SUBCHAPTER IX—STATE AND LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT

Part A—DNA Identification

§14131. Quality assurance and proficiency testing standards

(a) Publication of quality assurance and proficiency testing standards

(1)(A) Not later than 180 days after September 13, 1994, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shall appoint an advisory board on DNA quality assurance methods from among nominations proposed by the head of the National Academy of Sciences and professional societies of crime laboratory officials.

(B) The advisory board shall include as members scientists from State, local, and private forensic laboratories, molecular geneticists and population geneticists not affiliated with a forensic laboratory, and a representative from the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

(C) The advisory board shall develop, and if appropriate, periodically revise, recommended standards for quality assurance, including standards for testing the proficiency of forensic laboratories, and forensic analysts, in conducting analyses of DNA.

(2) The Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, after taking into consideration such recommended standards, shall issue (and revise from time to time) standards for quality assurance, including standards for testing the proficiency of forensic laboratories, and forensic analysts, in conducting analyses of DNA.

(3) The standards described in paragraphs (1) and (2) shall specify criteria for quality assurance and proficiency tests to be applied to the various types of DNA analyses used by forensic laboratories. The standards shall also include a system for grading proficiency testing performance to determine whether a laboratory is performing acceptably.

(4) Until such time as the advisory board has made recommendations to the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Director has acted upon those recommendations, the quality assurance guidelines adopted by the technical working group on DNA analysis methods shall be deemed the Director's standards for purposes of this section.

(b) Administration of advisory board

(1) For administrative purposes, the advisory board appointed under subsection (a) of this section shall be considered an advisory board to the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

(2) Section 14 of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) shall not apply with respect to the advisory board appointed under subsection (a) of this section.

(3) The DNA advisory board established under this section shall be separate and distinct from any other advisory board administered by the FBI, and is to be administered separately.

(4) The board shall cease to exist on the date 5 years after the initial appointments are made to the board, unless the existence of the board is extended by the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

(c) Proficiency testing program

(1) Not later than 1 year after the effective date of this Act,¹ the Director of the National Institute of Justice shall certify to the Committees on the Judiciary of the House and Senate that—

(A) the Institute has entered into a contract with, or made a grant to, an appropriate entity for establishing, or has taken other appropriate action to ensure that there is established, not later than 2 years after September 13, 1994, a blind external proficiency testing program for DNA analyses, which shall be available to public and private laboratories performing forensic DNA analyses;

(B) a blind external proficiency testing program for DNA analyses is already readily available to public and private laboratories performing forensic DNA analyses; or

(C) it is not feasible to have blind external testing for DNA forensic analyses.

(2) As used in this subsection, the term "blind external proficiency test" means a test that is presented to a forensic laboratory through a second agency and appears to the analysts to involve routine evidence.

(3) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Attorney General shall make available to the Director of the National Institute of Justice during the first fiscal year in which funds are distributed under this subtitle up to $250,000 from the funds available under part X of Title I of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 [42 U.S.C. 3796kk et seq.] to carry out this subsection.

(Pub. L. 103–322, title XXI, §210303, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2068.)

References in Text

Section 14 of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is section 14 of Pub. L. 92–463, which is set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

The effective date of this Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), probably means the date of enactment of Pub. L. 103–322, which was approved Sept. 13, 1994.

This subtitle, referred to in subsec. (c)(3), is subtitle C (§§210301–210306) of title XXI of Pub. L. 103–322, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2065, known as the DNA Identification Act of 1994, which enacted this part and sections 3796kk to 3796kk–6 of this title, amended sections 3751, 3753, 3793, and 3797 of this title, and enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 3751 and 13701 of this title. For complete classification of this subtitle to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 13701 of this title and Tables.

The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, referred to in subsec. (c)(3), is Pub. L. 90–351, June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 197, as amended. Part X of title I of the Act is classified generally to subchapter XII–L (§3796kk et seq.) of chapter 46 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3711 of this title and Tables.

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in sections 3753, 3796kk–2, 14132, 14133, 14134, 14214 of this title.

¹ See References in Text note below.

§14132. Index to facilitate law enforcement exchange of DNA identification information

(a) Establishment of index

The Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation may establish an index of—

(1) DNA identification records of persons convicted of crimes;

(2) analyses of DNA samples recovered from crime scenes;

(3) analyses of DNA samples recovered from unidentified human remains; and

(4) analyses of DNA samples voluntarily contributed from relatives of missing persons.

(b) Information

The index described in subsection (a) of this section shall include only information on DNA identification records and DNA analyses that are—

(1) based on analyses performed by or on behalf of a criminal justice agency in accordance with publicly available standards that satisfy or exceed the guidelines for a quality assurance program for DNA analysis, issued by the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation under section 14131 of this title;

(2) prepared by laboratories, and DNA analysts, that undergo, at regular intervals of not to exceed 180 days, external proficiency testing by a DNA proficiency testing program meeting the standards issued under section 14131 of this title; and

(3) maintained by Federal, State, and local criminal justice agencies pursuant to rules that allow disclosure of stored DNA samples and DNA analyses only—

(A) to criminal justice agencies for law enforcement identification purposes;

(B) in judicial proceedings, if otherwise admissible pursuant to applicable statutes or rules;

(C) for criminal defense purposes, to a defendant, who shall have access to samples and analyses performed in connection with the case in which such defendant is charged; or

(D) if personally identifiable information is removed, for a population statistics database, for identification research and protocol development purposes, or for quality control purposes.

(c) Failure to comply

Access to the index established by this section is subject to cancellation if the quality control and privacy requirements described in subsection (b) of this section are not met.

(Pub. L. 103–322, title XXI, §210304, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2069; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(1) [title I, §120], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1535, 1501A-23.)

Amendments

1999—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 106–113 added par. (4).

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in sections 14134, 14214 of this title.

§14133. Federal Bureau of Investigation

(a) Proficiency testing requirements

(1) Generally

(A) Personnel at the Federal Bureau of Investigation who perform DNA analyses shall undergo, at regular intervals of not to exceed 180 days, external proficiency testing by a DNA proficiency testing program meeting the standards issued under section 14131 of this title.

(B) Within 1 year after September 13, 1994, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shall arrange for periodic blind external tests to determine the proficiency of DNA analysis performed at the Federal Bureau of Investigation laboratory.

(C) In this paragraph, "blind external test" means a test that is presented to the laboratory through a second agency and appears to the analysts to involve routine evidence.

(2) Report

For 5 years after September 13, 1994, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shall submit to the Committees on the Judiciary of the House and Senate an annual report on the results of each of the tests described in paragraph (1).

(b) Privacy protection standards

(1) Generally

Except as provided in paragraph (2), the results of DNA tests performed for a Federal law enforcement agency for law enforcement purposes may be disclosed only—

(A) to criminal justice agencies for law enforcement identification purposes;

(B) in judicial proceedings, if otherwise admissible pursuant to applicable statues ¹ or rules; and

(C) for criminal defense purposes, to a defendant, who shall have access to samples and analyses performed in connection with the case in which such defendant is charged.

(2) Exception

If personally identifiable information is removed, test results may be disclosed for a population statistics database, for identification research and protocol development purposes, or for quality control purposes.

(c) Criminal penalty

(1) A person who—

(A) by virtue of employment or official position, has possession of, or access to, individually identifiable DNA information indexed in a database created or maintained by any Federal law enforcement agency; and

(B) knowingly discloses such information in any manner to any person or agency not authorized to receive it,

shall be fined not more than $100,000.

(2) A person who, without authorization, knowingly obtains DNA samples or individually identifiable DNA information indexed in a database created or maintained by any Federal law enforcement agency shall be fined not more than $100,000.

(Pub. L. 103–322, title XXI, §210305, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2070.)

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in sections 14134, 14214 of this title.

¹ So in original. Probably should be "statutes".

§14134. Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated to the Federal Bureau of Investigation to carry out sections 14131, 14132, and 14133 of this title—

(1) $5,500,000 for fiscal year 1996;

(2) $8,000,000 for fiscal year 1997;

(3) $8,000,000 for fiscal year 1998;

(4) $2,500,000 for fiscal year 1999; and

(5) $1,000,000 for fiscal year 2000.

(Pub. L. 103–322, title XXI, §210306, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2071.)

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in section 14214 of this title.

Part B—Police Pattern or Practice

§14141. Cause of action

(a) Unlawful conduct

It shall be unlawful for any governmental authority, or any agent thereof, or any person acting on behalf of a governmental authority, to engage in a pattern or practice of conduct by law enforcement officers or by officials or employees of any governmental agency with responsibility for the administration of juvenile justice or the incarceration of juveniles that deprives persons of rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States.

(b) Civil action by Attorney General

Whenever the Attorney General has reasonable cause to believe that a violation of paragraph (1) ¹ has occurred, the Attorney General, for or in the name of the United States, may in a civil action obtain appropriate equitable and declaratory relief to eliminate the pattern or practice.

(Pub. L. 103–322, title XXI, §210401, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2071.)

¹ So in original. Probably should be "subsection (a) of this section".

§14142. Data on use of excessive force

(a) Attorney General to collect

The Attorney General shall, through appropriate means, acquire data about the use of excessive force by law enforcement officers.

(b) Limitation on use of data

Data acquired under this section shall be used only for research or statistical purposes and may not contain any information that may reveal the identity of the victim or any law enforcement officer.

(c) Annual summary

The Attorney General shall publish an annual summary of the data acquired under this section.

(Pub. L. 103–322, title XXI, §210402, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2071.)

Part C—Improved Training and Technical Automation

§14151. Improved training and technical automation

(a) Grants

(1) In general

The Attorney General shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, make grants to State, Indian tribal, and local criminal justice agencies and to nonprofit organizations for the purposes of improving criminal justice agency efficiency through computerized automation and technological improvements.

(2) Types of programs

Grants under this section may include programs to—

(A) increase use of mobile digital terminals;

(B) improve communications systems, such as computer-aided dispatch and incident reporting systems;

(C) accomplish paper-flow reduction;

(D) establish or improve ballistics identification programs;

(E) increase the application of automated fingerprint identification systems and their communications on an interstate and intrastate basis; and

(F) improve computerized collection of criminal records.

(3) Funding

No funds under this part may be used to implement any cryptographic or digital telephony programs.

(b) Training and investigative assistance

(1) In general

The Attorney General shall, subject to the availability of appropriations—

(A) expand and improve investigative and managerial training courses for State, Indian tribal, and local law enforcement agencies; and

(B) develop and implement, on a pilot basis with no more than 10 participating cities, an intelligent information system that gathers, integrates, organizes, and analyzes information in active support of investigations by Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies of violent serial crimes.

(2) Improvement of facilities

The improvement described in subsection (a) of this section shall include improvements of the training facilities of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Academy at Quantico, Virginia.

(3) Intelligent information system

The intelligent information system described in paragraph (1)(B) shall be developed and implemented by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and shall utilize the resources of the Violent Criminal Apprehension Program.

(c) Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated—

(1) to carry out subsection (a) of this section—

(A) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1996;

(B) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 1997;

(C) $23,000,000 for fiscal year 1998;

(D) $23,000,000 for fiscal year 1999; and

(E) $24,000,000 for fiscal year 2000.¹

(2) to carry out subsection (b)(1) of this section—

(A) $4,000,000 for fiscal year 1996;

(B) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 1997;

(C) $3,000,000 for fiscal year 1998;

(D) $5,000,000 for fiscal year 1999; and

(E) $6,000,000 for fiscal year 2000; and

(3) to carry out subsection (b)(2) of this section—

$10,000,000 for fiscal year 1996.

(d) Definitions

In this section—

"Indian tribe" means a tribe, band, pueblo, nation, or other organized group or community of Indians, including an Alaska Native village (as defined in or established under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.),² that is recognized as eligible for the special programs and services provided by the United States to Indians because of their status as Indians.

"State" means a State, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, Guam, and the United States Virgin Islands.

(Pub. L. 103–322, title XXI, §210501, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2072.)

References in Text

The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, referred to in subsec. (d), is Pub. L. 92–203, Dec. 18, 1971, 85 Stat. 688, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 33 (§1601 et seq.) of Title 43, Public Lands. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1601 of Title 43 and Tables.

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in section 14214 of this title.

¹ So in original. The period probably should be a semicolon.

² So in original. A closing parenthesis probably should precede the comma.

Part D—Other State and Local Aid

§14161. Federal assistance to ease increased burdens on State court systems

(a) In general

The Attorney General shall, subject to the availability of appropriation, make grants for States and units of local government to pay the costs of providing increased resources for courts, prosecutors, public defenders, and other criminal justice participants as necessary to meet the increased demands for judicial activities resulting from the provisions of this Act and amendments made by this Act.

(b) Applications

In carrying out this section, the Attorney General may make grants to, or enter into contracts with public or private agencies, institutions, or organizations or individuals to carry out any purpose specified in this section. The Attorney General shall have final authority over all funds awarded under this section.

(c) Records

Each recipient that receives a grant under this section shall keep such records as the Attorney General may require to facilitate an effective audit.

(d) Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section—

(1) $23,000,000 for fiscal year 1996;

(2) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 1997;

(3) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 1998;

(4) $32,000,000 for fiscal year 1999; and

(5) $35,000,000 for fiscal year 2000,

to remain available for obligation until expended.

(Pub. L. 103–322, title XXI, §210602, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2073.)

References in Text

This Act, referred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 103–322, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1796, known as the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 13701 of this title and Tables.

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in section 14214 of this title.