§8013. Supportive housing for persons with disabilities

(a) Purpose

The purpose of this section is to enable persons with disabilities to live with dignity and independence within their communities by expanding the supply of supportive housing that-

(1) is designed to accommodate the special needs of such persons; and

(2) provides supportive services that address the individual health, mental health, and other needs of such persons.

(b) Authority to provide assistance

The Secretary is authorized-

(1) to provide tenant-based rental assistance to eligible persons with disabilities, in accordance with subsection (d)(4) of this section; and

(2) to provide assistance to private, nonprofit organizations to expand the supply of supportive housing for persons with disabilities, which shall be provided as-

(A) capital advances in accordance with subsection (d)(1) of this section, and

(B) contracts for project rental assistance in accordance with subsection (d)(2) of this section;

assistance under this paragraph may be used to finance the acquisition, acquisition and moderate rehabilitation, construction, reconstruction, or moderate or substantial rehabilitation of housing, including the acquisition from the Resolution Trust Corporation, to be used as supportive housing for persons with disabilities and may include real property acquisition, site improvement, conversion, demolition, relocation, and other expenses that the Secretary determines are necessary to expand the supply of supportive housing for persons with disabilities.

(c) General requirements

The Secretary shall take such actions as may be necessary to ensure that-

(1) assistance made available under this section will be used to meet the special needs of persons with disabilities by providing a variety of housing options, ranging from group homes and independent living facilities to dwelling units in multifamily housing developments, condominium housing, and cooperative housing; and

(2) supportive housing for persons with disabilities assisted under this section shall-

(A) provide persons with disabilities occupying such housing with supportive services that address their individual needs;

(B) provide such persons with opportunities for optimal independent living and participation in normal daily activities,¹ and

(C) facilitate access by such persons to the community at large and to suitable employment opportunities within such community.

(d) Forms of assistance

(1) Capital advances

A capital advance provided under subsection (b)(2) of this section shall bear no interest and its repayment shall not be required so long as the housing remains available for very-low-income persons with disabilities in accordance with this section. Such advance shall be in an amount calculated in accordance with the development cost limitation established in subsection (h) of this section.

(2) Project rental assistance

Contracts for project rental assistance shall obligate the Secretary to make monthly payments to cover any part of the costs attributed to units occupied (or, as approved by the Secretary, held for occupancy) by very low-income persons with disabilities that is not met from project income. The annual contract amount for any project shall not exceed the sum of the initial annual project rentals for all units and any initial utility allowances for such units, as approved by the Secretary. Any contract amounts not used by a project in any year shall remain available to the project until the expiration of the contract. The Secretary may adjust the annual contract amount if the sum of the project income and the amount of assistance payments available under this paragraph are inadequate to provide for reasonable project costs. In the case of an intermediate care facility which is the residence of persons assisted under title XIX of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 1396 et seq.], project income under this paragraph shall include the same amount as if such person were being assisted under title XVI of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 1381 et seq.].

(3) Rent contribution

A very low-income person shall pay as rent for a dwelling unit assisted under subsection (b)(2) of this section the higher of the following amounts, rounded to the nearest dollar: (A) 30 percent of the person's adjusted monthly income, (B) 10 percent of the person's monthly income, or (C) if the person is receiving payments for welfare assistance from a public agency and a part of such payments, adjusted in accordance with the person's actual housing costs, is specifically designated by such agency to meet the person's housing costs, the portion of such payments which is so designated; except that the gross income of a person occupying an intermediate care facility assisted under title XIX of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 1396 et seq.] shall be the same amount as if the person were being assisted under title XVI of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 1381 et seq.].

(4) Tenant-Based Rental Assistance

Tenant-based rental assistance provided under subsection (b)(1) of this section may be provided only through a public housing agency that has submitted, and had approved, an allocation plan under section 1437e(f) of this title, and a public housing agency shall be eligible to apply under this section only for the purposes of providing such assistance. Such assistance shall be made available to eligible persons with disabilities and administered under the same rules that govern rental assistance made available under section 1437f of this title. In determining the amount of assistance provided under subsection (b)(1) of this section for a public housing agency, the Secretary shall consider the needs of the agency as described in the allocation plan.

(e) Term of commitment

(1) Use limitations

All units in housing assisted under subsection (b)(2) of this section shall be made available for occupancy by very low-income persons with disabilities for not less than 40 years.

(2) Contract terms

The initial term of a contract entered into under subsection (d)(2) of this section shall be 240 months. The Secretary shall, to the extent approved in appropriation Acts, extend any expiring contract for a term of not less than 60 months. In order to facilitate the orderly extension of expiring contracts, the Secretary is authorized to make commitments to extend expiring contracts during the year prior to the date of expiration.

(f) Applications

Funds made available under subsection (b)(2) of this section shall be allocated by the Secretary among approvable applications submitted by private nonprofit organizations. Applications for assistance under subsection (b)(2) of this section shall be submitted in such form and in accordance with such procedures as the Secretary shall establish. Such applications shall contain-

(1) a description of the proposed housing;

(2) a description of the assistance the applicant seeks under this section;

(3) a supportive service plan that contains-

(A) a description of the needs of persons with disabilities that the housing is expected to serve;

(B) assurances that persons with disabilities occupying such housing will receive supportive services based on their individual needs;

(C) evidence of the applicant's (or a designated service provider's) experience in providing such supportive services;

(D) a description of the manner in which such services will be provided to such persons, including evidence of such residential supervision as the Secretary determines is necessary to facilitate the adequate provision of such services; and

(E) identification of the extent of State and local funds available to assist in the provision of such services;

(4) a certification from the appropriate State or local agency (as determined by the Secretary) that the provision of the services identified in paragraph (3) are well designed to serve the special needs of persons with disabilities;

(5) reasonable assurances that the applicant will own or have control of an acceptable site for the proposed housing not later than 6 months after notification of an award for assistance;

(6) a certification from the public official responsible for submitting a housing strategy for the jurisdiction to be served in accordance with section 12705 of this title that the proposed housing is consistent with the approved housing strategy; and

(7) such other information or certifications that the Secretary determines to be necessary or appropriate to achieve the purposes of this section.

(g) Selection criteria

The Secretary shall establish selection criteria for assistance under subsection (b)(2) of this section, which shall include-

(1) the ability of the applicant to develop and operate the proposed housing;

(2) the need for housing for persons with disabilities in the area to be served;

(3) the extent to which the proposed design of the housing will meet the special needs of persons with disabilities;

(4) the extent to which the applicant has demonstrated that the necessary supportive services will be provided on a consistent, long-term basis;

(5) the extent to which the proposed design of the housing will accommodate the provision of such services;

(6) the extent to which the applicant has control of the site of the proposed housing; and

(7) such other factors as the Secretary determines to be appropriate to ensure that funds made available under subsection (b)(2) of this section are used effectively.

(h) Development cost limitations

(1) In general

The Secretary shall periodically establish development cost limitations by market area for various types and sizes of supportive housing for persons with disabilities by publishing a notice of the cost limitations in the Federal Register. The cost limitations shall reflect-

(A) the cost of acquisition, construction, reconstruction, or rehabilitation of supportive housing for persons with disabilities that (i) meets applicable State and local housing and building codes; and (ii) conforms with the design characteristics of the neighborhood in which it is to be located;

(B) the cost of movables necessary to the basic operation of the housing, as determined by the Secretary;

(C) the cost of special design features necessary to make the housing accessible to persons with disabilities;

(D) the cost of special design features necessary to make individual dwelling units meet the special needs of persons with disabilities;

(E) the cost of congregate space necessary to accommodate the provision of supportive services to persons with disabilities;

(F) if the housing is newly constructed, the cost of meeting the energy efficiency standards promulgated by the Secretary in accordance with section 12709 of this title; and

(G) the cost of land, including necessary site improvement.

In establishing development cost limitations for a given market area, the Secretary shall use data that reflect currently prevailing costs of acquisition, construction, reconstruction, or rehabilitation, and land acquisition in the area.

(2) RTC properties

In the case of existing housing and related facilities from the Resolution Trust Corporation under section 1441a(c) of title 12, the cost limitations shall include-

(A) the cost of acquiring such housing,

(B) the cost of rehabilitation, alteration, conversion, or improvement, including the moderate rehabilitation thereof, and

(C) the cost of the land on which the housing and related facilities are located.

(3) Annual adjustments

The Secretary shall adjust the cost limitation not less than once annually to reflect changes in the general level of acquisition, construction, reconstruction, or rehabilitation costs.

(4) Incentives for savings

(A) Special project account

The Secretary shall use the development cost limitations established under paragraph (1) to calculate the amount of financing to be made available to individual owners. Owners which incur actual development costs that are less than the amount of financing shall be entitled to retain 50 percent of the savings in a special project account. Such percentage shall be increased to 75 percent for owners which add energy efficiency features which (i) exceed the energy efficiency standards promulgated by the Secretary in accordance with section 12709 of this title; (ii) substantially reduce the life-cycle cost of the housing; (iii) reduce gross rent requirements; and (iv) enhance tenant comfort and convenience.

(B) Uses

The special project account established under subparagraph (A) may be used (i) to supplement services provided to residents of the housing or funds set-aside for replacement reserves, or (ii) for such other purposes as determined by the Secretary.

(5) Funds from other sources

An owner shall be permitted voluntarily to provide funds from non-Federal sources for amenities and other features of appropriate design and construction suitable for supportive housing for persons with disabilities if the cost of such amenities is (A) not financed with the advance, and (B) is not taken into account in determining the amount of Federal assistance or of the rent contribution of tenants.

(i) Tenant selection

(1) An owner shall adopt written tenant selection procedures that are satisfactory to the Secretary as (A) consistent with the purpose of improving housing opportunities for very low-income persons with disabilities; and (B) reasonably related to program eligibility and an applicant's ability to perform the obligations of the lease. Owners shall promptly notify in writing any rejected applicant of the grounds for any rejection.

(2) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an owner may, with the approval of the Secretary, limit occupancy within housing developed under this section to persons with disabilities who have similar disabilities and require a similar set of supportive services in a supportive housing environment.

(j) Miscellaneous provisions

(1) Technical assistance

The Secretary shall make available appropriate technical assistance to assure that applicants having limited resources, particularly minority applicants, are able to participate more fully in the program carried out under this section.

(2) Civil rights compliance

Each owner shall certify, to the satisfaction of the Secretary, that assistance made available under this section will be conducted and administered in conformity with title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [42 U.S.C. 2000d et seq.], the Fair Housing Act [42 U.S.C. 3601 et seq.] and other Federal, State, and local laws prohibiting discrimination and promoting equal opportunity; and ²

(3) Site control

An applicant may obtain ownership or control of a suitable site different from the site specified in the initial application. If an applicant fails to obtain ownership or control of the site within 1 year after notification of an award for assistance, the assistance shall be recaptured and reallocated.

(4) Owner deposit

The Secretary may require an owner to deposit an amount not to exceed $10,000 in a special escrow account to assure the owner's commitment to the housing.

(5) Notice of appeal

The Secretary shall notify an owner not less than 30 days prior to canceling any reservation of assistance provided under this section. During the 30-day period following the receipt of a notice under the preceding sentence, an owner may appeal the proposed cancellation. Such appeal, including review by the Secretary, shall be completed not later than 45 days after the appeal is filed.

(6) Labor standards

(A) In general

The Secretary shall take such action as may be necessary to insure that all laborers and mechanics employed by contractors and subcontractors in the construction of housing with 12 or more units assisted under this section shall be paid wages at rates not less than those prevailing in the locality involved for the corresponding classes of laborers and mechanics employed on construction of a similar character, as determined by the Secretary of Labor in accordance with the Act of March 3, 1931 (commonly known as the Davis-Bacon Act [40 U.S.C. 276a et seq.]).

(B) Exemption

Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any individual who-

(i) performs services for which the individual volunteered;

(ii)(I) does not receive compensation for such services; or

(II) is paid expenses, reasonable benefits, or a nominal fee for such services; and

(iii) is not otherwise employed at any time in the construction work.

(k) Definitions

As used in this section-

(1) The term "group home" means a single family residential structure designed or adapted for occupancy by not more than 8 persons with disabilities. The Secretary may waive the project size limitation contained in the previous sentence if the applicant demonstrates that local market conditions dictate the development of a larger project. Not more than 1 home may be located on any one site and no such home may be located on a site contiguous to another site containing such a home.

(2) The term "person with disabilities" means a household composed of one or more persons at least one of whom is an adult who has a disability. A person shall be considered to have a disability if such person is determined, pursuant to regulations issued by the Secretary to have a physical, mental, or emotional impairment which (A) is expected to be of long-continued and indefinite duration, (B) substantially impedes his or her ability to live independently, and (C) is of such a nature that such ability could be improved by more suitable housing conditions. A person shall also be considered to have a disability if such person has a developmental disability as defined in section 6001(7) ³ of this title. The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to prevent abuses in determining, under the definitions contained in this paragraph, the eligibility of families and persons for admission to and occupancy of housing assisted under this section. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this paragraph, the term "person with disabilities" includes two or more persons with disabilities living together, one or more such persons living with another person who is determined (under regulations prescribed by the Secretary) to be important to their care or well-being, and the surviving member or members of any household described in the first sentence of this paragraph who were living, in a unit assisted under this section, with the deceased member of the household at the time of his or her death.

(3) The term "supportive housing for persons with disabilities" means housing that-

(A) is designed to meet the special needs of persons with disabilities, and

(B) provides supportive services that address the individual health, mental health or other special needs of such persons.

(4) The term "independent living facility" means a project designed for occupancy by not more than 24 persons with disabilities (or such higher number of persons as permitted under criteria that the Secretary shall prescribe, subject to the limitation under subsection (h)(6) ⁴ of this section) in separate dwelling units where each dwelling unit includes a kitchen and a bath.

(5) The term "owner" means a private nonprofit organization that receives assistance under this section to develop and operate a project for supportive housing for persons with disabilities.

(6) The term "private nonprofit organization" means any institution or foundation-

(A) that has received, or has temporary clearance to receive, tax-exempt status under section 501(c)(3) of title 26;

(B) no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any member, founder, contributor, or individual;

(C) which has a governing board (i) the membership of which is selected in a manner to assure that there is significant representation of the views of persons with disabilities, and (ii) which is responsible for the operation of the housing assisted under this section; and

(D) which is approved by the Secretary as to financial responsibility.

(7) The term "State" includes the several States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the possessions of the United States.

(8) The term "Secretary" means the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.

(9) The term "very low-income" has the same meaning as given the term "very low-income families" under section 1437a(b)(2) of this title.

(l) Allocation of funds

(1) Allocation

Of any amount made available for assistance under this section in any fiscal year, an amount shall be used for assistance under subsection (b) ⁵ of this section that is not less than the amount made available in appropriation Acts for such assistance in the preceding year, and the remainder shall be available for tenant-based assistance under subsection (n).⁶

(2) Capital advances

Of any amounts made available for assistance under subsection (b) of this section, such sums as may be necessary shall be available for funding capital advances in accordance with subsection (c)(1) ⁷ of this section. Such amounts, the repayments from such advances, and the proceeds from notes or obligations issued under this section prior to November 28, 1990,⁸ shall constitute a revolving fund to be used by the Secretary in carrying out this section.

(3) Project rental assistance

Of any amounts made available for assistance under subsection (b) of this section, such sums as may be necessary shall be available for funding project rental assistance in accordance with subsection (c)(2) ⁹ of this section.

(4) Size limitation

Of any amounts made available for any fiscal year and used for capital advances or project rental assistance under paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (d) of this section, not more than 25 percent may be used for supportive housing which contains more than 24 separate dwelling units.

(m) Authorization of appropriations

There is authorized to be appropriated for providing assistance under this section $201,000,000 for fiscal year 2000.

(n) Effective date and applicability

(1) In general

The amendments made by this section shall take effect on October 1, 1991, with respect to projects approved on or after such date. The Secretary shall issue regulations for such purpose after notice and public comment.

(2) Earlier applicability

The Secretary shall, upon the request of an owner, apply the provisions of this section to any housing for which a loan reservation was made under section 1701q of title 12 before November 28, 1990,⁸ but for which no loan has been executed and recorded. In the absence of such a request, any housing identified under the preceding sentence shall continue to be subject to the provisions of section 1701q of title 12 as they were in effect when such assistance was made or reserved.

(3) Coordination

When responding to an owner's request under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall, notwithstanding any other provision of law, apply such portion of amounts obligated at the time of loan reservation, including amounts reserved with respect to such housing under section 1437f of this title, as are required for the owner's housing under the provisions of this section and shall make any remaining portion available for other housing under this section.

( Pub. L. 101–625, title VIII, §811, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4324 ; Pub. L. 102–27, title II, Apr. 10, 1991, 105 Stat. 150 ; Pub. L. 102–550, title VI, §§601(d), 603, 623(a), title IX, §913(b), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3803 , 3805, 3818, 3877; Pub. L. 106–74, title V, §§512, 524(a), Oct. 20, 1999, 113 Stat. 1101 , 1106.)

References in Text

The Social Security Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), (3), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620 , as amended. Titles XVI and XIX of the Act are classified generally to subchapters XVI (§1381 et seq.) and XIX (§1396 et seq.), respectively, of chapter 7 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of this title and Tables.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964, referred to in subsec. (j)(2), is Pub. L. 88–352, July 2, 1964, 78 Stat. 241 , as amended. Title VI of the Act is classified generally to subchapter V (§2000d et seq.) of chapter 21 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2000a of this title and Tables.

The Fair Housing Act, referred to in subsec. (j)(2), is title VIII of Pub. L. 90–284, Apr. 11, 1968, 82 Stat. 81 , as amended, which is classified principally to subchapter I of chapter 45 (§3601 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3601 of this title and Tables.

Act of March 3, 1931 (commonly known as the Davis-Bacon Act), referred to in subsec. (j)(6)(A), is act Mar. 3, 1931, ch. 411, 46 Stat. 1494 , as amended, which is classified generally to sections 276a to 276a–5 of Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Works. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 276a of Title 40 and Tables.

Section 6001(7) of this title, referred to in subsec. (k)(2), was subsequently amended, and section 6001(7) no longer defines the term "developmental disability". However, such term is defined elsewhere in that section.

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act, and not as part of the Congregate Housing Services Act of 1978 which comprises this chapter.

November 28, 1990, referred to in subsecs. (l)(2) and (m)(2), was in the original "the enactment of this Act" and "the date of enactment of this Act", respectively, see Enactment of Section note below.

Amendments

1999-Subsec. (k)(4). Pub. L. 106–74, §524(a)(1), inserted ", subject to the limitation under subsection (h)(6) of this section" after "prescribe".

Subsec. (l)(4). Pub. L. 106–74, §524(a)(2), added par. (4).

Subsecs. (m), (n). Pub. L. 106–74, §512, added subsec. (m) and redesignated former subsec. (m) as (n).

1992-Pub. L. 102–550, §623(a)(1), reenacted section catchline without change.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–550, §623(a)(2), added heading, introductory provisions, and pars. (1) and (2) and struck out former heading "General authority", introductory provisions, and pars. (1) and (2) which authorized assistance to private, nonprofit organizations to expand the supply of supportive housing for persons with disabilities, which assistance would be provided as capital advances and contracts for project rental assistance, and, in concluding provisions, realigned margin and substituted "assistance under this paragraph" for "Such assistance".

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 102–550, §623(a)(3)(A), which directed the substitution of "subsection (b)(2) of this section" for "this section", was executed by making the substitution the first place appearing in first sentence, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 102–550, §623(a)(3)(A), substituted "subsection (b)(2) of this section" for "this section".

Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 102–550, §623(a)(3)(B), added par. (4).

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 102–550, §623(a)(4), substituted "subsection (b)(2) of this section" for "this section".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 102–550, §623(a)(5), substituted "subsection (b)(2) of this section" for "this section" in first and second sentences.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 102–550, §623(a)(6), which directed the substitution of "subsection (b)(2) of this section" for "this section", was executed by making the substitution in the introductory provisions and in par. (7), to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (j)(6). Pub. L. 102–550, §913(b), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), inserted subpar. heading, substituted "with 12 or more units assisted under this section" for "assisted under this section and designed for dwelling use by 12 or more persons with disabilities", inserted "commonly known as" before "the Davis-Bacon Act", struck out before period at end ";  but the Secretary may waive the application of this paragraph in cases or classes of cases where laborers or mechanics, not otherwise employed at any time in the construction of such housing, voluntarily donate their services without full compensation for the purposes of lowering the costs of construction and the Secretary determines that any amounts saved thereby are fully credited to the corporation, cooperative, or public body or agency undertaking the construction", and added subpar. (B).

Subsec. (k)(6). Pub. L. 102–550, §603, struck out "incorporated private" before "institution" in introductory provisions, added subpar. (A), and redesignated former subpars. (A) to (C) as (B) to (D), respectively.

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 102–550, §601(d)(1), substituted "Allocation of funds" for "Authorizations" in heading.

Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 102–550, §601(d)(5), added par. (1). Former par. (1) redesignated (2).

Pub. L. 102–550, §601(d)(2), inserted first sentence, struck out former first sentence which authorized an appropriation of $271,000,000 for fiscal year 1992 for the purpose of funding capital advances in accordance with subsection (d)(1) of this section, and in second sentence, substituted "Such amounts" for "Amounts so appropriated".

Subsec. (l)(2). Pub. L. 102–550, §601(d)(4), redesignated par. (1) as (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (3).

Pub. L. 102–550, §601(d)(3), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "For the purpose of funding contracts for project rental assistance in accordance with subsection (d)(2) of this section, the Secretary may, to the extent approved in an appropriations Act, reserve authority to enter into obligations aggregating $246,000,000 for fiscal year 1992."

Subsec. (l)(3). Pub. L. 102–550, §601(d)(4), redesignated par. (2) as (3).

1991-Subsec. (k)(4). Pub. L. 102–27 substituted "24 persons with disabilities (or such higher number of persons as permitted under criteria that the Secretary shall prescribe)" for "20 persons with disabilities".

Effective Date of 1992 Amendment

Amendment by subtitles B through F of title VI [§§621–685] of Pub. L. 102–550 applicable upon expiration of 6-month period beginning Oct. 28, 1992, except as otherwise provided, see section 13642 of this title.

Enactment of Section

This section was enacted as part of Pub. L. 101–625, which was approved Nov. 28, 1990. However, this section was deemed enacted as of Nov. 5, 1990, by Pub. L. 101–507, title II, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1358 , set out as an Effective Date of 1990 Amendment note under section 1701q of Title 12, Banks and Banking.

Inapplicability of Certain 1992 Amendments to Indian Public Housing

Amendment by section 623(a) of Pub. L. 102–550 not applicable with respect to lower income housing developed or operated pursuant to contract between Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and Indian housing authority, see section 626 of Pub. L. 102–550, set out as a note under section 1437a of this title.

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in sections 1437a, 1437f, 3535, 8011, 11403g, 13664 of this title; title 12 sections 1701z–11, 3702, 3705.

¹ So in original. The comma probably should be a semicolon.

² So in original. The word "opportunity" probably should be followed by a period.

³ See References in Text note below.

⁴ So in original. No subsec. (h)(6) has been enacted.

⁵ So in original. Probably should be subsection "(b)(2)".

⁶ So in original. Probably should be subsection "(b)(1)".

⁷ So in original. Probably should be subsection "(d)(1)".

⁸ See Codification note below.

⁹ So in original. Probably should be subsection "(d)(2)".