-CITE- 18 USC TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE -HEAD- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE -MISC1- THIS TITLE WAS ENACTED BY ACT JUNE 25, 1948, CH. 645, SEC. 1, 62 STAT. 683 Part Sec. I. Crimes 1 II. Criminal Procedure 3001 III. Prisons and Prisoners 4001 IV. Correction of Youthful Offenders 5001 V. Immunity of Witnesses 6001 AMENDMENTS 1970 - Pub. L. 91-452, title II, Sec. 201(b), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 928, added Part V. TABLE SHOWING DISPOSITION OF ALL SECTIONS OF FORMER TITLE 18 -------------------------------------------------------------------- Title 18 Title 18 Former Sections New Sections -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1, 2 2381 3 2382 4 2383 5 953 6 2384 7 2389 8 2390 9 2387 10 2385 11 2385, 2387 12 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 41(c). 13 2385, 2387 14-17 2386 21 958 22 959 23 962 24 961 25 960 26 T. 22 Sec. 461 27 T. 22 Sec. 462 28 T. 22 Sec. 463 29 T. 22 Sec. 464 30 959 31 967 32 963 33 964 34 965 35 966 36 963, 964, 965, 966, 967 37 756, 3058 38 T. 22 Sec. 465 39 5, 3241 51 241 52 242 53 Rep. 53a 2236 54 372 55 592 56-58 593 59 592, 593 61 594 61a 595 61b 600 61c 601 61d 604 61e 605 61f 598 61g 594, 595, 598, 600, 601, 604, 605 61h T. 5 Sec. 118i (See Rev. T. 5 Table) 61i T. 5 Sec. 118j (See Rev. T. 5 Table) 61j, 61k Rep. 61l T. 5 Sec. 118k (See Rev. T. 5 Table) 61m 608 61m-1 611 61n 595 61o T. 5 Sec. 118l (See Rev. T. 5 Table) 61p T. 5 Sec. 118m (See Rev. T. 5 Table) 61q Rep. 61r T. 5 Sec. 118n (See Rev. T. 5 Table) 61s 595 61t 610 61u 595 61v-61x Elim. 62-62b 612 71 497 72 494 73 495 74 1002 75 1016 76 912 76a, 76b 701 76c 707, 916 76d 707 76e 705 77 Rep. 77a 913 78 914 79 1003 80 287, 1001 81 289 82 641, 1361 83 286 84 1022 85 1023 86 1024 87 641 88 371 89 871 90 T. 34 Sec. 1167 (See Rev. T. 34 Table) 91 201 92 285 93 434 94 1381 95 1232 96 2152 97 1382 97a 1383 97b 757 98 11, 957 99 2112 100 641 101 641, 3435 102 Rep. 103 1852 103a, 103b 1851 104 1853 105 1854 106 1855 107 1856 107a 1863 108 3613 109 1862 110 1857 111 1858 112 1859 113 1860 114 1861 115 T. 25 Sec. 202 116 1362 117 2074 118 111 119 496 120 551 121 2231, 2232, 2233 122 T. 19 Sec. 70 123 912 124 211 125 543 126 541 127 1019 128 2233 129 507 130 1017 131 506 132 499 133 5 134, 135 Rep. 136 498 137-143 Rep. 144 2194 145 41 146 508 147 509 148 3056 149 210 150 211 151 210, 211 171 872 172 652 173 653 174 650 175 648 176 643 177, 178 649 178a 371 179 3497 180 3487 181 6514 182 641 183 654 184 435 185 646 186 645 187 647 188 2075 189 2073 190, 191 Rep. 192 1901 193 291 194 1091 195 1018 196 1912 198, 198a 283 199 205 200 204 201 1913 202 216 203 281 204 431 205 432 206 433 207 202 208 602 209 603 210 606 211 607 212 602, 603, 606, 607 213 T. 5 Sec. 118o (See Rev. T. 5 Table) 214 1902 215 2072 216 1905 231 1621 232 1622 233 1506 234, 235 2071 236 505 237 206 238 207 239 208 240 210 241 1503 241a 1505 242 Rep. 243 1504 244 755 245 1501 246 752, 1071 247 752 248 753 249 754 250 873 251 4 252 752, 1792 253 1114, 2231 254 111, 2231 261 8 262 471 263 Rep. 264 474 265 472 266 476 267 477 268 473 269 642 270 478 271 479 272 482 273 483 274 480 275 481 276 484 277 485 278 490 279 331 280 332 281 486 282, 282a 491 283 487 284 488 285 489 286 492 287 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 41(a), (b), (f). 288 11 289 335 290 Rep. 291 333 292 475 293 336 294 371 301 12 302 1729 303 1693 304 1696 305 1697 306 1696 307 1694 308 1695 309 1696 310 1730 311 1731 312 1706 313 1707 314 1704 315 2115 316 2116 317 1702, 1708 318 1703, 1709 319 1703, 1710 320 2114 321 1705, 1708 321a 1725 322 1700 323 1698 324, 325 1701 326 1724 327 1699 328 1720 329 1712 330 1726 331 1721 332 1727 333 1713 334 1461 335 1463, 1718 336 1302 337 1303 338 1341 338a 876, 3239 338b 877, 3239 338c 1714 338d Rep. 339 1342 340 1716 341, 342 Rep. 343-345 1717 346 5, 1717 347 500 348 501 349 11, 502 349a 503 350 504 351 1723 352 1732 353 1722 354 288 355 1711, 3497 356 440 357 1719 358 1728 359 1692 360 12 361 1715 381 5, 1364 382 831, 832 383 835 384 833 385 832, 833, 834, 835 386 832, 833, 834, 835 387 1301 388 1264 389 1265 390 1263 391 42 392 43 393 44 393a 43, 44, 3054, 3112 394 42, 43, 44 395 T. 16 Sec. 667e 396 1462 396a, 396b 1761 396c-396e 1762 397, 398 2421 399 2422 400 2423 401 2421 402(1) T. 8 Sec. 1557 402(2), (3) 2424 403 Rep. 404 2421 405-407 Rep. 407a 1231 408 10, 2311, 2312, 2313 408a 1201 408b 10 408c 1201 408c-1 1202 408d 875, 3239 408e 1073 409 659, 660, 2117 410, 411 659 412 660 412a 1992 413 Rep. 414(a) 10 414(b), (c) 2311 415 2314 416 2315 417 2311 418, 418a, 419 Rep. 419a(a) 2311 419a(b) 10 419b 2316 419c 2317 419d Rep. 420 T. 4 Sec. 112 420a to 420e-1 1951 420f-420h 1821 421, 422 1585 423 1584 424 1582 425 1585 426 1587 427 1586 428 1588 429-442 T. 46 Secs. 1351-1364 (See Rev. T. 46 Table) 443 1583 444, 445 1581 446 1584 451 7 452 1111 453 1112 454 1111, 1112 455 113 456 1113 457 2031 458 2032 459 2198 460 2198, 3286, 3614 461 1115 462 114 463 2111 464 81, 1363 465 81, 1363 466 661 467 662, 3435 467a 1025 468 13 469-474 2199 481 1651 482 2191 483 2192 484 2193 485 1655 486 2195 487 2271 488 1658 489 1659 490 2276 491 2272 492 2273 493 1661 494 1654 495 1652 496 1653 497 1656 498 1657 499, 500 969 501 9 502 5, 2275 503, 504 2277 505 1081 506 1082 507 1083 508, 511-518 Rep. 518a 1384 519-521 Rep. 522 1991 523 244 532-535 Rep. 536 T. 50 Sec. 42 541 1 542 3566 543 3567 544 3563 545 3564 546, 547 3231 548 1151, 1153, 3242 549 1151, 1153 550 2 551 3 552 1660 553 3236 554 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 6(f). 554a Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 6. 555 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 7(a). 556 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 6(d), 52(a). 556a 3288, 3289 556b Rep. 557 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 8, 13, 14. 558 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 7. 559 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 7. 560 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 7. 561 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 12(b)(5). 562 3432 562a Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 10. 563 3005 564 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 11, 12(b)(3). 565 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 31(c). 566 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 31(a), (b). 567 1111 568 3570 569 3565 570 3612 571-573 Rep. 574 3241 575 3059 576 3401 576a 3402 576b-576d 3401 581 Rep. 581a, 581b 3281 582 3282 583 3290 584 3283 585 T. 26 [I.R.C. 1939] Sec. 3748(a) (See T. 26 [I.R.C. 1986] Sec. 6531) 586 T. 26 [I.R.C. 1939] Sec. 3748(b) (See T. 26 [I.R.C. 1986] Sec. 6531) 587 3288 588 3289 589 3288, 3289 590 Rep. 590a 3287 591 3041 592 Rep. 593 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 5(a). 594 3045 595 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 4, 5. 596, 597 3141 598 3144 599 3142 600 3143 601 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 46(f)(1), (2). 602 3047 603 4084 604 3049 605 3012 611-616 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 41. 617 3105 618, 619 3109 620-626 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 41. 627 Rep. 628 2231 629 1621 630 2235 631 2234 632 5 633 Rep. 641 3569 642, 643 T. 46 Secs. 7, 8 (See Rev. T. 46 Table) 644 T. 28 Sec. 1822 645 3611 646 3617 647 3616 651 3184 652 3185 653 3186 654 3188 655 3190 656 3191 657 3189 658 3181 659 3192 660 3051, 3193 661 752, 1502 662 3182, 3195 662a 5001 662b 3042 662c 752, 3183, 3195 662d 3187, 3195 662e 755 663 3194 664 Rep. 665 755 666, 667 Rep. 668 3195, 3498 669-676 D.C. Code, Secs. 23-701, 23-702, 23-705 681 Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 37. 682 3731 683 Rep. 687 3771 688 3772 689 3771, 3772 691 Rep. 692 4086 693-700 Rep. 701 4007 702 Rep. 703 4006 704 D.C. Code, Sec. 24-424 704a D.C. Code, Sec. 24-423 705-707 Rep. 708, 709 436 709a 3568 710, 710a 4161 711 4166 712, 712a Rep. 713 4163, 4165 714 4202 715 Rep. 716 4203, 4204 716a 4203 716b 4164 717 4205 718 4206 719 4207 720 Rep. 721 4281 722 Rep. 723 3570 723a 4201 723b Rep. 723c 4205 724 3651 725 3653 726 3654 726-1, 726a T. 28 Sec. 604 727 3655 728 3656 729 T. 28 Secs. 1495, 2513 730-732 T. 28 Sec. 2513 733-733b 4085 741 4001 742-744 Rep. 744a 4122 744b 4125 744c 4122, 4123 744d-744f 4126 744g 4124 744h 4162 744h-l Rep. 744i, 744j 4121 744k 4122 744l 4126 744m 4127 744n 4128 744o-744r Elim. 745 Rep. 746 4281 746a 4282 746b 4283 747-749 Rep. 750 T. 5 Sec. 678b (See Rev. T. 5 Table) 751, 752 4005 753 4041 753a 4042 753b 4002, 4042 753c 4003 753d 4009 753e 4001 753f 4082, 4083 753g 4008 753h 751 753i 752, 1072 753j 1791 753k 3050 754 4004 761 Rep. 762 4083 763-776, 791-801, 811-815 Rep. 816 4321 817-819, 831-840 Rep. 851 4125 852 Rep. 853-855 4125 871-875 Rep. 876 4241 877 4242 878 4243 879, 880, 901-906 Rep. 907 4081 908 1791 909 751 910 752, 1072 911, 912 Rep. 921 5031 922 5032, 5033 923 5033 924 5034 925 5035 926 5036 927 5037 928 Elim. 929 Rep. -------------------------------------------------------------------- POSITIVE LAW; CITATION Section 1 of act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 683, provided in part that: "Title 18 of the United States Code, entitled 'Crimes and Criminal Procedure', is hereby revised, codified and enacted into positive law, and may be cited as 'Title 18, U.S.C., Sec. - .' " LEGISLATIVE CONSTRUCTION Section 19 of act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 862, provided that: "No inference of a legislative construction is to be drawn by reason of the chapter in Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, as set out in section 1 of this Act, in which any particular section is placed, nor by reason of the catchlines used in such title." SEPARABILITY Section 18 of act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 862, provided that: "If any part of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, as set out in section 1 of this Act, shall be held invalid the remainder shall not be affected thereby." EFFECTIVE DATE Section 20 of act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 862, provided that the revision of this title shall be effective Sept. 1, 1948. EXISTING RIGHTS OR LIABILITIES Section 21 of act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 862, provided in part that any right or liabilities now existing under repealed sections or parts thereof shall not be affected by the repeal. REPEALED, TRANSFERRED, AND OMITTED SECTIONS All former sections of Title 18 were repealed, transferred to other titles, or omitted by said act June 25, 1948, except for sections 595, 644, 726-1, 726a, 729, 730, and 732 which were repealed by act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 687, the act revising and codifying Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, into positive law. -End- -CITE- 18 USC PART I - CRIMES 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES -HEAD- PART I - CRIMES -MISC1- Chap. Sec. 1. General provisions 1 2. Aircraft and motor vehicles 31 3. Animals, birds, fish, and plants 41 5. Arson 81 7. Assault 111 9. Bankruptcy 151 10. Biological weapons 175 11. Bribery, graft, and conflicts of interest 201 11A. Child support 228 11B. Chemical Weapons (!1) 229 12. Civil disorders 231 13. Civil rights 241 15. Claims and services in matters affecting government 281 17. Coins and currency 331 17A. Common carrier operation under the influence of alcohol or drugs 341 18. Congressional, Cabinet, and Supreme Court assassination, kidnapping, and assault 351 19. Conspiracy 371 21. Contempts 401 23. Contracts 431 25. Counterfeiting and forgery 470 26. Criminal street gangs 521 27. Customs 541 29. Elections and political activities 591 31. Embezzlement and theft 641 33. Emblems, insignia, and names 700 35. Escape and rescue 751 37. Espionage and censorship 791 39. Explosives and combustibles (!2) 831 40. Importation, manufacture, distribution and storage of explosive materials 841 41. Extortion and threats 871 42. Extortionate credit transactions 891 43. False personation 911 44. Firearms 921 45. Foreign relations 951 46. Forfeiture 981 47. Fraud and false statements 1001 49. Fugitives from justice 1071 50. Gambling 1081 50A. Genocide 1091 51. Homicide 1111 53. Indians 1151 55. Kidnapping 1201 57. Labor 1231 59. Liquor traffic 1261 61. Lotteries 1301 63. Mail fraud 1341 65. Malicious mischief 1361 67. Military and Navy 1381 [68. Repealed.] 69. Nationality and citizenship 1421 71. Obscenity 1460 73. Obstruction of justice 1501 74. Partial-birth abortions 1531 75. Passports and visas 1541 77. Peonage, slavery, and trafficking in persons 1581 79. Perjury 1621 81. Piracy and privateering 1651 83. Postal service 1691 84. Presidential and Presidential staff assassination, kidnapping, and assault 1751 85. Prison-made goods 1761 87. Prisons 1791 88. Privacy 1801 89. Professions and occupations 1821 90. Protection of trade secrets 1831 90A. Protection of unborn children 1841 91. Public lands 1851 93. Public officers and employees 1901 95. Racketeering 1951 96. Racketeer influenced and corrupt organizations 1961 97. Railroad carriers and mass transportation systems on land, on water, or through the air 1991 [99. Repealed.] 101. Records and reports 2071 102. Riots 2101 103. Robbery and burglary 2111 105. Sabotage 2151 107. Seamen and stowaways 2191 109. Searches and seizures 2231 109A. Sexual abuse 2241 109B. Sex offender and crimes against children registry 2250 110. Sexual exploitation and other abuse of children 2251 110A. Domestic violence and stalking 2261 111. Shipping 2271 111A. Destruction of, or interference with, vessels or maritime facilities 2290 113. Stolen property 2311 113A. Telemarketing fraud 2325 113B. Terrorism 2331 113C. Torture 2340 114. Trafficking in contraband cigarettes and smokeless tobacco 2341 115. Treason, sedition, and subversive activities 2381 117. Transportation for illegal sexual activity and related crimes 2421 118. War crimes 2441 119. Wire and electronic communications interception and interception of oral communications (!3) 2510 121. Stored wire and electronic communications and transactional records access 2701 123. Prohibition on release and use of certain personal information from State motor vehicle records 2721 AMENDMENTS 2006 - Pub. L. 109-248, title I, Sec. 141(a)(2), July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 602, added item for chapter 109B. Pub. L. 109-177, title I, Sec. 121(g)(4)(B), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 224, which directed amendment of table of chapters at the beginning of part I of this title by striking item relating to "section 114" and inserting new item 114, was executed by adding item for chapter 114 and striking item for former chapter 114 "Trafficking in Contraband Cigarettes", to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Pub. L. 109-177, title I, Sec. 110(b)(2), title III, Sec. 306(b), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 208, 239, substituted "Railroad carriers and mass transportation systems on land, on water, or through the air" for "Railroads" in item for chapter 97 and added item for chapter 111A. 2004 - Pub. L. 108-495, Sec. 2(b), Dec. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 4000, added item for chapter 88. Pub. L. 108-212, Sec. 2(b), Apr. 1, 2004, 118 Stat. 569, added item for chapter 90A. 2003 - Pub. L. 108-193, Sec. 5(c)(2), Dec. 19, 2003, 117 Stat. 2880, substituted "Peonage, slavery, and trafficking in persons" for "Peonage and slavery" in item for chapter 77. Pub. L. 108-105, Sec. 3(b), Nov. 5, 2003, 117 Stat. 1208, added item for chapter 74. 2002 - Pub. L. 107-273, div. B, title IV, Sec. 4002(c)(1), (e)(5), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1808, 1810, substituted "2721" for "2271" in item for chapter 123 and repealed amendment by Pub. L. 104-294, Sec. 601(j)(2)(A). See 1996 Amendment note below. 1998 - Pub. L. 105-277, div. I, title II, Sec. 201(b)(2), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681-871, added item for chapter 11B. 1996 - Pub. L. 104-294, title I, Sec. 101(b), title VI, Secs. 601(j)(2)(B), 605(c), (p)(3), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3491, 3501, 3509, 3510, substituted "1461" for "1460" in item for chapter 71, added item for chapter 90, and substituted "2340" for "2340." in item for chapter 113C and "2441" for "2401" in item for chapter 118. Pub. L. 104-201, div. A, title X, Sec. 1069(b)(4), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2656, inserted "and stalking" after "violence" in item for chapter 110A. Pub. L. 104-192, Sec. 2(b), Aug. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 2104, added item for chapter 118. Pub. L. 104-132, title III, Sec. 303(c)(2), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1253, redesignated item 113B, relating to torture, as 113C. Pub. L. 104-294, title VI, Sec. 601(j)(2)(A), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3501, which amended analysis identically, was repealed by Pub. L. 107-273, div. B., title IV, Sec. 4002(c)(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1808, effective Oct. 11, 1996. 1994 - Pub. L. 103-322, title XXXIII, Sec. 330021(1), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2150, which directed the amendment of this title by striking "kidnaping" each place it appears and inserting "kidnapping", was executed by substituting "Kidnapping" for "Kidnaping" in item for chapter 55, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Pub. L. 103-322, title IV, Sec. 40221(b), title XII, Sec. 120003(b)(2), title XV, Sec. 150001(b), title XXV, Sec. 250002(b)(1), title XXX, Sec. 300002(b), title XXXIII, Secs. 330002(g), 330011(c)(2), 330021(1), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1931, 2022, 2035, 2085, 2102, 2140, 2144, 2150, substituted "weapons" for "Weapons" in item for chapter 10, "kidnapping" for "kidnaping" in item for chapter 18, "470" for "471" in item for chapter 25, added item for chapter 26, substituted "700" for "701" in item for chapter 33, "kidnapping" for "kidnaping" in item for chapter 84, added items for chapters 110A and 113A and redesignated item for former chapter 113A as 113B, and added item for chapter 123. Pub. L. 103-236, title V, Sec. 506(b), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 464, added item for chapter 113B, Torture. 1992 - Pub. L. 102-572, title X, Sec. 1003(b), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4524, made amendment identical to Pub. L. 101-519 in item for chapter 113A. See 1990 Amendment note below. Pub. L. 102-521, Sec. 2(b), Oct. 25, 1992, 106 Stat. 3403, added item for chapter 11A. 1990 - Pub. L. 101-647, title II, Sec. 226(g)(3), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4808, inserted "and other abuse" after "exploitation" in item for chapter 110. Pub. L. 101-519, Sec. 132(c), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2252, substituted "Terrorism" for "Extraterritorial jurisdiction over terrorist acts abroad against United States nationals" in item for chapter 113A. Pub. L. 101-298, Sec. 3(c), May 22, 1990, 104 Stat. 203, added item for chapter 10. 1988 - Pub. L. 100-690, title VII, Sec. 7063, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4404, substituted "Bribery, graft, and conflicts of interest" for "Bribery and graft" in item for chapter 11, substituted "carrier operation under the influence of alcohol or drugs....341" for "Carrier Operation Under the Influence of Alcohol or Drugs" in item for chapter 17A, substituted "abuse" for "Abuse", in item for chapter 109A, struck out final period and inserted "....2331" in item for chapter 113A, and substituted "wire and electronic communications and transactional records access" for "Wire and Electronic Communications and Transactional Records Access" in item for chapter 121. Pub. L. 100-606, Sec. 2(b), Nov. 4, 1988, 102 Stat. 3047, added item for chapter 50A. 1986 - Pub. L. 99-646, Sec. 87(c)(7), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3623, and Pub. L. 99-654, Sec. 3(a)(7), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3663, amended analysis identically, striking out item for chapter 99 "Rape" and adding item for chapter 109A. Pub. L. 99-628, Sec. 5(a)(2), Nov. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 3511, substituted "Transportation for illegal sexual activity and related crimes" for "White slave traffic" as item for chapter 117. Pub. L. 99-570, title I, Secs. 1366(b), 1971(b), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207-39, 3207-59, added items for chapters 17A and 46. Pub. L. 99-508, title I, Sec. 101(c)(3), title II, Sec. 201(b), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1851, 1868, inserted "and electronic communications" in item for chapter 119 and added item for chapter 121. Pub. L. 99-399, title XII, Sec. 1202(b), Aug. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 897, added item for chapter 113A. 1982 - Pub. L. 97-285, Secs. 2(d), 4(d), Oct. 6, 1982, 96 Stat. 1219, 1220, substituted "Congressional, Cabinet, and Supreme Court assassination, kidnaping, and assault" for "Congressional assassination, kidnaping, and assault" as item for chapter 18, and inserted "and Presidential staff" after "Presidential" in item for chapter 84. 1978 - Pub. L. 95-575, Sec. 2, Nov. 2, 1978, 92 Stat. 2465, added item for chapter 114. Pub. L. 95-225, Sec. 2(b), Feb. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 8, added item for chapter 110. 1971 - Pub. L. 91-644, title IV, Sec. 17, Jan. 2, 1971, 84 Stat. 1891, added item for chapter 18. 1970 - Pub. L. 91-513, title III, Sec. 1101(b)(1)(B), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1292, struck out item for chapter 68 "Narcotics". Pub. L. 91-452, title IX, Sec. 901(b), title XI, Sec. 1102(b), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 947, 959, added items for chapters 40 and 96. 1968 - Pub. L. 90-351, title IV, Sec. 905, June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 234, added item for chapter 44. Pub. L. 90-321, title II, Sec. 202(b), May 29, 1968, 82 Stat. 162, added item for chapter 42. Pub. L. 90-284, title I, Sec. 104(b), title X, Sec. 1002(b), Apr. 11, 1968, 82 Stat. 77, 92, added items for chapters 12 and 102. 1965 - Pub. L. 89-141, Sec. 3, Aug. 28, 1965, 79 Stat. 581, added item for chapter 84. 1956 - Act Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 825, Sec. 2(a), 70 Stat. 798, substituted "Animals, Birds, Fish, and Plants" for "Animals, Birds, and Fish" in item for chapter 3. Act July 18, 1956, ch. 629, Sec. 202, 70 Stat. 575, added item for chapter 68. Act July 14, 1956, ch. 595, Sec. 2, 70 Stat. 540, added item for chapter 2. 1949 - Act May 24, 1949, ch. 139, Sec. 1, 63 Stat. 89, struck out "constituting crimes" in item for chapter 21, and added item for chapter 50. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. First word only of item should be capitalized. (!2) Chapter heading amended by Pub. L. 86-710 without corresponding amendment of part analysis. (!3) Editorially supplied. Chapter 119 added by Pub. L. 90-351 without corresponding amendment of part analysis. -End- -CITE- 18 USC CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS -MISC1- Sec. 1. Repealed. 2. Principals. 3. Accessory after the fact. 4. Misprision of felony. 5. United States defined. 6. Department and agency defined. 7. Special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States defined. 8. Obligation or other security of the United States defined. 9. Vessel of the United States defined. 10. Interstate commerce and foreign commerce defined. 11. Foreign government defined. 12. United States Postal Service defined. 13. Laws of States adopted for areas within Federal jurisdiction. [14. Repealed.] 15. Obligation or other security of foreign government defined. 16. Crime of violence defined. 17. Insanity defense. 18. Organization defined. 19. Petty offense defined. 20. Financial institution defined. 21. Stolen or counterfeit nature of property for certain crimes defined. 23. Court of the United States defined. 24. Definitions relating to Federal health care offense. 25. Use of minors in crimes of violence. 26. Definition of seaport. SENATE REVISION AMENDMENT In the analysis of sections under this chapter heading, a new item, "14. Applicability to Canal Zone.", was inserted by Senate amendment, to follow underneath item 13, inasmuch as a new section 14, with such a catchline, was inserted, by Senate amendment, in this chapter. See Senate Report No. 1620, amendments Nos. 1 and 3, 80th Cong. AMENDMENTS 2006 - Pub. L. 109-177, title III, Sec. 302(d), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 233, added item 26. 2003 - Pub. L. 108-21, title VI, Sec. 601(b), Apr. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 687, added item 25. 2002 - Pub. L. 107-273, div. B, title IV, Sec. 4004(a), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1812, struck out item 14 "Applicability to Canal Zone; definition". 1996 - Pub. L. 104-191, title II, Sec. 241(b), Aug. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 2016, which directed the amendment of the table of sections at the beginning of chapter 2 of this title by inserting item 24, was executed by inserting item 24 in the table of sections at the beginning of this chapter, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. 1994 - Pub. L. 103-332, title XXXII, Secs. 320910(b), 320914(b), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2127, 2128, added items 21 and 23. 1990 - Pub. L. 101-647, title XXXV, Sec. 3504, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4921, substituted "defense" for "Defense" in item 17. 1989 - Pub. L. 101-73, title IX, Sec. 962(e)(3), Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 504, added item 20. 1987 - Pub. L. 100-185, Sec. 4(b), Dec. 11, 1987, 101 Stat. 1279, added item 19. 1986 - Pub. L. 99-646, Secs. 34(b), 38(b), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3599, renumbered item 20 as 17 and added item 18. 1984 - Pub. L. 98-473, title II, Secs. 218(b), 402(b), 1001(b), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2027, 2057, 2136, substituted "Repealed" for "Offenses classified" in item 1 and added items 16 and 20. 1970 - Pub. L. 91-375, Sec. 6(j)(1), Aug. 12, 1970, 84 Stat. 777, inserted "United States" before "Postal Service" in item 12. 1962 - Pub. L. 87-845, Sec. 3(b), Oct. 18, 1962, 76A Stat. 698, inserted "; definition" in item 14. 1958 - Pub. L. 85-921, Sec. 4, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1771, added item 15. COMMISSION ON THE ADVANCEMENT OF FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT Pub. L. 104-132, title VIII, Sec. 806, Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1305, established Commission on the Advancement of Federal Law Enforcement, directed Commission to review and recommend action to Congress on Federal law enforcement priorities for 21st century, including Federal law enforcement capability to investigate and deter adequately threat of terrorism facing United States, standards and procedures, degree of coordination with international, State, and local law enforcement agencies, and other matters, provided for membership and administration of Commission, staffing and support functions, and powers to hold hearings and obtain official data for purposes of carrying out its duties, required report to Congress and public of findings, conclusions, and recommendations not later than 2 years after quorum of Commission had been appointed, and provided for termination of Commission 30 days after submitting report. NATIONAL COMMISSION ON REFORM OF FEDERAL CRIMINAL LAWS Pub. L. 89-801, Nov. 8, 1966, 80 Stat. 1516, as amended by Pub. L. 91-39, July 8, 1969, 83 Stat. 44, provided for the establishment of the National Commission on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws, its membership, duties, compensation of the members, the Director, and the staff of the Commission, established the Advisory Committee on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws, required the Commission to submit interim reports to the President and the Congress and to submit a final report within four years from Nov. 8, 1966, and further provided that the Commission shall cease to exist sixty days after the submission of the final report. -EXEC- EX. ORD. NO. 11396. COORDINATION BY ATTORNEY GENERAL OF FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIME PREVENTION PROGRAMS Ex. Ord. No. 11396, Feb. 7, 1968, 33 F.R. 2689, provided: WHEREAS the problem of crime in America today presents the Nation with a major challenge calling for maximum law enforcement efforts at every level of Government; WHEREAS coordination of all Federal Criminal law enforcement activities and crime prevention programs is desirable in order to achieve more effective results; WHEREAS the Federal Government has acknowledged the need to provide assistance to State and local law enforcement agencies in the development and administration of programs directed to the prevention and control of crime: WHEREAS to provide such assistance the Congress has authorized various departments and agencies of the Federal Government to develop programs which may benefit State and local efforts directed at the prevention and control of crime, and the coordination of such programs is desirable to develop and administer them most effectively; and WHEREAS the Attorney General, as the chief law officer of the Federal Government, is charged with the responsibility for all prosecutions for violations of the Federal criminal statutes and is authorized under the Law Enforcement Assistance Act of 1965 (79 Stat. 828) [formerly set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title] to cooperate with and assist State, local, or other public or private agencies in matters relating to law enforcement organization, techniques and practices, and the prevention and control of crime. NOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of the authority vested in the President by the Constitution and laws of the United States, it is ordered as follows: Section 1. The Attorney General is hereby designated to facilitate and coordinate (1) the criminal law enforcement activities and crime prevention programs of all Federal departments and agencies, and (2) the activities of such departments, and agencies relating to the development and implementation of Federal programs which are designed, in whole or in substantial part, to assist State and local law enforcement agencies and crime prevention activities. The Attorney General may promulgate such rules and regulations and take such actions as he shall deem necessary or appropriate to carry out his functions under this Order. Sec. 2. Each Federal department and agency is directed to cooperate with the Attorney General in the performance of his functions under this Order and shall, to the extent permitted by law and within the limits of available funds, furnish him such reports, information, and assistance as he may request. Lyndon B. Johnson. EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 11534 Ex. Ord. No. 11534, June 4, 1970, 35 F.R. 8865, which related to the National Council on Organized Crime, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12110, Dec. 28, 1978, 44 F.R. 1069, formerly set out as a note under section 14 of the Federal Advisory Committee Act in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. -End- -CITE- 18 USC Sec. 1 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 1. Repealed. -MISC1- [Sec. 1. Repealed. Pub. L. 98-473, title II, Sec. 218(a)(1), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2027]. Section, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98-596, Sec. 8, 98 Stat. 3138, classified offenses as a felony, misdemeanor, or petty offense. EFFECTIVE DATE OF REPEAL Repeal of section effective Nov. 1, 1987, and applicable only to offenses committed after the taking effect of such repeal, see section 235(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98-473, set out as an Effective Date note under section 3551 of this title. SHORT TITLE OF 2007 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 109-481, Sec. 1, Jan. 12, 2007, 120 Stat. 3673, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 706a of this title] may be cited as the 'Geneva Distinctive Emblems Protection Act of 2006'." Pub. L. 109-476, Sec. 1, Jan. 12, 2007, 120 Stat. 3568, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 1039 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 1039 of this title and amending provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the 'Telephone Records and Privacy Protection Act of 2006'." SHORT TITLE OF 2006 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 109-437, Sec. 1, Dec. 20, 2006, 120 Stat. 3266, provided that: "This Act [amending section 704 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 704 of this title] may be cited as the 'Stolen Valor Act of 2005'." Pub. L. 109-374, Sec. 1, Nov. 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 2652, provided that: "This Act [amending section 43 of this title] may be cited as the 'Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act'." Pub. L. 109-181, Sec. 1(a)(1), Mar. 16, 2006, 120 Stat. 285, provided that: "This section [amending section 2320 of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2320 of this title, and enacting provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the 'Stop Counterfeiting in Manufactured Goods Act'." Pub. L. 109-181, Sec. 2(a), Mar. 16, 2006, 120 Stat. 288, provided that: "This section [amending sections 2318, 2319A, and 2320 of this title and section 1101 of Title 17, Copyrights] may be cited as the 'Protecting American Goods and Services Act of 2005'." Pub. L. 109-178, Sec. 1, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 278, provided that: "This Act [amending section 2709 of this title, section 3414 of Title 12, Banks and Banking, sections 1681u and 1681v of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and sections 436 and 1861 of Title 50, War and National Defense, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 3414 of Title 12] may be cited as the 'USA PATRIOT Act Additional Reauthorizing Amendments Act of 2006'." Pub. L. 109-177, Sec. 1(a), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 192, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005'." Pub. L. 109-177, title II, Sec. 201, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 230, provided that: "This title [enacting section 3599 of this title, amending section 3583 of this title and section 848 of Title 21, Food and Drugs, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 46502 of Title 49, Transportation] may be cited as the 'Terrorist Death Penalty Enhancement Act of 2005'." Pub. L. 109-177, title III, Sec. 301, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 233, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Reducing Crime and Terrorism at America's Seaports Act of 2005'." Pub. L. 109-177, title IV, Sec. 401, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 243, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Combating Terrorism Financing Act of 2005'." Pub. L. 109-177, title VI, Sec. 601, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 251, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Secret Service Authorization and Technical Modification Act of 2005'." SHORT TITLE OF 2004 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 108-458, title VI, Sec. 6701, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3764, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle H (Secs. 6701-6704) of title VI of Pub. L. 108-458, enacting section 1038 of this title, amending sections 1001, 1505, and 1958 of this title, and enacting provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the 'Stop Terrorist and Military Hoaxes Act of 2004'." Pub. L. 108-458, title VI, Sec. 6801, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3766, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle I (Secs. 6801-6803) of title VI of Pub. L. 108-458, enacting section 832 of this title, amending sections 175b, 1961, 2332a, and 2332b of this title and sections 2077 and 2122 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 175b of this title] may be cited as the 'Weapons of Mass Destruction Prohibition Improvement Act of 2004'." Pub. L. 108-458, title VI, Sec. 6901, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3769, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle J (Secs. 6901-6911) of title VI of Pub. L. 108-458, enacting sections 175c, 2332g, and 2332h of this title, amending sections 1956, 2332b, and 2516 of this title, section 2778 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and sections 2122 and 2272 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 175c of this title] may be cited as the 'Prevention of Terrorist Access to Destructive Weapons Act of 2004'." SHORT TITLE OF 2003 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 108-21, Sec. 1(a), Apr. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 650, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to end the Exploitation of Children Today Act of 2003' or 'PROTECT Act'." SHORT TITLE OF 2002 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 107-273, div. B, title IV, Sec. 4001, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1806, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Criminal Law Technical Amendments Act of 2002'." SHORT TITLE OF 2001 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 107-56, Sec. 1(a), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 272, as amended by Pub. L. 109-177, title I, Sec. 101(b), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 194, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001' or the 'USA PATRIOT Act'." SHORT TITLE OF 1998 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 105-314, Sec. 1(a), Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 2974, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Protection of Children From Sexual Predators Act of 1998'." Pub. L. 105-184, Sec. 1, June 23, 1998, 112 Stat. 520, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 709, 982, 2326, 2327, and 2703 of this title and enacting provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the 'Telemarketing Fraud Prevention Act of 1998'." SHORT TITLE OF 1996 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 104-294, Sec. 1, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3488, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Economic Espionage Act of 1996'." Pub. L. 104-132, Sec. 1, Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1214, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996'." SHORT TITLE OF 1994 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 103-322, title X, Sec. 100001, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1996, provided that: "This title [amending section 13 of this title and section 3751 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] may be cited as the 'Drunk Driving Child Protection Act of 1994'." SHORT TITLE OF 1990 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 101-647, Sec. 1, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4789, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Crime Control Act of 1990'." SHORT TITLE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 100-690, title VII, Sec. 7011, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4395, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle B (Secs. 7011-7096) of title VII of Pub. L. 100-690, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Minor and Technical Criminal Law Amendments Act of 1988'." SHORT TITLE OF 1987 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 100-185, Sec. 1, Dec. 11, 1987, 101 Stat. 1279, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 19 of this title, amending sections 18, 3013, 3559, 3571, 3572, 3573, 3611, 3612, and 3663 of this title and section 604 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 3611 of this title] may be cited as the 'Criminal Fine Improvements Act of 1987'." SHORT TITLE OF 1986 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 99-646, Sec. 1, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3592, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Criminal Law and Procedure Technical Amendments Act of 1986'." SHORT TITLE OF 1984 AMENDMENT Section 200 of title II (Secs. 200-2304) of Pub. L. 98-473 provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984'." SEVERABILITY Pub. L. 108-21, Sec. 2, Apr. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 651, provided that: "If any provision of this Act [see Tables for classification], or the application of such provision to any person or circumstance, is held invalid, the remainder of this Act, and the application of such provision to other persons not similarly situated or to other circumstances, shall not be affected by such invalidation." Pub. L. 107-56, Sec. 2, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 275, provided that: "Any provision of this Act [see Short Title of 2001 Amendment note above] held to be invalid or unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any person or circumstance, shall be construed so as to give it the maximum effect permitted by law, unless such holding shall be one of utter invalidity or unenforceability, in which event such provision shall be deemed severable from this Act and shall not affect the remainder thereof or the application of such provision to other persons not similarly situated or to other, dissimilar circumstances." Pub. L. 104-132, title IX, Sec. 904, Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1319, provided that: "If any provision of this Act [see Short Title of 1996 Amendments note above], an amendment made by this Act, or the application of such provision or amendment to any person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this Act, the amendments made by this Act, and the application of the provisions of such to any person or circumstance shall not be affected thereby." -End- -CITE- 18 USC Sec. 2 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 2. Principals -STATUTE- (a) Whoever commits an offense against the United States or aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces or procures its commission, is punishable as a principal. (b) Whoever willfully causes an act to be done which if directly performed by him or another would be an offense against the United States, is punishable as a principal. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655, Sec. 17b, 65 Stat. 717.) -MISC1- HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 550 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, Sec. 332, 35 Stat. 1152). Section 2(a) comprises section 550 of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., without change except in minor matters of phraseology. Section 2(b) is added to permit the deletion from many sections throughout the revision of such phrases as "causes or procures". The section as revised makes clear the legislative intent to punish as a principal not only one who directly commits an offense and one who "aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces or procures" another to commit an offense, but also anyone who causes the doing of an act which if done by him directly would render him guilty of an offense against the United States. It removes all doubt that one who puts in motion or assists in the illegal enterprise but causes the commission of an indispensable element of the offense by an innocent agent or instrumentality, is guilty as a principal even though he intentionally refrained from the direct act constituting the completed offense. This accords with the following decisions: Rothenburg v. United States, 1918, 38 S. Ct. 18, 245 U.S. 480, 62 L. Ed. 414, and United States v. Hodorowicz, C. C. A. Ill. 1939, 105 F. 2d 218, certiorari denied, 60 S. Ct. 108, 308 U.S. 584, 84 L. Ed. 489. United States v. Giles, 1937, 57 S. Ct. 340, 300 U.S. 41, 81 L. Ed. 493, rehearing denied, 57 S. Ct. 505, 300 U.S. 687, 81 L. Ed. 888. AMENDMENTS 1951 - Subsec. (a). Act Oct. 31, 1951, inserted "punishable as". Subsec. (b). Act Oct. 31, 1951, inserted "willfully" before "causes", and "or another" after "him", and substituted "is punishable as a principal" for "is also a principal and punishable as such". -End- -CITE- 18 USC Sec. 3 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 3. Accessory after the fact -STATUTE- Whoever, knowing that an offense against the United States has been committed, receives, relieves, comforts or assists the offender in order to hinder or prevent his apprehension, trial or punishment, is an accessory after the fact. Except as otherwise expressly provided by any Act of Congress, an accessory after the fact shall be imprisoned not more than one-half the maximum term of imprisonment or (notwithstanding section 3571) fined not more than one-half the maximum fine prescribed for the punishment of the principal, or both; or if the principal is punishable by life imprisonment or death, the accessory shall be imprisoned not more than 15 years. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Pub. L. 99-646, Sec. 43, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3601; Pub. L. 101-647, title XXXV, Sec. 3502, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4921; Pub. L. 103-322, title XXXIII, Secs. 330011(h), 330016(2)(A), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2145, 2148.) -MISC1- HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 551 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, Sec. 333, 35 Stat. 1152). The first paragraph is new. It is based upon authority of Skelly v. United States (C. C. A. Okl. 1935, 76 F. 2d 483, certiorari denied, 1935, 55 S. Ct. 914, 295 U.S. 757, 79 L. Ed. 1699), where the court defined an accessory after the fact as - one who knowing a felony to have been committed by another, receives, relieves, comforts, or assists the felon in order to hinder the felon's apprehension, trial, or punishment - and cited Jones' Blackstone, books 3 and 4, page 2204; U.S. v. Hartwell (Fed. Cas. No. 15,318); Albritton v. State (32 Fla. 358, 13 So. 955); State v. Davis (14 R. I. 281); Schleeter v. Commonwealth (218 Ky. 72, 290 S. W. 1075). (See also State v. Potter, 1942, 221 N. C. 153, 19 S. E. 2d 257; Hunter v. State, 1935, 128 Tex. Cr. R. 191, 79 S. W. 2d 855; State v. Wells, 1940, 195 La. 754, 197 So. 419.) The second paragraph is from section 551 of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed. Here only slight changes were made in phraseology. AMENDMENTS 1994 - Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 330016(2)(A), inserted "(notwithstanding section 3571)" before "fined not more than one- half" in second par. Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 330011(h), amended directory language of Pub. L. 101-647, Sec. 3502. See 1990 Amendment note below. 1990 - Pub. L. 101-647, as amended by Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 330011(h), substituted "15 years" for "ten years" in second par. 1986 - Pub. L. 99-646 inserted "life imprisonment or" in second par. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1994 AMENDMENT Section 330011(h) of Pub. L. 103-322 provided that the amendment made by that section is effective as of Nov. 29, 1990. -End- -CITE- 18 USC Sec. 4 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 4. Misprision of felony -STATUTE- Whoever, having knowledge of the actual commission of a felony cognizable by a court of the United States, conceals and does not as soon as possible make known the same to some judge or other person in civil or military authority under the United States, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than three years, or both. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Pub. L. 103-322, title XXXIII, Sec. 330016(1)(G), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.) -MISC1- HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 18, U.S.C. 1940 ed., Sec. 251 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, Sec. 146, 35 Stat. 1114). Changes in phraseology only. AMENDMENTS 1994 - Pub. L. 103-322 substituted "fined under this title" for "fined not more than $500". -End- -CITE- 18 USC Sec. 5 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 5. United States defined -STATUTE- The term "United States", as used in this title in a territorial sense, includes all places and waters, continental or insular, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, except the Canal Zone. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 685.) -MISC1- HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Secs. 39, 133, 346, 381, 502, and 632, and section 40 of title 50, U.S.C., 1940 ed., War and National Defense (June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title XIII, Sec. 1, 40 Stat. 231). Section consolidates the first sentence of section 39, all of sections 133, 346, and 632, and the second sentences, respectively, of sections 381 and 502, all of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., and section 40 of title 50, U.S.C., 1940 ed., War and National Defense, with minor changes in phraseology. All of these sections and parts of sections were derived from section 1 of title XIII of said act of June 15, 1917. Said section 40 of title 50, U.S.C., War and National Defense, has also been retained in that title, as it still relates to some sections therein which were not transferred to this title. The remainder of said section 39 of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., which was derived from sections 2, 3, and 4 of title XIII of the act of June 15, 1917, relating to jurisdiction and other matters, is almost entirely obsolete. The provisions still in force are incorporated in section 3241 of this title. The remaining provisions of said sections 381 and 502 of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., which were derived from sources other than said section 1 of title XIII of the act of June 15, 1917, are incorporated in sections 1364 and 2275 of this title. SENATE REVISION AMENDMENT Words ", except the Canal Zone." were substituted for the period in this section by Senate amendment. See Senate Report No. 1620, amendment No. 2, 80th Cong. -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT For definition of Canal Zone, referred to in text, see section 3602(b) of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse. -End- -CITE- 18 USC Sec. 6 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 6. Department and agency defined -STATUTE- As used in this title: The term "department" means one of the executive departments enumerated in section 1 of Title 5, unless the context shows that such term was intended to describe the executive, legislative, or judicial branches of the government. The term "agency" includes any department, independent establishment, commission, administration, authority, board or bureau of the United States or any corporation in which the United States has a proprietary interest, unless the context shows that such term was intended to be used in a more limited sense. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 685.) -MISC1- HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES This section defines the terms "department" and "agency" of the United States. The word "department" appears 57 times in title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., and the word "agency" 14 times. It was considered necessary to define clearly these words in order to avoid possible litigation as to the scope or coverage of a given section containing such words. (See United States v. Germaine, 1878, 99 U.S. 508, 25 L. Ed. 482, for definition of words "department" or "head of department.") The phrase "corporation in which the United States has a proprietary interest" is intended to include those governmental corporations in which stock is not actually issued, as well as those in which stock is owned by the United States. It excludes those corporations in which the interest of the Government is custodial or incidental. -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 1 of Title 5, referred to in text, was repealed by Pub. L. 89-554, Sec. 8, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 632, and reenacted by the first section thereof as section 101 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. -End- -CITE- 18 USC Sec. 7 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 7. Special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States defined -STATUTE- The term "special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States", as used in this title, includes: (1) The high seas, any other waters within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of the United States and out of the jurisdiction of any particular State, and any vessel belonging in whole or in part to the United States or any citizen thereof, or to any corporation created by or under the laws of the United States, or of any State, Territory, District, or possession thereof, when such vessel is within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of the United States and out of the jurisdiction of any particular State. (2) Any vessel registered, licensed, or enrolled under the laws of the United States, and being on a voyage upon the waters of any of the Great Lakes, or any of the waters connecting them, or upon the Saint Lawrence River where the same constitutes the International Boundary Line. (3) Any lands reserved or acquired for the use of the United States, and under the exclusive or concurrent jurisdiction thereof, or any place purchased or otherwise acquired by the United States by consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of a fort, magazine, arsenal, dockyard, or other needful building. (4) Any island, rock, or key containing deposits of guano, which may, at the discretion of the President, be considered as appertaining to the United States. (5) Any aircraft belonging in whole or in part to the United States, or any citizen thereof, or to any corporation created by or under the laws of the United States, or any State, Territory, district, or possession thereof, while such aircraft is in flight over the high seas, or over any other waters within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of the United States and out of the jurisdiction of any particular State. (6) Any vehicle used or designed for flight or navigation in space and on the registry of the United States pursuant to the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies and the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space, while that vehicle is in flight, which is from the moment when all external doors are closed on Earth following embarkation until the moment when one such door is opened on Earth for disembarkation or in the case of a forced landing, until the competent authorities take over the responsibility for the vehicle and for persons and property aboard. (7) Any place outside the jurisdiction of any nation with respect to an offense by or against a national of the United States. (8) To the extent permitted by international law, any foreign vessel during a voyage having a scheduled departure from or arrival in the United States with respect to an offense committed by or against a national of the United States. (9) With respect to offenses committed by or against a national of the United States as that term is used in section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality Act - (A) the premises of United States diplomatic, consular, military or other United States Government missions or entities in foreign States, including the buildings, parts of buildings, and land appurtenant or ancillary thereto or used for purposes of those missions or entities, irrespective of ownership; and (B) residences in foreign States and the land appurtenant or ancillary thereto, irrespective of ownership, used for purposes of those missions or entities or used by United States personnel assigned to those missions or entities. Nothing in this paragraph shall be deemed to supersede any treaty or international agreement with which this paragraph conflicts. This paragraph does not apply with respect to an offense committed by a person described in section 3261(a) of this title. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 685; July 12, 1952, ch. 695, 66 Stat. 589; Pub. L. 97-96, Sec. 6, Dec. 21, 1981, 95 Stat. 1210; Pub. L. 98-473, title II, Sec. 1210, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2164; Pub. L. 103-322, title XII, Sec. 120002, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2021; Pub. L. 107-56, title VIII, Sec. 804, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 377.) -MISC1- HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 451 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, Sec. 272, 35 Stat. 1142; June 11, 1940, ch. 323, 54 Stat. 304). The words "The term 'special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States' as used in this title includes:" were substituted for the words "The crimes and offenses defined in sections 451-468 of this title shall be punished as herein prescribed." This section first appeared in the 1909 Criminal Code. It made it possible to combine in one chapter all the penal provisions covering acts within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction without the necessity of repeating in each section the places covered. The present section has made possible the allocation of the diverse provisions of chapter 11 of Title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., to particular chapters restricted to particular offenses, as contemplated by the alphabetical chapter arrangement. In several revised sections of said chapter 11 the words "within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States" have been added. Thus the jurisdictional limitation will be preserved in all sections of said chapter 11 describing an offense. Enumeration of names of Great Lakes was omitted as unnecessary. Other minor changes were necessary now that the section defines a term rather than the place of commission of crime or offense; however, the extent of the special jurisdiction as originally enacted has been carefully followed. -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, referred to in par. (9), is classified to section 1101 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 2001 - Par. (9). Pub. L. 107-56 added par. (9). 1994 - Par. (8). Pub. L. 103-322 added par. (8). 1984 - Par. (7). Pub. L. 98-473 added par. (7). 1981 - Par. (6). Pub. L. 97-96 added par. (6). 1952 - Par. (5). Act July 12, 1952, added par. (5). TERRITORIAL SEA EXTENDING TO TWELVE MILES INCLUDED IN SPECIAL MARITIME AND TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION Pub. L. 104-132, title IX, Sec. 901(a), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1317, provided that: "The Congress declares that all the territorial sea of the United States, as defined by Presidential Proclamation 5928 of December 27, 1988 [set out as a note under section 1331 of Title 43, Public Lands], for purposes of Federal criminal jurisdiction is part of the United States, subject to its sovereignty, and is within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States for the purposes of title 18, United States Code." -End- -CITE- 18 USC Sec. 8 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 8. Obligation or other security of the United States defined -STATUTE- The term "obligation or other security of the United States" includes all bonds, certificates of indebtedness, national bank currency, Federal Reserve notes, Federal Reserve bank notes, coupons, United States notes, Treasury notes, gold certificates, silver certificates, fractional notes, certificates of deposit, bills, checks, or drafts for money, drawn by or upon authorized officers of the United States, stamps and other representatives of value, of whatever denomination, issued under any Act of Congress, and canceled United States stamps. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 685.) -MISC1- HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 261 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, Sec. 147, 35 Stat. 1115; Jan. 27, 1938, ch. 10, Sec. 3, 52 Stat. 7). The terms of this section were general enough to justify its inclusion in this chapter rather than retaining it in the chapter on "Counterfeiting" where the terms which it specifically defines are set out in sections 471-476, 478, 481, 483, 492, and 504 of this title. Words "Federal Reserve notes, Federal Reserve bank notes" were inserted before "coupons" because such notes have almost supplanted national bank currency. Minor changes were made in phraseology. -End- -CITE- 18 USC Sec. 9 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 9. Vessel of the United States defined -STATUTE- The term "vessel of the United States", as used in this title, means a vessel belonging in whole or in part to the United States, or any citizen thereof, or any corporation created by or under the laws of the United States, or of any State, Territory, District, or possession thereof. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 685.) -MISC1- HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 501 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, Sec. 310, 35 Stat. 1148). Section is made applicable to the entire title rather than to sections 481 et seq. of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed. Minor changes in phraseology were made. -End- -CITE- 18 USC Sec. 10 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 10. Interstate commerce and foreign commerce defined -STATUTE- The term "interstate commerce", as used in this title, includes commerce between one State, Territory, Possession, or the District of Columbia and another State, Territory, Possession, or the District of Columbia. The term "foreign commerce", as used in this title, includes commerce with a foreign country. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 686.) -MISC1- HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Secs. 408, 408b, 414(a), and 419a(b) (Oct. 29, 1919, ch. 89, Sec. 2(b), 41 Stat. 325; June 22, 1932, ch. 271, Sec. 2, 47 Stat. 326; May 18, 1934, ch. 301, 48 Stat. 782; May 22, 1934, ch. 333, Sec. 2(a), 48 Stat. 794; Aug. 18, 1941, ch. 366, Sec. 2(b), 55 Stat. 631). This section consolidates into one section identical definitions contained in sections 408, 408b, 414(a), and 419a(b) of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed. In addition to slight improvements in style, the word "commerce" was substituted for "transportation" in order to avoid the narrower connotation of the word "transportation" since "commerce" obviously includes more than "transportation." The word "Possession" was inserted in two places to make the definition more accurate and comprehensive since the places included in the word "Possession" would normally be within the term defined and a narrower construction should be handled by express statutory exclusion in those crimes which Congress intends to restrict to commerce within the continental United States. -End- -CITE- 18 USC Sec. 11 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 11. Foreign government defined -STATUTE- The term "foreign government", as used in this title except in sections 112, 878, 970, 1116, and 1201, includes any government, faction, or body of insurgents within a country with which the United States is at peace, irrespective of recognition by the United States. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 686; Pub. L. 94-467, Sec. 11, Oct. 8, 1976, 90 Stat. 2001.) -MISC1- HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Secs. 98, 288, 349; section 235 of title 22 U.S.C., 1940 ed., Foreign Relations and Intercourse; section 41 of title 50, U.S.C., 1940 ed., War and National Defense (June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title VIII, Sec. 4, 40 Stat. 226). The definition of "foreign government" contained in this section, with minor changes in phraseology, is from section 4 of title VIII of act June 15, 1917 (Ch. 30, 40 Stat. 217, 226), known as the Espionage Act of 1917. This definition was incorporated in sections 98, 288, and 349 of title 18 and in section 235 of title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and in section 41 of Title 50, War and National Defense, U.S.C., all in 1940 ed., since the definition was specifically enacted with reference to said sections and others not material here. The remaining provisions of said sections 98 and 349 of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., which were derived from sources other than said section 4 of title VIII of the act of June 15, 1917, are incorporated in sections 502 and 957 of this title. AMENDMENTS 1976 - Pub. L. 94-467 inserted "except in sections 112, 878, 970, 1116, and 1201" after "title". -End- -CITE- 18 USC Sec. 12 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 12. United States Postal Service defined -STATUTE- As used in this title, the term "Postal Service" means the United States Postal Service established under title 39, and every officer and employee of that Service, whether or not such officer or employee has taken the oath of office. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 686; Pub. L. 91-375, Sec. 6(j)(2), Aug. 12, 1970, 84 Stat. 777; Pub. L. 101-647, title XXXV, Sec. 3505, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4921.) -MISC1- HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Secs. 301, 360 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, Secs. 230, 231, 35 Stat. 1134). This section consolidates sections 301 and 360 of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., with necessary changes in phraseology. AMENDMENTS 1990 - Pub. L. 101-647 substituted "whether or not such officer or employee has taken the oath of office" for "whether he has taken the oath of office". 1970 - Pub. L. 91-375 inserted "United States" before "Postal Service" in section catchline and substituted in text as definition of "Postal Service" the United States Postal Service established under title 39, and every officer and employee of that Service, whether he has taken the oath of office, for prior definition which included the Post Office Department and every employee, thereof, whether or not he has taken the oath of office. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1970 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 91-375 effective within 1 year after Aug. 12, 1970, on date established therefor by the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service and published by it in the Federal Register, see section 15(a) of Pub. L. 91-375, set out as an Effective Date note preceding section 101 of Title 39, Postal Service. -End- -CITE- 18 USC Sec. 13 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 13. Laws of States adopted for areas within Federal jurisdiction -STATUTE- (a) Whoever within or upon any of the places now existing or hereafter reserved or acquired as provided in section 7 of this title, or on, above, or below any portion of the territorial sea of the United States not within the jurisdiction of any State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or district is guilty of any act or omission which, although not made punishable by any enactment of Congress, would be punishable if committed or omitted within the jurisdiction of the State, Territory, Possession, or District in which such place is situated, by the laws thereof in force at the time of such act or omission, shall be guilty of a like offense and subject to a like punishment. (b)(1) Subject to paragraph (2) and for purposes of subsection (a) of this section, that which may or shall be imposed through judicial or administrative action under the law of a State, territory, possession, or district, for a conviction for operating a motor vehicle under the influence of a drug or alcohol, shall be considered to be a punishment provided by that law. Any limitation on the right or privilege to operate a motor vehicle imposed under this subsection shall apply only to the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States. (2)(A) In addition to any term of imprisonment provided for operating a motor vehicle under the influence of a drug or alcohol imposed under the law of a State, territory, possession, or district, the punishment for such an offense under this section shall include an additional term of imprisonment of not more than 1 year, or if serious bodily injury of a minor is caused, not more than 5 years, or if death of a minor is caused, not more than 10 years, and an additional fine under this title, or both, if - (i) a minor (other than the offender) was present in the motor vehicle when the offense was committed; and (ii) the law of the State, territory, possession, or district in which the offense occurred does not provide an additional term of imprisonment under the circumstances described in clause (i). (B) For the purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "minor" means a person less than 18 years of age. (c) Whenever any waters of the territorial sea of the United States lie outside the territory of any State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or district, such waters (including the airspace above and the seabed and subsoil below, and artificial islands and fixed structures erected thereon) shall be deemed, for purposes of subsection (a), to lie within the area of the State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or district that it would lie within if the boundaries of such State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or district were extended seaward to the outer limit of the territorial sea of the United States. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 686; Pub. L. 100-690, title VI, Sec. 6477(a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4381; Pub. L. 103-322, title X, Sec. 100002, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1996; Pub. L. 104-132, title IX, Sec. 901(b), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1317; Pub. L. 104- 294, title VI, Sec. 604(b)(32), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3508.) -MISC1- HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 468 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, Sec. 289, 35 Stat. 1145; June 15, 1933, ch. 85, 48 Stat. 152; June 20, 1935, ch. 284, 49 Stat. 394; June 6, 1940, ch. 241, 54 Stat. 234). Act March 4, 1909, Sec. 289 used the words "now in force" when referring to the laws of any State, organized Territory or district, to be considered in force. As amended on June 15, 1933, the words "by the laws thereof in force on June 1, 1933, and remaining in force at the time of the doing or omitting the doing of such act or thing, would be penal," were used. The amendment of June 20, 1935, extended the date to "April 1, 1935," and the amendment of June 6, 1940, extended the date to "February 1, 1940". The revised section omits the specification of any date as unnecessary in a revision, which speaks from the date of its enactment. Such omission will not only make effective within Federal reservations, the local State laws in force on the date of the enactment of the revision, but will authorize the Federal courts to apply the same measuring stick to such offenses as is applied in the adjoining State under future changes of the State law and will make unnecessary periodic pro forma amendments of this section to keep abreast of changes of local laws. In other words, the revised section makes applicable to offenses committed on such reservations, the law of the place that would govern if the reservation had not been ceded to the United States. The word "Possession" was inserted to clarify scope of section. Minor changes were made in phraseology. AMENDMENTS 1996 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104-132, Sec. 901(b)(1), inserted "or on, above, or below any portion of the territorial sea of the United States not within the jurisdiction of any State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or district" after "section 7 of this title,". Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 104-294 substituted "under this title" for "of not more than $1,000". Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104-132, Sec. 901(b)(2), added subsec. (c). 1994 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103-322 designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted "Subject to paragraph (2) and for purposes" for "For purposes", and added par. (2). 1988 - Pub. L. 100-690 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT Section 604(d) of Pub. L. 104-294 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section, sections 36, 112, 113, 241, 242, 245, 351, 511, 542, 544, 545, 668, 704, 709, 794, 1014, 1030, 1112, 1169, 1512, 1515, 1516, 1751, 1956, 1961, 2114, 2311, 2339A, 2423, 2511, 2512, 2721, 3059A, 3561, 3582, 3592, and 5037 of this title, section 802 of Title 21, Food and Drugs, sections 540A and 991 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and sections 3631, 5633, 10604, and 14011 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 1001, 1169, and 2325 of this title and section 994 of Title 28] shall take effect on the date of enactment of Public Law 103-322 [Sept. 13, 1994]." -EXEC- TERRITORIAL SEA OF UNITED STATES For extension of territorial sea of United States, see Proc. No. 5928, set out as a note under section 1331 of Title 43, Public Lands. -End- -CITE- 18 USC Sec. 14 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 14. Repealed. -MISC1- [Sec. 14. Repealed. Pub. L. 107-273, div. B, title IV, Sec. 4004(a), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1812]. Section, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 686; Aug. 5, 1953, ch. 325, 67 Stat. 366; Pub. L. 87-845, Sec. 3(a), Oct. 18, 1962, 76A Stat. 698; Pub. L. 90-357, Sec. 59, June 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 248; Pub. L. 101-647, title XXXV, Sec. 3519(c), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4923; Pub. L. 103-322, title XXXIII, Sec. 330010(9), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2143, listed Title 18 sections applicable to and within Canal Zone. -End- -CITE- 18 USC Sec. 15 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 15. Obligation or other security of foreign government defined -STATUTE- The term "obligation or other security of any foreign government" includes, but is not limited to, uncanceled stamps, whether or not demonetized. -SOURCE- (Added Pub. L. 85-921, Sec. 3, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1771.) -End- -CITE- 18 USC Sec. 16 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 16. Crime of violence defined -STATUTE- The term "crime of violence" means - (a) an offense that has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another, or (b) any other offense that is a felony and that, by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property o