If credit or refund of any overpayment of tax resulting from subsection (a) is prevented at any time before the close of the 1-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [July 18, 1984] by the operation of any law or rule of law, refund or credit of such overpayment may, nevertheless, be made or allowed if claim therefor is filed before the close of such 1-year period." APPLICABILITY TO DETERMINATION OF STATUS AS SUBSTANTIAL CONTRIBUTOR FOR PURPOSES OF TAXES ON SELF-DEALING OF CONTRIBUTIONS MADE PRIOR TO OCTOBER 9, 1969 Determination of status as substantial contributor within section 507(d)(2) of this title for purposes of applying this section, see section 3 of Pub. L. 95-170, set out as a note under section 507 of this title. -End- -CITE- 26 USC Sec. 4942 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 26 - INTERNAL REVENUE CODE Subtitle D - Miscellaneous Excise Taxes CHAPTER 42 - PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS; AND CERTAIN OTHER TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS Subchapter A - Private Foundations -HEAD- Sec. 4942. Taxes on failure to distribute income -STATUTE- (a) Initial tax There is hereby imposed on the undistributed income of a private foundation for any taxable year, which has not been distributed before the first day of the second (or any succeeding) taxable year following such taxable year (if such first day falls within the taxable period), a tax equal to 15 percent of the amount of such income remaining undistributed at the beginning of such second (or succeeding) taxable year. The tax imposed by this subsection shall not apply to the undistributed income of a private foundation - (1) for any taxable year for which it is an operating foundation (as defined in subsection (j)(3)), or (2) to the extent that the foundation failed to distribute any amount solely because of an incorrect valuation of assets under subsection (e), if - (A) the failure to value the assets properly was not willful and was due to reasonable cause, (B) such amount is distributed as qualifying distributions (within the meaning of subsection (g)) by the foundation during the allowable distribution period (as defined in subsection (j)(2)), (C) the foundation notifies the Secretary that such amount has been distributed (within the meaning of subparagraph (B)) to correct such failure, and (D) such distribution is treated under subsection (h)(2) as made out of the undistributed income for the taxable year for which a tax would (except for this paragraph) have been imposed under this subsection. (b) Additional tax In any case in which an initial tax is imposed under subsection (a) on the undistributed income of a private foundation for any taxable year, if any portion of such income remains undistributed at the close of the taxable period, there is hereby imposed a tax equal to 100 percent of the amount remaining undistributed at such time. (c) Undistributed income For purposes of this section, the term "undistributed income" means, with respect to any private foundation for any taxable year as of any time, the amount by which - (1) the distributable amount for such taxable year, exceeds (2) the qualifying distributions made before such time out of such distributable amount. (d) Distributable amount For purposes of this section, the term "distributable amount" means, with respect to any foundation for any taxable year, an amount equal to - (1) the sum of the minimum investment return plus the amounts described in subsection (f)(2)(C), reduced by (2) the sum of the taxes imposed on such private foundation for the taxable year under subtitle A and section 4940. (e) Minimum investment return (1) In general For purposes of subsection (d), the minimum investment return for any private foundation for any taxable year is 5 percent of the excess of - (A) the aggregate fair market value of all assets of the foundation other than those which are used (or held for use) directly in carrying out the foundation's exempt purpose, over (B) the acquisition indebtedness with respect to such assets (determined under section 514(c)(1) without regard to the taxable year in which the indebtedness was incurred). (2) Valuation (A) In general For purposes of paragraph (1)(A), the fair market value of securities for which market quotations are readily available shall be determined on a monthly basis. For all other assets, the fair market value shall be determined at such times and in such manner as the Secretary shall by regulations prescribe. (B) Reductions in value for blockage or similar factors In determining the value of any securities under this paragraph, the fair market value of such securities (determined without regard to any reduction in value) shall not be reduced unless, and only to the extent that, the private foundation establishes that as a result of - (i) the size of the block of such securities, (ii) the fact that the securities held are securities in a closely held corporation, or (iii) the fact that the sale of such securities would result in a forced or distress sale, the securities could not be liquidated within a reasonable period of time except at a price less than such fair market value. Any reduction in value allowable under this subparagraph shall not exceed 10 percent of such fair market value. (f) Adjusted net income (1) Defined For purposes of subsection (j), the term "adjusted net income" means the excess (if any) of - (A) the gross income for the taxable year (determined with the income modifications provided by paragraph (2)), over (B) the sum of the deductions (determined with the deduction modifications provided by paragraph (3)) which would be allowed to a corporation subject to the tax imposed by section 11 for the taxable year. (2) Income modifications The income modifications referred to in paragraph (1)(A) are as follows: (A) section 103 (relating to State and local bonds) shall not apply, (B) capital gains and losses from the sale or other disposition of property shall be taken into account only in an amount equal to any net short-term capital gain for the taxable year; (C) there shall be taken into account - (i) amounts received or accrued as repayments of amounts which were taken into account as a qualifying distribution within the meaning of subsection (g)(1)(A) for any taxable year; (ii) notwithstanding subparagraph (B), amounts received or accrued from the sale or other disposition of property to the extent that the acquisition of such property was taken into account as a qualifying distribution (within the meaning of subsection (g)(1)(B)) for any taxable year; and (iii) any amount set aside under subsection (g)(2) to the extent it is determined that such amount is not necessary for the purposes for which it was set aside; and (D) section 483 (relating to imputed interest) shall not apply in the case of a binding contract made in a taxable year beginning before January 1, 1970. (3) Deduction modifications The deduction modifications referred to in paragraph (1)(B) are as follows: (A) no deduction shall be allowed other than all the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred for the production or collection of gross income or for the management, conservation, or maintenance of property held for the production of such income and the allowances for depreciation and depletion determined under section 4940(c)(3)(B), and (B) section 265 (relating to expenses and interest relating to tax-exempt interest) shall not apply. (4) Transitional rule For purposes of paragraph (2)(B), the basis (for purposes of determining gain) of property held by a private foundation on December 31, 1969, and continuously thereafter to the date of its disposition, shall be deemed to be not less than the fair market value of such property on December 31, 1969. (g) Qualifying distributions defined (1) In general For purposes of this section, the term "qualifying distribution" means - (A) any amount (including that portion of reasonable and necessary administrative expenses) paid to accomplish one or more purposes described in section 170(c)(2)(B), other than any contribution to (i) an organization controlled (directly or indirectly) by the foundation or one or more disqualified persons (as defined in section 4946) with respect to the foundation, except as provided in paragraph (3), or (ii) a private foundation which is not an operating foundation (as defined in subsection (j)(3)), except as provided in paragraph (3), or (B) any amount paid to acquire an asset used (or held for use) directly in carrying out one or more purposes described in section 170(c)(2)(B). (2) Certain set-asides (A) In general For all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1975, subject to such terms and conditions as may be prescribed by the Secretary, an amount set aside for a specific project which comes within one or more purposes described in section 170(c)(2)(B) may be treated as a qualifying distribution if it meets the requirements of subparagraph (B). (B) Requirements An amount set aside for a specific project shall meet the requirements of this subparagraph if at the time of the set- aside the foundation establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that the amount will be paid for the specific project within 5 years, and either - (i) at the time of the set-aside the private foundation establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that the project is one which can better be accomplished by such set- aside than by immediate payment of funds, or (ii)(I) the project will not be completed before the end of the taxable year of the foundation in which the set-aside is made, (II) the private foundation in each taxable year beginning after December 31, 1975 (or after the end of the fourth taxable year following the year of its creation, whichever is later), distributes amounts, in cash or its equivalent, equal to not less than the distributable amount determined under subsection (d) (without regard to subsection (i)) for purposes described in section 170(c)(2)(B) (including but not limited to payments with respect to set-asides which were treated as qualifying distributions in one or more prior years), and (III) the private foundation has distributed (including but not limited to payments with respect to set-asides which were treated as qualifying distributions in one or more prior years) during the four taxable years immediately preceding its first taxable year beginning after December 31, 1975, or the fifth taxable year following the year of its creation, whichever is later, an aggregate amount, in cash or its equivalent, of not less than the sum of the following: 80 percent of the first preceding taxable year's distributable amount; 60 percent of the second preceding taxable year's distributable amount; 40 percent of the third preceding taxable year's distributable amount; and 20 percent of the fourth preceding taxable year's distributable amount. (C) Certain failures to distribute If, for any taxable year to which clause (ii)(II) of subparagraph (B) applies, the private foundation fails to distribute in cash or its equivalent amounts not less than those required by such clause and - (i) the failure to distribute such amounts was not willful and was due to reasonable cause, and (ii) the foundation distributes an amount in cash or its equivalent which is not less than the difference between the amounts required to be distributed under clause (ii)(II) of subparagraph (B) and the amounts actually distributed in cash or its equivalent during that taxable year within the correction period (as defined in section 4963(e)), such distribution in cash or its equivalent shall be treated for the purposes of this subparagraph as made during such year. (D) Reduction in distribution amount If, during the taxable years in the adjustment period for which the organization is a private foundation, the foundation distributes amounts in cash or its equivalent which exceed the amount required to be distributed under clause (ii)(II) of subparagraph (B) (including but not limited to payments with respect to set-asides which were treated as qualifying distributions in prior years), then for purposes of this subsection the distribution required under clause (ii)(II) of subparagraph (B) for the taxable year shall be reduced by an amount equal to such excess. (E) Adjustment period For purposes of subparagraph (D), with respect to any taxable year of a private foundation, the taxable years in the adjustment period are the taxable years (not exceeding 5) beginning after December 31, 1975, and immediately preceding the taxable year. In the case of a set-aside which satisfies the requirements of clause (i) of subparagraph (B), for good cause shown, the period for paying the amount set aside may be extended by the Secretary. (3) Certain contributions to section 501(c)(3) organizations For purposes of this section, the term "qualifying distribution" includes a contribution to a section 501(c)(3) organization described in paragraph (1)(A)(i) or (ii) if - (A) not later than the close of the first taxable year after its taxable year in which such contribution is received, such organization makes a distribution equal to the amount of such contribution and such distribution is a qualifying distribution (within the meaning of paragraph (1) or (2), without regard to this paragraph) which is treated under subsection (h) as a distribution out of corpus (or would be so treated if such section 501(c)(3) organization were a private foundation which is not an operating foundation), and (B) the private foundation making the contribution obtains adequate records or other sufficient evidence from such organization showing that the qualifying distribution described in subparagraph (A) has been made by such organization. (4) Limitation on administrative expenses allocable to making of contributions, gifts, and grants (A) In general The amount of the grant administrative expenses paid during any taxable year which may be taken into account as qualifying distributions shall not exceed the excess (if any) of - (i) .65 percent of the sum of the net assets of the private foundation for such taxable year and the immediately preceding 2 taxable years, over (ii) the aggregate amount of grant administrative expenses paid during the 2 preceding taxable years which were taken into account as qualifying distributions. (B) Grant administrative expenses For purposes of this paragraph, the term "grant administrative expenses" means any administrative expenses which are allocable to the making of qualified grants. (C) Qualified grants For purposes of this paragraph, the term "qualified grant" means any contribution, gift, or grant which is a qualifying distribution. (D) Net asset For purposes of this paragraph, the term "net assets" means, with respect to any taxable year, the excess determined under subsection (e)(1) for such taxable year. (E) Transitional rule In the case of any preceding taxable year which begins before January 1, 1985, the amount of the grant administrative expenses taken into account under subparagraph (A)(ii) shall not exceed .65 percent of the net assets of the private foundation for such taxable year. (F) Termination This paragraph shall not apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1990. (h) Treatment of qualifying distributions (1) In general Except as provided in paragraph (2), any qualifying distribution made during a taxable year shall be treated as made - (A) first out of the undistributed income of the immediately preceding taxable year (if the private foundation was subject to the tax imposed by this section for such preceding taxable year) to the extent thereof, (B) second out of the undistributed income for the taxable year to the extent thereof, and (C) then out of corpus. For purposes of this paragraph, distributions shall be taken into account in the order of time in which made. (2) Correction of deficient distributions for prior taxable years, etc. In the case of any qualifying distribution which (under paragraph (1)) is not treated as made out of the undistributed income of the immediately preceding taxable year, the foundation may elect to treat any portion of such distribution as made out of the undistributed income of a designated prior taxable year or out of corpus. The election shall be made by the foundation at such time and in such manner as the Secretary shall by regulations prescribe. (i) Adjustment of distributable amount where distributions during prior years have exceeded income (1) In general If, for the taxable years in the adjustment period for which an organization is a private foundation - (A) the aggregate qualifying distributions treated (under subsection (h)) as made out of the undistributed income for such taxable year or as made out of corpus (except to the extent subsection (g)(3) with respect to the recipient private foundation or section 170(b)(1)(E)(ii) applies) during such taxable years, exceed (B) the distributable amounts for such taxable years (determined without regard to this subsection), then, for purposes of this section (other than subsection (h)), the distributable amount for the taxable year shall be reduced by an amount equal to such excess. (2) Taxable years in adjustment period For purposes of paragraph (1), with respect to any taxable year of a private foundation the taxable years in the adjustment period are the taxable years (not exceeding 5) beginning after December 31, 1969, and immediately preceding the taxable year. (j) Other definitions For purposes of this section - (1) Taxable period The term "taxable period" means, with respect to the undistributed income for any taxable year, the period beginning with the first day of the taxable year and ending on the earlier of - (A) the date of mailing of a notice of deficiency with respect to the tax imposed by subsection (a) under section 6212, or (B) the date on which the tax imposed by subsection (a) is assessed. (2) Allowable distribution period The term "allowable distribution period" means, with respect to any private foundation, the period beginning with the first day of the first taxable year following the taxable year in which the incorrect valuation (described in subsection (a)(2)) occurred and ending 90 days after the date of mailing of a notice of deficiency (with respect to the tax imposed by subsection (a)) under section 6212 extended by - (A) any period in which a deficiency cannot be assessed under section 6213(a), and (B) any other period which the Secretary determines is reasonable and necessary to permit a distribution of undistributed income under this section. (3) Operating foundation For purposes of this section, the term "operating foundation" means any organization - (A) which makes qualifying distributions (within the meaning of paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (g)) directly for the active conduct of the activities constituting the purpose or function for which it is organized and operated equal to substantially all of the lesser of - (i) its adjusted net income (as defined in subsection (f)), or (ii) its minimum investment return; and (B)(i) substantially more than half of the assets of which are devoted directly to such activities or to functionally related businesses (as defined in paragraph (4)), or to both, or are stock of a corporation which is controlled by the foundation and substantially all of the assets of which are so devoted. (ii) which normally makes qualifying distributions (within the meaning of paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (g)) directly for the active conduct of the activities constituting the purpose or function for which it is organized and operated in an amount not less than two-thirds of its minimum investment return (as defined in subsection (e)), or (iii) substantially all of the support (other than gross investment income as defined in section 509(e)) of which is normally received from the general public and from 5 or more exempt organizations which are not described in section 4946(a)(1)(H) with respect to each other or the recipient foundation; not more than 25 percent of the support (other than gross investment income) of which is normally received from any one such exempt organization; and not more than half of the support of which is normally received from gross investment income. Notwithstanding the provisions of subparagraph (A), if the qualifying distributions (within the meaning of paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (g)) of an organization for the taxable year exceed the minimum investment return for the taxable year, clause (ii) of subparagraph (A) shall not apply unless substantially all of such qualifying distributions are made directly for the active conduct of the activities constituting the purpose or function for which it is organized and operated. (4) Functionally related business The term "functionally related business" means - (A) a trade or business which is not an unrelated trade or business (as defined in section 513), or (B) an activity which is carried on within a larger aggregate of similar activities or within a larger complex of other endeavors which is related (aside from the need of the organization for income or funds or the use it makes of the profits derived) to the exempt purposes of the organization. (5) Certain elderly care facilities For purposes of this section (but no other provisions of this title), the term "operating foundation" includes any organization which, on May 26, 1969, and at all times thereafter before the close of the taxable year, operated and maintained as its principal functional purpose facilities for the long-term care, comfort, maintenance, or education of permanently and totally disabled persons, elderly persons, needy widows, or children but only if such organization meets the requirements of paragraph (3)(B)(ii). -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 91-172, title I, Sec. 101(b), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 502; amended Pub. L. 94-455, title XIII, Secs. 1302(a), 1303(a), 1310(a), title XIX, Sec. 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1713, 1715, 1729, 1834; Pub. L. 95-600, title V, Sec. 522(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2885; Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(1)(C), (2)(B), (3)(B), (4)(A), Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3469-3472; Pub. L. 97-34, title VIII, Sec. 823(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 351; Pub. L. 97-448, title I, Sec. 108(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2391; Pub. L. 98-369, div. A, title III, Secs. 304(a), (b), 305(b)(4), 314(a)(1), (2), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 782-784, 787; Pub. L. 99- 514, title XIII, Sec. 1301(j)(6), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2658.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1986 - Subsec. (f)(2)(A). Pub. L. 99-514 substituted "(relating to State and local bonds)" for "(relating to interest on certain governmental obligations)". 1984 - Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 98-369, Sec. 314(a)(1), substituted "subsection (j)(2)" for "subsection (j)(4)". Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 98-369, Sec. 304(b), substituted "the sum of the minimum investment return plus the amounts described in subsection (f)(2)(C), reduced by" for "the minimum investment return reduced by". Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 98-369, Sec. 314(a)(2), substituted "subsection (j)" for "subsection (d)". Subsec. (g)(1)(A). Pub. L. 98-369, Sec. 304(a)(2), substituted "including that portion of reasonable and necessary administrative expenses" for "including administrative expenses". Subsec. (g)(2)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 98-369, Sec. 305(b)(4), substituted "section 4963(e)" for "section 4962(e)". Subsec. (g)(4). Pub. L. 98-369, Sec. 304(a)(1), added par. (4). 1983 - Subsec. (j)(3)(A)(i). Pub. L. 97-448 substituted "or" for "and" at the end. 1981 - Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 97-34, Sec. 823(a)(1), struck out "or the adjusted net income (whichever is higher)" after "return". Subsec. (j)(3). Pub. L. 97-34, Sec. 823(a)(2), (3), inserted in subpar. (A) "the lesser of" after "substantially all of", designated existing provisions as cl. (i), added cl. (ii), and inserted provision respecting applicability of subpar. (A)(ii). 1980 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(1)(C), substituted "taxable period" for "correction period". Subsec. (g)(2)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(4)(A), substituted "the correction period (as defined in section 4962(e))" for "the initial correction period provided in subsection (j)(2)". Subsec. (j)(1). Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(2)(B), substituted provision ending the taxable period on the earlier of the date of mailing of a notice of deficiency with respect to the tax imposed by subsec. (a) of this section under section 6212 of this title or the date on which the tax imposed by subsec. (a) of this section is assessed for provision ending the taxable period on the date of mailing the notice of deficiency with respect to a tax imposed by subsec. (a) of this section under section 6212 of this title. Subsec. (j)(2). Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(3)(B)(i), (iii), redesignated par. (4) as (2) and struck out former par. (2), which defined correction period, with respect to any private foundation for any taxable year, as the period beginning with the first day of the taxable year and ending 90 days after the date of mailing a notice of deficiency with respect to the tax imposed by subsec. (b) of this section under section 6212 of this title, extended by any period in which a deficiency cannot be assessed under section 6213(a) of this title and any other period which the Secretary determines is reasonable and necessary to permit a distribution of undistributed income. Subsec. (j)(3)(B)(i). Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(3)(B)(ii), substituted "paragraph (4)" for "paragraph (5)". Subsec. (j)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(3)(B)(iii), (iv), redesignated pars. (5) and (6) as (4) and (5), respectively. 1978 - Subsec. (j)(6). Pub. L. 95-600 added par. (6). 1976 - Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 94-455, Sec. 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary". Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 94-455, Sec. 1303(a), among other changes, substituted provisions establishing a fixed percentage rate to be used in computing the minimum investment return for any private foundation for provisions establishing a variable applicable percentage rate of 7 percent in 1970 and an applicable rate to be determined by the Secretary after 1970, for use in computing the minimum investment return for any private foundation and inserted provisions relating to reduction in value for blockage or similar factors. Subsec. (f)(2)(D). Pub. L. 94-455, Sec. 1310(a), added subpar. (D). Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 94-455, Sec. 1302(a), among other changes, inserted reference to all taxable years beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1975, requirement that the project will not be completed before the end of the taxable year of the foundation in which the set-aside is made, and subpars. (C) to (E). Subsecs. (h)(2), (j)(2)(B). Pub. L. 94-455, Sec. 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary". EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 99-514 applicable to bonds issued after Aug. 15, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see sections 1311 to 1318 of Pub. L. 99-514, set out as an Effective Date; Transitional Rules note under section 141 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT Section 304(c) of Pub. L. 98-369 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1984." Amendment by section 305(b)(4) of Pub. L. 98-369 applicable to taxable events occurring after Dec. 31, 1984, see section 305(c) of Pub. L. 98-369, set out as an Effective Date note under section 4962 of this title. Section 314(a)(4) of Pub. L. 98-369 provided that: "The amendments made by this subsection [amending this section and section 6501 of this title] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [July 18, 1984].". EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1983 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 97-448 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if it had been included in the provision of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, Pub. L. 97-34, to which such amendment relates, see section 109 of Pub. L. 97-448, set out as a note under section 1 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1981 AMENDMENT Section 823(b) of Pub. L. 97-34 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1981." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 96-596 with respect to any first tier tax and to any second tier tax, see section 2(d) of Pub. L. 96-596, set out as an Effective Date note under section 4961 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENT Section 522(b) of Pub. L. 95-600 provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1969." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1976 AMENDMENT Section 1302(c) of Pub. L. 94-455 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 6501 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1974." Section 1303(b) of Pub. L. 94-455 provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] applies to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1975." Section 1310(b) of Pub. L. 94-455 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years ending after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 4, 1976]." SAVINGS PROVISION Applicability of section to organizations organized before May 27, 1969, see section 101(l)(3) of Pub. L. 91-172, set out as a note under section 4940 of this title. -End- -CITE- 26 USC Sec. 4943 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 26 - INTERNAL REVENUE CODE Subtitle D - Miscellaneous Excise Taxes CHAPTER 42 - PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS; AND CERTAIN OTHER TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS Subchapter A - Private Foundations -HEAD- Sec. 4943. Taxes on excess business holdings -STATUTE- (a) Initial tax (1) Imposition There is hereby imposed on the excess business holdings of any private foundation in a business enterprise during any taxable year which ends during the taxable period a tax equal to 5 percent of the value of such holdings. (2) Special rules The tax imposed by paragraph (1) - (A) shall be imposed on the last day of the taxable year, but (B) with respect to the private foundation's holdings in any business enterprise, shall be determined as of that day during the taxable year when the foundation's excess holdings in such enterprise were the greatest. (b) Additional tax In any case in which an initial tax is imposed under subsection (a) with respect to the holdings of a private foundation in any business enterprise, if, at the close of the taxable period with respect to such holdings, the foundation still has excess business holdings in such enterprise, there is hereby imposed a tax equal to 200 percent of such excess business holdings. (c) Excess business holdings For purposes of this section - (1) In general The term "excess business holdings" means, with respect to the holdings of any private foundation in any business enterprise, the amount of stock or other interest in the enterprise which the foundation would have to dispose of to a person other than a disqualified person in order for the remaining holdings of the foundation in such enterprise to be permitted holdings. (2) Permitted holdings in a corporation (A) In general The permitted holdings of any private foundation in an incorporated business enterprise are - (i) 20 percent of the voting stock, reduced by (ii) the percentage of the voting stock owned by all disqualified persons. In any case in which all disqualified persons together do not own more than 20 percent of the voting stock of an incorporated business enterprise, nonvoting stock held by the private foundation shall also be treated as permitted holdings. (B) 35 percent rule where third person has effective control of enterprise If - (i) the private foundation and all disqualified persons together do not own more than 35 percent of the voting stock of an incorporated business enterprise, and (ii) it is established to the satisfaction of the Secretary that effective control of the corporation is in one or more persons who are not disqualified persons with respect to the foundation, then subparagraph (A) shall be applied by substituting 35 percent for 20 percent. (C) 2 percent de minimis rule A private foundation shall not be treated as having excess business holdings in any corporation in which it (together with all other private foundations which are described in section 4946(a)(1)(H)) owns not more than 2 percent of the voting stock and not more than 2 percent in value of all outstanding shares of all classes of stock. (3) Permitted holdings in partnerships, etc. The permitted holdings of a private foundation in any business enterprise which is not incorporated shall be determined under regulations prescribed by the Secretary. Such regulations shall be consistent in principle with paragraphs (2) and (4), except that - (A) in the case of a partnership or joint venture, "profits interest" shall be substituted for "voting stock", and "capital interest" shall be substituted for "nonvoting stock", (B) in the case of a proprietorship, there shall be no permitted holdings, and (C) in any other case, "beneficial interest" shall be substituted for "voting stock". (4) Present holdings (A)(i) In applying this section with respect to the holdings of any private foundation in a business enterprise, if such foundation and all disqualified persons together have holdings in such enterprise in excess of 20 percent of the voting stock on May 26, 1969, the percentage of such holdings shall be substituted for "20 percent," and for "35 percent" (if the percentage of such holdings is greater than 35 percent), wherever it appears in paragraph (2), but in no event shall the percentage so substituted be more than 50 percent. (ii) If the percentage of the holdings of any private foundation and all disqualified persons together in a business enterprise (or if the percentage of the holdings of the private foundation in such enterprise) decreases for any reason, clause (i) and subparagraph (D) shall, except as provided in the next sentence, be applied for all periods after such decrease by substituting such decreased percentage for the percentage held on May 26, 1969, but in no event shall the percentage substituted be less than 20 percent. For purposes of the preceding sentence, any decrease in percentage holdings attributable to issuances of stock (or to issuances of stock coupled with redemptions of stock) shall be disregarded so long as - (I) the net percentage decrease disregarded under this sentence does not exceed 2 percent, and (II) the number of shares held by the foundation is not affected by any such issuance or redemption. (iii) The percentage substituted under clause (i), and any percentage substituted under subparagraph (D), shall be applied both with respect to the voting stock and, separately, with respect to the value of all outstanding shares of all classes of stock. (iv) In the case of any merger, recapitalization, or other reorganization involving one or more business enterprises, the application of clauses (i), (ii), and (iii) shall be determined under regulations prescribed by the Secretary. (B) Any interest in a business enterprise which a private foundation holds on May 26, 1969, if the private foundation on such date has excess business holdings, shall (while held by the foundation) be treated as held by a disqualified person (rather than by the private foundation) - (i) during the 20-year period beginning on such date, if the private foundation and all disqualified persons have more than a 95 percent voting stock interest on such date, (ii) except as provided in clause (i), during the 15-year period beginning on such date, if the foundation and all disqualified persons have more than a 75 percent voting stock interest (or more than a 75 percent profits or beneficial interest in the case of any unincorporated enterprise) on such date or more than a 75 percent interest in the value of all outstanding shares of all classes of stock (or more than a 75 percent capital interest in the case of a partnership or joint venture) on such date, or (iii) during the 10-year period beginning on such date, in any other case. (C) The 20-year, 15-year, and 10-year periods described in subparagraph (B) for the disposition of excess business holdings shall be suspended during the pendency of any judicial proceeding by the private foundation which is necessary to reform, or to excuse such foundation from compliance with, its governing instrument or any other instrument (as in effect on May 26, 1969) in order to allow disposition of such holdings. (D)(i) If, at any time during the second phase, all disqualified persons together have holdings in a business enterprise in excess of 2 percent of the voting stock of such enterprise, then subparagraph (A)(i) shall be applied by substituting for "50 percent" the following: "50 percent, of which not more than 25 percent shall be voting stock held by the private foundation". (ii) If, immediately before the close of the second phase, clause (i) of this subparagraph did not apply with respect to a business enterprise, then for all periods after the close of the second phase subparagraph (A)(i) shall be applied by substituting for "50 percent" the following: "35 percent, or if at any time after the close of the second phase all disqualified persons together have had holdings in such enterprise which exceed 2 percent of the voting stock, 35 percent, of which not more than 25 percent shall be voting stock held by the private foundation". (iii) For purposes of this subparagraph, the term "second phase" means the 15-year period immediately following the 20- year, 15-year, or 10-year period described in subparagraph (B), whichever applies, as modified by subparagraph (C). (E) Clause (ii) of subparagraph (B) shall not apply with respect to any business enterprise if before January 1, 1971, one or more individuals who are substantial contributors (or members of the family (within the meaning of section 4946(d)) of one or more substantial contributors) to the private foundation and who on May 26, 1969, held more than 15 percent of the voting stock of the enterprise elect, in such manner as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe, not to have such clause (ii) apply with respect to such enterprise. (5) Holdings acquired by trust or will Paragraph (4) (other than subparagraph (B)(i)) shall apply to any interest in a business enterprise which a private foundation acquires under the terms of a trust which was irrevocable on May 26, 1969, or under the terms of a will executed on or before such date, which are in effect on such date and at all times thereafter, as if such interest were held on May 26, 1969, except that the 15-year and 10-year periods prescribed in clauses (ii) and (iii) of paragraph (4)(B) shall commence with respect to such interest on the date of distribution under the trust or will in lieu of May 26, 1969. (6) 5-year period to dispose of gifts, bequests, etc. Except as provided in paragraph (5), if, after May 26, 1969, there is a change in the holdings in a business enterprise (other than by purchase by the private foundation or by a disqualified person) which causes the private foundation to have - (A) excess business holdings in such enterprise, the interest of the foundation in such enterprise (immediately after such change) shall (while held by the foundation) be treated as held by a disqualified person (rather than by the foundation) during the 5-year period beginning on the date of such change in holdings; or (B) an increase in excess business holdings in such enterprise (determined without regard to subparagraph (A)), subparagraph (A) shall apply, except that the excess holdings immediately preceding the increase therein shall not be treated, solely because of such increase, as held by a disqualified person (rather than by the foundation). In any case where an acquisition by a disqualified person would result in a substitution under clause (i) or (ii) of subparagraph (D) of paragraph (4), the preceding sentence shall be applied with respect to such acquisition as if it did not contain the phrase "or by a disqualified person" in the material preceding subparagraph (A). (7) 5-year extension of period to dispose of certain large gifts and bequests The Secretary may extend for an additional 5-year period the period under paragraph (6) for disposing of excess business holdings in the case of an unusually large gift or bequest of diverse business holdings or holdings with complex corporate structures if - (A) the foundation establishes that - (i) diligent efforts to dispose of such holdings have been made within the initial 5-year period, and (ii) disposition within the initial 5-year period has not been possible (except at a price substantially below fair market value) by reason of such size and complexity or diversity of such holdings, (B) before the close of the initial 5-year period - (i) the private foundation submits to the Secretary a plan for disposing of all of the excess business holdings involved in the extension, and (ii) the private foundation submits the plan described in clause (i) to the Attorney General (or other appropriate State official) having administrative or supervisory authority or responsibility with respect to the foundation's disposition of the excess business holdings involved and submits to the Secretary any response received by the private foundation from the Attorney General (or other appropriate State official) to such plan during such 5-year period, and (C) the Secretary determines that such plan can reasonably be expected to be carried out before the close of the extension period. (d) Definitions; special rules For purposes of this section - (1) Business holdings In computing the holdings of a private foundation, or a disqualified person (as defined in section 4946) with respect thereto, in any business enterprise, any stock or other interest owned, directly or indirectly, by or for a corporation, partnership, estate, or trust shall be considered as being owned proportionately by or for its shareholders, partners, or beneficiaries. The preceding sentence shall not apply with respect to an income or remainder interest of a private foundation in a trust described in section 4947(a)(2), but only if, in the case of property transferred in trust after May 26, 1969, such foundation holds only an income interest or only a remainder interest in such trust. (2) Taxable period The term "taxable period" means, with respect to any excess business holdings of a private foundation in a business enterprise, the period beginning on the first day on which there are excess holdings and ending on the earlier of - (A) the date of mailing of a notice of deficiency with respect to the tax imposed by subsection (a) under section 6212 in respect of such holdings, or (B) the date on which the tax imposed by subsection (a) in respect of such holdings is assessed. (3) Business enterprise The term "business enterprise" does not include - (A) a functionally related business (as defined in section 4942(j)(4)), or (B) a trade or business at least 95 percent of the gross income of which is derived from passive sources. For purposes of subparagraph (B), gross income from passive sources includes the items excluded by section 512(b)(1), (2), (3), and (5), and income from the sale of goods (including charges or costs passed on at cost to purchasers of such goods or income received in settlement of a dispute concerning or in lieu of the exercise of the right to sell such goods) if the seller does not manufacture, produce, physically receive or deliver, negotiate sales of, or maintain inventories in such goods. (4) Disqualified person The term "disqualified person" (as defined in section 4946(a)) does not include a plan described in section 4975(e)(7) with respect to the holdings of a private foundation described in paragraphs (4) and (5) of subsection (c). -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 91-172, title I, Sec. 101(b), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 507; amended Pub. L. 94-455, title XIX, Sec. 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(1)(D), (2)(C), (3)(C), (4)(B), Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3469-3472; Pub. L. 98-369, div. A, title III, Secs. 307(a), 308(a), 309(a), 310(a), 314(c)(1), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 784, 785, 787.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1984 - Subsec. (c)(4)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 98-369, Sec. 308(a), substituted "For purposes of the preceding sentence, any decrease in percentage holdings attributable to issuances of stock (or to issuances of stock coupled with redemptions of stock) shall be disregarded so long as (I) the net percentage decrease disregarded under this sentence does not exceed 2 percent, and (II) the number of shares held by the foundation is not affected by any such issuance or redemption" for "For purposes of this clause, any decrease in percentage holdings attributable to issuances of stock (or to issuances of stock coupled with redemptions of stock) shall be determined only as of the close of each taxable year of the private foundation unless the aggregate of the percentage decreases attributable to the issuances of stock (or such issuances and redemptions) during such taxable year equals or exceeds 1 percent". Subsec. (c)(4)(B)(i). Pub. L. 98-369, Sec. 309(a), substituted "the private foundation and all disqualified persons have" for "the private foundation has". Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 98-369, Sec. 310(a), inserted following subpar. (B) "In any case where an acquisition by a disqualified person would result in a substitution under clause (i) or (ii) of subparagraph (D) of paragraph (4), the preceding sentence shall be applied with respect to such acquisition as if it did not contain the phrase 'or by a disqualified person' in the material preceding subparagraph (A)." Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 98-369, Sec. 307(a), added par. (7). Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 98-369, Sec. 314(c)(1), added par. (4). 1980 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(1)(D), substituted "taxable period" for "correction period". Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(2)(C), substituted provision ending the taxable period on the earlier of the date of mailing of a notice of deficiency with respect to the tax imposed by subsec. (a) of this section under section 6212 of this title in respect to such holdings or the date on which the tax imposed by subsec. (a) of this section in respect to such holdings is assessed for provision ending the taxable period on the date of mailing the notice of deficiency with respect to a tax imposed by subsec. (a) of this section under section 6212 of this title in respect to such holdings. Subsec. (d)(3), (4). Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(3)(C), (4)(B), redesignated par. (4) as (3), and in subpar. (A) of par. (3) as so redesignated, substituted "section 4942(j)(4)" for "section 4942(j)(5)", and struck out par. (3), which defined correction period, with respect to excess business holdings of a private foundation in a business enterprise, as the period ending 90 days after the date of mailing of a notice of deficiency with respect to the tax imposed by subsec. (b) of this section under section 6212 of this title, extended by any period in which a deficiency cannot be assessed under section 6213(a) of this title and any other period which the Secretary determines is reasonable and necessary to permit orderly disposition of such excess business holdings. 1976 - Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 94-455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary" wherever appearing. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT Section 307(b) of Pub. L. 98-369, as amended by Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "(1) In general. - The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to business holdings with respect to which the 5-year period described in section 4943(c)(6) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] ends on or after November 1, 1983. "(2) Transitional rule. - Any plan submitted to the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate on or before the 60th day after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 18, 1984] shall be treated as submitted before the close of the initial 5-year period referred to in section 4943(c)(7)(B) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as added by subsection (a))." Section 308(b) of Pub. L. 98-369 provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to increases and decreases occurring after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 18, 1984]." Section 309(b) of Pub. L. 98-369 provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect as if included in the amendment made by section 101(b) of the Tax Reform Act of 1969 [section 101(b) of Pub. L. 91-172 which enacted this section]." Section 310(b) of Pub. L. 98-369 provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to acquisitions after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 18, 1984]." Section 314(c)(2) of Pub. L. 98-369 provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 18, 1984]." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 96-596 with respect to any first tier tax and to any second tier tax, see section 2(d) of Pub. L. 96-596, set out as an Effective Date note under section 4961 of this title. SAVINGS PROVISION Applicability of section to private foundations, see section 101(l)(4) of Pub. L. 91-172, set out as a note under section 4940 of this title. -End- -CITE- 26 USC Sec. 4944 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 26 - INTERNAL REVENUE CODE Subtitle D - Miscellaneous Excise Taxes CHAPTER 42 - PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS; AND CERTAIN OTHER TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS Subchapter A - Private Foundations -HEAD- Sec. 4944. Taxes on investments which jeopardize charitable purpose -STATUTE- (a) Initial taxes (1) On the private foundation If a private foundation invests any amount in such a manner as to jeopardize the carrying out of any of its exempt purposes, there is hereby imposed on the making of such investment a tax equal to 5 percent of the amount so invested for each year (or part thereof) in the taxable period. The tax imposed by this paragraph shall be paid by the private foundation. (2) On the management In any case in which a tax is imposed by paragraph (1), there is hereby imposed on the participation of any foundation manager in the making of the investment, knowing that it is jeopardizing the carrying out of any of the foundation's exempt purposes, a tax equal to 5 percent of the amount so invested for each year (or part thereof) in the taxable period, unless such participation is not willful and is due to reasonable cause. The tax imposed by this paragraph shall be paid by any foundation manager who participated in the making of the investment. (b) Additional taxes (1) On the foundation In any case in which an initial tax is imposed by subsection (a)(1) on the making of an investment and such investment is not removed from jeopardy within the taxable period, there is hereby imposed a tax equal to 25 percent of the amount of the investment. The tax imposed by this paragraph shall be paid by the private foundation. (2) On the management In any case in which an additional tax is imposed by paragraph (1), if a foundation manager refused to agree to part or all of the removal from jeopardy, there is hereby imposed a tax equal to 5 percent of the amount of the investment. The tax imposed by this paragraph shall be paid by any foundation manager who refused to agree to part or all of the removal from jeopardy. (c) Exception for program-related investments For purposes of this section, investments, the primary purpose of which is to accomplish one or more of the purposes described in section 170(c)(2)(B), and no significant purpose of which is the production of income or the appreciation of property, shall not be considered as investments which jeopardize the carrying out of exempt purposes. (d) Special rules For purposes of subsections (a) and (b) - (1) Joint and several liability If more than one person is liable under subsection (a)(2) or (b)(2) with respect to any one investment, all such persons shall be jointly and severally liable under such paragraph with respect to such investment. (2) Limit for management With respect to any one investment, the maximum amount of the tax imposed by subsection (a)(2) shall not exceed $5,000, and the maximum amount of the tax imposed by subsection (b)(2) shall not exceed $10,000. (e) Definitions For purposes of this section - (1) Taxable period The term "taxable period" means, with respect to any investment which jeopardizes the carrying out of exempt purposes, the period beginning with the date on which the amount is so invested and ending on the earliest of - (A) the date of mailing of a notice of deficiency with respect to the tax imposed by subsection (a)(1) under section 6212, (B) the date on which the tax imposed by subsection (a)(1) is assessed, or (C) the date on which the amount so invested is removed from jeopardy. (2) Removal from jeopardy An investment which jeopardizes the carrying out of exempt purposes shall be considered to be removed from jeopardy when such investment is sold or otherwise disposed of, and the proceeds of such sale or other disposition are not investments which jeopardize the carrying out of exempt purposes. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 91-172, title I, Sec. 101(b), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 511; amended Pub. L. 94-455, title XIX, Sec. 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(1)(E), (2)(D), (3)(D), Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3469-3471.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1980 - Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(1)(E), substituted "taxable period" for "correction period". Subsec. (e)(1)(B), (C). Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(2)(D), added subpar. (B) and redesignated former subpar. (B) as (C). Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(3)(D), struck out par. (3), which defined correction period, with respect to any investment which jeopardizes the carrying out of exempt purposes, as the period beginning with the date on which such investment is entered into and ending 90 days after the date of mailing of a notice of deficiency with respect to the tax imposed by subsec. (b)(1) of this section under section 6212 of this title, extended by any period in which a deficiency cannot be assessed under section 6213(a) of this title and any other period which the Secretary determines is reasonable and necessary to bring about removal from jeopardy. 1976 - Subsec. (e)(3)(B). Pub. L. 94-455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary". EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 96-596 with respect to any first tier tax and to any second tier tax, see section 2(d) of Pub. L. 96-596, set out as an Effective Date note under section 4961 of this title. -End- -CITE- 26 USC Sec. 4945 01/02/2006 -EXPCITE- TITLE 26 - INTERNAL REVENUE CODE Subtitle D - Miscellaneous Excise Taxes CHAPTER 42 - PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS; AND CERTAIN OTHER TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS Subchapter A - Private Foundations -HEAD- Sec. 4945. Taxes on taxable expenditures -STATUTE- (a) Initial taxes (1) On the foundation There is hereby imposed on each taxable expenditure (as defined in subsection (d)) a tax equal to 10 percent of the amount thereof. The tax imposed by this paragraph shall be paid by the private foundation. (2) On the management There is hereby imposed on the agreement of any foundation manager to the making of an expenditure, knowing that it is a taxable expenditure, a tax equal to 2 1/2 percent of the amount thereof, unless such agreement is not willful and is due to reasonable cause. The tax imposed by this paragraph shall be paid by any foundation manager who agreed to the making of the expenditure. (b) Additional taxes (1) On the foundation In any case in which an initial tax is imposed by subsection (a)(1) on a taxable expenditure and such expenditure is not corrected within the taxable period, there is hereby imposed a tax equal to 100 percent of the amount of the expenditure. The tax imposed by this paragraph shall be paid by the private foundation. (2) On the management In any case in which an additional tax is imposed by paragraph (1), if a foundation manager refused to agree to part or all of the correction, there is hereby imposed a tax equal to 50 percent of the amount of the taxable expenditure. The tax imposed by this paragraph shall be paid by any foundation manager who refused to agree to part or all of the correction. (c) Special rules For purposes of subsections (a) and (b) - (1) Joint and several liability If more than one person is liable under subsection (a)(2) or (b)(2) with respect to the making of a taxable expenditure, all such persons shall be jointly and severally liable under such paragraph with respect to such expenditure. (2) Limit for management With respect to any one taxable expenditure, the maximum amount of the tax imposed by subsection (a)(2) shall not exceed $5,000, and the maximum amount of the tax imposed by subsection (b)(2) shall not exceed $10,000. (d) Taxable expenditure For purposes of this section, the term "taxable expenditure" means any amount paid or incurred by a private foundation - (1) to carry on propaganda, or otherwise to attempt, to influence legislation, within the meaning of subsection (e), (2) except as provided in subsection (f), to influence the outcome of any specific public election, or to carry on, directly or indirectly, any voter registration drive, (3) as a grant to an individual for travel, study, or other similar purposes by such individual, unless such grant satisfies the requirements of subsection (g), (4) as a grant to an organization unless - (A) such organization is described in paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of section 509(a) or is an exempt operating foundation (as defined in section 4940(d)(2)), or (B) the private foundation exercises expenditure responsibility with respect to such grant in accordance with subsection (h), or (5) for any purpose other than one specified in section 170(c)(2)(B). (e) Activities within subsection (d)(1) For purposes of subsection (d)(1), the term "taxable expenditure" means any amount paid or incurred by a private foundation for - (1) any attempt to influence any legislation through an attempt to affect the opinion of the general public or any segment thereof, and (2) any attempt to influence legislation through communication with any member or employee of a legislative body, or with any other government official or employee who may participate in the formulation of the legislation (except technical advice or assistance provided to a governmental body or to a committee or other subdivision thereof in response to a written request by such body or subdivision, as the case may be), other than through making available the results of nonpartisan analysis, study, or research. Paragraph (2) of this subsection shall not apply to any amount paid or incurred in connection with an appearance before, or communication to, any legislative body with respect to a possible decision of such body which might affect the existence of the private foundation, its powers and duties, its tax-exempt status, or the deduction of contributions to such foundation. (f) Nonpartisan activities carried on by certain organizations Subsection (d)(2) shall not apply to any amount paid or incurred by any organization - (1) which is described in section 501(c)(3) and exempt from taxation under section 501(a), (2) the activities of which are nonpartisan, are not confined to one specific election period, and are carried on in 5 or more States, (3) substantially all of the income of which is expended directly for the active conduct of the activities constituting the purpose or function for which it is organized and operated, (4) substantially all of the support (other than gross investment income as defined in section 509(e)) of which is received from exempt organizations, the general public, governmental units described in section 170(c)(1), or any combination of the foregoing; not more than 25 percent of such support is received from any one exempt organization (for this purpose treating private foundations which are described in section 4946(a)(1)(H) with respect to each other as one exempt organization); and not more than half of the support of which is received from gross investment income, and (5) contributions to which for voter registration drives are not subject to conditions that they may be used only in specified States, possessions of the United States, or political subdivisions or other areas of any of the foregoing, or the District of Columbia, or that they may be used in only one specific election period. In determining whether the organization meets the requirements of paragraph (4) for any taxable year of such organization, there shall be taken into account the support received by such organization during such taxable year and during the immediately preceding 4 taxable years of such organization (excluding therefrom any preceding taxable year which begins before January 1, 1970). Subsection (d)(4) shall not apply to any grant to an organization which meets the requirements of this subsection. (g) Individual grants Subsection (d)(3) shall not apply to an individual grant awarded on an objective and nondiscriminatory basis pursuant to a procedure approved in advance by the Secretary, if it is demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Secretary that - (1) the grant constitutes a scholarship or fellowship grant which would be subject to the provisions of section 117(a) (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1986) and is to be used for study at an educational organization described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(ii), (2) the grant constitutes a prize or award which is subject to the provisions of section 74(b) (without regard to paragraph (3) thereof), if the recipient of such prize or award is selected from the general public, or (3) the purpose of the grant is to achieve a specific objective, produce a report or other similar product, or improve or enhance a literary, artistic, musical, scientific, teaching, or other similar capacity, skill, or talent of the grantee. (h) Expenditure responsibility The expenditure responsibility referred to in subsection (d)(4) means that the private foundation is responsible to exert all reasonable efforts and to establish adequate procedures - (1) to see that the grant is spent solely for the purpose for which made, (2) to obtain full and complete reports from the grantee on how the funds are spent, and (3) to make full and detailed reports with respect to such expenditures to the Secretary. (i) Other definitions For purposes of this section - (1) Correction The terms "correction" and "correct" means, with respect to any taxable expenditure, (A) recovering part or all of the expenditure to the extent recovery is possible, and where full recovery is not possible such additional corrective action as is prescribed by the Secretary by regulations, or (B) in the case of a failure to comply with subsection (h)(2) or (h)(3), obtaining or making the report in question. (2) Taxable period The term "taxable period" means, with respect to any taxable expenditure, the period beginning with the date on which the taxable expenditure occurs and ending on the earlier of - (A) the date of mailing a notice of deficiency with respect to the tax imposed by subsection (a)(1) under section 6212, or (B) the date on which the tax imposed by subsection (a)(1) is assessed. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 91-172, title I, Sec. 101(b), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 512; amended Pub. L. 94-455, title XIX, Secs. 1901(b)(8)(H), 1906(b)(13(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1795, 1834; Pub. L. 96-596, Sec. 2(a)(1)(F), (2)(E), Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3469, 3470; Pub. L. 98-369, div. A, title III, Sec. 302(b), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 780; Pub. L. 99-514, title I, Sec. 122(a)(2)(B), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2110; Pub. L. 100-647, title I, Sec. 1001(d)(1)(B), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3350.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The date of the enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, referred