TITLE 21—FOOD AND DRUGS
CHAPTER 1—ADULTERATED OR MISBRANDED FOODS OR DRUGS
SUBCHAPTER I—FEDERAL FOOD AND DRUGS ACT OF 1906
SUBCHAPTER II—MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
SUBCHAPTER I—FEDERAL FOOD AND DRUGS ACT OF 1906
§§1 to 5. Repealed. June 25, 1938, ch. 675, §1002(a), formerly §902(a), 52 Stat. 1059; renumbered §1002(a), Pub. L. 111–31, div. A, title I, §101(b)(2), June 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1784
Section 1, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3915, §1, 34 Stat. 768, made it unlawful to manufacture adulterated or misbranded foods or drugs in Territories or District of Columbia and provided penalty for violations. See sections 331 and 333 of this title.
Section 2, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3915, §2, 34 Stat. 768, prohibited introduction, shipment, delivery or sale of adulterated or misbranded foods or drugs in interstate or foreign commerce, provided penalty for violations and exempted exports conforming to specifications of foreign purchaser and not in conflict with laws of foreign country importing the same. See sections 331, 333 and 381 of this title.
Section 3, acts June 30, 1906, ch. 3915, §3, 34 Stat. 768; Mar. 4, 1913, ch. 141, §1, 37 Stat. 736, authorized Secretaries of the Treasury, Agriculture, and Commerce to make uniform rules and regulations for enforcement of food and drug laws, including collection and examination of specimens. See section 371 of this title.
Section 4, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3915, §12, 34 Stat. 772, provided that act or omission of officer, agent, and so forth, of corporation, shall be deemed act or omission of corporation.
Section 5, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3915, §12, 34 Stat. 772, defined "territory" and "person". See section 321 of this title and section 1 of Title 1, General Provisions.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of Repeal
Act June 25, 1938, ch. 675, §1002(a), formerly §902(a), 52 Stat. 1059; renumbered §1002(a), Pub. L. 111–31, div. A, title I, §101(b)(2), June 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1784, which repealed sections 1 to 5, 7 to 14, and 15 of this title, provided that the repeal of those sections should take effect upon the effective date of act June 25, 1938, which was to take effect twelve months after the date of its enactment. Act June 23, 1939, ch. 242, §2(b), 53 Stat. 854, provided that: "The provisions of such act of June 30, 1906, as amended, to the extent that they impose, or authorize the imposition of, any requirement imposed by section 403(k) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [section 343(k) of this title], shall remain in force until January 1, 1940."
§6. Transferred
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section, act Mar. 4, 1923, ch. 268, 42 Stat. 1500, was transferred to section 321a of this title.
§§7 to 14. Repealed. June 25, 1938, ch. 675, §1002(a), formerly §902(a), 52 Stat. 1059; renumbered §1002(a), Pub. L. 111–31, div. A, title I, §101(b)(2), June 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1784
Section 7, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3915, §6, 34 Stat. 769, defined "drug" and "food". See section 321 of this title.
Section 8, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3915, §7, 34 Stat. 769, deemed drugs to be adulterated when sold having a difference from recognized standards, except where there is an explanatory statement on or in container, and when sold below professed standard; confectioneries, when containing mineral substances, poisonous color or flavors, other deleterious ingredients, liquors or narcotics; food, when concerned with injurious mixtures, use of substitutes, abstraction of valuable constituents, concealment of damage or inferiority, deleterious ingredients, preservatives in shipment conditionally excepted, animal or vegetable substances unfit for food and products of animals diseased or having died otherwise than by slaughter. See sections 342 and 351 of this title.
Section 9, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3915, §8, 34 Stat. 771, defined "misbranded" and provided for its application to drugs and food. See sections 343 and 352 of this title.
Section 10, acts June 30, 1906, ch. 3915, §8, 34 Stat. 771; Aug. 23, 1912, ch. 352, 37 Stat. 416; Mar. 3, 1913, ch. 117, 37 Stat. 732; July 24, 1919, ch. 26, 41 Stat. 271; July 8, 1930, ch. 874, 46 Stat. 1019, deemed drugs to be misbranded when there is an imitation or use of name of other article, when there is removal and substitution of contents of package or failure to state on label quantity or proportion of narcotics therein, and when there is a false statement of curative or therapeutic effect; and food, when there is an imitation or use of name of other article, when there is a false label or brand removal and substitution of contents of package, or failure to state or label quantity or proportion of narcotics therein, when the packages are not marked with weight, with certain variations and exemptions permitted, when there are false or misleading statements on package or label as to ingredients or substances; and food, when mixtures or compounds under distinctive names, the articles are labeled, branded as compounds, imitations, or blends; construed the term "blend" and related to disclosure of trade formulas of proprietary foods, and canned food. See sections 321b, 341, 343 and 352 of this title.
Section 11, acts June 30, 1906, ch. 3915, §4, 34 Stat. 769; Jan. 18, 1927, ch. 39, 44 Stat. 1003, provided for examination of specimens, notice of adulteration or misbranding, hearing, certification of violations to United States district attorney and notice of judgment.
Section 12, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3915, §5, 34 Stat. 769, provided for prosecution by district attorneys for enforcement of penalties.
Section 13, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3915, §9, 34 Stat. 771, provided for a seller's guaranty as protection to dealer. See section 333 of this title.
Section 14, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3915, §10, 34 Stat. 771, provided for seizure of articles by libel for condemnation, at suit of and in name of United States, in United States district court where found, conforming to proceedings in admiralty, with right to trial by jury, destruction or sale of adulterated or misbranded articles, bond and payment of proceeds into Treasury of United States. See sections 332, 334 and 337 of this title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of Repeal
For effective date of repeal, see section 1002(a) of act June 25, 1938, set out as a note under sections 1 to 5 of this title.
§14a. Transferred
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3915, §10A, as added June 22, 1934, ch. 712, 48 Stat. 1204, and amended, which related to examination of sea food on request of packer, marking of food with results, fees, and penalties, was successively renumbered section 702A and then 706 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act by act July 12, 1943, ch. 221, title II, §201, 57 Stat. 500, and by Pub. L. 102–571, title I, §106(3), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4498, and was successively classified to section 372a and then 376 of this title.
§15. Repealed. June 25, 1938, ch. 675, §1002(a), formerly §902(a), 52 Stat. 1059; renumbered §1002(a), Pub. L. 111–31, div. A, title I, §101(b)(2), June 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1784
Section, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3915, §11, 34 Stat. 772, provided for examination of samples of imports, refusal of admission and delivery to consignee, delivery to consignee pending examination and decision on bond and charges for storage and lien therefor. See section 381 of this title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of Repeal
For effective date of repeal, see section 1002(a) of act June 25, 1938, set out as a note under sections 1 to 5 of this title.
SUBCHAPTER II—MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
§16. Introduction into, or sale in, State or Territory or District of Columbia of dairy or food products falsely labeled or branded
No person or persons, company or corporation, shall introduce into any State or Territory of the United States or the District of Columbia from any other State or Territory of the United States or the District of Columbia, or sell in the District of Columbia or in any Territory any dairy or food products which shall be falsely labeled or branded as to the State or Territory in which they are made, produced, or grown, or cause or procure the same to be done by others.
(July 1, 1902, ch. 1357, §1, 32 Stat. 632.)
§17. Penalty for sale or introduction of falsely labeled dairy or food products; venue
If any person or persons violate the provisions of section 16 of this title, either in person or through another, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished by a fine of not less than $500 nor more than $2,000. The jurisdiction for the prosecution of said misdemeanor shall be within the district of the United States court in which it is committed.
(July 1, 1902, ch. 1357, §2, 32 Stat. 632.)
§18. Suspension of importation of adulterated articles
Whenever the President is satisfied that there is good reason to believe that any importation is being made, or is about to be made, into the United States, from any foreign country, of any article used for human food or drink that is adulterated to an extent dangerous to the health or welfare of the people of the United States, or any of them, he may issue his proclamation suspending the importation of such articles from such country for such period of time as he may think necessary to prevent such importation; and during such period it shall be unlawful to import into the United States from the countries designated in the proclamation of the President any of the articles the importation of which is so suspended.
(Aug. 30, 1890, ch. 839, §4, 26 Stat. 415.)
§19. Repealed. May 29, 1928, ch. 901, §1(100), 45 Stat. 993
Section, act May 23, 1908, ch. 192, 35 Stat. 261, related to report to Congress of expenditures in enforcing food and drug laws.
§20. Apples in interstate commerce; standard grades
The standard grades for apples when packed in barrels which shall be shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, or which shall be sold or offered for sale within the District of Columbia or the Territories of the United States shall be as follows: Apples of one variety, which are well-grown specimens, hand picked, of good color for the variety, normal shape, practically free from insect and fungous injury, bruises, and other defects, except such as are necessarily caused in the operation of packing, or apples of one variety which are not more than 10 per centum below the foregoing specifications shall be "Standard grade minimum size two and one-half inches", if the minimum size of the apples is two and one-half inches in transverse diameter; "Standard grade minimum size two and one-fourth inches", if the minimum size of the apples is two and one-fourth inches in transverse diameter; or "Standard grade minimum size two inches", if the minimum size of the apples is two inches in transverse diameter.
(Aug. 3, 1912, ch. 273, §2, 37 Stat. 250.)
§21. Branding grades on barrels of apples
The barrels in which apples are packed in accordance with the provisions of sections 20 to 23 of this title may be branded in accordance with the provisions of section 20 of this title.
(Aug. 3, 1912, ch. 273, §3, 37 Stat. 251.)
§22. Barrels misbranded
Barrels packed with apples shall be deemed to be misbranded within the meaning of sections 20 to 23 of this title—
First. If the barrel bears any statement, design, or device indicating that the apples contained therein are "Standard" grade and the apples when packed do not conform to the requirements prescribed by section 20 of this title.
Second. If the barrel bears any statement, design, or device indicating that the apples contained therein are "Standard" grade and the barrel fails to bear also a statement of the name of the variety, the name of the locality where grown, and the name of the packer or the person by whose authority the apples were packed and the barrel marked.
(Aug. 3, 1912, ch. 273, §5, 37 Stat. 251.)
§23. Penalties
Any person, firm or corporation, or association who shall knowingly pack or cause to be packed apples in barrels or who shall knowingly sell or offer for sale such barrels in violation of the provisions of sections 20 to 23 of this title shall be liable to a penalty of $1 and costs for each such barrel so sold or offered for sale, to be recovered at the suit of the United States in any court of the United States having jurisdiction.
(Aug. 3, 1912, ch. 273, §6, 37 Stat. 251.)
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section is also set out as section 233 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.
§24. Omitted
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section, act Mar. 4, 1915, ch. 144, 38 Stat. 1102, related to payment of the cost of inspection under a provision authorizing the investigation of the character of chemical and physical tests applied to American food products in foreign countries and the inspection of such products before shipment to such countries at the request of the shippers or owners. That provision was repeated in subsequent appropriation acts but was omitted from the appropriation act of July 12, 1943, ch. 221, 57 Stat. 494, and from all subsequent appropriation acts.
§25. Oleomargarine, butterine, or imitation butter or cheese transported into a State subject to its police powers
All articles known as oleomargarine, butterine, imitation, process, renovated, or adulterated butter, or imitation cheese, or any substance in the semblance of butter or cheese not the usual product of the dairy and not made exclusively of pure and unadulterated milk or cream, transported into any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, and remaining therein for use, consumption, sale, or storage therein, shall, upon the arrival within the limits of such State or Territory or the District of Columbia, be subject to the operation and effect of the laws of such State or Territory or the District of Columbia, enacted in the exercise of its police powers to the same extent and in the same manner as though such articles or substances had been produced in such State or Territory or the District of Columbia, and shall not be exempt therefrom by reason of being introduced therein in original packages or otherwise.
(May 9, 1902, ch. 784, §1, 32 Stat. 193.)
§26. Omitted
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section, which was from the appropriation acts of Jan. 18, 1927, ch. 39, 44 Stat. 984; May 16, 1928, ch. 572, 45 Stat. 548; Feb. 16, 1929, ch. 227, 45 Stat. 1198; May 27, 1930, ch. 341, 46 Stat. 424, and subsequent Department of Agriculture Appropriation Acts to and including act June 28, 1944, ch. 296, §4, 58 Stat. 461, and related to inspection of food and other products, is covered by section 2256 of Title 7, Agriculture.
CHAPTER 2—TEAS
§§41 to 50. Repealed. Pub. L. 104–128, §2, Apr. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 1198
Section 41, acts Mar. 2, 1897, ch. 358, §1, 29 Stat. 604; May 16, 1908, ch. 170, 35 Stat. 163; May 31, 1920, ch. 217, 41 Stat. 712; 1940 Reorg. Plan No. IV, §12, eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2421, 54 Stat. 1237; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §5, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; May 24, 1962, Pub. L. 87–456, title III, §303(a), 76 Stat. 77; Aug. 23, 1988, Pub. L. 100–418, title I, §1214(l), 102 Stat. 1158, prohibited unlawful importation of substandard tea.
Section 42, acts Mar. 2, 1897, ch. 358, §2, 29 Stat. 605; May 31, 1920, ch. 217, 41 Stat. 712; 1940 Reorg. Plan No. IV, §12, eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2421, 54 Stat. 1237; July 12, 1943, ch. 221, title II, 57 Stat. 500; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §5, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Oct. 17, 1979, Pub. L. 96–88, title V, §509(b), 93 Stat. 695, related to establishment and composition of board of experts in teas.
Section 43, acts Mar. 2, 1897, ch. 358, §3, 29 Stat. 605; May 31, 1920, ch. 217, 41 Stat. 712; 1940 Reorg. Plan No. IV, §12, eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2421, 54 Stat. 1237; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §5, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Oct. 17, 1979, Pub. L. 96–88, title V, §509(b), 93 Stat. 695, authorized establishment of purity standards.
Section 44, acts Mar. 2, 1897, ch. 358, §4, 29 Stat. 605; May 31, 1920, ch. 217, 41 Stat. 712; 1940 Reorg. Plan No. IV, §12, eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2421, 54 Stat. 1237; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §5, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Oct. 17, 1979, Pub. L. 96–88, title V, §509(b), 93 Stat. 695, related to bonds of importers, examination of imported teas, and importation at ports without examiners.
Section 45, act Mar. 2, 1897, ch. 358, §5, 29 Stat. 605, related to delivery permits and reexamination and retention of substandard teas.
Section 46, acts Mar. 2, 1897, ch. 358, §7, 29 Stat. 606; May 31, 1920, ch. 217, 41 Stat. 712, 713, related to examiners and examination according to usages of trade.
Section 46a, acts Mar. 2, 1897, ch. 358, §13, formerly act July 1, 1941, ch. 269, title II, 55 Stat. 478; renumbered §13 of act Mar. 2, 1897, and amended Aug. 10, 1993, Pub. L. 103–66, title IV, §4401, 107 Stat. 378, related to deposit of fee prior to examination.
Section 47, acts Mar. 2, 1897, ch. 358, §6, 29 Stat. 606; May 31, 1920, ch. 217, 41 Stat. 712, 713; 1940 Reorg. Plan No. IV, §12, eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2421, 54 Stat. 1237; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §5, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Oct. 17, 1979, Pub. L. 96–88, title V, §509(b), 93 Stat. 695, required referral of disputes to United States Board of Tea Appeals and authorized board to permit delivery or order destruction or exportation of substandard teas.
Section 48, acts Mar. 2, 1897, ch. 358, §8, 29 Stat. 606; May 31, 1920, ch. 217, 41 Stat. 712, related to reexaminations, including findings by examiner and assistance of experts.
Section 49, acts Mar. 2, 1897, ch. 358, §9, 29 Stat. 606; May 31, 1920, ch. 217, 41 Stat. 712, related to reimporting rejected teas and forfeitures for violation of provisions.
Section 50, acts Mar. 2, 1897, ch. 358, §10, 29 Stat. 607; May 31, 1920, ch. 217, 41 Stat. 712; 1940 Reorg. Plan No. IV, §12, eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2421, 54 Stat. 1237; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §5, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Oct. 17, 1979, Pub. L. 96–88, title V, §509(b), 93 Stat. 695, authorized issuance of regulations.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of Repeal
Pub. L. 104–128, §3, Apr. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 1198, provided that: "This Act [repealing this chapter] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Apr. 9, 1996]."
Short Title of Repeal
Pub. L. 104–128, §1, Apr. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 1198, provided that: "This Act [repealing this chapter] may be cited as the 'Federal Tea Tasters Repeal Act of 1996'."
Short Title
Act July 12, 1943, ch. 221, title II, 57 Stat. 499, provided in part that act Mar. 2, 1897, which was classified generally to this chapter, could be cited as the Tea Importation Act.
CHAPTER 3—FILLED MILK
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
Nothing contained in chapter 9 (§301 et seq.) of this title shall be construed as in any way affecting, modifying, repealing, or superseding the provisions of sections 61 to 64 of this title, see section 392(b) of this title.
Bureau of Dairy Industry
General provisions, see sections 401 to 404 of Title 7, Agriculture.
§61. Definitions
Whenever used in this chapter—
(a) The term "person" includes an individual, partnership, corporation, or association;
(b) The term "interstate or foreign commerce" means commerce (1) between any State, Territory, or possession, or the District of Columbia, and any place outside thereof; (2) between points within the same State, Territory, or possession, or within the District of Columbia, but through any place outside thereof; or (3) within any Territory or possession, or within the District of Columbia; and
(c) The term "filled milk" means any milk, cream, or skimmed milk, whether or not condensed, evaporated, concentrated, powdered, dried, or desiccated, to which has been added, or which has been blended or compounded with, any fat or oil other than milk fat, so that the resulting product is in imitation or semblance of milk, cream, or skimmed milk, whether or not condensed, evaporated, concentrated, powdered, dried, or desiccated. This definition shall not include any distinctive proprietary food compound not readily mistaken in taste for milk or cream or for evaporated, condensed, or powdered milk, or cream where such compound (1) is prepared and designed for feeding infants and young children and customarily used on the order of a physician; (2) is packed in individual cans containing not more than sixteen and one-half ounces and bearing a label in bold type that the content is to be used only for said purpose; (3) is shipped in interstate or foreign commerce exclusively to physicians, wholesale and retail druggists, orphan asylums, child-welfare associations, hospitals, and similar institutions and generally disposed of by them.
(Mar. 4, 1923, ch. 262, §1, 42 Stat. 1486.)
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Short Title
Act July 12, 1943, ch. 221, title II, 57 Stat. 499, provided in part that act Mar. 4, 1923, which enacted this chapter, may be cited as the "Filled Milk Act".
§62. Manufacture, shipment, or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce prohibited
It is declared that filled milk, as defined in section 61 of this title, is an adulterated article of food, injurious to the public health, and its sale constitutes a fraud upon the public. It shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture within any Territory or possession, or within the District of Columbia, or to ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, any filled milk.
(Mar. 4, 1923, ch. 262, §2, 42 Stat. 1487.)
§63. Penalties; acts of agents deemed acts of principals
Any person violating any provision of this chapter shall upon conviction thereof be subject to a fine of not more than $1,000 or imprisonment of not more than one year, or both. When construing and enforcing the provisions of this chapter, the act, omission, or failure of any person acting for or employed by any individual, partnership, corporation, or association, within the scope of his employment or office, shall in every case be deemed the act, omission, or failure, of such individual, partnership, corporation, or association, as well as of such person.
(Mar. 4, 1923, ch. 262, §3, 42 Stat. 1487.)
Editorial Notes
Codification
The original text of this section contained a further provision that no penalty should be enforced for any violation occurring within 30 days after act Mar. 4, 1923 became law and was omitted as temporary and obsolete.
§64. Regulations for enforcement
The Secretary of Health and Human Services is authorized and directed to make and enforce such regulations as may in his judgment be necessary to carry out the purposes of this chapter.
(Mar. 4, 1923, ch. 262, §4, as added Aug. 27, 1935, ch. 743, 49 Stat. 885; 1940 Reorg. Plan No. IV, §12, eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2421, 54 Stat. 1237; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §5, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Pub. L. 96–88, title V, §509(b), Oct. 17, 1979, 93 Stat. 695.)
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name
"Secretary of Health and Human Services" substituted in text for "Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare" pursuant to section 509(b) of Pub. L. 96–88, which is classified to section 3508(b) of Title 20, Education.
Executive Documents
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of functions of Federal Security Administrator to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Health and Human Services], and of Food and Drug Administration to Federal Security Agency, see notes set out under section 321 of this title.
CHAPTER 4—ANIMALS, MEATS, AND MEAT AND DAIRY PRODUCTS
SUBCHAPTER I—EXAMINATION OF ANIMALS, MEATS, AND MEAT AND DAIRY PRODUCTS
SUBCHAPTER II—IMPORTATION OF CATTLE AND QUARANTINE
SUBCHAPTER III—PREVENTION OF INTRODUCTION AND SPREAD OF CONTAGION
SUBCHAPTER IV—IMPORTATION OF MILK AND CREAM
SUBCHAPTER I—EXAMINATION OF ANIMALS, MEATS, AND MEAT AND DAIRY PRODUCTS
§§71 to 92. Transferred
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section 71, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1260, which related to inspection of meat and meat food products, examination of cattle before slaughtering, separate slaughtering of diseased animals and examination of carcasses, was transferred to section 603 of this title.
Section 72, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1260, which related to post mortem examination of carcasses, marking and labeling, destruction of condemned carcasses, and reinspection, was transferred to section 604 of this title.
Section 73, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1261, which related to examination of carcasses brought into slaughtering or packing establishments and of meat food products issued from and returned thereto, was transferred to section 605 of this title.
Section 74, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1261, which related to examination and inspection of meat food products, marks of inspection, destruction of condemned products, and products for export, was transferred to section 606 of this title and was subsequently repealed by Pub. L. 110–234, title XI, §11016(b)(1)(B), May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 1369, and Pub. L. 110–246, §4(a), title XI, §11016(b)(1)(B), June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1664, 2131.
Section 75, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1262, which related to labeling of receptacles and coverings of meat and meat food products inspected and passed, supervision by inspectors, prohibition of sales under false names, was transferred to section 607 of this title.
Section 76, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1262, which related to sanitary inspection and regulation of slaughtering and packing establishments, and rejection of meat or meat food products unfit for food, was transferred to section 608 of this title.
Section 77, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1262, which related to examination of cattle and food products thereof slaughtered and prepared during night time, was transferred to section 609 of this title.
Section 78, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1262, which related to prohibition of transportation of carcasses, meat, or meat food products not properly inspected and marked, was transferred to section 610 of this title.
Section 79, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1263, which related to forgery, alteration, and unauthorized use of marks, labels, and certificates, was transferred to section 611 of this title.
Section 80, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1263, which related to inspection of animals for export, was transferred to section 612 of this title and was subsequently repealed by Pub. L. 107–171, title X, §10418(a)(19), May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 508.
Section 81, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1263, which related to certificates of condition of animals for export, was transferred to section 613 of this title and was subsequently repealed by Pub. L. 107–171, title X, §10418(a)(19), May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 508.
Section 82, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1263, which related to clearance to vessels carrying cattle for export with proper certificate of inspection, was transferred to section 614 of this title and was subsequently repealed by Pub. L. 107–171, title X, §10418(a)(19), May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 508.
Section 83, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1263, which related to inspection of carcasses, the meat of which is intended for export, was transferred to section 615 of this title.
Section 84, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1263, which related to certificates of condition of carcasses, the meat of which is intended for export, was transferred to section 616 of this title.
Section 85, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1263, which related to clearance to vessels carrying meat for export with proper certificate of inspection, was transferred to section 617 of this title.
Section 86, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1263, which related to official certificates of inspection and delivery of copies thereof to different parties, was transferred to section 618 of this title.
Section 87, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1264, which related to prohibition of transportation or sale of meat or meat food products without complying with provisions of inspection law, was transferred to section 619 of this title.
Section 88, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1264, which related to offenses and penalties, was transferred to section 620 of this title.
Section 89, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1264, which related to appointment of inspectors, their duties, and rule making authority of the Secretary of Agriculture, was transferred to section 621 of this title.
Section 90, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1264, which related to penalties for bribery, was transferred to section 622 of this title.
Section 91, acts Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1265; June 29, 1938, ch. 810, 52 Stat. 1235, which related to definitions, exceptions to inspection requirements in case of farmers and retailers, and penalties for sale of meat and meat food products unfit for food, was transferred to section 623 of this title.
Section 92, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1265, which was a proviso following the first sentence of section 91 of this title, was restored to that section and has been transferred to section 623 of this title.
§93. Repealed. May 29, 1928, ch. 901, §1(92), 45 Stat. 993
Section, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1265, related to statement in annual estimates as to persons employed, their compensation and expenses.
§§94 to 95. Transferred
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section 94, act June 30, 1914, ch. 131, 38 Stat. 420, which related to inspection of reindeer, was transferred to section 692 of this title.
Section 94a, act May 23, 1908, ch. 192, 35 Stat. 254, which related to inspection of dairy products for export, was transferred to section 693 of this title.
Section 95, acts June 30, 1906, ch. 3913, 34 Stat. 679; June 26, 1934, ch. 756, §2, 48 Stat. 1225, which related to authorization of appropriations for expenses of inspection, was transferred to section 694 of this title.
§96. Repealed. Pub. L. 90–201, §18, Dec. 15, 1967, 81 Stat. 600
Section, act July 24, 1919, ch. 26, 41 Stat. 241, provided for marking horse meat transported in interstate commerce. See section 619 of this title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of Repeal
Repeal effective Dec. 15, 1967, see section 20 of Pub. L. 90–201, set out as an Effective Date note under section 601 of this title.
§§97 to 97d. Omitted
Editorial Notes
Codification
Sections 97 to 97d, act July 30, 1947, ch. 356, title I, §1, 61 Stat. 531, 532, set up a meat inspection fund and provided for payment for meat inspection service by the persons or organizations who were furnished such inspection on and after July 1, 1947. These provisions ceased to be effective on July 1, 1948, under section 98 of this title which requires the cost of such inspection to be borne by the United States. The unobligated balance in the meat inspection fund was carried to the general fund of the Treasury by act June 19, 1948, ch. 543, §1, 62 Stat. 515.
§98. Transferred
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section, act June 5, 1948, ch. 423, 62 Stat. 344, which related to payment of cost of meat inspection, was transferred to section 695 of this title.
§99. Repealed. July 28, 1953, ch. 251, title I, §101, 67 Stat. 208
Section, act Aug. 31, 1951, ch. 374, title I, §101, 65 Stat. 229, related to reimbursement for excess expenses of meat inspection.
SUBCHAPTER II—IMPORTATION OF CATTLE AND QUARANTINE
§101. Suspension of importation of all animals
Whenever, in the opinion of the President, it shall be necessary for the protection of animals in the United States against infectious or contagious diseases, he may, by proclamation, suspend the importation of all or any class of animals for a limited time, and may change, modify, revoke, or renew such proclamation, as the public good may require; and during the time of such suspension the importation of any such animals shall be unlawful.
(Aug. 30, 1890, ch. 839, §9, 26 Stat. 416.)
§§102 to 105. Repealed. Pub. L. 107–171, title X, §10418(a)(6), May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 507
Section 102, act Aug. 30, 1890, ch. 839, §7, 26 Stat. 416, related to quarantine of imported animals.
Section 103, act Aug. 30, 1890, ch. 839, §8, 26 Stat. 416, related to prohibition of importation of animals except at quarantine ports, slaughter of infected animals, appraisal, and payment.
Section 104, act Aug. 30, 1890, ch. 839, §6, 26 Stat. 416; June 28, 1926, ch. 700, §2, 44 Stat. 775; Feb. 28, 1931, ch. 348, 46 Stat. 1460; July 22, 1954, ch. 558, §32, 68 Stat. 510; Jan. 28, 1956, ch. 12, §1, 70 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 97–461, §4, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2524; Pub. L. 103–182, title III, §361(b), Dec. 8, 1993, 107 Stat. 2122; Pub. L. 103–465, title IV, §431(h), Dec. 8, 1994, 108 Stat. 4969, related to importation of animals.
Section 105, act Aug. 30, 1890, ch. 839, §10, 26 Stat. 417; Pub. L. 103–182, title III, §361(c), Dec. 8, 1993, 107 Stat. 2122; Pub. L. 103–465, title IV, §431(i), Dec. 8, 1994, 108 Stat. 4969, related to inspection of animals.
§§106, 107. Omitted
Editorial Notes
Codification
Sections, acts Aug. 10, 1917, ch. 52, §9, 40 Stat. 275; Nov. 21, 1918, ch. 212, §3, 40 Stat. 1048, related to slaughter of tick-infested cattle. Section 12 of act Aug. 10, 1917, provided that the act should cease to be in effect when the national emergency resulting from World War I had passed.
SUBCHAPTER III—PREVENTION OF INTRODUCTION AND SPREAD OF CONTAGION
§§111, 112. Repealed. Pub. L. 107–171, title X, §10418(a)(7), (8), May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 507, 508
Section 111, act Feb. 2, 1903, ch. 349, §2, 32 Stat. 792; July 22, 1954, ch. 558, §33, 68 Stat. 510; Jan. 28, 1956, ch. 12, §2, 70 Stat. 5, related to regulations to prevent contagious diseases.
Section 112, act May 29, 1884, ch. 60, §4, 23 Stat. 32; Feb. 2, 1903, ch. 349, §1, 32 Stat. 791; Feb. 7, 1928, ch. 30, 45 Stat. 59, related to investigations as to pleuropneumonia and other diseases and regulations.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Short Title
Act Feb. 2, 1903, ch. 349, 32 Stat. 791, classified to former sections 112 and 120 to 122 of this title, is popularly known as the Cattle Contagious Diseases Act of 1903.
Act May 29, 1884, ch. 60, 23 Stat. 31, classified to former sections 112, 113 to 114a–1, 115, 116, 117 to 120, and 130 of this title and section 391 of Title 7, Agriculture, is popularly known as the Animal Industry Act.
§112a. Omitted
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section, act Feb. 7, 1928, ch. 30, 45 Stat. 59, amended acts May 29, 1884, ch. 60, 23 Stat. 31; Feb. 2, 1903, ch. 349, 32 Stat. 791; and Mar. 3, 1905, ch. 1496, 33 Stat. 1264, to include live poultry in their provisions, added "and/or live poultry" following "live stock" wherever the term "live stock" appeared, and extended the penalties, terms, and provisions of said acts to live poultry. For complete classification of such acts to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 112 of this title and Tables.
§113. Repealed. Pub. L. 107–171, title X, §10418(a)(7), (8), May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 507, 508
Section, act May 29, 1884, ch. 60, §5, 23 Stat. 32; Feb. 2, 1903, ch. 349, §1, 32 Stat. 791; Feb. 7, 1928, ch. 30, 45 Stat. 59, related to measures to prevent exportation of diseased livestock and live poultry.
§113a. Establishment of research laboratories for foot-and-mouth disease and other animal diseases; research contracts; employment of technicians and scientists; appropriations
The Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to establish research laboratories, including the acquisition of necessary land, buildings, or facilities, and also the making of research contracts under the authority contained in section 3105(a) of title 7, for research and study, in the United States or elsewhere, of foot-and-mouth disease and other animal diseases which in the opinion of the Secretary constitute a threat to the livestock industry of the United States: Provided, That no live virus of foot-and-mouth disease may be introduced for any purpose into any part of the mainland of the United States (except coastal islands separated therefrom by water navigable for deep-water navigation and which shall not be connected with the mainland by any tunnel) unless the Secretary determines that it is necessary and in the public interest for the conduct of research and study in the United States (except at Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York) and issues a permit under such rules as the Secretary shall promulgate to protect animal health, except that the Secretary of Agriculture may transport said virus in the original package across the mainland under adequate safeguards, and except further, that in the event of outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in this country, the Secretary of Agriculture may, at his discretion, permit said virus to be brought into the United States under adequate safeguards. To carry out the provisions of this section, the Secretary is authorized to employ technical experts or scientists: Provided, That the number so employed shall not exceed five and that the maximum compensation for each shall not exceed the highest rate of grade 18 of the General Schedule. There is authorized to be appropriated such sums as Congress may deem necessary; in addition, the Secretary is authorized to utilize in carrying out this section, funds otherwise available for the control or eradication of such diseases.
(May 29, 1884, ch. 60, §12, as added Apr. 24, 1948, ch. 229, 62 Stat. 198; amended July 31, 1956, ch. 804, title I, §119, 70 Stat. 742; Pub. L. 85–573, July 31, 1958, 72 Stat. 454; Pub. L. 87–793, §1001(e), Oct. 11, 1962, 76 Stat. 864; Pub. L. 88–426, title III, §305(1), Aug. 14, 1964, 78 Stat. 422; Pub. L. 101–624, title XVI, §1618(b), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3733.)
Editorial Notes
Codification
Provisions that authorized the Secretary to employ technical experts and scientists "without regard to the Classification Act", meaning the Classification Act of 1923, were omitted as obsolete. Sections 1202 and 1204 of the Classification Act of 1949, 63 Stat. 972, 973, repealed the 1923 Act and all laws or parts of laws inconsistent with the 1949 Act. While section 1106(a) of the 1949 Act provided that references in other laws to the 1923 Act should be held and considered to mean the 1949 Act, it did not have the effect of continuing the exception contained in this section because of section 1106(b) which provided that the application of the 1949 Act to any position, officer, or employee shall not be affected by section 1106(a). The Classification Act of 1949 was repealed by Pub. L. 89–554, Sept. 6, 1966, §8(a), 80 Stat. 632 (the first section of which revised and enacted Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, into law). Section 5102 of Title 5 contains the applicability provisions of the 1949 Act, and section 5103 of Title 5 authorizes the Office of Personnel Management to determine the applicability to specific positions and employees.
Amendments
1990—Pub. L. 101–624 substituted "United States (except" for "United States except" and "tunnel) unless the Secretary determines that it is necessary and in the public interest for the conduct of research and study in the United States (except at Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York) and issues a permit under such rules as the Secretary shall promulgate to protect animal health," for "tunnel, and".
1962—Pub. L. 87–793 substituted "shall not exceed the highest rate of grade 18 of the General Schedule" for "shall not exceed $19,000 per annum".
1958—Pub. L. 85–573 inserted in proviso clause of first sentence the exception clause respecting transportation of virus in original package across mainland under adequate safeguards.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1962 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 87–793 effective on first day of first pay period which begins on or after Oct. 11, 1962.
Repeals
Act July 31, 1956, ch. 804, title I, §119, 70 Stat. 742, which increased the maximum compensation of technical experts or scientists, was repealed by Pub. L. 88–426, title III, §305(1), Aug. 14, 1964, 78 Stat. 422.
Live Virus Foot and Mouth Disease Research
Pub. L. 110–234, title VII, §7524, May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 1273, and Pub. L. 110–246, §4(a), title VII, §7524, June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1664, 2034, provided that:
"(a)
"(b)
"(c)
"(d)
"(1) shall be made by the Secretary; and
"(2) is a nondelegable function."
[Pub. L. 110–234 and Pub. L. 110–246 enacted identical provisions. Pub. L. 110–234 was repealed by section 4(a) of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as a note under section 8701 of Title 7, Agriculture.]
References in Other Laws to GS–16, 17, or 18 Pay Rates
References in laws to the rates of pay for GS–16, 17, or 18, or to maximum rates of pay under the General Schedule, to be considered references to rates payable under specified sections of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, see section 529 [title I, §101(c)(1)] of Pub. L. 101–509, set out in a note under section 5376 of Title 5.
§§114 to 114d–1. Repealed. Pub. L. 107–171, title X, §10418(a)(8), (9), May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 508
Section 114, act May 29, 1884, ch. 60, §3, 23 Stat. 32, related to regulations for suppression of diseases and cooperation of States and Territories.
Section 114a, act May 29, 1884, ch. 60, §11, as added Sept. 21, 1944, ch. 412, title I, §101(a), 58 Stat. 734; amended Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 637, §1, 65 Stat. 693; Aug. 8, 1953, ch. 381, 67 Stat. 493; Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 950, §2, 70 Stat. 1032; Pub. L. 87–518, §7, July 2, 1962, 76 Stat. 131; Pub. L. 101–624, title XXV, §2509(c)(2), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4071, related to control and eradication of diseases, cooperation of States and farmers' associations, purchase and destruction of diseased animals, and defined "State" for statutory purposes.
A prior section 11 of act May 29, 1884, required annual reports to Congress concerning the suppression of contagious diseases among domestic animals, and was classified to section 560 of former Title 5, prior to repeal by act May 29, 1928, ch. 901, §1, 45 Stat. 993.
Section 114a–1, act May 29, 1884, ch. 60, §13, as added Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 637, §2, 65 Stat. 693, related to interstate movement of domestic animals reacting to tests for brucellosis, immediate slaughter, and rules and regulations.
Section 114b, act Feb. 28, 1947, ch. 8, §1, 61 Stat. 7; Pub. L. 89–521, §1, July 27, 1966, 80 Stat. 330; Pub. L. 92–152, §1, Nov. 5, 1971, 85 Stat. 418; Pub. L. 94–231, §3, Mar. 15, 1976, 90 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 101–255, §1(1), Mar. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 114; Pub. L. 101–624, title XXV, §2505, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4068, related to cooperation in animal disease control.
Section 114c, act Feb. 28, 1947, ch. 8, §2, 61 Stat. 7; Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 950, §3, 70 Stat. 1033; Pub. L. 92–152, §2, Nov. 5, 1971, 85 Stat. 419; Pub. L. 101–255, §1(2), Mar. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 114, related to use of funds.
Section 114d, act Feb. 28, 1947, ch. 8, §3, as added Pub. L. 101–255, §1(3), Mar. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 114, related to sale of sterile screwworms.
A prior section 114d, act Feb. 28, 1947, ch. 8, §3, 61 Stat. 8, related to reports by Secretary of Agriculture to Congress with respect to activities carried on under sections 114b and 114c of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 86–533, §1(20), June 29, 1960, 74 Stat. 249.
Section 114d–1, act Feb. 28, 1947, ch. 8, §5, as added Pub. L. 89–521, §2, July 27, 1966, 80 Stat. 330; amended Pub. L. 101–255, §1(5), Mar. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 114, related to cooperation with public and private entities.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Short Title
Section 6 of act Feb. 28, 1947, ch. 8, as added by Pub. L. 101–255, §1(6), Mar. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 114, provided that the act Feb. 28, 1947, ch. 8, which enacted sections 114b to 114d–1 of this title and provisions set out as a note under former section 114b of this title, could be referred to as the "Animal Disease Control Cooperation Act of 1947".
§§114d–2 to 114d–6. Repealed. Pub. L. 92–152, §3, Nov. 5, 1971, 85 Stat. 419
Section 114d–2, Pub. L. 90–388, §1, July 6, 1968, 82 Stat. 294, provided for cooperation with Central America in control and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease or rinderpest.
Section 114d–3, Pub. L. 90–388, §2, July 6, 1968, 82 Stat. 294, provided for uses of funds.
Section 114d–4, Pub. L. 90–388, §3, July 6, 1968, 82 Stat. 294, defined governments of Central America.
Section 114d–5, Pub. L. 90–388, §4, July 6, 1968, 82 Stat. 294, provided for cooperation with public and private organizations and individuals.
Section 114d–6, Pub. L. 90–388, §5, July 6, 1968, 82 Stat. 294, provided for authorization of appropriations.
§§114e to 114h. Repealed. Pub. L. 107–171, title X, §10418(a)(10), (11), May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 508
Section 114e, act June 16, 1948, ch. 477, §1, 62 Stat. 458, related to research and investigations into the control and eradication of cattle grubs.
Section 114f, act June 16, 1948, ch. 477, §2, 62 Stat. 458, defined the term "State" and authorized appropriations.
Section 114g, Pub. L. 87–209, §1, Sept. 6, 1961, 75 Stat. 481, related to hog cholera eradication program.
Section 114h, Pub. L. 87–209, §2, Sept. 6, 1961, 75 Stat. 481, related to advisory committee.
§114i. Pseudorabies eradication
(a) Findings
Congress finds that efforts to eradicate pseudorabies in United States swine populations by the Department of Agriculture in cooperation with State agencies and the pork industry have a high priority and should be continued until pseudorabies is completely eradicated in the United States.
(b) Establishment of program
The Secretary of Agriculture shall establish and carry out a program for the eradication of pseudorabies in United States swine populations.
(c) Use of funds for testing and control of pseudorabies
The Secretary shall ensure that not less than 65 percent of the funds appropriated for the program established under subsection (b) shall be used for testing and screening of animals and for other purposes directly related to the eradication or control of pseudorabies. This requirement on the use of appropriated funds for this program shall not be implemented in a manner that would adversely affect any other animal or plant disease or pest eradication or control program.
(d) Authorization of appropriations
There are authorized to be appropriated for each of the fiscal years 1991 through 2007 such sums as may be necessary for the purpose of carrying out the program established under subsection (b).
(Pub. L. 101–624, title XXV, §2506, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4068; Pub. L. 104–127, title IX, §916, Apr. 4, 1996, 110 Stat. 1187; Pub. L. 107–171, title X, §10505, May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 511.)
Editorial Notes
Amendments
2002—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–171 substituted "2007" for "2002".
1996—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–127 substituted "2002" for "1995".
§§115 to 128. Repealed. Pub. L. 107–171, title X, §10418(a)(7), (8), (12)–(14), May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 507, 508
Section 115, act May 29, 1884, ch. 60, §6, 23 Stat. 32; June 28, 1926, ch. 700, §1, 44 Stat. 774; Feb. 7, 1928, ch. 30, 45 Stat. 59; Pub. L. 87–763, Oct. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 762, prohibited transportation of diseased livestock and live poultry.
Section 116, act May 29, 1884, ch. 60, 23 Stat. 31; May 31, 1920, ch. 217, 41 Stat. 699, related to excepted shipment of certain cattle.
Section 117, act May 29, 1884, ch. 60, §7, 23 Stat. 32; Feb. 7, 1928, ch. 30, 45 Stat. 59; Pub. L. 95–439, §1, Oct. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 1061; Pub. L. 97–461, §5, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2524, related to penalties for transportation of diseased livestock or live poultry.
Section 118, act May 29, 1884, ch. 60, §9, 23 Stat. 33; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, §1, 62 Stat. 909, related to duty of United States attorneys.
Section 119, act May 29, 1884, ch. 60, §2, 23 Stat. 31; Feb. 9, 1889, ch. 122, §1, 25 Stat. 659; July 14, 1890, ch. 707, 26 Stat. 288; Feb. 7, 1928, ch. 30, 45 Stat. 59, related to appointment of agents to examine and report on methods of treatment of animals, and means for suppression of diseases.
Section 120, act May 29, 1884, ch. 60, §§4, 5, 23 Stat. 32; Feb. 2, 1903, ch. 349, §1, 32 Stat. 791; Feb. 7, 1928, ch. 30, 45 Stat. 59, related to regulation of exportation and transportation of infected livestock and live poultry.
Section 121, act Feb. 2, 1903, ch. 349, §1, 32 Stat. 791; Feb. 7, 1928, ch. 30, 45 Stat. 59, related to shipments from areas suspected to be infected and to control of animals and live poultry.
Section 122, act Feb. 2, 1903, ch. 349, §3, 32 Stat. 792; Pub. L. 97–461, §6, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2525, related to offenses and penalties.
Section 123, act Mar. 3, 1905, ch. 1496, §1, 33 Stat. 1264; Feb. 7, 1928, ch. 30, 45 Stat. 59; Pub. L. 87–518, §8(a), July 2, 1962, 76 Stat. 131; Pub. L. 95–439, §2, Oct. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 1061, related to quarantine.
Section 124, act Mar. 3, 1905, ch. 1496, §2, 33 Stat. 1264; Feb. 7, 1928, ch. 30, 45 Stat. 59; Pub. L. 87–518, §8(b), July 2, 1962, 76 Stat. 131, prohibited transportation or delivery therefor from quarantined State or Territory or portion thereof, of quarantined animals and live poultry.
Section 125, act Mar. 3, 1905, ch. 1496, §3, 33 Stat. 1265; Feb. 7, 1928, ch. 30, 45 Stat. 59; Pub. L. 87–518, §8(b), July 2, 1962, 76 Stat. 131; Pub. L. 95–439, §3, Oct. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 1061, related to regulations for inspection, disinfection, and certification, and delivery and shipment of quarantined animals and live poultry from State or Territory.
Section 126, act Mar. 3, 1905, ch. 1496, §4, 33 Stat. 1265; Feb. 7, 1928, ch. 30, 45 Stat. 59; Pub. L. 87–518, §8(b), July 2, 1962, 76 Stat. 131, related to moving quarantined animals and live poultry from State or Territory, under regulations.
Section 127, act Mar. 3, 1905, ch. 1496, §6, 33 Stat. 1265; Pub. L. 97–461, §7, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2525, related to penalties for transportation from quarantined State, Territory, etc.
Section 128, act June 30, 1914, ch. 131, 38 Stat. 419; Pub. L. 87–518, §9, July 2, 1962, 76 Stat. 131, related to extension of quarantine law to carriers in interstate commerce.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Short Title
Act Mar. 3, 1905, ch. 1496, 33 Stat. 1264, which enacted sections 123 to 127 of this title, was popularly known as the "Cattle Contagious Diseases Act of 1905".
§129. Omitted
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section, Pub. L. 107–76, title I, Nov. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 712, related to transfer of funds for emergency arrest of animal, poultry, or plant diseases or pests, and was from the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2002. Similar provisions which are permanent are classified to sections 7772 and 8316 of Title 7, Agriculture.
Prior Provisions
Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in the following prior appropriation acts:
Pub. L. 106–387, §1(a) [title I], Oct. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1549, 1549A-9, repealed by Pub. L. 107–171, title X, §10418(a)(15), May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 508.
Pub. L. 106–78, title I, Oct. 22, 1999, 113 Stat. 1143.
Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(a) [title I], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681, 2681-8.
Pub. L. 105–86, title I, Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 2086.
Pub. L. 104–180, title I, Aug. 6, 1996, 110 Stat. 1576.
Pub. L. 104–37, title I, Oct. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 307.
Pub. L. 103–330, title I, Sept. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 2443.
Pub. L. 103–111, title I, Oct. 21, 1993, 107 Stat. 1054.
Pub. L. 102–341, title I, Aug. 14, 1992, 106 Stat. 882.
Pub. L. 102–142, title I, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 886.
Pub. L. 101–506, title I, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1323.
Pub. L. 101–161, title I, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 959.
Pub. L. 100–460, title I, Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2237.
Pub. L. 100–202, §101(k) [title I], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–322, 1329-331.
Pub. L. 99–500, §101(a) [title I], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783, 1783-8, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(a) [title I], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341, 3341-8.
Pub. L. 99–190, §101(a) [H.R. 3037, title I], Dec. 19, 1985, 99 Stat. 1185; Pub. L. 100–202, §106, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–433.
Pub. L. 97–370, title I, Dec. 18, 1982, 96 Stat. 1792.
Pub. L. 97–103, title I, Dec. 23, 1981, 95 Stat. 1472.
Pub. L. 96–528, title I, Dec. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 3099.
Pub. L. 96–108, title I, Nov. 9, 1979, 93 Stat. 826.
Pub. L. 95–448, title I, Oct. 11, 1978, 92 Stat. 1076.
Pub. L. 95–97, title I, Aug. 12, 1977, 91 Stat. 813.
Pub. L. 94–351, title I, July 12, 1976, 90 Stat. 854.
Pub. L. 94–122, title I, Oct. 21, 1975, 89 Stat. 645.
Pub. L. 93–563, title I, Dec. 31, 1974, 88 Stat. 1824.
Pub. L. 93–135, title I, Oct. 24, 1973, 87 Stat. 472.
Pub. L. 92–399, title I, Aug. 22, 1972, 86 Stat. 594.
Pub. L. 92–73, title I, Aug. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 185.
Pub. L. 91–566, title I, Dec. 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 1482.
Pub. L. 91–127, title I, Nov. 26, 1969, 83 Stat. 246.
Pub. L. 90–463, title I, Aug. 8, 1968, 82 Stat. 640.
Pub. L. 90–113, title I, Oct. 24, 1967, 81 Stat. 321.
Pub. L. 89–556, title I, Sept. 7, 1966, 80 Stat. 690.
Pub. L. 89–316, title I, Nov. 2, 1965, 79 Stat. 1166.
Pub. L. 88–573, title I, Sept. 2, 1964, 78 Stat. 863.
Pub. L. 88–250, title I, Dec. 30, 1963, 77 Stat. 821.
Pub. L. 87–879, title I, Oct. 24, 1962, 76 Stat. 1204.
Pub. L. 87–112, title I, July 26, 1961, 75 Stat. 228.
Pub. L. 86–532, title I, June 29, 1960, 74 Stat. 233.
Pub. L. 86–80, title I, July 8, 1959, 73 Stat. 168.
Pub. L. 85–459, title I, June 13, 1958, 72 Stat. 189.
Pub. L. 85–118, title I, Aug. 2, 1957, 71 Stat. 330.
June 4, 1956, ch. 355, title I, 70 Stat. 230.
May 23, 1955, ch. 43, title I, 69 Stat. 52.
June 29, 1954, ch. 409, title I, 68 Stat. 305.
July 28, 1953, ch. 251, title III, 67 Stat. 223.
July 5, 1952, ch. 574, title III, 66 Stat. 354.
Aug. 31, 1951, ch. 374, title II, 65 Stat. 243.
Sept. 6, 1950, ch. 896, Ch. VI, title I, 64 Stat. 661.
June 29, 1949, ch. 280, title I, 63 Stat. 332.
June 19, 1948, ch. 543, 62 Stat. 515.
July 30, 1947, ch. 356, title I, 61 Stat. 532.
June 22, 1946, ch. 445, 60 Stat. 278.
May 5, 1945, ch. 109, 59 Stat. 144.
June 28, 1944, ch. 296, 58 Stat. 434.
July 12, 1943, ch. 215, 57 Stat. 403.
July 22, 1942, ch. 516, 56 Stat. 676.
July 1, 1941, ch. 267, 55 Stat. 418.
June 25, 1940, ch. 421, 54 Stat. 542.
June 30, 1939, ch. 253, title I, 53 Stat. 951.
June 16, 1938, ch. 464, title I, 52 Stat. 722.
June 29, 1937, ch. 404, 50 Stat. 406.
June 4, 1936, ch. 489, 49 Stat. 1432.
May 17, 1935, ch. 131, title I, 49 Stat. 257.
Mar. 26, 1934, ch. 89, 48 Stat. 477.
Mar. 3, 1933, ch. 203, 47 Stat. 1442.
July 7, 1932, ch. 443, 47 Stat. 620.
Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 278, 46 Stat. 1252.
May 27, 1930, ch. 341, 46 Stat. 403.
Feb. 16, 1929, ch. 227, 45 Stat. 1198.
May 16, 1928, ch. 572, 45 Stat. 548.
Jan. 18, 1927, ch. 39, 44 Stat. 1005.
May 11, 1926, ch. 286, 44 Stat. 529.
Feb. 10, 1925, ch. 200, 43 Stat. 851.
Dec. 5, 1924, ch. 4, 43 Stat. 683.
June 5, 1924, ch. 266, 43 Stat. 458.
Apr. 2, 1924, ch. 81, 43 Stat. 40.
Feb. 26, 1923, ch. 119, 42 Stat. 1318.
May 11, 1922, ch. 185, 42 Stat. 536.
Mar. 4, 1917, ch. 179, 39 Stat. 1167.
§§129a to 131. Repealed. Pub. L. 107–171, title X, §10418(a)(1), (8), (16), May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 507, 508
Section 129a, Pub. L. 97–46, §1, Sept. 25, 1981, 95 Stat. 953; Pub. L. 106–224, title IV, §438(b), June 20, 2000, 114 Stat. 454, related to transfer of funds for emergency arrest of animal or poultry diseases. Section was formerly classified to section 147b of Title 7, Agriculture.
Section 130, act May 29, 1884, ch. 60, §8, 23 Stat. 33; 1967 Reorg. Plan No. 3, §402(430), eff. Aug. 11, 1967, 32 F.R. 11669, 81 Stat. 948; Pub. L. 93–198, title IV, §401, Dec. 24, 1973, 87 Stat. 793, related to pleuropneumonia in District of Columbia and duties of Council of the District of Columbia.
Section 131, act May 26, 1910, ch. 256, 36 Stat. 440, related to fences along international boundary lines to keep out diseased animals.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date
Pub. L. 97–46, §2, Sept. 25, 1981, 95 Stat. 953, provided that section 129a of this title was to become effective Sept. 25, 1981, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–171, title X, §10418(a)(1), May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 507.
§132. Transferred
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section, act May 23, 1908, ch. 192, 35 Stat. 254, which related to inspection of dairy products for export, was transferred to section 693 of this title.
§133. Repealed. July 13, 1949, ch. 307, 63 Stat. 410
Section, act July 24, 1946, ch. 592, 60 Stat. 633, related to establishment of a quarantine station on Swan Island.
§§134 to 135b. Repealed. Pub. L. 107–171, title X, §10418(a)(17), (18), May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 508
Section 134, Pub. L. 87–518, §1, July 2, 1962, 76 Stat. 129, related to definitions for Pub. L. 87–518.
Section 134a, Pub. L. 87–518, §2, July 2, 1962, 76 Stat. 129, related to seizure, quarantine, and disposal of livestock or poultry to guard against introduction or dissemination of communicable disease.
Section 134b, Pub. L. 87–518, §3, July 2, 1962, 76 Stat. 130, related to regulations for clean and sanitary movement of animals.
Section 134c, Pub. L. 87–518, §4, July 2, 1962, 76 Stat. 130, related to regulations for movement of animals affected or exposed to communicable disease.
Section 134d, Pub. L. 87–518, §5, July 2, 1962, 76 Stat. 130, related to inspections, seizures, and issuance of warrants.
Section 134e, Pub. L. 87–518, §6, July 2, 1962, 76 Stat. 131; Pub. L. 97–461, §8, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2525, related to enforcement provisions.
Section 134f, Pub. L. 87–518, §11, July 2, 1962, 76 Stat. 132, related to promulgation of regulations.
Section 134g, Pub. L. 87–518, §12, July 2, 1962, 76 Stat. 132, related to authority in addition to other laws and repeal of inconsistent provisions.
Section 134h, Pub. L. 87–518, §13, July 2, 1962, 76 Stat. 132, related to separability.
Section 135, Pub. L. 91–239, §1, May 6, 1970, 84 Stat. 202; Pub. L. 103–465, title IV, §431(j), Dec. 8, 1994, 108 Stat. 4969, related to the establishment of international animal quarantine station, acceptance of gifts, cooperation with breeders' organizations, and collection of fees.
Section 135a, Pub. L. 91–239, §2, May 6, 1970, 84 Stat. 202; Pub. L. 97–461, §9, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2525, related to smuggling penalties.
Section 135b, Pub. L. 91–239, §3, May 6, 1970, 84 Stat. 202, related to authorization of appropriations.
§136. Additional inspection services
The Secretary of Agriculture, in carrying out regulations prohibiting or restricting the entry of materials that may harbor pests, or diseases, is authorized to enter into agreements with operators or owners of vessels or aircraft for the purpose of providing inspection services at points of entry in the United States in addition to the regular or on-call basis currently available in connection with such vessels or aircraft. Any such agreement shall provide for the payment by the operator or owner of an amount determined by the Secretary to be necessary to defray the costs of providing additional service pursuant to such agreement.
(Pub. L. 101–624, title XXV, §2508, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4069.)
§136a. Collection of fees for inspection services
(a) Quarantine and inspection fees
(1) Fees authorized
The Secretary of Agriculture may prescribe and collect fees sufficient—
(A) to cover the cost of providing agricultural quarantine and inspection services in connection with the arrival at a port in the customs territory of the United States, or the preclearance or preinspection at a site outside the customs territory of the United States, of an international passenger, commercial vessel, commercial aircraft, commercial truck, or railroad car;
(B) to cover the cost of administering this subsection; and
(C) through fiscal year 2002, to maintain a reasonable balance in the Agricultural Quarantine Inspection User Fee Account established under paragraph (5).
(2) Limitation
In setting the fees under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall ensure that the amount of the fees is commensurate with the costs of agricultural quarantine and inspection services with respect to the class of persons or entities paying the fees. The costs of the services with respect to passengers as a class includes the costs of related inspections of the aircraft or other vehicle.
(3) Status of fees
Fees collected under this subsection by any person on behalf of the Secretary are held in trust for the United States and shall be remitted to the Secretary in such manner and at such times as the Secretary may prescribe.
(4) Late payment penalties
If a person subject to a fee under this subsection fails to pay the fee when due, the Secretary shall assess a late payment penalty, and the overdue fees shall accrue interest, as required by section 3717 of title 31.
(5) Agricultural Quarantine Inspection User Fee Account
(A) Establishment
There is established in the Treasury of the United States a fund, to be known as the "Agricultural Quarantine Inspection User Fee Account", which shall contain all of the fees collected under this subsection and late payment penalties and interest charges collected under paragraph (4) through fiscal year 2002.
(B) Use of account
For each of fiscal years 1996 through 2002, funds in the Agricultural Quarantine Inspection User Fee Account shall be available, in such amounts as are provided in advance in appropriations Acts, to cover the costs associated with the provision of agricultural quarantine and inspection services and the administration of this subsection. Amounts made available under this subparagraph shall be available until expended.
(C) Excess fees
Fees and other amounts collected under this subsection in any of fiscal years 1996 through 2002 in excess of $100,000,000 shall be available for the purposes specified in subparagraph (B) until expended, without further appropriation.
(6) Use of amounts collected after fiscal year 2002
After September 30, 2002, the unobligated balance in the Agricultural Quarantine Inspection User Fee Account and fees and other amounts collected under this subsection shall be credited to the Department of Agriculture accounts that incur the costs associated with the provision of agricultural quarantine and inspection services and the administration of this subsection. The fees and other amounts shall remain available to the Secretary until expended without fiscal year limitation.
(7) Staff years
The number of full-time equivalent positions in the Department of Agriculture attributable to the provision of agricultural quarantine and inspection services and the administration of this subsection shall not be counted toward the limitation on the total number of full-time equivalent positions in all agencies specified in section 5(b) of the Federal Workforce Restructuring Act of 1994 (Public Law 103–226; 5 U.S.C. 3101 note) or other limitation on the total number of full-time equivalent positions.
(b) Omitted
(c) Animal inspection and veterinary diagnostics
(1) Animal inspection
The Secretary may prescribe and collect fees to reimburse the Secretary for the cost of carrying out the provisions of the Federal Animal Quarantine Laws that relate to the importation, entry, and exportation of animals, articles, or means of conveyance.
(2) Veterinary diagnostics
The Secretary may prescribe and collect fees to recover the costs of carrying out the provisions of the Animal Health Protection Act [7 U.S.C. 8301 et seq.] that relate to veterinary diagnostics.
(3) Fees
All fees collected pursuant to this subsection and any late payment penalties or accrued interest collected pursuant to this subsection shall be credited to the accounts that incur the cost and shall remain available until expended without fiscal year limitation.
(4) Liability
Any person for whom an activity related to the importation, entry, or exportation of an animal, article, or means of conveyance or relating to veterinary diagnostics, is performed pursuant to the section, shall be liable for payment of fees assessed. Upon failure to pay such fees when due, the Secretary shall assess a late payment penalty, and such overdue fees shall accrue interest, as required by section 3717 of title 31. All fees, late payment penalties, and accrued interest collected shall be credited to such accounts that incur the costs and shall remain available until expended without fiscal year limitation.
(5) Leins 1
(A) In general
The Secretary shall have a lien against the animal, article, means of conveyance, or facility for which services have been provided under this section for the fees, any late payment penalty, and any accrued interest assessed under this subsection.
(B) Other animals, etc.
In the case of any person who fails to make payment when due under this subsection, the Secretary shall have a lien against any animal, article, or means of conveyance thereafter imported, moved in interstate commerce, or attempted to be exported by the person after the date of such failure until the date on which such owner or operator make 2 full payment to the Secretary under this subsection.
(C) Sales of animals, etc.
(i) Authority
The Secretary may, if a person does not pay fees, late payment penalties, or accrued interest on such, after providing reasonable notice of default to such person, sell at public sale after reasonable public notice, or otherwise dispose of, any such animal, article, means of conveyance or facility on which the Secretary has a lien under this paragraph.
(ii) Excess proceeds
If the sale proceeds under clause (i) exceed the fees due, any late payment penalty assessed, any accrued interest on such, and the expenses associated with the sale, such excess shall be paid to the owner of the animal, article, means of conveyance, or facility if such owner submits an application for such excess together with proof of ownership not later than 6 months after the date of such sale. If no such application is made, such excess shall be credited to accounts that incur the costs associated with the fees collected and shall remain available until expended, without fiscal year limitation. The Secretary shall suspend performance of services to persons who have failed to pay fees, late payment penalty, or accrued interest under this section.
(d) Regulations
The Secretary may prescribe such regulations as the Secretary determines necessary to carry out the provisions of this section.
(e) Recovery of amounts owed
An action may be brought for the recovery of fees, late payment penalties, and accrued interest which have not been paid in accordance with this section against any person obligated for payment of such assessments under this section in any United States district court or other United States court for any territory or possession in any jurisdiction in which such person is found or resides or transacts business, and such court shall have jurisdiction to hear and decide such action.
(f) Definitions
(1) Animal quarantine laws
For purposes of this section, the term "animal quarantine laws" means—
(A) section 306 of the Tariff Act of 1930 3 (19 U.S.C. 1306);
(B) section 9 of the Act of August 30, 1890 (21 U.S.C. 101);
(C) the Animal Health Protection Act [7 U.S.C. 8301 et seq.]; or
(D) any other Act administered by the Secretary relating to plant or animal diseases or pests.
(2) Customs territory
For the purposes of subsection (a), the term "customs territory of the United States" means the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.
(3) Person
For the purposes of this section, the term "person" means an individual, corporation, partnership, trust, association, or any other public or private entity, or any officer, employee, or agent thereof.
(4) United States
For the purposes of subsection (b), the term "United States" means the several States of the United States, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands of the United States, and all other territories and possessions of the United States.
(5) Vessel
For the purposes of subsection (a), the term "vessel" does not include any ferry.
(Pub. L. 101–624, title XXV, §2509, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4069; Pub. L. 101–508, title I, §1203, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–11; Pub. L. 102–237, title X, §1015, Dec. 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 1902; Pub. L. 104–127, title IX, §917, Apr. 4, 1996, 110 Stat. 1187; Pub. L. 107–171, title X, §10418(b)(5), May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 509.)
Editorial Notes
References in Text
The Animal Health Protection Act, referred to in subsecs. (c)(2), (f)(1)(C), is subtitle E (§§10401–10418) of title X of Pub. L. 107–171, May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 494, which is classified principally to chapter 109 (§8301 et seq.) of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 8301 of Title 7 and Tables.
Section 306 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1306), referred to in subsec. (f)(1)(A), was repealed by Pub. L. 107–171, title X, §10418(a)(5), May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 507.
Codification
Section is comprised of section 2509 of Pub. L. 101–624. Subsec. (b) and another subsec. (c)(2) of section 2509 of Pub. L. 101–624 amended section 7759(f) of Title 7, Agriculture, and section 114a of this title, respectively.
Amendments
2002—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 107–171, §10418(b)(5)(A), added par. (2) relating to veterinary diagnostics.
Subsec. (f)(1)(B) to (O). Pub. L. 107–171, §10418(b)(5)(B), added subpars. (B) to (D) and struck out former subpars. (B) to (O), which read as follows:
"(B) sections 6 through 10 of the Act of August 30, 1890 (26 Stat. 416, chapter 839; 21 U.S.C. 101–105);
"(C) section 2 of the Act of February 2, 1903 (32 Stat. 792, chapter 349; 21 U.S.C. 111);
"(D) the Act of May 29, 1884 (23 Stat. 32, chapter 60; 21 U.S.C. 112 to 114a–1, 115, 117–119, and 130) (commonly known as the 'Animal Industry Act');
"(E) the Act of February 28, 1947 (61 Stat. 7, chapter 8; 21 U.S.C. 114b, 114c, and 114d–1);
"(F) the Act of June 16, 1948 (62 Stat. 458, chapter 477; 21 U.S.C. 114e and 114f);
"(G) Public Law 87–209 (21 U.S.C. 114g and 114h);
"(H) the Act of May 31, 1920 (41 Stat. 699, chapter 217; 21 U.S.C. 116);
"(I) the Act of February 2, 1903 (32 Stat. 791, chapter 349; 21 U.S.C. 112 and 120–122) (commonly known as the 'Cattle Contagious Diseases Act of 1903');
"(J) the Act of March 3, 1905 (33 Stat. 1264, chapter 1496; 21 U.S.C. 123–127) (commonly known as the 'Cattle Contagious Diseases Act of 1905');
"(K) the matter under the heading 'Bureau of Animal Industry' of the Act of June 30, 1914 (38 Stat. 419, chapter 131; 21 U.S.C. 128);
"(L) section 101 of Public Law 92–73 (21 U.S.C. 129);
"(M) the matter under the heading 'Miscellaneous' of the Act of May 26, 1910 (36 Stat. 440, chapter 256; 21 U.S.C. 131);
"(N) sections 1 through 6 and 11 through 13 of Public Law 87–518 (21 U.S.C. 134–134h); or
"(O) any other Act administered by the Secretary relating to plant or animal diseases or pests, other than the first section of Public Law 91–239 (21 U.S.C. 135)."
1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–127 added subsec. (a) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (a) which consisted of pars. (1) to (4) relating to quarantine, inspection, and transportation fees.
1991—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 102–237, §1015(1), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), realigned margin, added heading, and added subpars. (B) to (D).
Subsec. (a)(3)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 102–237, §1015(2), added cl. (ii) and struck out former cl. (ii) which read as follows: "The Secretary of Treasury shall use the Account to provide reimbursements to any appropriations accounts that incur the costs associated with the services authorized in paragraph (1). Any such reimbursement shall be subject to appropriations under clause (v)."
Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 102–237, §1015(3), substituted "Subject to the limits set forth in paragraph (1), the" for "The".
1990—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 101–508, §1203(1), substituted "an international passenger, commercial vessel, commercial aircraft, commercial truck, or railroad car." for "a commercial vessel, commercial aircraft, commercial truck, or railroad car,".
Subsec. (a)(3)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 101–508, §1203(2)(A), inserted at end "Any such reimbursement shall be subject to appropriations under clause (v)."
Subsec. (a)(3)(B)(v). Pub. L. 101–508, §1203(2)(B), added cl. (v).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1990 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–508 effective Nov. 29, 1990, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1994 of Title 7, Agriculture.
Report on Agricultural Quarantine Inspection Fund
Pub. L. 104–66, title I, §1012(c), Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 712, provided that: "The Secretary of Agriculture shall not be required to submit a report to the appropriate committees of Congress on the status of the Agricultural Quarantine Inspection fund more frequently than annually."
1 So in original. Probably should be "Liens".
2 So in original. Probably should be "makes".
3 See References in Text note below.
SUBCHAPTER IV—IMPORTATION OF MILK AND CREAM
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
Nothing contained in chapter 9 (§301 et seq.) of this title shall be construed as in any way affecting, modifying, repealing, or superseding the provisions of this subchapter, see section 392(b) of this title.
§141. Prohibition of importation without permit
On and after May 16, 1927, the importation into the United States of milk and cream is prohibited unless the person by whom such milk or cream is shipped or transported into the United States holds a valid permit from the Secretary of Health and Human Services.
(Feb. 15, 1927, ch. 155, §1, 44 Stat. 1101; 1940 Reorg. Plan No. IV, §12, eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2421, 54 Stat. 1237; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §5, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Pub. L. 96–88, title V, §509(b), Oct. 17, 1979, 93 Stat. 695.)
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name
"Secretary of Health and Human Services" substituted in text for "Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare" pursuant to section 509(b) of Pub. L. 96–88, which is classified to section 3508(b) of Title 20, Education.
Short Title
Act July 12, 1943, ch. 221, title II, 57 Stat. 499, provided in part that act Feb. 15, 1927, which is classified to this subchapter, may be cited as "Import Milk Act".
Executive Documents
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of functions of Federal Security Administrator to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Health and Human Services], and of Food and Drug Administration to Federal Security Agency, see notes set out under section 321 of this title.
§142. Milk or cream when unfit for importation
Milk or cream shall be considered unfit for importation (1) when all cows producing such milk or cream are not healthy and a physical examination of all such cows has not been made within one year previous to such milk being offered for importation; (2) when such milk or cream, if raw, is not produced from cows which have passed a tuberculin test applied by a duly authorized official veterinarian of the United States, or of the country in which such milk or cream is produced, within one year previous to the time of the importation, showing that such cows are free from tuberculosis; (3) when the sanitary conditions of the dairy farm or plant in which such milk or cream is produced or handled do not score at least fifty points out of one hundred points according to the methods for scoring as provided by the score cards used by the Bureau of Dairy Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture at the time such dairy farms or plants are scored; (4) in the case of raw milk if the number of bacteria per cubic centimeter exceeds three hundred thousand and in the case of raw cream seven hundred and fifty thousand, in the case of pasteurized milk if the number of bacteria per cubic centimeter exceeds one hundred thousand, and in the case of pasteurized cream five hundred thousand; (5) when the temperature of milk or cream at the time of importation exceeds fifty degrees Fahrenheit.
(Feb. 15, 1927, ch. 155, §2, 44 Stat. 1101.)
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Transfer of Functions
Agricultural Research Service became the successor to functions of Bureau of Dairy Industry under Secretary of Agriculture's Memorandum 1320, Supplement 4, Nov. 2, 1953.
§143. Inspection; certified statement in lieu thereof; waiver of requirements of section 142; regulations; suspension and revocation of permits
The Secretary of Health and Human Services shall cause such inspections to be made as are necessary to insure that milk and cream are so produced and handled as to comply with the provisions of section 142 of this title, and in all cases when he finds that such milk and/or cream is produced and handled so as not to be unfit for importation under clauses 1, 2, and 3 of section 142 of this title, he shall issue to persons making application therefor permits to ship milk and/or cream into the United States: Provided, That in lieu of the inspections to be made by or under the direction of the Secretary he may, in his discretion, accept a duly certified statement signed by a duly accredited official of an authorized department of any foreign government and/or of any State of the United States or any municipality thereof that the provisions in clauses 1, 2, and 3 of section 142 of this title have been complied with. Such certificate of the accredited official of an authorized department of any foreign government shall be in the form prescribed by the Secretary, who is authorized and directed to prescribe such form as well as rules and regulations regulating the issuance of permits to import milk or cream into the United States.
The Secretary is authorized, in his discretion, to waive the requirement of clause 4 of section 142 of this title when issuing permits to operators of condenseries in which milk and/or cream is used when sterilization of the milk and/or cream is a necessary process: Provided, however, That no milk and/or cream shall be imported whose bacterial count per cubic centimeter in any event exceeds one million two hundred thousand: Provided, further, That such requirements shall not be waived unless the farm producing such milk to be imported is within a radius of fifteen miles of the condensery in which it is to be processed: Provided further, That if milk and/or cream imported when the requirements of clause 4 of section 142 of this title, have been so waived, is sold, used, or disposed of in its raw state or otherwise than as condensed milk by any person, the permit shall be revoked and the importer shall be subject to fine, imprisonment, or other penalty prescribed by this subchapter.
The Secretary is directed to waive the requirements of clauses 2 and 5 of section 142 of this title insofar as the same relate to milk when issuing permits to operators of, or to producers for delivery to, creameries and condensing plants in the United States within twenty miles of the point of production of the milk, and who import no raw milk except for pasteurization or condensing: Provided, That if milk imported when the requirements of clauses 2 and 5 of section 142 of this title have been so waived is sold, used, or disposed of in its raw state, or otherwise than as pasteurized, condensed, or evaporated milk by any person, the permit shall be revoked and the importer shall be subjected to fine, imprisonment, or other penalty prescribed by this subchapter.
The Secretary is authorized and directed to make and enforce such regulations as may in his judgment be necessary to carry out the purpose of this subchapter for the handling of milk and cream, for the inspection of milk, cream, cows, barns, and other facilities used in the production and handling of milk and/or cream and the handling, keeping, transporting, and importing of milk and/or cream: Provided, however, That unless and until the Secretary shall provide for inspections to ascertain that clauses 1, 2, and 3 of section 142 of this title have been complied with, the Secretary shall issue temporary permits to any applicants therefor to ship or transport milk and/or cream into the United States.
The Secretary is authorized to suspend or revoke any permit for the shipment of milk or cream into the United States when he shall find that the holder thereof has failed to comply with the provisions of or has violated this subchapter or any of the regulations made hereunder, or that the milk and/or cream brought or shipped by the holder of such permit into the United States is not produced and handled in conformity with, or that the quality thereof does not conform to, all of the provisions of section 142 of this title.
(Feb. 15, 1927, ch. 155, §3, 44 Stat. 1102; 1940 Reorg. Plan No. IV, §12, eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2421, 54 Stat. 1237; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §5, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Pub. L. 96–88, title V, §509(b), Oct. 17, 1979, 93 Stat. 695.)
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name
"Secretary of Health and Human Services" substituted in text for "Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare" pursuant to section 509(b) of Pub. L. 96–88, which is classified to section 3508(b) of Title 20, Education.
Executive Documents
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of functions of Federal Security Administrator to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Health and Human Services], and of Food and Drug Administration to Federal Security Agency, see notes set out under section 321 of this title.
§144. Unlawful receiving of imported milk or cream
It shall be unlawful for any person in the United States to receive milk or cream imported into the United States unless the importation is in accordance with the provisions of this subchapter.
(Feb. 15, 1927, ch. 155, §4, 44 Stat. 1103.)
§145. Penalties
Any person who knowingly violates any provision of this subchapter shall, in addition to all other penalties prescribed by law, be punished by a fine of not less than $50 nor more than $2,000, or by imprisonment for not more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment.
(Feb. 15, 1927, ch. 155, §5, 44 Stat. 1103.)
§146. Authorization of appropriations
There is authorized to be appropriated, out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of $50,000 per annum, to enable the Secretary of Health and Human Services to carry out the provisions of this subchapter.
(Feb. 15, 1927, ch. 155, §6, 44 Stat. 1103; 1940 Reorg. Plan No. IV, §12, eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2421, 54 Stat. 1237; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §5, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Pub. L. 96–88, title V, §509(b), Oct. 17, 1979, 93 Stat. 695.)
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name
"Secretary of Health and Human Services" substituted in text for "Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare" pursuant to section 509(b) of Pub. L. 96–88, which is classified to section 3508(b) of Title 20, Education.
Executive Documents
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of functions of Federal Security Administrator to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Health and Human Services], and of Food and Drug Administration to Federal Security Agency, see Transfer of Functions notes set out under section 321 of this title.
§147. Repeal of inconsistent laws
Any laws or parts of laws inconsistent with this subchapter are repealed.
(Feb. 15, 1927, ch. 155, §7, 44 Stat. 1103.)
§148. Powers of State with respect to milk or cream lawfully imported
Nothing in this subchapter is intended nor shall be construed to affect the powers of any State, or any political subdivision thereof, to regulate the shipment of milk or cream into, or the handling, sale, or other disposition of milk or cream in, such State or political subdivision after the milk and/or cream shall have been lawfully imported under the provisions of this subchapter.
(Feb. 15, 1927, ch. 155, §8, 44 Stat. 1103.)
§149. Definitions
When used in this subchapter—
(a) The term "person" means an individual, partnership, association, or corporation.
(b) The term "United States" means the fifty States and the District of Columbia.
(Feb. 15, 1927, ch. 155, §9, 44 Stat. 1103; Pub. L. 86–70, §19, June 25, 1959, 73 Stat. 145; Pub. L. 86–624, §15, July 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 415.)
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1960—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 86–624 substituted "means the fifty States and the District of Columbia" for "means continental United States, including Alaska".
1959—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 86–70 inserted ", including Alaska" after "continental United States".
CHAPTER 5—VIRUSES, SERUMS, TOXINS, ANTITOXINS, AND ANALOGOUS PRODUCTS
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
Nothing contained in chapter 9 (§301 et seq.) of this title shall be construed as in any way affecting, modifying, repealing, or superseding the provisions of this chapter, see section 392(b) of this title.
§151. Preparation and sale of worthless or harmful products for domestic animals prohibited; preparation to be in compliance with rules at licensed establishments
It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to prepare, sell, barter, or exchange in the District of Columbia, or in the Territories, or in any place under the jurisdiction of the United States, or to ship or deliver for shipment in or from the United States, the District of Columbia, any territory of the United States, or any place under the jurisdiction of the United States, any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product intended for use in the treatment of domestic animals, and no person, firm, or corporation shall prepare, sell, barter, exchange, or ship as aforesaid any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product manufactured within the United States and intended for use in the treatment of domestic animals, unless and until the said virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product shall have been prepared, under and in compliance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture, at an establishment holding an unsuspended and unrevoked license issued by the Secretary of Agriculture as hereinafter authorized.
(Mar. 4, 1913, ch. 145, §1 (part), 37 Stat. 832; Pub. L. 99–198, title XVII, §1768(a), Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1654.)
Editorial Notes
Codification
The sections of this chapter are comprised of the sentences of the eighth paragraph under the heading "Bureau of Animal Industry," in the Department of Agriculture Appropriation Act, 1914, as amended.
Another section 1768 of Pub. L. 99–198, cited as a credit to this section, amended section 136y of Title 7, Agriculture.
Amendments
1985—Pub. L. 99–198 substituted "in or from the United States, the District of Columbia, any territory of the United States, or any place under the jurisdiction of the United States" for "from one State or Territory or the District of Columbia to any other State or Territory or the District of Columbia".
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1985 Amendment
Pub. L. 99–198, title XVII, §1768(f), Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1655, provided that:
"(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this section [enacting sections 154a and 159 of this title and amending this section and sections 154 and 157 of this title] shall become effective on the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 1985].
"(2)(A) Subject to subparagraphs (B) through (D), in the case of a person, firm, or corporation preparing, selling, bartering, exchanging, or shipping a virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product during the 12-month period ending on the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 1985] solely for intrastate commerce or for exportation, such product shall not after such date of enactment, as a result of its not having been licensed or produced in a licensed establishment, be considered in violation of the eighth paragraph of the matter under the heading 'BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY' of the Act entitled 'An Act making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and fourteen', approved March 14, 1913 (as amended by this section) [this chapter], until the first day of the 49th month following the date of enactment of this Act.
"(B) The exemption granted by subparagraph (A) may be extended by the Secretary of Agriculture for a period up to 12 months in an individual case on a showing by a person, firm, or corporation of good cause and a good faith effort to comply with such eighth paragraph with due diligence.
"(C) The exemption granted by subparagraph (A) must be claimed by the person, firm, or corporation preparing such product by the first day of the 13th month following the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 1985], in the form and manner prescribed by the Secretary, unless the Secretary grants an extension of the time to claim such exemption in an individual case for good cause shown.
"(D) On the issuance by the Secretary of a license to such person, firm, or corporation for such product prior to the first day of the 49th month following the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 1985], or the end of an extension of the exemption granted by the Secretary, the exemption granted by subparagraph (A) shall terminate with respect to such product."
Short Title
Act Mar. 4, 1913, ch. 145, §1 [part], 37 Stat. 832, which is classified to this chapter, is popularly known as the "Virus-Serum-Toxin Act".
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of functions of the Secretary of Agriculture relating to agricultural import and entry inspection activities under this chapter to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 231, 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.
Appropriations
An appropriation of $25,000 was made by act Mar. 4, 1913, for the purpose of carrying into effect these provisions. The appropriation for the fiscal year 1926 was by act Feb. 10, 1925, ch. 200, 43 Stat. 827.
§152. Importation regulated and prohibited
The importation into the United States of any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product for use in the treatment of domestic animals, and the importation of any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product for use in the treatment of domestic animals, is prohibited without (1) a permit from the Secretary of Agriculture, or (2) in the case of an article originating in Canada, such permit or, in lieu of such permit, such certification by Canada as may be prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture.
(Mar. 4, 1913, ch. 145, §1 (part), 37 Stat. 832; Pub. L. 100–449, title III, §301(d), Sept. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 1868.)
Amendment of Section
For termination of amendment by section 501(c) of Pub. L. 100–449, see Effective and Termination Dates of 1988 Amendment note below.
Editorial Notes
Codification
See note set out under section 151 of this title.
Amendments
1988—Pub. L. 100–449 temporarily amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section read as follows: "The importation into the United States, without a permit from the Secretary of Agriculture, of any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product for use in the treatment of domestic animals, and the importation of any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product for use in the treatment of domestic animals, are prohibited." See Effective and Termination Dates of 1988 Amendment note below.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective and Termination Dates of 1988 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–449 effective on the date the United States-Canada Free-Trade Agreement enters into force (Jan. 1, 1989), and to cease to have effect on the date the Agreement ceases to be in force, see section 501(a), (c) of Pub. L. 100–449, set out in a note under section 2112 of Title 19, Customs Duties.
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of functions of the Secretary of Agriculture relating to agricultural import and entry inspection activities under this chapter to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 231, 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.
§153. Inspection of imports; denial of entry and destruction
The Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to cause the Bureau of Animal Industry to examine and inspect all viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products, for use in the treatment of domestic animals, which are being imported or offered for importation into the United States, to determine whether such viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products are worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful, and if it shall appear that any such virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product, for use in the treatment of domestic animals, is worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful, the same shall be denied entry and shall be destroyed or returned at the expense of the owner or importer.
(Mar. 4, 1913, ch. 145, §1 (part), 37 Stat. 832.)
Editorial Notes
Codification
See note set out under section 151 of this title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of functions of the Secretary of Agriculture relating to agricultural import and entry inspection activities under this chapter to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 231, 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.
§154. Regulations for preparation and sale; licenses
The Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to make and promulgate from time to time such rules and regulations as may be necessary to prevent the preparation, sale, barter, exchange, or shipment as aforesaid of any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product for use in the treatment of domestic animals, or otherwise to carry out this chapter, and to issue, suspend, and revoke licenses for the maintenance of establishments for the preparation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products, for use in the treatment of domestic animals, intended for sale, barter, exchange, or shipment as aforesaid.
(Mar. 4, 1913, ch. 145, §1 (part), 37 Stat. 832; Pub. L. 99–198, title XVII, §1768(b), Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1654.)
Editorial Notes
Codification
See note set out under section 151 of this title.
Another section 1768 of Pub. L. 99–198, cited as a credit to this section, amended section 136y of Title 7, Agriculture.
Amendments
1985—Pub. L. 99–198 inserted "or otherwise to carry out this chapter," after "domestic animals,".
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1985 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 99–198 effective Dec. 23, 1985, except as otherwise provided, see section 1768(f) of Pub. L. 99–198, set out as a note under section 151 of this title.
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of functions of the Secretary of Agriculture relating to agricultural import and entry inspection activities under this chapter to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 231, 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.
§154a. Special licenses for special circumstances; expedited procedure; conditions; exemptions; criteria
In order to meet an emergency condition, limited market or local situation, or other special circumstance (including production solely for intrastate use under a State-operated program), the Secretary may issue a special license under an expedited procedure on such conditions as are necessary to assure purity, safety, and a reasonable expectation of efficacy. The Secretary shall exempt by regulation from the requirement of preparation pursuant to an unsuspended and unrevoked license any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product prepared by any person, firm, or corporation—
(1) solely for administration to animals of such person, firm, or corporation;
(2) solely for administration to animals under a veterinarian-client-patient relationship in the course of the State licensed professional practice of veterinary medicine by such person, firm, or corporation; or
(3) solely for distribution within the State of production pursuant to a license granted by such State under a program determined by the Secretary to meet criteria under which the State—
(A) may license virus, serum, toxin, and analogous products and establishments that produce such products;
(B) may review the purity, safety, potency, and efficacy of such products prior to licensure;
(C) may review product test results to assure compliance with applicable standards for purity, safety, and potency, prior to release to the market;
(D) may deal effectively with violations of State law regulating virus, serum, toxin, and analogous products; and
(E) exercises the authority referred to in subclauses (A) through (D) consistent with the intent of this chapter of prohibiting the preparation, sale, barter, exchange, or shipment of worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or analogous products.
(Mar. 4, 1913, ch. 145, §1 [part], as added Pub. L. 99–198, title XVII, §1768(c), Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1654.)
Editorial Notes
Codification
See note set out under section 151 of this title.
Another section 1768 of Pub. L. 99–198, cited as a credit to this section, amended section 136y of Title 7, Agriculture.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date
Section effective Dec. 23, 1985, except as otherwise provided, see section 1768(f) of Pub. L. 99–198, set out as an Effective Date of 1985 Amendment note under section 151 of this title.
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of functions of the Secretary of Agriculture relating to agricultural import and entry inspection activities under this chapter to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 231, 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.
§155. Permits for importation
The Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to issue permits for the importation into the United States of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products, for use in the treatment of domestic animals, which are not worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful.
(Mar. 4, 1913, ch. 145, §1 (part), 37 Stat. 833.)
Editorial Notes
Codification
See note set out under section 151 of this title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of functions of the Secretary of Agriculture relating to agricultural import and entry inspection activities under this chapter to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 231, 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.
§156. Licenses conditioned on permitting inspection; suspension of licenses
All licenses issued under authority of this chapter to establishments where such viruses, serums, toxins, or analogous products are prepared for sale, barter, exchange, or shipment as aforesaid, shall be issued on condition that the licensee shall permit the inspection of such establishments and of such products and their preparation; and the Secretary of Agriculture may suspend or revoke any permit or license issued under authority of said chapter, after opportunity for hearing has been granted the licensee or importer, when the Secretary of Agriculture is satisfied that such license or permit is being used to facilitate or effect the preparation, sale, barter, exchange, or shipment as aforesaid, or the importation into the United States of any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product for use in the treatment of domestic animals.
(Mar. 4, 1913, ch. 145, §1 (part), 37 Stat. 833.)
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning act Mar. 4, 1913, ch. 145, 37 Stat. 828, which enacted this chapter, sections 155 and 393 of Title 7, Agriculture, section 316 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, sections 501, 502, 512, 558, and 560 of Title 16, Conservation, and section 630 of former Title 31, Money and Finance, and amended section 83 of former Title 5, Executive Departments and Government Officers and Employees, and sections 518 and 673 of Title 16.
Section 316 of Title 15 was omitted from the Code as superseded by section 5701 et seq. of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Section 630 of former Title 31 was repealed by act Sept. 12, 1950, ch. 946, title III, §301(64), 64 Stat. 842. Section 83 of former Title 5 was repealed and reenacted as section 5946 of Title 5 by Pub. L. 89–554, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 514. For complete classification of act Mar. 4, 1913, to the Code, see Tables.
Codification
See note set out under section 151 of this title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of functions of the Secretary of Agriculture relating to agricultural import and entry inspection activities under this chapter to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 231, 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.
§157. Inspection
Any officer, agent, or employee of the Department of Agriculture duly authorized by the Secretary of Agriculture for the purpose may, at any hour during the daytime or nighttime, enter and inspect any establishment where any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product for use in the treatment of domestic animals is prepared for sale, barter, exchange, or shipment as aforesaid.
(Mar. 4, 1913, ch. 145, §1 (part), 37 Stat. 833; Pub. L. 99–198, title XVII, §1768(d), Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1655.)
Editorial Notes
Codification
See note set out under section 151 of this title.
Another section 1768 of Pub. L. 99–198, cited as a credit to this section, amended section 136y of Title 7, Agriculture.
Amendments
1985—Pub. L. 99–198 struck out "licensed under this chapter" after "enter and inspect any establishment".
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1985 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 99–198 effective Dec. 23, 1985, except as otherwise provided, see section 1768(f) of Pub. L. 99–198, set out as a note under section 151 of this title.
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of functions of the Secretary of Agriculture relating to agricultural import and entry inspection activities under this chapter to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 231, 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.
§158. Offenses; punishment
Any person, firm, or corporation who shall violate any of the provisions of this chapter shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not exceeding $1,000 or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court.
(Mar. 4, 1913, ch. 145, §1 (part), 37 Stat. 833.)
Editorial Notes
References in Text
For explanation of "this chapter", referred to in text, see References in Text note set out under section 156 of this title.
Codification
See note set out under section 151 of this title.
§159. Enforcement; penalties applicable; Congressional findings
The procedures of sections 672, 673, and 674 of this title (relating to detentions, seizures and condemnations, and injunctions, respectively) shall apply to the enforcement of this chapter with respect to any product prepared, sold, bartered, exchanged, or shipped in violation of this chapter or a regulation promulgated under this chapter. The provisions (including penalties) of section 675 of this title shall apply to the performance of official duties under this chapter. Congress finds that (i) the products and activities that are regulated under this chapter are either in interstate or foreign commerce or substantially affect such commerce or the free flow thereof, and (ii) regulation of the products and activities as provided in this chapter is necessary to prevent and eliminate burdens on such commerce and to effectively regulate such commerce.
(Mar. 4, 1913, ch. 145, §1 (part), as added Pub. L. 99–198, title XVII, §1768(e), Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1655.)
Editorial Notes
Codification
See note set out under section 151 of this title.
Another section 1768 of Pub. L. 99–198, cited as a credit to this section, amended section 136y of Title 7, Agriculture.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date
Section effective Dec. 23, 1985, except as otherwise provided, see section 1768(f) of Pub. L. 99–198, set out as an Effective Date of 1985 Amendment note under section 151 of this title.
CHAPTER 5A—BUREAU OF NARCOTICS
§§161 to 165. Omitted
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section 161, acts June 14, 1930, ch. 488, §1, 46 Stat. 585; Oct. 15, 1949, ch. 695, §6(a), 63 Stat. 881, established a Bureau of Narcotics in the Department of the Treasury and provided for appointment of a Commissioner of Narcotics for the Bureau with duty of making an annual report to Congress.
Section 162, acts June 14, 1930, ch. 488, §2, 46 Stat. 585; June 26, 1930, ch. 623, §1, 46 Stat. 819; Oct. 27, 1970, Pub. L. 91–513, title III, §1101(a)(4), 84 Stat. 1291, provided for appointment and compensation of a deputy commissioner and other personnel for the Bureau of Narcotics, required the deputy to be an acting Commissioner during absence or disability of the Commissioner or a vacancy in the office, and authorized designation of a member of the Treasury Department as an acting Commissioner in event there is no Commissioner or deputy commissioner.
Section 163, act Mar. 3, 1927, ch. 348, §4(a), 44 Stat. 1382, provided for transfer of control of narcotic drugs to the Secretary of the Treasury from the Commissioner of Internal Revenue and his assistants, agents, and inspectors.
Section 164, acts June 14, 1930, ch. 488, §3, 46 Stat. 586; June 26, 1930, ch. 623, §2, 46 Stat. 819; Ex. Ord. No. 6639, Mar. 10, 1934, abolished the Federal Narcotics Control Board and transferred powers of such Board to the Commissioner of Narcotics, authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to confer or impose his duties under section 163 of this title upon the Commissioner or other personnel of the Bureau of Narcotics, continued in effect orders, rules, and regulations in existence on July 1, 1930, until modified, superseded, or repealed by the Commissioner, with approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, and provided for determination before such Bureau of Narcotics of proceedings, investigations, and other matters pending on July 1, 1930 before Bureau of Prohibition or Federal Narcotics Control Board respecting narcotic drug law administration or enforcement. Bureau of Prohibition personnel, records, property, and unexpended balances of appropriations were previously transferred to Bureau of Narcotics as were powers of the Attorney General respecting the Bureau of Prohibition to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
Section 165, act June 14, 1930, ch. 488, §5, 46 Stat. 587, provided for review of decisions of Commissioner of Narcotics by the Secretary of the Treasury.
Executive Documents
Transfer of Functions
Functions of the Secretary of the Treasury administered through or respecting the Bureau of Narcotics and all functions of the Bureau, the Commissioner of Narcotics, and the officers, employees and agencies of the Bureau were transferred to the Attorney General and the Bureau and the office of Commissioner of Narcotics were abolished by Reorg. Plan No. 1 of 1968, eff. Apr. 8, 1968, 33 F.R. 5611, 82 Stat. 1367, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. All positions, personnel, property, records, and unexpended balances of appropriations, allocations, and other funds of the Bureau and the Treasury Department, in connection with functions transferred under this reorganization plan, were transferred to the Justice Department.
The Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, including the office of Director thereof, in the Department of Justice was abolished by Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1973, eff. July 1, 1973, 38 F.R. 15932, 87 Stat. 1091, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1973 also created in the Department of Justice a single, comprehensive agency for the enforcement of drug laws to be known as the Drug Enforcement Administration, empowered the Attorney General to authorize the performance by officers, employees, and agencies of the Department of functions transferred to him, and directed the Attorney General to coordinate all drug law enforcement functions to assure maximum cooperation between the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the other units of the Department of Justice involved in drug law enforcement.
CHAPTER 6—NARCOTIC DRUGS
Executive Documents
Executive Order No. 10302
Ex. Ord. No. 10302, Nov. 5, 1951, 16 F.R. 11257, formerly set out as a note preceding section 171, which established the Interdepartmental Committee on Narcotics, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11529, Apr. 24, 1970, 35 F.R. 6697.
IMPORTATION OR EXPORTATION
§§171 to 174. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–513, title III, §1101(a)(2), (4), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1291
Section 171, acts Feb. 9, 1909, ch. 100, §1, 35 Stat. 614; Jan. 17, 1914, ch. 9, 38 Stat. 275; May 26, 1922, ch. 202, §1, 42 Stat. 596; June 14, 1930, ch. 488, §3, 46 Stat. 586; July 1, 1944, ch. 377, §8, 58 Stat. 721; Mar. 8, 1946, ch. 81, §7, 60 Stat. 39; Aug. 8, 1953, ch. 394, §8, 67 Stat. 506, defined "narcotic drug", "United States", and "person". See section 801 et seq. of this title.
Section 172, acts Feb. 9, 1909, ch. 100, §2(a), 35 Stat. 614; Jan. 17, 1914, ch. 9, 38 Stat. 275; June 7, 1924, ch. 352, 43 Stat. 657, established a Federal Narcotics Control Board. Act May 26, 1922, ch. 202, §1, 42 Stat. 596, also classified to this section, was repealed by Pub. L. 89–554, §8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 645.
Section 173, acts Feb. 9, 1909, ch. 100, §2(b), (d), 35 Stat. 614; Jan. 17, 1914, ch. 9, 38 Stat. 275; May 26, 1922, ch. 202, §1, 42 Stat. 596; June 7, 1924, ch. 352, 43 Stat. 657; June 14, 1930, ch. 488, §3, 46 Stat. 586, prohibited importation of narcotic drugs. See section 801 et seq. of this title.
Section 173a, act June 14, 1930, ch. 488, §6, 46 Stat. 587, provided for importation of additional amounts of coca leaves.
Section 174, acts Feb. 9, 1909, ch. 100, §2(c), (f), 35 Stat. 614; Jan. 17, 1914, ch. 9, 38 Stat. 275; May 26, 1922, ch. 202, §1, 42 Stat. 596; June 7, 1924, ch. 352, 43 Stat. 657; Nov. 2, 1951, ch. 666, §§1, 5(1), 65 Stat. 767; July 18, 1956, ch. 629, title I, §105, 70 Stat. 570, set penalties for bringing narcotic drugs into the United States contrary to law. See chapter 13 of this title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of Repeal
Repeal effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 27, 1970, see section 1105(a) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as an Effective Date note under section 951 of this title.
Savings Provision
Pub. L. 91–513, title III, §1103, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1294, provided that:
"(a) Prosecutions for any violation of law occurring prior to the effective date of section 1101 [the first day of the seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970] shall not be affected by the repeals or amendments made by such section or section 1102 [repealing sections 171 to 174, 176 to 185, 188 to 188n, 191 to 193, 197, 198, 199, 501 to 517 of this title, sections 1401 to 1407, and 3616 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, sections 4701 to 4707, 4711 to 4716, 4721 to 4726, 4731 to 4736, 4741 to 4746, 4751 to 4757, 4761, 4762, 4771 to 4776, 7237, 7238, and 7491 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, sections 529a and 529g of former Title 31, Money and Finance, and section 1421m of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions, and amending sections 162 and 967 of this title, section 4251 of Title 18, section 1584 of Title 19, Customs Duties, sections 4901, 4905, 6808, 7012, 7103, 7236, 7607, 7609, 7641, 7651, and 7655 of Title 26, section 2901 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, sections 529d, 529e, and 529f of former Title 31, section 304m of former Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Works, section 3411 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, section 239a of Title 46, Shipping, and section 787 of former Title 49, Transportation], or abated by reason thereof.
"(b) Civil seizures or forfeitures and injunctive proceedings commenced prior to the effective date of section 1101 [the first day of the seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970] shall not be affected by the repeals or amendments made by such section or section 1102, or abated by reason thereof."
§175. Repealed. June 27, 1952, ch. 477, title IV, §403(a)(10), 66 Stat. 279
Section, acts Feb. 9, 1909, ch. 100, §2(e), 35 Stat. 614; Jan. 17, 1914, ch. 9, 38 Stat. 275; May 26, 1922, ch. 202, §1, 42 Stat. 596; June 7, 1924, ch. 352, 43 Stat. 657, related to deportation of convicted aliens. See section 1251 et seq. of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.
§§176 to 185. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–513, title III, §1101(a)(2), (9), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1291, 1292
Section 176, acts Feb. 9, 1909, ch. 100, §2(g), 35 Stat. 614; Jan. 17, 1914, ch. 9, 38 Stat. 275; May 26, 1922, ch. 202 §1, 42 Stat. 596; June 7, 1924, ch. 352, 43 Stat. 657, covered liability of masters of vessels and persons in charge of railroad cars and other vehicles used to carry narcotic drugs.
Section 176a, act Feb. 9, 1909, ch. 100, §2(h), as added July 18, 1956, ch. 629, title I, §106, 70 Stat. 570, covered illegal importation of marihuana and set penalties for such illegal importation. See section 801 et seq. of this title.
Section 176b, act Feb. 9, 1909, ch. 100, §2(i), as added July 18, 1956, ch. 629, title I, §107, 70 Stat. 571, prohibited sale of heroin to juveniles and set penalties for such illegal sale. See section 801 et seq. of this title.
Section 177, acts Feb. 9, 1909, ch. 100, §2(a), 35 Stat. 614; Jan. 17, 1914, ch. 9, 38 Stat. 275; May 26, 1922, ch. 202, §1, 42 Stat. 596; June 7, 1924, ch. 352, 43 Stat. 657, vested administration of Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act in Department of the Treasury.
Section 178, act Feb. 9, 1909, ch. 100, §4, as added Jan. 17, 1914, ch. 9, 38 Stat. 275, prohibited possession of smoking opium. See section 801 et seq. of this title.
Section 179, act Feb. 9, 1909, ch. 100, §4, as added Jan. 17, 1914, ch. 9, 38 Stat. 275, covered liability of masters of vessels and persons in charge of railroad cars or other vehicles for possession of smoking heroin. See section 801 et seq. of this title.
Section 180, act Feb. 9, 1909, ch. 100, §5, as added Jan. 17, 1914, ch. 9, 38 Stat. 275; amended May 26, 1922, ch. 202, §2, 42 Stat. 597; June 14, 1930, ch. 488, §3, 46 Stat. 586, prohibited admission of smoking opium even for transportation to another country or for transferal from one vessel to another.
Section 181, act Feb. 9, 1909, ch. 100, §3, as added Jan. 17, 1914, ch. 9, 38 Stat. 275, created a presumption of illegal importation based upon presence of smoking opium in United States.
Section 182, act Feb. 9, 1909, ch. 100, §6, as added Jan. 17, 1914, ch. 9, 348 Stat. 275; amended May 26, 1922, ch. 202, §2, 42 Stat. 597; June 14, 1930, ch. 488, §3, 46 Stat. 586; Apr. 22, 1960, Pub. L. 86–429, §15, 74 Stat. 66, forbade exportation of narcotic drugs. See section 801 et seq. of this title.
Section 183, act Feb. 9, 1909, ch. 100, §7, as added Jan. 17, 1914, ch. 9, 38 Stat. 277, set out penalties for illegal exportation of narcotic drugs.
Section 184, act Feb. 9, 1909, ch. 100, §8, as added Jan. 17, 1914, ch. 9, 38 Stat. 277; amended May 26, 1922, ch. 202, §3, 42 Stat. 598, provided for seizure and forfeiture of narcotic drugs found on vessels and not shown on manifest or landed from vessels without a permit.
Section 184a, acts July 11, 1941, ch. 289, §1, 55 Stat. 584; July 18, 1956, ch. 629, title I, §108, 70 Stat. 571, made illegal bringing on board a vessel of United States any narcotic drugs not constituting a part of the cargo.
Section 185, act Feb. 9, 1909, ch. 100, §9, as added May 26, 1922, ch. 202, §4, 42 Stat. 598, authorized the citation of act Feb. 9, 1909, ch. 100, as the "Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act".
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of Repeal
Repeal effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 1105(a) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as an Effective Date note under section 951 of this title.
Savings Provision
Prosecutions for any violation of law occurring, and civil seizures or forfeitures and injunctive proceedings commenced, prior to the effective date of repeal of these sections by section 1101 of Pub. L. 91–513 not to be affected or abated by reason thereof, see section 1103 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under sections 171 to 174 of this title.
MARIHUANA AND HEALTH REPORTING
§§186, 187. Transferred
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section 186, Pub. L. 91–296, title V, §501, June 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 352, which related to congressional findings as to marihuana use, the need for a better understanding of the health consequences, and the lack of information thereto, was transferred and set out as a note under section 242 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
Section 187, Pub. L. 91–296, title V, §502, June 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 352, which directed the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare to report to Congress on the current information on the health consequence of marihuana use, with recommendations for legislative and administrative action and to submit a preliminary report no later than 90 days after June 30, 1970, was transferred and set out as a note under section 242 of Title 42.
DOMESTIC CONTROL OF PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE OPIUM POPPY
§§188 to 188n. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–513, title III, §1101(a)(7), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1292
Sections, acts Dec. 11, 1942, ch. 720, 56 Stat. 1045; June 25, 1959, Pub. L. 86–70, §20, 73 Stat. 145; July 12, 1960, Pub. L. 86–624, §16, 74 Stat. 415, known as the "Opium Poppy Control Act of 1942", provided for the domestic control of production and distribution of the opium poppy. Sections 1 to 17 of said Act of Dec. 11, 1942, were classified, respectively, to sections 188, 188 notes, and 188a to 188n of this title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of Repeal
Repeal effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 1105(a) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as an Effective Date note under section 951 of this title.
Savings Provision
Prosecutions for any violation of law occurring, and civil seizures or forfeitures and injunctive proceedings commenced, prior to the effective date of repeal of these sections by section 1101 of Pub. L. 91–513 not to be affected or abated by reason thereof, see section 1103 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 171 of this title.
IMPORTATION BY CHINESE SUBJECTS OR TRAFFICKING IN, IN CHINA, BY UNITED STATES CITIZENS
§§191 to 193. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–513, title III, §1101(a)(1), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1291
Sections, acts Feb. 23, 1887, ch. 210, 24 Stat. 409; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, §§5, 39, 62 Stat. 986, 992, prohibited importation of opium by Chinese subjects and the trafficking in, in China, of opium by United States citizens. Sections 1 to 3 of said Act of Feb. 23, 1887, were classified to sections 191 to 193, respectively, of this title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of Repeal
Repeal effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 1105(a) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as an Effective Date note under section 951 of this title.
Savings Provision
Prosecutions for any violation of law occurring, and civil seizures or forfeitures and injunctive proceedings commenced, prior to the effective date of repeal of these sections by section 1101 of Pub. L. 91–513 not to be affected or abated by reason thereof, see section 1103 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a Savings Provision note under section 171 of this title.
MISCELLANEOUS
§196. Repealed. July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title XIII, §1313, 58 Stat. 714
Section, act June 14, 1930, ch. 488, §4(b), (c), 46 Stat. 587; 1939 Reorg. Plan No. I, §§201, 205, eff. July 1, 1939, 4 F.R. 2728, 53 Stat. 1424, related to studies and investigations by Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. See section 242 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
Editorial Notes
Renumbering of Repealing Act
Title XIII, §1313, formerly title VI, §611, of act July 1, 1944, which repealed these sections, was renumbered title VII, §711, by act Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 958, §5, 60 Stat. 1049; §713, by act Feb. 28, 1948, ch. 83, §9(b), 62 Stat. 47; title VIII, §813, by act July 30, 1956, ch. 779, §3(b), 70 Stat. 721; title IX, §913, by Pub. L. 88–581, §4(b), Sept. 4, 1964, 78 Stat. 919; title X, §1013, by Pub. L. 89–239, §3(b), Oct. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 931; title XI, §1113, by Pub. L. 91–572, §6(b), Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1506; title XII, §1213, by Pub. L. 92–294, §3(b), May 16, 1972, 86 Stat. 137; title XIII, §1313, by Pub. L. 93–154, §2(b)(2), Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 604, and was repealed by Pub. L. 93–222, §7(b), Dec. 29, 1973, 87 Stat. 936.
§§197, 198. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–513, title III, §1101(a)(4), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1291
Section 197, act June 14, 1930, ch. 488, §7, 46 Stat. 587, directed Secretary of the Treasury to cooperate with Secretary of State in discharge of international obligations of United States concerning traffic in narcotic drugs.
Section 198, acts June 14, 1930, ch. 488, §8, 46 Stat. 587; July 18, 1956, ch. 629, title III, §302, 70 Stat. 575, directed Secretary of the Treasury to cooperate with the several States in suppression of abuse of narcotic drugs in their respective jurisdictions.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of Repeal
Repeal effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 1105(a) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as an Effective Date note under section 951 of this title.
Savings Provision
Prosecutions for any violation of law occurring, and civil seizures or forfeitures and injunctive proceedings commenced, prior to the effective date of repeal of these sections by section 1101 of Pub. L. 91–513 not to be affected or abated by reason thereof, see section 1103 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under sections 171 to 174 of this title.
§§198a to 198c. Transferred
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section 198a, act Aug. 11, 1955, ch. 800, §1, 69 Stat. 684, as amended, which related to the authority of Secretary of the Treasury to issue subpenas, administer oaths and compel attendance of witnesses for purpose of any investigation, was transferred to section 967 of this title.
Section 198b, act Aug. 11, 1955, ch. 800, §2, 69 Stat. 685, which related to service of subpenas and proof of service, was transferred to section 968 of this title.
Section 198c, act Aug. 11, 1955, ch. 800, §3, 69 Stat. 685, which related to contempt proceedings, was transferred to section 969 of this title.
§199. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–513, title III, §1101(a)(5), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1292
Section, act July 3, 1930, ch. 829, 46 Stat. 850, authorized payment to persons giving information concerning violations of narcotics laws. See section 886(a) of this title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of Repeal
Repeal effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 1105(a) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as an Effective Date note under section 951 of this title.
Savings Provision
Prosecutions for any violation of law occurring, and civil seizures or forfeitures and injunctive proceedings commenced, prior to the effective date of repeal of this section by section 1101 of Pub. L. 91–513 not to be affected or abated by reason thereof, see section 1103 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 171 of this title.
§§200 to 200b. Repealed. Nov. 2, 1951, ch. 666, §5(2), 65 Stat. 769
Sections, acts Aug. 12, 1937, ch. 598, §§1–3, 50 Stat. 627; July 1, 1944, ch. 377, §9, 58 Stat. 721; Mar. 8, 1946, ch. 81, §8, 60 Stat. 39, related to punishment for offenses after first offense. See section 801 et seq. of this title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Savings Provision
Act Nov. 2, 1951, ch. 666, §6, 65 Stat. 769, provided that any rights or liabilities now existing under former sections 200 to 200b of this title should not be affected by their repeal.
CHAPTER 7—PRACTICE OF PHARMACY AND SALE OF POISONS IN CONSULAR DISTRICTS IN CHINA
§201. Doing business without a license unlawful; employment of Chinese subjects
It shall be unlawful in the consular districts of the United States in China for any person whose permanent allegiance is due to the United States not licensed as a pharmacist within the meaning of this chapter to conduct or manage any pharmacy, drug or chemical store, apothecary shop, or other place of business for the retailing, compounding, or dispensing of any drugs, chemicals, or poisons, or for the compounding of physicians' prescriptions, or to keep exposed for sale at retail, any drugs, chemicals, or poisons, except as hereinafter provided, or, except as hereinafter provided, for any person whose permanent allegiance is due to the United States not licensed as a pharmacist within the meaning of this chapter to compound, dispense, or sell, at retail, any drug, chemical, poison, or pharmaceutical preparation upon the prescription of a physician, or otherwise, or to compound physicians' prescriptions, except as an aid to and under the proper supervision of a pharmacist licensed under this chapter. And it shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation owing permanent allegiance to the United States owning partly or wholly or managing a pharmacy, drug store, or other place of business to cause or permit any person other than a licensed pharmacist to compound, dispense, or sell at retail any drug, medicine, or poison, except as an aid to and under the proper supervision of a licensed pharmacist. Where it is necessary for a person, firm, or corporation whose permanent allegiance is due to the United States and owning partly or wholly or managing a pharmacy, drug store, or other place of business to employ Chinese subjects to compound, dispense, or sell at retail any drug, medicine, or poison, such person, firm, or corporation, owner, part owner, or manager of a pharmacy, drug store, or other place of business may employ such Chinese subjects when their character, ability, and age of twenty-one years or over have been certified to by at least two recognized and reputable practitioners of medicine, or two pharmacists licensed under this chapter whose permanent allegiance is due to the United States.
(Mar. 3, 1915, ch. 74, §1, 38 Stat. 817.)
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section is comprised of part of section 1 of act Mar. 3, 1915. Remainder of such section 1 is classified to section 202 of this title.
§202. Certain classes of persons and corporations excepted; insecticides
Nothing in section 201 of this title shall be construed to interfere with any recognized and reputable practitioner of medicine, dentistry, or veterinary surgery in the compounding of his own prescriptions, or to prevent him from supplying to his patients such medicines as he may deem proper, except as hereinafter provided; nor with the exclusively wholesale business of any person, firm, or corporation whose permanent allegiance is due to the United States dealing and licensed as pharmacists, or having in their employ at least one person who is so licensed, except as hereinafter provided; nor with the sale by persons, firms, or corporations whose permanent allegiance is due to the United States other than pharmacists of poisonous substances sold exclusively for use in the arts, or as insecticides, when such substances are sold in unbroken packages bearing labels having plainly printed upon them the name of the contents, the word "Poison", when practicable the name of at least one suitable antidote, and the name and address of the vender.
(Mar. 3, 1915, ch. 74, §1, 38 Stat. 818.)
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section is comprised of part of section 1 of act Mar. 3, 1915. Remainder of such section 1 is classified to section 201 of this title.
§203. Application for license; requirements; qualifications for license
Every person whose permanent allegiance is due to the United States desiring to practice as a pharmacist in the consular districts in China shall file with the consul an application, duly verified under oath, setting forth the name and age of the applicant, the place or places at which he pursued and the time spent in the study of pharmacy, the experience which the applicant has had in compounding physicians' prescriptions under the direction of a licensed pharmacist, and the name and location of the school or college of pharmacy, if any, of which he is a graduate, and shall submit evidence sufficient to show to the satisfaction of said consul that he is of good moral character and not addicted to the use of alcoholic liquors or narcotic drugs so as to render him unfit to practice pharmacy. Applicants shall be not less than twenty-one years of age and shall have had at least four years' experience in the practice of pharmacy or shall have served three years under the instruction of a regularly licensed pharmacist, and any applicant who has been graduated from a school or college of pharmacy recognized by the proper board of his State, Territory, District of Columbia, or other possession of the United States as in good standing shall be entitled to practice upon presentation of his diploma.
(Mar. 3, 1915, ch. 74, §2, 38 Stat. 818.)
Editorial Notes
Codification
The words "now practicing as a pharmacist or," which preceded "desiring to practice" in the original text of this section, were omitted as obsolete.
§204. Issuance of license
If the applicant for license as a pharmacist has complied with the requirements of section 203 of this title, the consul shall issue to him a license which shall entitle him to practice pharmacy in the consular districts of the United States in China, subject to the provisions of this chapter.
(Mar. 3, 1915, ch. 74, §3, 38 Stat. 819.)
§205. Display of license in pharmacy
Every license to practice pharmacy shall be conspicuously displayed by the person to whom the same has been issued in the pharmacy, drug store, or place of business, if any, of which the said person is the owner or part owner or manager.
(Mar. 3, 1915, ch. 74, §5, 38 Stat. 819.)
§206. Revocation of license
The license of any person whose permanent allegiance is due to the United States to practice pharmacy in the consular districts of the United States in China may be revoked by the consul if such person be found to have obtained such license by fraud, or be addicted to the use of any narcotic or stimulant, or to be suffering from physical or mental disease, in such manner and to such extent as to render it expedient that in the interests of the public his license be canceled; or to be of an immoral character; or if such person be convicted in any court of competent jurisdiction of any offense involving moral turpitude. It shall be the duty of the consul to investigate any case in which it is discovered by him or made to appear to his satisfaction that any license issued under the provisions of this chapter is revocable and shall, after full hearing, if in his judgment the facts warrant it, revoke such license.
(Mar. 3, 1915, ch. 74, §4, 38 Stat. 819.)
§207. Restrictions on sales; written orders or prescriptions
It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation whose permanent allegiance is due to the United States, either personally or by servant or agent or as the servant or agent of any other person or of any firm or corporation, to sell, furnish, or give away any cocaine, salts of cocaine, or preparation containing cocaine or salts of cocaine, or morphine or preparation containing morphine or salts of morphine, or any opium or preparation containing opium, or any chloral hydrate or preparation containing chloral hydrate, except upon the original written order or prescription of a recognized and reputable practitioner of medicine, dentistry, or veterinary medicine, which order or prescription shall be dated and shall contain the name of the person for whom prescribed, or, if ordered by a practitioner of veterinary medicine, shall state the kind of animal for which ordered and shall be signed by the person giving the order or prescription. Such order or prescription shall be, for a period of three years, retained on file by the person, firm, or corporation who compounds or dispenses the article ordered or prescribed, and it shall not be compounded or dispensed after the first time except upon the written order of the original prescriber.
(Mar. 3, 1915, ch. 74, §6, 38 Stat. 819.)
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section is comprised of part of section 6 of act Mar. 3, 1915. Remainder of such section 6 is classified to section 208 of this title.
§208. Certain preparations and sales excepted
The provisions of section 207 of this title shall not apply to preparations containing not more than two grains of opium or not more than one-quarter grain of morphine, or not more than one-quarter grain of cocaine, or not more than two grains of chloral hydrate in the fluid ounce, or, of a solid preparation, in one avoirdupois ounce, nor shall they apply to preparations sold in good faith for diarrhea and cholera, each bottle or package of which is accompanied by specific directions for use and caution against habitual use, nor to liniments or ointments sold in good faith as such when plainly labeled "for external use only", nor to powder of ipecac and opium, commonly known as Dover's powder, when sold in quantities not exceeding twenty grains. The provisions of this section or section 207 of this title shall not be construed to permit the selling, furnishing, giving away, or prescribing for the use of any habitual users of the same any cocaine, salts of cocaine, or preparation containing cocaine or salts of cocaine, or morphine or salts of morphine, or preparations containing morphine or salts of morphine, or any opium or preparation containing opium, or any chloral hydrate or preparation containing chloral hydrate. But the preceding sentence shall not be construed to prevent any recognized or reputable practitioner of medicine whose permanent allegiance is due to the United States from furnishing in good faith for the use of any habitual user of narcotic drugs who is under his professional care such substances as he may deem necessary for their treatment, when such prescriptions are not given or substances furnished for the purpose of evading the provisions of this section. But the provisions of this section or section 207 of this title shall not apply to sales at wholesale between jobbers, manufacturers, and retail druggists, hospitals, and scientific or public institutions.
(Mar. 3, 1915, ch. 74, §6, 38 Stat. 819.)
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section is comprised of section 6 of act Mar. 3, 1915. Remainder of such section 6 is classified to section 207 of this title.
§209. Poisons; book entry of sale; labels
It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation whose permanent allegiance is due to the United States to sell or deliver to any other person any of the following-described substances, or any poisonous compound, combination, or preparation thereof, to wit: The compounds of and salts of antimony, arsenic, barium, chromium, copper, gold, lead, mercury, silver, and zinc, the caustic hydrates of sodium and potassium, solution or water of ammonia, methyl alcohol, paregoric, the concentrated mineral acids, oxalic and hydrocyanic acids and their salts, yellow phosphorus, Paris green, carbolic acid, the essential oils of almonds, pennyroyal, tansy, rue, and savin; croton oil, creosote, chloroform, cantharides, or aconite, belladonna, bitter almonds, colchicum, cotton root, cocculus indicus, conium, cannabis indica, digitalis, ergot, hyoscyamus, ignatia, lobelia, nux vomica, physostigma, phytolacca, strophanthus, stramonium, veratrum viride, or any of the poisonous alkaloids or alkaloidal salts derived from the foregoing, or any other poisonous alkaloids or their salts, or any other virulent poison, except in the manner following, and, moreover, if the applicant be less than eighteen years of age, except upon the written order of a person known or believed to be an adult.
It shall first be learned, by due inquiry, that the person to whom delivery is about to be made is aware of the poisonous character of the substance and that it is desired for a lawful purpose, and the box, bottle, or other package shall be plainly labeled with the name of the substance, the word "Poison", the name of at least one suitable antidote, when practicable, and the name and address of the person, firm, or corporation dispensing the substance. And before delivery be made of any of the foregoing substances, excepting solution or water of ammonia and sulphate of copper, there shall be recorded in a book kept for that purpose the name of the article, the quantity delivered, the purpose for which it is to be used, the date of delivery, the name and address of the person for whom it is procured, and the name of the individual personally dispensing the same; and said book shall be preserved by the owner thereof for at least three years after the date of the last entry therein. The foregoing provisions shall not apply to articles dispensed upon the order of persons believed by the dispenser to be recognized and reputable practitioners of medicine, dentistry, or veterinary surgery. When a physician writes upon his prescription a request that it be marked or labeled "Poison" the pharmacist shall, in the case of liquids, place the same in a colored glass, roughened bottle, of the kind commonly known in trade as a "poison bottle", and, in the case of dry substances, he shall place a poison label upon the container. The record of sale and delivery above mentioned shall not be required of manufacturers and wholesalers who shall sell any of the foregoing substances at wholesale to licensed pharmacists, but the box, bottle, or other package containing such substance, when sold at wholesale, shall be properly labeled with the name of the substance, the word "Poison," and the name and address of the manufacturer or wholesaler. It shall not be necessary, in sales either at wholesale or at retail, to place a poison label upon, nor to record the delivery of, the sulphide of antimony, or the oxide or carbonate of zinc, or of colors ground in oil and intended for use as paints, or calomel; nor in the case of preparations containing any of the substances named in this section, when a single box, bottle, or other package, or when the bulk of one-half fluid ounce or the weight of one-half avoirdupois ounce does not contain more than an adult medicinal dose of such substance; nor in the case of liniments or ointments sold in good faith as such, when plainly labeled "For external use only"; nor, in the case of preparations put up and sold in the form of pills, tablets, or lozenges, containing any of the substances enumerated in this section and intended for internal use, when the dose recommended does not contain more than one-fourth of an adult medicinal dose of such substance.
For the purpose of this and of every other section of this chapter no box, bottle, or other package shall be regarded as having been labeled "Poison" unless the word "Poison" appears conspicuously thereon, printed in plain, uncondensed gothic letters in red ink.
(Mar. 3, 1915, ch. 74, §7, 38 Stat. 820.)
§210. Pharmacist; unauthorized use of title
It shall be unlawful for any person whose permanent allegiance is due to the United States, not legally licensed as a pharmacist, to take, use, or exhibit the title of pharmacist, or licensed or registered pharmacist, or the title of druggist or apothecary, or any other title or description of like import.
(Mar. 3, 1915, ch. 74, §10, 38 Stat. 821.)
§211. Preservation of originals of prescriptions compounded and copies thereof; inspection of prescriptions by consular officers; marking containers of drugs
Every person, firm, or corporation whose permanent allegiance is due to the United States owning, partly owning, or managing a drug store or pharmacy shall keep in his place of business a suitable book or file, in which shall be preserved for a period of not less than three years the original of every prescription compounded or dispensed at such store or pharmacy, or a copy of such prescription, except when the preservation of the original is required by section 207 or 208 of this title. Upon request the owner, part owner, or manager of such store shall furnish to the prescribing physician, or to the person for whom such prescription was compounded or dispensed, a true and correct copy thereof. Any prescription required by section 207 or 208 of this title, and any prescription for, or register of sales of, substances mentioned in such sections shall at all times be open to inspection by duly authorized consular officers in the consular districts of the United States in China. No person, firm, or corporation whose permanent allegiance is due to the United States shall, in a consular district, compound or dispense any drug or drugs or deliver the same to any other person without marking on the container thereof the name of the drug or drugs contained therein and directions for using the same.
(Mar. 3, 1915, ch. 74, §9, 38 Stat. 821.)
§212. Offenses; punishment; duty to enforce provisions
Any person, firm, or corporation, whose permanent allegiance is due to the United States, violating any of the provisions of this chapter shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not less than $50 and not more than $100 or by imprisonment for not less than one month and not more than sixty days, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court, and if the offense be continuing in its character, each week or part of a week during which it continues shall constitute a separate and distinct offense. And it shall be the duty of the consular and judicial officers of the United States in China to enforce the provisions of this chapter.
(Mar. 3, 1915, ch. 74, §11, 38 Stat. 821.)
§213. Fraudulent representations to evade or defeat restrictions
No person, firm, or corporation whose permanent allegiance is due to the United States seeking to procure in the consular districts of the United States in China any substance the sale of which is regulated by the provisions of this chapter shall make any fraudulent representations so as to evade or defeat the restrictions herein imposed.
(Mar. 3, 1915, ch. 74, §8, 38 Stat. 821.)
§214. Previous laws unaffected
Nothing in this chapter shall be construed as modifying or revoking any of the provisions of sections 191 to 193 1 of this title.
(Mar. 3, 1915, ch. 74, §13, 38 Stat. 822.)
Editorial Notes
References in Text
Sections 191 to 193 of this title, referred to in text, were repealed by Pub. L. 91–513, title III, §1101(a)(1), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1291. See section 801 et seq. of this title.
1 See References in Text note below.
§215. "Consul" defined
The word "consul" as used in this chapter shall mean the consular officer in charge of the district concerned.
(Mar. 3, 1915, ch. 74, §12, 38 Stat. 822.)
CHAPTER 8—NARCOTIC FARMS
§§221 to 237. Repealed. July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title XIII, §1313, 58 Stat. 714
Section 221, act Jan. 19, 1929, ch. 82, §1, 45 Stat. 1085, defined "habit-forming narcotic drug", "narcotic", and "addict". See section 201 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
Section 222, act Jan. 19, 1929, ch. 82, §2, 45 Stat. 1085, provided for narcotic farms.
Section 222a, act June 23, 1935, ch. 725, §1, 49 Stat. 1840, provided name for narcotic farm at Lexington, Ky.
Section 222b, act Mar. 28, 1938, ch. 55, §1, 52 Stat. 134, provided name for narcotic farm at Fort Worth, Texas.
Section 223, act Jan. 19, 1929, ch. 82, §3, 45 Stat. 1085; 1939 Reorg. Plan No. I, §205(b), eff. July 1, 1939, 4 F.R. 2728, 53 Stat. 1425, provided for an annual estimate of expenses of maintenance of narcotic farms.
Section 224, act Jan. 19, 1929, ch. 82, §4, 45 Stat. 1086, provided for construction of buildings for two of the narcotic farms.
Section 225, acts Jan. 19, 1929, ch. 82, §5, 45 Stat. 1086; June 14, 1930, ch. 488, §4(a), 46 Stat. 586; 1939 Reorg. Plan No. I, §§201, 205, eff. July 1, 1939, 4 F.R. 2728, 53 Stat. 1424, provided for control and management of narcotic farms.
Section 226, act Jan. 19, 1929, ch. 82, §6, 45 Stat. 1086; 1939 Reorg. Plan No. I, §§201, 205, eff. July 1, 1939, 4 F.R. 2728, 53 Stat. 1424, 1425, provided for care and treatment of addicts.
Section 227, act Jan. 19, 1929, ch. 82, §7, 45 Stat. 1086, provided for transfer to and from farms of addicts who are prisoners.
Section 228, act Jan. 19, 1929, ch. 82, §8, 45 Stat. 1087, provided that it was the duty of prosecuting officers to report convicted persons believed to be addicts.
Section 229, act Jan. 19, 1929, ch. 82, §9, 45 Stat. 1087; 1939 Reorg. Plan No. I, §§201, 205, eff. July 1, 1939, 4 F.R. 2728, 53 Stat. 1424, 1425, provided for employment of addicts.
Section 230, act Jan. 19, 1929, ch. 82, §10, 45 Stat. 1087, provided for parole of inmates.
Section 231, act Jan. 19, 1929, ch. 82, §11, 45 Stat. 1087; 1939 Reorg. Plan No. I, §§201, 205, eff. July 1, 1939, 4 F.R. 2728, 53 Stat. 1424, 1425, provided for discharge of addicts.
Section 232, act Jan. 19, 1929, ch. 82, §12, 45 Stat. 1088; 1939 Reorg. Plan No. I, §§201, 205, eff. July 1, 1939, 4 F.R. 2728, 53 Stat. 1424, 1425, provided for admission of voluntary patients.
Section 233, act Jan. 19, 1929, ch. 82, §13, 45 Stat. 1088; 1939 Reorg. Plan No. I, §§201, 205, eff. July 1, 1939, 4 F.R. 2728, 53 Stat. 1424, 1425, provided for furnishing of gratuities and transportation to discharged convicts.
Section 234, act. Jan. 19, 1929, ch. 82, §14, 45 Stat. 1089; 1939 Reorg. Plan No. I, §§201, 205, eff. July 1, 1939, 4 F.R. 2728, 53 Stat. 1424, 1425, provided penalties for introduction of narcotic drugs into a narcotic farm.
Section 235, act Jan. 19, 1929, ch. 82, §15, 45 Stat. 1089, provided penalties for escape of inmates.
Section 236, act Jan. 19, 1929, ch. 82, §16, 45 Stat. 1089, provided penalties for procuring of escape by inmates.
Section 237, act Jan. 19, 1929, ch. 82, §17, 45 Stat. 1089, provided for deportation of alien inmates who are entitled to a discharge from narcotic farms.
Editorial Notes
Renumbering of Repealing Act
Title XIII, §1313, formerly title VI, §611, of act July 1, 1944, which repealed these sections, was renumbered title VII, §711, by act Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 958, §5, 60 Stat. 1049; §713, by act Feb. 28, 1948, ch. 83, §9(b), 62 Stat. 47; title VIII, §813, by act July 30, 1956, ch. 779, §3(b), 70 Stat. 721; title IX, §913, by Pub. L. 88–581, §4(b), Sept. 4, 1964, 78 Stat. 919; title X, §1013, by Pub. L. 89–239, §3(b), Oct. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 931; title XI, §1113, by Pub. L. 91–572, §6(b), Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1506; title XII, §1213, by Pub. L. 92–294, §3(b), May 16, 1972, 86 Stat. 137; title XIII, §1313, by Pub. L. 93–154, §2(b)(2), Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 604, and was repealed by Pub. L. 93–222, §7(b), Dec. 29, 1973, 87 Stat. 936.
CHAPTER 9—FEDERAL FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETIC ACT
SUBCHAPTER I—SHORT TITLE
SUBCHAPTER II—DEFINITIONS
SUBCHAPTER III—PROHIBITED ACTS AND PENALTIES
SUBCHAPTER IV—FOOD
SUBCHAPTER V—DRUGS AND DEVICES
Part A—Drugs and Devices
Part B—Drugs for Rare Diseases or Conditions
Part C—Electronic Product Radiation Control
Part D—Dissemination of Treatment Information
Part E—General Provisions Relating to Drugs and Devices
Part F—New Animal Drugs for Minor Use and Minor Species
Part G—Medical Gases
Part H—Pharmaceutical Distribution Supply Chain
Part I—Nonprescription Sunscreen and Other Active Ingredients
SUBCHAPTER VI—COSMETICS
SUBCHAPTER VII—GENERAL AUTHORITY
Part A—General Administrative Provisions
Part B—Colors
Part C—Fees
subpart 1—freedom of information fees
subpart 2—fees relating to drugs
subpart 3—fees relating to devices
subpart 4—fees relating to animal drugs
subpart 5—fees relating to generic new animal drugs
subpart 6—fees related to food
subpart 7—fees relating to generic drugs
subpart 8—fees relating to biosimilar biological products
subpart 9—fees relating to outsourcing facilities
subpart 10—fees relating to over-the-counter drugs
Part D—Information and Education
Part E—Environmental Impact Review
Part F—National Uniformity for Nonprescription Drugs and Preemption for Labeling or Packaging of Cosmetics
Part G—Safety Reports
Part H—Serious Adverse Event Reports
Part I—Reagan-Udall Foundation for the Food and Drug Administration
SUBCHAPTER VIII—IMPORTS AND EXPORTS
SUBCHAPTER IX—TOBACCO PRODUCTS
SUBCHAPTER X—MISCELLANEOUS
SUBCHAPTER I—SHORT TITLE
§301. Short title
This chapter may be cited as the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, §1, 52 Stat. 1040.)
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date; Postponement in Certain Cases
Act June 23, 1939, ch. 242, §§1, 2, 53 Stat. 853, 854, provided that:
"(b) The Secretary of Agriculture shall promulgate regulations further postponing to July 1, 1940[,] the effective date of the provisions of sections 403(e)(1) [343(e)(1) of this title]; 403(g), (h), (i), (j), and (k) [343(g) to (k)]; 502(b), (d), (e), (f), (g), and (h) [352(b), (d) to (h) of this title]; and 602(b) [362(b) of this title] of such Act with respect to lithographed labeling which was manufactured prior to February 1, 1939, and to containers bearing labeling which, prior to February 1, 1939, was lithographed, etched, stamped, pressed, printed, fused or blown on or in such containers, where compliance with such provisions would be unduly burdensome by reason of causing the loss of valuable stocks of such labeling or containers, and where such postponement would not prevent the public interest being adequately served: Provided, That in no case shall such regulations apply to labeling which would not have complied with the requirements of the Food and Drugs Act of June 30, 1906, as amended.
"(b) The provisions of such Act of June 30, 1906, as amended, [sections 1 to 5, 7 to 15, and 372a of this title] to the extent that they impose, or authorize the imposition of, any requirement imposed by section 403(k) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [section 343(k) of this title], shall remain in force until January 1, 1940.
"(c) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 1 of this Act, such section shall not apply—
"(1) to the provisions of section 502(d) and (e) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [352(d), (e) of this title], insofar as such provisions relate to any substance named in section 8 [section 10 of this title], paragraph second, under the heading 'In the case of drugs:', of the Food and Drugs Act of June 30, 1906, as amended, or a derivative of any such substance; or
"(2) to the provisions of section 502(b), (d), (e), (f), (g), and (h) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [352(b), (d) to (h) of this title], insofar as such provisions relate to drugs to which section 505 [355 of this title] of such Act applies."
Effective Date
Act June 25, 1938, ch. 675, §1002(a), formerly §902(a), 52 Stat. 1059; renumbered §1002(a), Pub. L. 111–31, div. A, title I, §101(b)(2), June 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1784, provided that: "This Act [enacting this chapter and repealing sections 1 to 5 and 7 to 15 of this title], shall take effect twelve months after the date of its enactment [June 25, 1938]. The Federal Food and Drugs Act of June 30, 1906, as amended (U.S.C., 1934 ed., title 21, secs. 1–15), shall remain in force until such effective date, and, except as otherwise provided in this subsection, is hereby repealed effective upon such date: Provided, That the provisions of section 701 [section 371 of this title] shall become effective on the enactment of this Act, and thereafter the Secretary is authorized hereby to (1) conduct hearings and to promulgate regulations which shall become effective on or after the effective date of this Act as the Secretary shall direct, and (2) designate prior to the effective date of this Act food having common or usual names and exempt such food from the requirements of clause (2) of section 403(i) [section 343(i) of this title] for a reasonable time to permit the formulation, promulgation, and effective application of definitions and standards of identity therefor as provided by section 401 [section 341 of this title]: Provided further, That sections 502(j), 505, and 601(a) [sections 352(j), 355, 361(a), respectively of this title], and all other provisions of this Act to the extent that they may relate to the enforcement of such sections, shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act, except that in the case of a cosmetic to which the proviso of section 601(a) [section 361(a) of this title], relates, such cosmetic shall not, prior to the ninetieth day after such date of enactment, be deemed adulterated by reason of the failure of its label to bear the legend prescribed in such proviso: Provided further, That the Act of March 4, 1923 (U.S.C., 1934 ed., title 21, sec. 6 [section 321a of this title]; 42 Stat. 1500, ch. 268), defining butter and providing a standard therefor; the Act of July 24, 1919 (U.S.C., 1934 ed., title 21, sec. 10 [section 321b of this title]; 41 Stat. 271, ch. 26], defining wrapped meats as in package form; and the amendment to the Food and Drugs Act, section 10A, approved August 27, 1935 (U.S.C. 1934 ed., Sup. III, title 21, sec. 14a [section 372a of this title]) shall remain in force and effect and be applicable to the provisions of this Act."
Short Title of 2023 Amendment
Pub. L. 118–15, div. B, title III, §2301(a), Sept. 30, 2023, 137 Stat. 86, provided that: "This chapter [chapter 1 (§§2301–2307) of subtitle A of title III of div. B of Pub. L. 118–15, amending sections 379j–11 to 379j–13 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–11 to 379j–13 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–12 and 379j–13 of this title] may be cited as the 'Animal Drug User Fee Amendments of 2023'."
Pub. L. 118–15, div. B, title III, §2311(a), Sept. 30, 2023, 137 Stat. 90, provided that: "This chapter [chapter 2 (§§2311–2316) of subtitle A of title III of div. B of Pub. L. 118–15, amending sections 379j–21 and 379j–22 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–21 and 379j–22 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–21 and 379j–22 of this title] may be cited as the 'Animal Generic Drug User Fee Amendments of 2023'."
Short Title of 2022 Amendment
Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title III, §3001, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5807, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Food and Drug Omnibus Reform Act of 2022'."
Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title III, §3501, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5847, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle E (§§3501–3508), enacting sections 364 to 364j of this title, amending sections 331, 361, 362, 374, and 381 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 331, 364, 364d, and 364e of this title] may be cited as the 'Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act of 2022'."
Pub. L. 117–180, div. F, §1, Sept. 30, 2022, 136 Stat. 2139, provided that: "This division [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'FDA User Fee Reauthorization Act of 2022'."
Pub. L. 117–180, div. F, title I, §1001(a), Sept. 30, 2022, 136 Stat. 2140, provided that: "This title [amending sections 379g, 379h, and 379h–2 of this title, enacting notes set out under sections 379g and 379h–2 of this title, and repealing notes set out under sections 379g and 379h–2 of this title] may be cited as the 'Prescription Drug User Fee Amendments of 2022'."
Pub. L. 117–180, div. F, title II, §2001(a), Sept. 30, 2022, 136 Stat. 2147, provided that: "This title [amending sections 360d, 360m, and 379i to 379j–1 of this title, enacting notes set out under sections 360d, 379i, and 379j–1 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 379i and 379j–1 of this title] may be cited as the 'Medical Device User Fee Amendments of 2022'."
Pub. L. 117–180, div. F, title III, §3001(a), Sept. 30, 2022, 136 Stat. 2155, provided that: "This title [amending sections 379j–42 and 379j–43 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–41 and 379j–43 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–41 and 379j–43 of this title] may be cited as the 'Generic Drug User Fee Amendments of 2022'."
Pub. L. 117–180, div. F, title IV, §4001(a), Sept. 30, 2022, 136 Stat. 2160, provided that: "This title [amending sections 379j–51 to 379j–53 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–51 and 379j–53 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–51 and 379j–53 of this title] may be cited as the 'Biosimilar User Fee Amendments of 2022'."
Pub. L. 117–101, §1, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 47, provided that: "This Act [amending section 379dd of this title and section 290b of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] may be cited as the 'Supporting the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health and the Reagan-Udall Foundation for the Food and Drug Administration Act'."
Short Title of 2021 Amendment
Pub. L. 117–79, §1, Dec. 23, 2021, 135 Stat. 1533, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 360ee–1 of this title, section 280g–7b of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and provisions set out as notes under sections 360aa and 360ee of this title] may be cited as the 'Accelerating Access to Critical Therapies for ALS Act'."
Pub. L. 117–11, §1, Apr. 23, 2021, 135 Stat. 262, provided that: "This Act [amending section 321 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 321 of this title] may be cited as the 'Food Allergy Safety, Treatment, Education, and Research Act of 2021' or the 'FASTER Act of 2021'."
Pub. L. 116–304, §1, Jan. 5, 2021, 134 Stat. 4915, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 321 and 381 of this title] may be cited as the 'Safeguarding Therapeutics Act'."
Pub. L. 116–290, §1, Jan. 5, 2021, 134 Stat. 4889, provided that: "This Act [amending section 355 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 355 of this title] may be cited as the 'Orange Book Transparency Act of 2020'."
Short Title of 2018 Amendment
Pub. L. 115–271, §1(a), Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3894, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Substance Use–Disorder Prevention that Promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment for Patients and Communities Act' or the 'SUPPORT for Patients and Communities Act'."
Pub. L. 115–271, title III, §3011, Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3935, provided that: "This chapter [chapter 2 (§§3011–3014) of subtitle A of title III of Pub. L. 115–271, enacting sections 360bbb–8d and 384f of this title, amending sections 331 and 381 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 331 of this title] may be cited as the 'Stop Counterfeit Drugs by Regulating and Enhancing Enforcement Now Act' or the 'SCREEN Act'."
Pub. L. 115–271, title III, §3021, Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3938, provided that: "This chapter [chapter 3 (§§3021, 3022) of subtitle A of title III of Pub. L. 115–271, enacting section 384g of this title and amending sections 331, 335a, and 381 of this title] may be cited as the 'Stop Illicit Drug Importation Act of 2018'."
Pub. L. 115–271, title III, §3031, Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3940, provided that: "This chapter [chapter 4 (§§3031, 3032) of subtitle A of title III of Pub. L. 115–271, amending section 355–1 of this title] may be cited as the 'Securing Opioids and Unused Narcotics with Deliberate Disposal and Packaging Act of 2018' or the 'SOUND Disposal and Packaging Act'."
Pub. L. 115–234, §1, Aug. 14, 2018, 132 Stat. 2427, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 348, 352, 360b, 360ccc, 360ccc–1, 379j–11 to 379j–13, 379–21, 379j–22, and 2102 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 348, 352, 360b, 360ccc–1, 379j–11 to 379j–13, 379j–21, and 379j–22 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–12, 379j–13, 379j–21, and 379j–22 of this title] may be cited as the 'Animal Drug and Animal Generic Drug User Fee Amendments of 2018'."
Pub. L. 115–234, title I, §101(a), Aug. 14, 2018, 132 Stat. 2428, provided that: "This title [amending sections 379j–11 to 379j–13 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–11 to 379j–13 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–12 and 379j–13 of this title] may be cited as the 'Animal Drug User Fee Amendments of 2018'."
Pub. L. 115–234, title II, §201(a), Aug. 14, 2018, 132 Stat. 2432, provided that: "This title [amending sections 379j–21 and 379j–22 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–21 and 379j–22 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–21 and 379j–22 of this title] may be cited as the 'Animal Generic Drug User Fee Amendments of 2018'."
Pub. L. 115–176, §1, May 30, 2018, 132 Stat. 1372, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 360bbb–0a of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 360bbb–0a of this title] may be cited as the 'Trickett Wendler, Frank Mongiello, Jordan McLinn, and Matthew Bellina Right to Try Act of 2017'."
Short Title of 2017 Amendment
Pub. L. 115–52, §1, Aug. 18, 2017, 131 Stat. 1005, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'FDA Reauthorization Act of 2017'."
Pub. L. 115–52, title I, §101(a), Aug. 18, 2017, 131 Stat. 1006, provided that: "This title [amending sections 379h, 379h–2, and 379j–12 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 379g and 379h–2 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 379g and 379h–2 of this title] may be cited as the 'Prescription Drug User Fee Amendments of 2017'."
Pub. L. 115–52, title II, §201(a), Aug. 18, 2017, 131 Stat. 1013, provided that: "This title [amending sections 360d, 360e, 360m, 379d–3, 379i, 379j, 379j–1, and 379k–1 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 379i and 379j–1 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 379i of this title] may be cited as the 'Medical Device User Fee Amendments of 2017'."
Pub. L. 115–52, title III, §301(a), Aug. 18, 2017, 131 Stat. 1020, provided that: "This title [amending sections 379j–41 to 379j–43 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–41 and 379j–43 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–41 and 379j–43 of this title] may be cited as the 'Generic Drug User Fee Amendments of 2017'."
Pub. L. 115–52, title IV, §401(a), Aug. 18, 2017, 131 Stat. 1028, provided that: "This title [amending sections 379j–51 to 379j–53 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–51 and 379j–53 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–51 and 379j–53 of this title] may be cited as the 'Biosimilar User Fee Amendments of 2017'."
Short Title of 2016 Amendment
Pub. L. 114–229, §1, Sept. 30, 2016, 130 Stat. 943, provided that: "This Act [amending section 360ff of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 360ff of this title] may be cited as the 'Advancing Hope Act of 2016'."
Pub. L. 114–146, §1, Apr. 19, 2016, 130 Stat. 357, provided that: "This Act [amending section 360n of this title] may be cited as the 'Adding Zika Virus to the FDA Priority Review Voucher Program Act'."
Short Title of 2015 Amendment
Pub. L. 114–114, §1, Dec. 28, 2015, 129 Stat. 3129, provided that: "This Act [amending section 331 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 331 of this title] may be cited as the 'Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015'."
Pub. L. 114–89, §1, Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 698, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 355, 360b, 360ccc to 360ccc–2, 811, 823, and 953 of this title, section 156 of Title 35, Patents, and section 262 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] may be cited as the 'Improving Regulatory Transparency for New Medical Therapies Act'."
Short Title of 2014 Amendment
Pub. L. 113–233, §1, Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2127, provided that: "This Act [amending section 360n of this title] may be cited as the 'Adding Ebola to the FDA Priority Review Voucher Program Act'."
Pub. L. 113–195, §1, Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2035, provided that: "This Act [enacting part I of subchapter V of this chapter and provisions set out as a note under section 360fff of this title] may be cited as the 'Sunscreen Innovation Act'."
Short Title of 2013 Amendment
Pub. L. 113–54, §1, Nov. 27, 2013, 127 Stat. 587, provided that: "This Act [enacting part H of subchapter V and subpart 9 of part C of subchapter VII of this chapter and sections 353a–1 and 353b of this title, amending sections 331, 333, 352 to 353a, 353b, 353c, and 360eee–1 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 331, 333, and 353 of this title] may be cited as the 'Drug Quality and Security Act'."
Pub. L. 113–54, title I, §101, Nov. 27, 2013, 127 Stat. 587, provided that: "This Act [probably means "This title", enacting subpart 9 of part C of subchapter VII of this chapter and sections 353a–1 and 353b of this title, amending sections 331, 352, 353a, 353b, and 353c of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 331 of this title] may be cited as the 'Compounding Quality Act'."
Pub. L. 113–54, title II, §201, Nov. 27, 2013, 127 Stat. 599, provided that: "This title [enacting part H of subchapter V of this chapter, amending sections 331, 333, 352, 353, and 360eee–1 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 331, 333, and 353 of this title] may be cited as the 'Drug Supply Chain Security Act'."
Pub. L. 113–14, §1, June 13, 2013, 127 Stat. 451, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 379j–11 to 379j–13, 379j–21, and 379j–22 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 379j–11 to 379j–13, 379j–21, and 379j–22 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–11, 379j–21, and 379j–22 of this title] may be cited as the 'Animal Drug and Animal Generic Drug User Fee Reauthorization Act of 2013'."
Pub. L. 113–14, title I, §101(a), June 13, 2013, 127 Stat. 451, provided that: "This title [amending sections 379j–11 to 379j–13 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–11 to 379j–13 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under section 379j–11 of this title] may be cited as the 'Animal Drug User Fee Amendments of 2013'."
Pub. L. 113–14, title II, §201(a), June 13, 2013, 127 Stat. 464, provided that: "This title [amending sections 379j–21 and 379j–22 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–21 and 379j–22 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–21 and 379j–22 of this title] may be cited as the 'Animal Generic Drug User Fee Amendments of 2013'."
Short Title of 2012 Amendment
Pub. L. 112–193, §1, Oct. 5, 2012, 126 Stat. 1443, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 352, 379j, and 379j–42 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 379j–42 of this title] may be cited as the 'FDA User Fee Corrections Act of 2012'."
Pub. L. 112–144, §1, July 9, 2012, 126 Stat. 993, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act'."
Pub. L. 112–144, title I, §101(a), July 9, 2012, 126 Stat. 996, provided that: "This title [amending sections 379g, 379h, and 379h–2 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 379g and 379h–2 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 379g and 379h–2 of this title] may be cited as the 'Prescription Drug User Fee Amendments of 2012'."
Pub. L. 112–144, title II, §201(a), July 9, 2012, 126 Stat. 1002, provided that: "This title [enacting section 379d–3 of this title, amending sections 360e, 379i, 379j, and 379j–1 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 379i of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under section 379i of this title] may be cited as the 'Medical Device User Fee Amendments of 2012'."
Pub. L. 112–144, title III, §301(a), July 9, 2012, 126 Stat. 1008, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 379d–4 and 379j–41 to 379j–43 of this title, amending sections 352 and 379d–3 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–41 and 379j–43 of this title] may be cited as the 'Generic Drug User Fee Amendments of 2012'."
Pub. L. 112–144, title IV, §401(a), July 9, 2012, 126 Stat. 1026, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 379j–51 to 379j–53 of this title, amending sections 379d–4 and 379g of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 379g, 379j–51, and 379j–53 of this title] may be cited as the 'Biosimilar User Fee Act of 2012'."
Short Title of 2009 Amendment
Pub. L. 111–31, div. A, §1(a), June 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1776, provided that: "This division [enacting subchapter IX of this chapter, amending sections 321, 331, 333, 334, 355, 360m, 372 to 374, 375, 379a, 381, 391 to 393, 394 to 399a, and 679 of this title and sections 1333, 1334, 4402, 4406, and 4408 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 331, 333, 387, and 387c of this title and sections 1333 and 4402 of Title 15, and amending provisions set out as notes under this section and section 392 of this title] may be cited as the 'Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act'."
Short Title of 2008 Amendment
Pub. L. 110–316, title I, §101(a), Aug. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 3509, provided that: "This title [enacting section 379j–13 of this title, amending sections 360b, 379j–11, and 379j–12 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 360b and 379j–11 of this title] may be cited as the 'Animal Drug User Fee Amendments of 2008'."
Pub. L. 110–316, title II, §201(a), Aug. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 3515, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 379j–21 and 379j–22 of this title, amending sections 379k, 379l, and 379o of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 379j–21 and 379j–22 of this title] may be cited as the 'Animal Generic Drug User Fee Act of 2008'."
Short Title of 2007 Amendment
Pub. L. 110–85, §1, Sept. 27, 2007, 121 Stat. 823, provided that: "This Act [enacting part I of subchapter VII of this chapter, chapter 26 of this title, sections 350f, 353b, 355–1, 355d, 355e, 360a, 360e–1, 360n, 360bbb–5, 360bbb–6, 379d–1, 379d–2, 379h–1, 379h–2, 379j–1, and 399a of this title, and section 247d–5a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending sections 321, 331, 333, 334, 352, 355, 355a, 355c, 360, 360e, 360i, 360j, 360l, 360m, 360ee, 374, 379g, 379h, 379i, 379j, 379j–11, 379l, 381, and 393a of this title and sections 247d–3b, 262, 282, 283, 283a–2, 283a–3, 284m, 285g–10, 288–6, and 290b of Title 42, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 331, 350f, 352, 355, 355a, 355c, 360j, 379g, 379h, 379h–2, 379i, and 2110 of this title and section 282 of Title 42, and amending provisions set out as notes under section 284m of Title 42] may be cited as the 'Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007'."
Pub. L. 110–85, title I, §101(a), Sept. 27, 2007, 121 Stat. 825, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 379h–1 and 379h–2 of this title, amending sections 379g, 379h, and 379j–11 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 379g, 379h, and 379h–2 of this title] may be cited as the 'Prescription Drug User Fee Amendments of 2007'."
Pub. L. 110–85, title II, §201(a), Sept. 27, 2007, 121 Stat. 842, provided that: "This title [enacting section 379j–1 of this title, amending sections 333, 360, 360i, 360m, 374, 379i, and 379j of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 379i of this title] may be cited as the 'Medical Device User Fee Amendments of 2007'."
Pub. L. 110–85, title III, §301, Sept. 27, 2007, 121 Stat. 859, provided that: "This title [enacting section 360e–1 of this title, amending sections 360j, 360l, and 393a of this title and section 282 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 360j of this title and section 282 of Title 42, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 284m of Title 42] may be cited as the 'Pediatric Medical Device Safety and Improvement Act of 2007'."
Pub. L. 110–85, title IV, §401, Sept. 27, 2007, 121 Stat. 866, provided that: "This title [enacting section 355d of this title, amending section 355c of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 355c of this title] may be cited as the 'Pediatric Research Equity Act of 2007'."
Pub. L. 110–85, title V, §501, Sept. 27, 2007, 121 Stat. 876, provided that: "This title [amending section 355a of this title and sections 284m, 285g–10, 288–6, and 290b of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 355a of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 284m of Title 42] may be cited as the 'Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act of 2007'."
Short Title of 2006 Amendment
Pub. L. 109–462, §1, Dec. 22, 2006, 120 Stat. 3469, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 379aa and 379aa–1 of this title, amending sections 331, 343, 352, and 381 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 331, 343, 352, 379aa, and 381 of this title] may be cited as the 'Dietary Supplement and Nonprescription Drug Consumer Protection Act'."
Short Title of 2005 Amendments
Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7201, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1911, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle B (§§7201–7204) of title VII of Pub. L. 109–59, enacting section 350e of this title, amending sections 331, 342, and 373 of this title and section 5701 of Title 49, Transportation, omitting sections 5702 to 5714 of Title 49, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 331 of this title] may be cited as the 'Sanitary Food Transportation Act of 2005'."
Pub. L. 109–43, §1, Aug. 1, 2005, 119 Stat. 439, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 352 and 379j of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 352 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 352 and 379i of this title] may be cited as the 'Medical Device User Fee Stabilization Act of 2005'."
Short Title of 2004 Amendments
Pub. L. 108–282, title I, §101, Aug. 2, 2004, 118 Stat. 891, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 360ccc to 360ccc–2 of this title, amending sections 321, 331, 352, 353, 354, and 360b of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 360ccc and 393 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 360b of this title] may be cited as the 'Minor Use and Minor Species Animal Health Act of 2004'."
Pub. L. 108–282, title II, §201, Aug. 2, 2004, 118 Stat. 905, provided that: "This title [enacting section 374a of this title and section 242r of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending sections 321, 343, and 343–1 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 321 and 343 of this title and sections 243 and 300d–2 of Title 42] may be cited as the 'Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004'."
Pub. L. 108–214, §1, Apr. 1, 2004, 118 Stat. 572, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 331, 352, 360, 360e, 374, 379i, and 379j of this title and provisions set out as notes under sections 352, 360l, and 379j of this title] may be cited as the 'Medical Devices Technical Corrections Act'."
Short Title of 2003 Amendments
Pub. L. 108–155, §1, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1936, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 355c of this title, amending sections 355, 355a, and 355b of this title and sections 262 and 284m of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 355c of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under section 355a of this title and section 284m of Title 42] may be cited as the 'Pediatric Research Equity Act of 2003'."
Pub. L. 108–130, §1, Nov. 18, 2003, 117 Stat. 1361, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 379j–11 and 379j–12 of this title and provisions set out as notes under section 379j–11 of this title] may be cited as the 'Animal Drug User Fee Act of 2003'."
Short Title of 2002 Amendments
Pub. L. 107–281, §1, Nov. 6, 2002, 116 Stat. 1992, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 360cc and 360ee of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 360ee of this title] may be cited as the 'Rare Diseases Orphan Product Development Act of 2002'."
Pub. L. 107–250, §1(a), Oct. 26, 2002, 116 Stat. 1588, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 379i and 379j of this title and section 289g–3 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending sections 321, 331, 333, 335a, 352, 353, 360, 360c, 360e, 360m, and 374 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 352, 360e, 360j, 360l, 379i, and 379j of this title and section 289g–3 of Title 42] may be cited as the 'Medical Device User Fee and Modernization Act of 2002'."
Pub. L. 107–188, title V, §501, June 12, 2002, 116 Stat. 687, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle A (§§501–509) of title V of Pub. L. 107–188, amending sections 356b, 379g, and 379h of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 356b and 379g of this title] may be cited as the 'Prescription Drug User Fee Amendments of 2002'."
Pub. L. 107–109, §1, Jan. 4, 2002, 115 Stat. 1408, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 355b and 393a of this title and section 284m of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending sections 321, 355, 355a, and 379h of this title and sections 282, 284k, 284l, 285a–2, and 290b of Title 42, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 355 and 355a of this title and sections 284m and 289 of Title 42] may be cited as the 'Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act'."
Short Title of 2000 Amendment
Pub. L. 106–387, §1(a) [title VII, §745(a)], Oct. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1549, 1549A-35, provided that: "This section [enacting section 384 of this title, amending sections 331, 333, and 381 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 384 of this title] may be cited as the 'Medicine Equity and Drug Safety Act of 2000'."
Pub. L. 106–387, §1(a) [title VII, §746(a)], Oct. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1549, 1549A-40, provided that: "This section [amending section 381 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 381 of this title] may be cited as the 'Prescription Drug Import Fairness Act of 2000'."
Short Title of 1998 Amendment
Pub. L. 105–324, §1, Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 3035, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 321 and 346a of this title] may be cited as the 'Antimicrobial Regulation Technical Corrections Act of 1998'."
Short Title of 1997 Amendment
Pub. L. 105–115, §1(a), Nov. 21, 1997, 111 Stat. 2296, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 343–3, 353a, 355a, 356 to 356c, 360m, 360aaa to 360aaa–6, 360bbb to 360bbb–2, 379k, 379l, 379o, 379r, 379s, 379v, 396, and 397 of this title and sections 247b–8 and 299a–3 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending sections 321, 331, 334, 335a, 343, 348, 351 to 353, 355, 360, 360b to 360e, 360g, 360i, 360j, 360l, 360aa to 360cc, 360ee, 371, 374, 379a, 379g, 379h, 381 to 383, 393, and 802 of this title, section 45C of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, section 156 of Title 35, Patents, section 8126 of Title 38, Veterans' Benefits, and sections 262, 263a, and 282 of Title 42, repealing sections 356 and 357 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 321, 348, 351, 352, 353a, 355 to 356b, 360i, 360l, 360m, 360aaa, 371, 379g, 379h, 379k, and 393 of this title and sections 247b–8 and 282 of Title 42] may be cited as the 'Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997'."
Short Title of 1996 Amendments
Pub. L. 104–250, §1(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3151, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 354 of this title, amending sections 331, 353, and 360b of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 360b of this title] may be cited as the 'Animal Drug Availability Act of 1996'."
Pub. L. 104–170, title IV, §401(a), Aug. 3, 1996, 110 Stat. 1513, provided that: "This title [amending sections 321, 331, 333, 342, and 346a of this title] may be cited as the 'Food Quality Protection Act of 1996'."
[Another "Food Quality Protection Act of 1996", was enacted by Pub. L. 104–170, §1, 110 Stat. 1489, which is set out as a note under section 136 of Title 7, Agriculture.]
Pub. L. 104–134, title II, §2101(a), Apr. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 1321–313, provided that: "This chapter [chapter 1A (§§2101–2105) of title II of Pub. L. 104–134, enacting section 382 of this title and amending sections 331 and 381 of this title and section 262 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] may be cited as the 'FDA Export Reform and Enhancement Act of 1996'."
Short Title of 1994 Amendments
Pub. L. 103–417, §1(a), Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4325, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 343–2 and 350b of this title and section 287c–11 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending sections 321, 331, 342, 343, and 350 of this title and section 281 of Title 42, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 321 and 343 of this title] may be cited as the 'Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994'."
Pub. L. 103–396, §1, Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4153, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 331, 343–1, 360b, and 371 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 360b of this title] may be cited as the 'Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994'."
Short Title of 1993 Amendment
Pub. L. 103–80, §1, Aug. 13, 1993, 107 Stat. 773, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 321, 331 to 333, 334, 335b, 341 to 343, 346a, 350a, 352, 355 to 358, 360b to 360e, 360i, 360cc, 360hh to 360ss, 361, 371, 372, 373, 374, 376, 379e, and 381 of this title and section 263b of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 343 of this title] may be cited as the 'Nutrition Labeling and Education Act Amendments of 1993'."
Short Title of 1992 Amendments
Pub. L. 102–571, title I, §101(a), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4491, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 379g and 379h of this title, transferring sections 372a, 376, and 379c of this title to sections 376, 379e and 379f, respectively, of this title, amending sections 321, 331, 342, 343, 346a, 351, 352, 360j, 361, 362, 453, 601, and 1033 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 379g of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 343 and 343–1 of this title] may be cited as the 'Prescription Drug User Fee Act of 1992'."
Pub. L. 102–571, title II, §201, Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4500, provided that: "This title [enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 343 and 393 of this title and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 343 and 343–1 of this title] may be cited as the 'Dietary Supplement Act of 1992'."
Pub. L. 102–353, §1(a), Aug. 26, 1992, 106 Stat. 941, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 333, 353, and 381 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 353 of this title] may be cited as the 'Prescription Drug Amendments of 1992'."
Pub. L. 102–300, §1(a), June 16, 1992, 106 Stat. 238, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 321, 331, 334, 346a, 352, 353, 356, 357, 360c, 360d, 360g to 360i, 360l, 360mm, 371 to 372a, 376, and 381 of this title and section 262 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare and enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under section 360i of this title] may be cited as the 'Medical Device Amendments of 1992'."
Pub. L. 102–282, §1(a), May 13, 1992, 106 Stat. 149, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 335a to 335c of this title, amending sections 321, 336, 337, and 355 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 335a of this title] may be cited as the 'Generic Drug Enforcement Act of 1992'."
Short Title of 1990 Amendments
Pub. L. 101–635, §1(a), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4583, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 379b to 379d and 394 of this title] may be cited as the 'Food and Drug Administration Revitalization Act'."
Pub. L. 101–629, §1(a), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4511, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 360l and 383 of this title, amending sections 321, 333, 351, 353, and 360c to 360j of this title and sections 263b to 263n of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, redesignating sections 263b to 263n of Title 42 as sections 360gg to 360ss of this title, repealing section 263b of Title 42, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 333, 360c, 360i, 360j, 360hh and 383 of this title] may be cited as the 'Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990'."
Pub. L. 101–535, §1(a), Nov. 8, 1990, 104 Stat. 2353, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 343–1 of this title, amending sections 321, 337, 343, 345, and 371 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 343 and 343–1 of this title] may be cited as the 'Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990'."
Short Title of 1988 Amendments
Pub. L. 100–670, §1(a), Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3971, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 321, 353, and 360b of this title, section 2201 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and sections 156 and 271 of Title 35, Patents, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 360b of this title] may be cited as the 'Generic Animal Drug and Patent Term Restoration Act'."
Pub. L. 100–607, title V, §501, Nov. 4, 1988, 102 Stat. 3120, provided that: "This title [enacting section 393 of this title, amending sections 5315 and 5316 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 393 of this title] may be cited as the 'Food and Drug Administration Act of 1988'."
Pub. L. 100–293, §1(a), Apr. 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 95, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 331, 333, 353, and 381 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 353 of this title] may be cited as the 'Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987'."
Pub. L. 100–290, §1, Apr. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 90, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 360bb and 360ee of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 360aa of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 236 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] may be cited as the 'Orphan Drug Amendments of 1988'."
Short Title of 1986 Amendment
Pub. L. 99–660, title I, §101(a), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3743, provided that: "This title [enacting section 382 of this title, amending sections 241 and 262 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 333 of this title and section 262 of Title 42] may be cited as the 'Drug Export Amendments Act of 1986'."
Short Title of 1985 Amendment
Pub. L. 99–91, §1, Aug. 15, 1985, 99 Stat. 387, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 360aa to 360cc, and 360ee of this title, and sections 295g–1 and 6022 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 360aa of this title and section 236 of Title 42] may be cited as the 'Orphan Drug Amendments of 1985'."
Short Title of 1984 Amendment
Pub. L. 98–417, §1, Sept. 24, 1984, 98 Stat. 1585, provided: "That this Act [enacting section 156 of Title 35, Patents, amending sections 355 and 360cc of this title, sections 68b, 68c, and 70b of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, section 2201 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and sections 271 and 282 of Title 35, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 355 of this title and section 68b of Title 15] may be cited as the 'Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984'."
Short Title of 1983 Amendments
Pub. L. 98–22, §1, Apr. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 173, provided: "That this Act [amending provisions set out as a note under section 348 of this title] may be cited as the 'Saccharin Study and Labeling Act Amendment of 1983'."
Pub. L. 97–414, §1(a), Jan. 4, 1983, 96 Stat. 2049, provided that: "This Act [enacting part B of subchapter V of chapter 9 of this title, section 44H of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, section 155 of Title 35, Patents, and sections 236, 255, and 298b–4 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending sections 1274, 1472, 2055, 2060, 2064, 2068, and 2080 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, section 904 of this title, sections 280C and 6096 of Title 26, and sections 209, 231, 242k, 242m, 243, 254c, 254j, 254m, 254o, 254p, 256, 294j, 295g–1, 295g–4, 295h, 295h–1a, 297–1, 300, 300a–1, 300a–3, 300b, 300e–1, 300m, 300n–5, 300q–2, 300u–5, 300w–3, 300x–1, 300x–4, 300y–11, 4577, and 4588 of Title 42, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 360aa of this title, section 44H of Title 26, and sections 241, 255, 287i, and 300x–1 of Title 42, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 300t–11 of Title 42] may be cited as the 'Orphan Drug Act'."
Short Title of 1981 Amendment
Pub. L. 97–42, §1, Aug. 14, 1981, 95 Stat. 946, provided: "That this Act [amending provisions set out as a note under section 348 of this title] may be cited as the 'Saccharin Study and Labeling Act Amendment of 1981'."
Short Title of 1980 Amendment
Pub. L. 96–359, §1, Sept. 26, 1980, 94 Stat. 1190, provided: "That this Act [enacting section 350a of this title, amending sections 321, 331, 374, 830, 841 to 843, and 873 of this title, and enacting a provision set out as a note under section 350a of this title] may be cited as the 'Infant Formula Act of 1980'."
Short Title of 1977 Amendment
Pub. L. 95–203, §1, Nov. 23, 1977, 91 Stat. 1451, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 343a of this title, amending sections 321 and 343 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 343 and 348 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 218 and 289l–1 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] may be cited as the 'Saccharin Study and Labeling Act'."
Short Title of 1976 Amendment
Pub. L. 94–295, §1(a), May 28, 1976, 90 Stat. 539, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 360c to 360k, 379, and 379a of this title and section 3512 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and amending sections 321, 331, 334, 351, 352, 358, 360, 374, 379e, and 381 of this title and section 55 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade] may be cited as the 'Medical Device Amendments of 1976'."
Short Title of 1972 Amendment
Pub. L. 92–387, §1, Aug. 16, 1972, 86 Stat. 559, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 331, 335, and 360 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 360 of this title] may be cited as the 'Drug Listing Act of 1972'."
Short Title of 1968 Amendments
Pub. L. 90–602, §1, Oct. 18, 1968, 82 Stat. 1173, provided that: "This Act [enacting provisions now comprising part C (§§360hh–360ss) of subchapter III of this chapter and provisions set out as notes under section 360hh of this title] may be cited as the 'Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968'."
Pub. L. 90–399, §1, July 13, 1968, 82 Stat. 342, provided: "That this Act [enacting section 360b of this title, amending sections 321, 331, 342, 351, 352, 357, 381, and 392 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 360b of this title] may be cited as the 'Animal Drug Amendments of 1968'."
Short Title of 1965 Amendment
Pub. L. 89–74, §1, July 15, 1965, 79 Stat. 226, provided: "That this Act [amending sections 321, 331, 333, 334, 360, and 372 of this title and section 1114 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 321 and 352 of this title] may be cited as the 'Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965'."
Short Title of 1962 Amendment
Pub. L. 87–781, §1, Oct. 10, 1962, 76 Stat. 780, provided in part that such Act [enacting sections 358 to 360 of this title, amending sections 321, 331, 332, 348, 351 to 353, 355, 357, 372, 374, 379e, and 381 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 321, 331, 332, 352, 355, 358, 360, and 374 of this title] may be cited as the 'Drug Amendments of 1962'."
Short Title of 1960 Amendment
Pub. L. 86–618, §1, July 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 397, provided: "That this Act [amending sections 321, 331, 333, 342, 346, 351, 352, 361, 362, 371, and 379e of this title, repealing sections 354 and 364 of this title, and enacting notes set out under this section] may be cited as the 'Color Additive Amendments of 1960'."
Short Title of 1958 Amendment
Pub. L. 85–929, §1, Sept. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 1784, provided: "That this Act [amending sections 321, 331, 342, 346, 348 of this title and section 210 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 321, 342, and 451 of this title] may be cited as the 'Food Additives Amendment of 1958'."
Severability
Pub. L. 113–54, title I, §106(b), Nov. 27, 2013, 127 Stat. 598, provided that: "If any provision of this Act [see Short Title of 2013 Amendment note above] (including the amendments made by this Act) is declared unconstitutional, or the applicability of this Act (including the amendments made by this Act) to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the constitutionality of the remainder of this Act (including the amendments made by this Act) and the applicability thereof to other persons and circumstances shall not be affected."
Pub. L. 110–85, title XI, §1105, Sept. 27, 2007, 121 Stat. 975, provided that: "If any provision of this Act [see Short Title of 2007 Amendment note above], an amendment made [by] this Act, or the application of such provision or amendment to any person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this Act, the amendments made by this Act, and the application of the provisions of such to any person or circumstances shall not be affected thereby."
Hazardous Substances
Federal Hazardous Substances Act as not modifying this chapter, see Pub. L. 86–613, §18, July 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 380, set out as an Effect Upon Federal and State Laws note under section 1261 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.
SUBCHAPTER II—DEFINITIONS
§321. Definitions; generally
For the purposes of this chapter—
(a)(1) The term "State", except as used in the last sentence of section 372(a) of this title, means any State or Territory of the United States, the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
(2) The term "Territory" means any Territory or possession of the United States, including the District of Columbia, and excluding the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the Canal Zone.
(b) The term "interstate commerce" means (1) commerce between any State or Territory and any place outside thereof, and (2) commerce within the District of Columbia or within any other Territory not organized with a legislative body.
(c) The term "Department" means Department of Health and Human Services.
(d) The term "Secretary" means the Secretary of Health and Human Services.
(e) The term "person" includes individual, partnership, corporation, and association.
(f) The term "food" means (1) articles used for food or drink for man or other animals, (2) chewing gum, and (3) articles used for components of any such article.
(g)(1) The term "drug" means (A) articles recognized in the official United States Pharmacopoeia,1 official Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States, or official National Formulary, or any supplement to any of them; and (B) articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals; and (C) articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals; and (D) articles intended for use as a component of any article specified in clause (A), (B), or (C). A food or dietary supplement for which a claim, subject to sections 343(r)(1)(B) and 343(r)(3) of this title or sections 343(r)(1)(B) and 343(r)(5)(D) of this title, is made in accordance with the requirements of section 343(r) of this title is not a drug solely because the label or the labeling contains such a claim. A food, dietary ingredient, or dietary supplement for which a truthful and not misleading statement is made in accordance with section 343(r)(6) of this title is not a drug under clause (C) solely because the label or the labeling contains such a statement.
(2) The term "counterfeit drug" means a drug which, or the container or labeling of which, without authorization, bears the trademark, trade name, or other identifying mark, imprint, or device, or any likeness thereof, of a drug manufacturer, processor, packer, or distributor other than the person or persons who in fact manufactured, processed, packed, or distributed such drug and which thereby falsely purports or is represented to be the product of, or to have been packed or distributed by, such other drug manufacturer, processor, packer, or distributor.
(h)(1) The term "device" (except when used in paragraph (n) of this section and in sections 331(i), 343(f), 352(c), and 362(c) of this title) means an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including any component, part, or accessory, which is—
(A) recognized in the official National Formulary, or the United States Pharmacopeia, or any supplement to them,
(B) intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, in man or other animals, or
(C) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals, and
which does not achieve its primary intended purposes through chemical action within or on the body of man or other animals and which is not dependent upon being metabolized for the achievement of its primary intended purposes. The term "device" does not include software functions excluded pursuant to section 360j(o) of this title.
(2) The term "counterfeit device" means a device which, or the container, packaging, or labeling of which, without authorization, bears a trademark, trade name, or other identifying mark or imprint, or any likeness thereof, or is manufactured using a design, of a device manufacturer, processor, packer, or distributor other than the person or persons who in fact manufactured, processed, packed, or distributed such device and which thereby falsely purports or is represented to be the product of, or to have been packed or distributed by, such other device manufacturer, processor, packer, or distributor.
(i) The term "cosmetic" means (1) articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body or any part thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance, and (2) articles intended for use as a component of any such articles; except that such term shall not include soap.
(j) The term "official compendium" means the official United States Pharmacopoeia, official Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States, official National Formulary, or any supplement to any of them.
(k) The term "label" means a display of written, printed, or graphic matter upon the immediate container of any article; and a requirement made by or under authority of this chapter that any word, statement, or other information appear on the label shall not be considered to be complied with unless such word, statement, or other information also appears on the outside container or wrapper, if any there be, of the retail package of such article, or is easily legible through the outside container or wrapper.
(l) The term "immediate container" does not include package liners.
(m) The term "labeling" means all labels and other written, printed, or graphic matter (1) upon any article or any of its containers or wrappers, or (2) accompanying such article.
(n) If an article is alleged to be misbranded because the labeling or advertising is misleading, then in determining whether the labeling or advertising is misleading there shall be taken into account (among other things) not only representations made or suggested by statement, word, design, device, or any combination thereof, but also the extent to which the labeling or advertising fails to reveal facts material in the light of such representations or material with respect to consequences which may result from the use of the article to which the labeling or advertising relates under the conditions of use prescribed in the labeling or advertising thereof or under such conditions of use as are customary or usual.
(o) The representation of a drug, in its labeling, as an antiseptic shall be considered to be a representation that it is a germicide, except in the case of a drug purporting to be, or represented as, an antiseptic for inhibitory use as a wet dressing, ointment, dusting powder, or such other use as involves prolonged contact with the body.
(p) The term "new drug" means—
(1) Any drug (except a new animal drug or an animal feed bearing or containing a new animal drug) the composition of which is such that such drug is not generally recognized, among experts qualified by scientific training and experience to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of drugs, as safe and effective for use under the conditions prescribed, recommended, or suggested in the labeling thereof, except that such a drug not so recognized shall not be deemed to be a "new drug" if at any time prior to June 25, 1938, it was subject to the Food and Drugs Act of June 30, 1906, as amended, and if at such time its labeling contained the same representations concerning the conditions of its use; or
(2) Any drug (except a new animal drug or an animal feed bearing or containing a new animal drug) the composition of which is such that such drug, as a result of investigations to determine its safety and effectiveness for use under such conditions, has become so recognized, but which has not, otherwise than in such investigations, been used to a material extent or for a material time under such conditions.
(q)(1)(A) Except as provided in clause (B), the term "pesticide chemical" means any substance that is a pesticide within the meaning of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act [7 U.S.C. 136 et seq.], including all active and inert ingredients of such pesticide. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the term "pesticide" within such meaning includes ethylene oxide and propylene oxide when such substances are applied on food.
(B) In the case of the use, with respect to food, of a substance described in clause (A) to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate microorganisms (including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, and slime), the following applies for purposes of clause (A):
(i) The definition in such clause for the term "pesticide chemical" does not include the substance if the substance is applied for such use on food, or the substance is included for such use in water that comes into contact with the food, in the preparing, packing, or holding of the food for commercial purposes. The substance is not excluded under this subclause from such definition if the substance is ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, and is applied for such use on food. The substance is not so excluded if the substance is applied for such use on a raw agricultural commodity, or the substance is included for such use in water that comes into contact with the commodity, as follows:
(I) The substance is applied in the field.
(II) The substance is applied at a treatment facility where raw agricultural commodities are the only food treated, and the treatment is in a manner that does not change the status of the food as a raw agricultural commodity (including treatment through washing, waxing, fumigating, and packing such commodities in such manner).
(III) The substance is applied during the transportation of such commodity between the field and such a treatment facility.
(ii) The definition in such clause for the term "pesticide chemical" does not include the substance if the substance is a food contact substance as defined in section 348(h)(6) of this title, and any of the following circumstances exist: The substance is included for such use in an object that has a food contact surface but is not intended to have an ongoing effect on any portion of the object; the substance is included for such use in an object that has a food contact surface and is intended to have an ongoing effect on a portion of the object but not on the food contact surface; or the substance is included for such use in or is applied for such use on food packaging (without regard to whether the substance is intended to have an ongoing effect on any portion of the packaging). The food contact substance is not excluded under this subclause from such definition if any of the following circumstances exist: The substance is applied for such use on a semipermanent or permanent food contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging); or the substance is included for such use in an object that has a semipermanent or permanent food contact surface (other than being included in food packaging) and the substance is intended to have an ongoing effect on the food contact surface.
With respect to the definition of the term "pesticide" that is applicable to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act [7 U.S.C. 136 et seq.], this clause does not exclude any substance from such definition.
(2) The term "pesticide chemical residue" means a residue in or on raw agricultural commodity or processed food of—
(A) a pesticide chemical; or
(B) any other added substance that is present on or in the commodity or food primarily as a result of the metabolism or other degradation of a pesticide chemical.
(3) Notwithstanding subparagraphs (1) and (2), the Administrator may by regulation except a substance from the definition of "pesticide chemical" or "pesticide chemical residue" if—
(A) its occurrence as a residue on or in a raw agricultural commodity or processed food is attributable primarily to natural causes or to human activities not involving the use of any substances for a pesticidal purpose in the production, storage, processing, or transportation of any raw agricultural commodity or processed food; and
(B) the Administrator, after consultation with the Secretary, determines that the substance more appropriately should be regulated under one or more provisions of this chapter other than sections 342(a)(2)(B) and 346a of this title.
(r) The term "raw agricultural commodity" means any food in its raw or natural state, including all fruits that are washed, colored, or otherwise treated in their unpeeled natural form prior to marketing.
(s) The term "food additive" means any substance the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result, directly or indirectly, in its becoming a component or otherwise affecting the characteristics of any food (including any substance intended for use in producing, manufacturing, packing, processing, preparing, treating, packaging, transporting, or holding food; and including any source of radiation intended for any such use), if such substance is not generally recognized, among experts qualified by scientific training and experience to evaluate its safety, as having been adequately shown through scientific procedures (or, in the case of a substance used in food prior to January 1, 1958, through either scientific procedures or experience based on common use in food) to be safe under the conditions of its intended use; except that such term does not include—
(1) a pesticide chemical residue in or on a raw agricultural commodity or processed food; or
(2) a pesticide chemical; or
(3) a color additive; or
(4) any substance used in accordance with a sanction or approval granted prior to September 6, 1958, pursuant to this chapter, the Poultry Products Inspection Act [21 U.S.C. 451 et seq.] or the Meat Inspection Act of March 4, 1907, as amended and extended [21 U.S.C. 601 et seq.];
(5) a new animal drug; or
(6) an ingredient described in paragraph (ff) in, or intended for use in, a dietary supplement.
(t)(1) The term "color additive" means a material which—
(A) is a dye, pigment, or other substance made by a process of synthesis or similar artifice, or extracted, isolated, or otherwise derived, with or without intermediate or final change of identity, from a vegetable, animal, mineral, or other source, and
(B) when added or applied to a food, drug, or cosmetic, or to the human body or any part thereof, is capable (alone or through reaction with other substance) of imparting color thereto;
except that such term does not include any material which the Secretary, by regulation, determines is used (or intended to be used) solely for a purpose or purposes other than coloring.
(2) The term "color" includes black, white, and intermediate grays.
(3) Nothing in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph shall be construed to apply to any pesticide chemical, soil or plant nutrient, or other agricultural chemical solely because of its effect in aiding, retarding, or otherwise affecting, directly or indirectly, the growth or other natural physiological processes of produce of the soil and thereby affecting its color, whether before or after harvest.
(u) The term "safe" as used in paragraph (s) of this section and in sections 348, 360b, 360ccc, and 379e of this title, has reference to the health of man or animal.
(v) The term "new animal drug" means any drug intended for use for animals other than man, including any drug intended for use in animal feed but not including such animal feed,—
(1) the composition of which is such that such drug is not generally recognized, among experts qualified by scientific training and experience to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of animal drugs, as safe and effective for use under the conditions prescribed, recommended, or suggested in the labeling thereof; except that such a drug not so recognized shall not be deemed to be a "new animal drug" if at any time prior to June 25, 1938, it was subject to the Food and Drug Act of June 30, 1906, as amended, and if at such time its labeling contained the same representations concerning the conditions of its use; or
(2) the composition of which is such that such drug, as a result of investigations to determine its safety and effectiveness for use under such conditions, has become so recognized but which has not, otherwise than in such investigations, been used to a material extent or for a material time under such conditions.
Provided that any drug intended for minor use or use in a minor species that is not the subject of a final regulation published by the Secretary through notice and comment rulemaking finding that the criteria of paragraphs (1) and (2) have not been met (or that the exception to the criterion in paragraph (1) has been met) is a new animal drug.
(w) The term "animal feed", as used in paragraph (w) 2 of this section, in section 360b of this title, and in provisions of this chapter referring to such paragraph or section, means an article which is intended for use for food for animals other than man and which is intended for use as a substantial source of nutrients in the diet of the animal, and is not limited to a mixture intended to be the sole ration of the animal.
(x) The term "informal hearing" means a hearing which is not subject to section 554, 556, or 557 of title 5 and which provides for the following:
(1) The presiding officer in the hearing shall be designated by the Secretary from officers and employees of the Department who have not participated in any action of the Secretary which is the subject of the hearing and who are not directly responsible to an officer or employee of the Department who has participated in any such action.
(2) Each party to the hearing shall have the right at all times to be advised and accompanied by an attorney.
(3) Before the hearing, each party to the hearing shall be given reasonable notice of the matters to be considered at the hearing, including a comprehensive statement of the basis for the action taken or proposed by the Secretary which is the subject of the hearing and a general summary of the information which will be presented by the Secretary at the hearing in support of such action.
(4) At the hearing the parties to the hearing shall have the right to hear a full and complete statement of the action of the Secretary which is the subject of the hearing together with the information and reasons supporting such action, to conduct reasonable questioning, and to present any oral or written information relevant to such action.
(5) The presiding officer in such hearing shall prepare a written report of the hearing to which shall be attached all written material presented at the hearing. The participants in the hearing shall be given the opportunity to review and correct or supplement the presiding officer's report of the hearing.
(6) The Secretary may require the hearing to be transcribed. A party to the hearing shall have the right to have the hearing transcribed at his expense. Any transcription of a hearing shall be included in the presiding officer's report of the hearing.
(y) The term "saccharin" includes calcium saccharin, sodium saccharin, and ammonium saccharin.
(z) The term "infant formula" means a food which purports to be or is represented for special dietary use solely as a food for infants by reason of its simulation of human milk or its suitability as a complete or partial substitute for human milk.
(aa) The term "abbreviated drug application" means an application submitted under section 355(j) of this title for the approval of a drug that relies on the approved application of another drug with the same active ingredient to establish safety and efficacy, and—
(1) in the case of section 335a of this title, includes a supplement to such an application for a different or additional use of the drug but does not include a supplement to such an application for other than a different or additional use of the drug, and
(2) in the case of sections 335b and 335c of this title, includes any supplement to such an application.
(bb) The term "knowingly" or "knew" means that a person, with respect to information—
(1) has actual knowledge of the information, or
(2) acts in deliberate ignorance or reckless disregard of the truth or falsity of the information.
(cc) For purposes of section 335a of this title, the term "high managerial agent"—
(1) means—
(A) an officer or director of a corporation or an association,
(B) a partner of a partnership, or
(C) any employee or other agent of a corporation, association, or partnership,
having duties such that the conduct of such officer, director, partner, employee, or agent may fairly be assumed to represent the policy of the corporation, association, or partnership, and
(2) includes persons having management responsibility for—
(A) submissions to the Food and Drug Administration regarding the development or approval of any drug product,
(B) production, quality assurance, or quality control of any drug product, or
(C) research and development of any drug product.
(dd) For purposes of sections 335a and 335b of this title, the term "drug product" means a drug subject to regulation under section 355, 360b, or 382 of this title or under section 262 of title 42.
(ee) The term "Commissioner" means the Commissioner of Food and Drugs.
(ff) The term "dietary supplement"—
(1) means a product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients:
(A) a vitamin;
(B) a mineral;
(C) an herb or other botanical;
(D) an amino acid;
(E) a dietary substance for use by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake; or
(F) a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any ingredient described in clause (A), (B), (C), (D), or (E);
(2) means a product that—
(A)(i) is intended for ingestion in a form described in section 350(c)(1)(B)(i) of this title; or
(ii) complies with section 350(c)(1)(B)(ii) of this title;
(B) is not represented for use as a conventional food or as a sole item of a meal or the diet; and
(C) is labeled as a dietary supplement; and
(3) does—
(A) include an article that is approved as a new drug under section 355 of this title or licensed as a biologic under section 262 of title 42 and was, prior to such approval, certification, or license, marketed as a dietary supplement or as a food unless the Secretary has issued a regulation, after notice and comment, finding that the article, when used as or in a dietary supplement under the conditions of use and dosages set forth in the labeling for such dietary supplement, is unlawful under section 342(f) of this title; and
(B) not include—
(i) an article that is approved as a new drug under section 355 of this title, certified as an antibiotic under section 357 of this title, or licensed as a biologic under section 262 of title 42, or
(ii) an article authorized for investigation as a new drug, antibiotic, or biological for which substantial clinical investigations have been instituted and for which the existence of such investigations has been made public,
which was not before such approval, certification, licensing, or authorization marketed as a dietary supplement or as a food unless the Secretary, in the Secretary's discretion, has issued a regulation, after notice and comment, finding that the article would be lawful under this chapter.3
Except for purposes of paragraph (g) and section 350f of this title, a dietary supplement shall be deemed to be a food within the meaning of this chapter.
(gg) The term "processed food" means any food other than a raw agricultural commodity and includes any raw agricultural commodity that has been subject to processing, such as canning, cooking, freezing, dehydration, or milling.
(hh) The term "Administrator" means the Administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
(ii) The term "compounded positron emission tomography drug"—
(1) means a drug that—
(A) exhibits spontaneous disintegration of unstable nuclei by the emission of positrons and is used for the purpose of providing dual photon positron emission tomographic diagnostic images; and
(B) has been compounded by or on the order of a practitioner who is licensed by a State to compound or order compounding for a drug described in subparagraph (A), and is compounded in accordance with that State's law, for a patient or for research, teaching, or quality control; and
(2) includes any nonradioactive reagent, reagent kit, ingredient, nuclide generator, accelerator, target material, electronic synthesizer, or other apparatus or computer program to be used in the preparation of such a drug.
(jj) The term "antibiotic drug" means any drug (except drugs for use in animals other than humans) composed wholly or partly of any kind of penicillin, streptomycin, chlortetracycline, chloramphenicol, bacitracin, or any other drug intended for human use containing any quantity of any chemical substance which is produced by a micro-organism and which has the capacity to inhibit or destroy micro-organisms in dilute solution (including a chemically synthesized equivalent of any such substance) or any derivative thereof.
(kk)
(ll)(1) The term "single-use device" means a device that is intended for one use, or on a single patient during a single procedure.
(2)(A) The term "reprocessed", with respect to a single-use device, means an original device that has previously been used on a patient and has been subjected to additional processing and manufacturing for the purpose of an additional single use on a patient. The subsequent processing and manufacture of a reprocessed single-use device shall result in a device that is reprocessed within the meaning of this definition.
(B) A single-use device that meets the definition under clause (A) shall be considered a reprocessed device without regard to any description of the device used by the manufacturer of the device or other persons, including a description that uses the term "recycled" rather than the term "reprocessed".
(3) The term "original device" means a new, unused single-use device.
(mm)(1) The term "critical reprocessed single-use device" means a reprocessed single-use device that is intended to contact normally sterile tissue or body spaces during use.
(2) The term "semi-critical reprocessed single-use device" means a reprocessed single-use device that is intended to contact intact mucous membranes and not penetrate normally sterile areas of the body.
(nn) The term "major species" means cattle, horses, swine, chickens, turkeys, dogs, and cats, except that the Secretary may add species to this definition by regulation.
(oo) The term "minor species" means animals other than humans that are not major species.
(pp) The term "minor use" means the intended use of a drug in a major species for an indication that occurs infrequently and in only a small number of animals or in limited geographical areas and in only a small number of animals annually.
(qq) The term "major food allergen" means any of the following:
(1) Milk, egg, fish (e.g., bass, flounder, or cod), Crustacean shellfish (e.g., crab, lobster, or shrimp), tree nuts (e.g., almonds, pecans, or walnuts), wheat, peanuts, soybeans, and sesame.
(2) A food ingredient that contains protein derived from a food specified in paragraph (1), except the following:
(A) Any highly refined oil derived from a food specified in paragraph (1) and any ingredient derived from such highly refined oil.
(B) A food ingredient that is exempt under paragraph (6) or (7) of section 343(w) of this title.
(rr)(1) The term "tobacco product" means any product made or derived from tobacco, or containing nicotine from any source, that is intended for human consumption, including any component, part, or accessory of a tobacco product (except for raw materials other than tobacco used in manufacturing a component, part, or accessory of a tobacco product).
(2) The term "tobacco product" does not mean an article that is a drug under subsection (g)(1), a device under subsection (h), or a combination product described in section 353(g) of this title.
(3) The products described in paragraph (2) shall be subject to subchapter V of this chapter.
(4) A tobacco product shall not be marketed in combination with any other article or product regulated under this chapter (including a drug, biologic, food, cosmetic, medical device, or a dietary supplement).
(5) The term "tobacco product" does not mean an article that is a food under paragraph (f), if such article contains no nicotine, or no more than trace amounts of naturally occurring nicotine.
(ss) The term "critical food" means a food that is—
(1) an infant formula; or
(2) a medical food, as defined in section 360ee(b)(3) of this title.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, §201, 52 Stat. 1040; July 22, 1954, ch. 559, §1, 68 Stat. 511; Pub. L. 85–929, §2, Sept. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 1784; Pub. L. 86–618, title I, §101, July 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 397; Pub. L. 87–781, title I, §102(a), title III, §307(a), Oct. 10, 1962, 76 Stat. 781, 796; Pub. L. 89–74, §§3(a), 9(b), July 15, 1965, 79 Stat. 227, 234; Pub. L. 90–399, §102, July 13, 1968, 82 Stat. 351; Pub. L. 90–639, §§1, 4(a), Oct. 24, 1968, 82 Stat. 1361, 1362; Pub. L. 91–513, title II, §701(a), (g), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1281, 1282; Pub. L. 92–516, §3(3), Oct. 21, 1972, 86 Stat. 998; Pub. L. 94–278, title V, §502(a)(2)(A), Apr. 22, 1976, 90 Stat. 411; Pub. L. 94–295, §3(a)(1)(A), (2), May 28, 1976, 90 Stat. 575; Pub. L. 95–203, §4(b)(3), Nov. 23, 1977, 91 Stat. 1453; Pub. L. 96–359, §3, Sept. 26, 1980, 94 Stat. 1193; Pub. L. 100–670, title I, §107(a)(1), Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3984; Pub. L. 101–535, §5(b), Nov. 8, 1990, 104 Stat. 2362; Pub. L. 101–629, §16(b), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4526; Pub. L. 102–282, §6, May 13, 1992, 106 Stat. 161; Pub. L. 102–300, §6(a), (b), June 16, 1992, 106 Stat. 240; Pub. L. 102–571, title I, §107(1), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4499; Pub. L. 103–80, §§3(b), (dd)(1), 4(b), Aug. 13, 1993, 107 Stat. 775, 779; Pub. L. 103–417, §§3(a), (b), 10(a), Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4327, 4332; Pub. L. 104–170, title IV, §402, Aug. 3, 1996, 110 Stat. 1513; Pub. L. 105–115, title I, §§121(a), 125(b)(2)(A), (e), Nov. 21, 1997, 111 Stat. 2320, 2325, 2327; Pub. L. 105–324, §2(a), (c), Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 3035, 3037; Pub. L. 107–109, §5(b)(1), Jan. 4, 2002, 115 Stat. 1413; Pub. L. 107–250, title III, §302(d), Oct. 26, 2002, 116 Stat. 1619; Pub. L. 108–282, title I, §102(b)(1), (5)(A), (B), title II, §203(c)(1), Aug. 2, 2004, 118 Stat. 891, 902, 908; Pub. L. 110–85, title X, §1005(c), Sept. 27, 2007, 121 Stat. 968; Pub. L. 111–31, div. A, title I, §101(a), June 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1783; Pub. L. 114–255, div. A, title III, §3060(d), Dec. 13, 2016, 130 Stat. 1133; Pub. L. 116–304, §2(b), Jan. 5, 2021, 134 Stat. 4916; Pub. L. 117–11, §2(a), Apr. 23, 2021, 135 Stat. 262; Pub. L. 117–103, div. P, title I, §111(a), Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 789; Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title III, §3401(a)(2), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5838.)
Editorial Notes
References in Text
The Food and Drugs Act of June 30, 1906, as amended, referred to in par. (p)(1), and the Food and Drug Act of June 30, 1906, as amended, referred to in par. (v)(1), is act June 30, 1906, ch. 3915, 34 Stat. 768, which was classified to subchapter I (§1 et seq.) of chapter 1 of this title, was repealed (except for section 14a which was transferred to section 376 of this title) by act June 25, 1938, ch. 675, §1002(a), formerly §902(a), 52 Stat. 1059; renumbered §1002(a), Pub. L. 111–31, div. A, title I, §101(b)(2), June 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1784, and is covered by this chapter.
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, referred to in par. (q)(1), is act June 25, 1947, ch. 125, as amended generally by Pub. L. 92–516, Oct. 21, 1972, 86 Stat. 973, which is classified generally to subchapter II (§136 et seq.) of chapter 6 of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 136 of Title 7 and Tables.
The Poultry Products Inspection Act, referred to in par. (s)(4), is Pub. L. 85–172, Aug. 28, 1957, 71 Stat. 441, which is classified generally to chapter 10 (§451 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 451 of this title and Tables.
The Meat Inspection Act of March 4, 1907, as amended and extended, referred to in par. (s)(4), is act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, titles I to IV, as added Dec. 15, 1967, Pub. L. 90–201, 81 Stat. 584, which are classified generally to subchapters I to IV (§601 et seq.) of chapter 12 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 601 of this title and Tables.
Section 101(4) of the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997, referred to in par. (kk), is section 101(4) of Pub. L. 105–115, which is set out as a note under section 379g of this title.
Amendments
2022—Par. (rr)(1). Pub. L. 117–103, §111(a)(1), inserted ", or containing nicotine from any source," after "from tobacco".
Par. (rr)(5). Pub. L. 117–103, §111(a)(2), added subpar. (5).
Par. (ss). Pub. L. 117–328 added par. (ss).
2021—Par. (h). Pub. L. 116–304 redesignated introductory provisions as subpar. (1) and former subpars. (1) to (3) as cls. (A) to (C), respectively, of subpar. (1) and added subpar. (2).
Par. (qq)(1). Pub. L. 117–11 substituted "soybeans, and sesame" for "and soybeans".
2016—Par. (h). Pub. L. 114–255 inserted at end of concluding provisions "The term 'device' does not include software functions excluded pursuant to section 360j(o) of this title."
2009—Par. (rr). Pub. L. 111–31 added par. (rr).
2007—Par. (ff). Pub. L. 110–85 substituted "paragraph (g) and section 350f of this title" for "paragraph (g)" in concluding provisions.
2004–Par. (u). Pub. L. 108–282, §102(b)(5)(A), substituted "360b, 360ccc" for "360b".
Par. (v). Pub. L. 108–282, §102(b)(5)(B), inserted concluding provisions.
Pars. (nn) to (pp). Pub. L. 108–282, §102(b)(1), added pars. (nn) to (pp).
Par. (qq). Pub. L. 108–282, §203(c)(1), added par. (qq).
2002—Par. (kk). Pub. L. 107–109 added par. (kk).
Pars. (ll), (mm). Pub. L. 107–250 added pars. (ll) and (mm).
1998—Par. (q)(1). Pub. L. 105–324, §2(a), added subpar. (1) and struck out former subpar. (1) which read as follows: "The term 'pesticide chemical' means any substance that is a pesticide within the meaning of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, including all active and inert ingredients of such pesticide."
Par. (q)(3). Pub. L. 105–324, §2(c), substituted "subparagraphs (1) and (2)" for "paragraphs (1) and (2)" in introductory provisions.
1997—Par. (aa). Pub. L. 105–115, §125(b)(2)(A), struck out "or 357" after "section 355(j)".
Par. (dd). Pub. L. 105–115, §125(b)(2)(A), struck out "357," after "section 355,".
Par. (ff)(3)(A). Pub. L. 105–115, §125(b)(2)(A), struck out ", certified as an antibiotic under section 357 of this title," before "or licensed as a biologic".
Par. (ii). Pub. L. 105–115, §121(a), added par. (ii).
Par. (jj). Pub. L. 105–115, §125(e), added par. (jj).
1996—Par. (q). Pub. L. 104–170, §402(a), amended par. (q) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (q) read as follows: "The term 'pesticide chemical' means any substance which, alone, in chemical combination or in formulation with one or more other substances, is 'a pesticide' within the meaning of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act as now in force or as hereafter amended, and which is used in the production, storage, or transportation of raw agricultural commodities."
Par. (s)(1), (2). Pub. L. 104–170, §402(b), amended subpars. (1) and (2) generally. Prior to amendment, subpars. (1) and (2) read as follows:
"(1) a pesticide chemical in or on a raw agricultural commodity; or
"(2) a pesticide chemical to the extent that it is intended for use or is used in the production, storage, or transportation of any raw agricultural commodity; or".
Pars. (gg), (hh). Pub. L. 104–170, §402(c), added pars. (gg) and (hh).
1994—Par. (g)(1). Pub. L. 103–417, §10(a), amended last sentence generally. Prior to amendment, last sentence read as follows: "A food for which a claim, subject to sections 343(r)(1)(B) and 343(r)(3) of this title or sections 343(r)(1)(B) and 343(r)(5)(D) of this title, is made in accordance with the requirements of section 343(r) of this title is not a drug under clause (B) solely because the label or labeling contains such a claim."
Par. (s)(6). Pub. L. 103–417, §3(b), added subpar. (6).
Par. (ff). Pub. L. 103–417, §3(a), added par. (ff).
1993—Pars. (c), (d). Pub. L. 103–80, §3(dd)(1), substituted "Health and Human Services" for "Agriculture".
Par. (h). Pub. L. 103–80, §4(b), amended directory language of Pub. L. 102–300, §6(a)(1). See 1992 amendment note below.
Pars. (v) to (ff). Pub. L. 103–80, §3(b), redesignated pars. (w) to (ff) as (v) to (ee), respectively.
1992—Pars. (c), (d). Pub. L. 102–300, §6(b)(1), which directed the substitution of "Health and Human Services" for "Health, Education, and Welfare", could not be executed because such words did not appear in the original statutory text. See 1993 Amendment note above and Transfer of Functions notes below.
Par. (h). Pub. L. 102–300, §6(a)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 103–80, §4(b), substituted "its primary" for "any of its principal" in two places in concluding provisions.
Par. (u). Pub. L. 102–571 substituted "379e" for "376".
Par. (y)(1). Pub. L. 102–300, §6(b)(2), struck out "of Health, Education, and Welfare" after "employees of the Department".
Pars. (bb) to (ee). Pub. L. 102–282 added pars. (bb) to (ee).
Par. (ff). Pub. L. 102–300, §6(a)(2), added par. (ff).
1990—Par. (g)(1). Pub. L. 101–629, §16(b)(1), struck out "; but does not include devices or their components, parts, or accessories" after "clause (A), (B), or (C)".
Pub. L. 101–535 inserted at end "A food for which a claim, subject to sections 343(r)(1)(B) and 343(r)(3) of this title or sections 343(r)(1)(B) and 343(r)(5)(D) of this title, is made in accordance with the requirements of section 343(r) of this title is not a drug under clause (B) solely because the label or labeling contains such a claim."
Par. (h)(3). Pub. L. 101–629, §16(b)(2), which directed the amendment of subpar. (3) by substituting "its primary" for "any of its principal", could not be executed because "any of its principal" did not appear in subpar. (3).
1988—Par. (w)(3). Pub. L. 100–670 struck out subpar. (3) which read as follows: "which drug is composed wholly or partly of any kind of penicillin, streptomycin, chlortetracycline, chloramphenicol, or bacitracin, or any derivative thereof, except when there is in effect a published order of the Secretary declaring such drug not to be a new animal drug on the grounds that (A) the requirement of certification of batches of such drug, as provided for in section 360b(n) of this title, is not necessary to insure that the objectives specified in paragraph (3) thereof are achieved and (B) that neither subparagraph (1) nor (2) of this paragraph (w) applies to such drug."
1980—Par. (aa). Pub. L. 96–359 added par. (aa).
1977—Par. (z). Pub. L. 95–203 added par. (z).
1976—Par. (h). Pub. L. 94–295, §3(a)(1)(A), expanded definition of "device" to include implements, machines, implants, in vitro reagents, and other similar or related articles, added recognition in the National Formulary or the United States Pharmacopeia, or any supplement to the Formulary or Pharmacopeia, to the enumeration of conditions under which a device may qualify for inclusion under this chapter, and inserted requirements that a device be one which does not achieve any of its principal intended purposes through chemical action within or on the body of man or other animals and which is not dependent upon being metabolized for the achievement of any of its principal intended purposes.
Par. (n). Pub. L. 94–278 inserted "or advertising" after "labeling" wherever appearing.
Par. (y). Pub. L. 94–295, §3(a)(2), added par. (y).
1972—Par. (q). Pub. L. 92–516 substituted reference to pesticide for reference to economic poison.
1970—Par. (a)(2). Pub. L. 91–513, §701(g), struck out reference to sections 321, 331(i), 331(p), 331(q), 332, 333, 334, 337, 360, 360a, 372, 373, 374, and 375 of this title as they apply to depressant or stimulant drugs.
Par. (v). Pub. L. 91–513, §701(a), struck out par. (v) which defined "depressant or stimulant drug".
1968—Par. (a)(2). Pub. L. 90–639, §4(a), extended provisions to cover depressant and stimulant drugs, the containers thereof, and equipment used in manufacturing, compounding, or processing such drugs, to the Canal Zone.
Par. (p). Pub. L. 90–399, §102(a), (b), inserted "(except a new animal drug or an animal feed bearing or containing a new animal drug)" after "Any drug" in subpars. (1) and (2), respectively.
Par. (s)(5). Pub. L. 90–399, §102(c), added subpar. (5).
Par. (u). Pub. L. 90–399, §102(d), inserted reference to section 360b of this title.
Par. (v)(3). Pub. L. 90–639, §1, inserted reference to lysergic acid diethylamide.
Pars. (w), (x). Pub. L. 90–399, §102(e), added pars. (w) and (x).
1965—Par. (g). Pub. L. 89–74, §9(b), designated existing provisions as subpar. (1), redesignated cls. (1) to (4) thereof as (A) to (D), substituted "(A), (B), or (C)" for "(1), (2), or (3)" and added subpar. (2).
Par. (v). Pub. L. 89–74, §3(a), added par. (v).
1962—Par. (a). Pub. L. 87–781, §307(a), designated existing provisions as subpar. (2), inserted "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the", and added subpar. (1).
Par. (p)(1). Pub. L. 87–781, §102(a)(1), inserted "and effectiveness" after "to evaluate the safety", and "and effective" after "as safe".
Par. (p)(2). Pub. L. 87–781, §102(a)(2), inserted "and effectiveness" after "safety".
1960—Par. (s). Pub. L. 86–618, §101(a), excluded color additives from definition of "food additive".
Par. (t). Pub. L. 86–618, §101(c), added par. (t). Former par. (t) redesignated (u).
Par. (u). Pub. L. 86–618, §101(b), redesignated par. (t) as (u) and inserted reference to section 376 of this title.
1958—Pars. (s), (t). Pub. L. 85–929 added pars. (s) and (t).
1954—Pars. (q), (r). Act July 22, 1954, added pars. (q) and (r).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2022 Amendment
Pub. L. 117–103, div. P, title I, §111(c), Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 789, provided that: "The amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) [amending this section and section 387a of this title] shall take effect 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Mar. 15, 2022]."
Effective Date of 2021 Amendment
Pub. L. 117–11, §2(b), Apr. 23, 2021, 135 Stat. 262, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to any food that is introduced or delivered for introduction into interstate commerce on or after January 1, 2023."
Effective Date of 2004 Amendment
Pub. L. 108–282, title II, §203(d), Aug. 2, 2004, 118 Stat. 908, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 343 and 343–1 of this title] shall apply to any food that is labeled on or after January 1, 2006."
Effective Date of 1997 Amendment
Pub. L. 105–115, title V, §501, Nov. 21, 1997, 111 Stat. 2380, provided that: "Except as otherwise provided in this Act [see Short Title of 1997 Amendment note set out under section 301 of this title], this Act and the amendments made by this Act, other than the provisions of and the amendments made by sections 111, 121, 125, and 307 [enacting section 355a of this title, amending this section and sections 331, 335a, 351, 352, 360, 360j, 360aa to 360cc, 360ee, 374, 379g, 381, and 382 of this title, section 45C of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, section 156 of Title 35, Patents, and section 8126 of Title 38, Veterans' Benefits, repealing sections 356 and 357 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 351 and 355 of this title], shall take effect 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 21, 1997]."
Effective Date of 1990 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–535 effective six months after the date of the promulgation of final regulations to implement section 343(r) of this title, or if such regulations are not promulgated, the date proposed regulations are to be considered as such final regulations (Nov. 8, 1992), with exception for persons marketing food the brand name of which contains a term defined by the Secretary under section 343(r)(2)(A)(i) of this title, see section 10(a) of Pub. L. 101–535, set out as a note under section 343 of this title.
Effective Date of 1976 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 94–278 effective 180 days after Apr. 22, 1976, see section 502(c) of Pub. L. 94–278, set out as a note under section 334 of this title.
Effective Date of 1972 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 92–516 effective at the close of Oct. 21, 1972, except if regulations are necessary for the implementation of any provision that becomes effective on Oct. 21, 1972, and continuation in effect of subchapter I of chapter 6 of Title 7, and regulations thereunder, relating to the control of economic poisons, as in existence prior to Oct. 21, 1972, until superseded by provisions of Pub. L. 92–516, and regulations thereunder, see section 4 of Pub. L. 92–516, set out as an Effective Date note under section 136 of Title 7, Agriculture.
Effective Date of 1970 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 91–513 effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as an Effective Date note under section 801 of this title.
Effective Date of 1968 Amendments; Transitional Provisions
Pub. L. 90–639, §6, Oct. 24, 1968, 82 Stat. 1362, provided that: "The amendments made by this Act [amending this section, sections 331, 333, 334, and 360a of this title, and provisions set out as a note under section 289a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] shall apply only with respect to violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [this chapter] committed after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 24, 1968]."
Amendment by Pub. L. 90–399 effective on first day of thirteenth calendar month after July 13, 1968, except that in the case of a drug (other than one subject to section 360b(n) of this title) intended for use in animals other than man which, on Oct. 9, 1962, was commercially used or sold in the United States, was not a new drug as defined in par. (p) of this section then in force, and was not covered by an effective application under section 355 of this title, the words "effectiveness" and "effective" contained in par. (v) of this section not applicable to such drug when intended solely for use under conditions prescribed, recommended, or suggested in labeling with respect to such drug on that day, see section 108(a), (b)(3) of Pub. L. 90–399, as amended, set out as an Effective Date and Transitional Provisions note under section 360b of this title.
Effective Date of 1965 Amendment
Pub. L. 89–74, §11, July 15, 1965, 79 Stat. 235, provided that: "The foregoing provisions of this Act [see Short Title of 1965 Amendment note set out under section 301 of this title] shall take effect on the first day of the seventh calendar month [Feb. 1, 1966] following the month in which this Act is enacted [July 15, 1965]; except that (1) the Secretary shall permit persons, owning or operating any establishment engaged in manufacturing, preparing, propagating, compounding, processing, wholesaling, jobbing, or distributing any depressant or stimulant drug, as referred to in the amendments made by section 4 of this Act to section 510 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [section 360 of this title], to register their name, places of business, and establishments, and other information prescribed by such amendments, with the Secretary prior to such effective date, and (2) sections 201(v) and 511(g) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as added by this act [par. (v) of this section and par. (g) of section 360a of this title], and the provisions of sections 8 [amending section 372 of this title and section 1114 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure] and 10 [set out as a note under this section] shall take effect upon the date of enactment of this Act [July 15, 1965]."
Effective Date of 1962 Amendment
Pub. L. 87–781, title I, §107, Oct. 10, 1962, 76 Stat. 788, provided that:
"(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, the amendments made by the foregoing sections of this part A [amending this section and sections 331, 332, 348, 351 to 353, 355, 357, 379e of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 355 of this title] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 10, 1962].
"(b) The amendments made by sections 101, 103, 105, and 106 of this part A [amending sections 331, 332, 351, 352, 355, and 357 of this title] shall, with respect to any drug, take effect on the first day of the seventh calendar month following the month in which this Act is enacted [Oct. 1962].
"(c)(1) As used in this subsection, the term 'enactment date' means the date of enactment of this Act; and the term 'basic Act' means the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [this chapter].
"(2) An application filed pursuant to section 505(b) of the basic Act [section 355(b) of this title] which was 'effective' within the meaning of that Act on the day immediately preceding the enactment date shall be deemed as of the enactment date, to be an application 'approved' by the Secretary within the meaning of the basic Act as amended by this Act.
"(3) In the case of any drug with respect to which an application filed under section 505(b) of the basic Act is deemed to be an approved application on the enactment date by virtue of paragraph (2) of this subsection—
"(A) the amendments made by this Act to section 201(p), and to subsections (b) and (d) of section 505, of the basic Act [par. (p) of this section, and subsecs. (b) and (d) of section 355 of this title], insofar as such amendments relate to the effectiveness of drugs, shall not, so long as approval of such application is not withdrawn or suspended pursuant to section 505(e) of that Act [section 355(e) of this title], apply to such drug when intended solely for use under conditions prescribed, recommended, or suggested in labeling covered by such approved application, but shall apply to any changed use, or conditions of use, prescribed, recommended, or suggested in its labeling, including such conditions of use as are the subject of an amendment or supplement to such application pending on, or filed after, the enactment date; and
"(B) clause (3) of the first sentence of section 505(e) of the basic Act, as amended by this Act [section 355(e) of this title], shall not apply to such drug when intended solely for use under conditions prescribed, recommended, or suggested in labeling covered by such approved application (except with respect to such use, or conditions of use, as are the subject of an amendment or supplement to such approved application, which amendment or supplement has been approved after the enactment date under section 505 of the basic Act as amended by this Act [section 355 of this title]) until whichever of the following first occurs: (i) the expiration of the two-year period beginning with the enactment date; (ii) the effective date of an order under section 505(e) of the basic Act [section 355(e) of this title], other than clause (3) of the first sentence of such section 505(e) [section 355(e) of this title], withdrawing or suspending the approval of such application.
"(4) In the case of any drug which, on the day immediately preceding the enactment date, (A) was commercially used or sold in the United States, (B) was not a new drug as defined by section 201(p) of the basic Act as then in force [par. (p) of this section], and (C) was not covered by an effective application under section 505 of that Act [section 355 of this title], the amendments to section 201(p) [par. (p) of this section] made by this Act shall not apply to such drug when intended solely for use under conditions prescribed, recommended, or suggested in labeling with respect to such drug on that day."
Effective Date of 1960 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 86–618 effective July 12, 1960, subject to provisions of section 203 of Pub. L. 86–618, see section 202 of Pub. L. 86–618, set out as a note under section 379e of this title.
Effective Date of 1958 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 85–929 effective Sept. 6, 1958, see section 6(a) of Pub. L. 85–929, set out as a note under section 342 of this title.
Effective Date of 1954 Amendment
For effective date of amendment by act July 22, 1954, see section 5 of that act, set out as a note under section 342 of this title.
Construction of Amendments by Pub. L. 102–282
Amendment by Pub. L. 102–282 not to preclude any other civil, criminal, or administrative remedy provided under Federal or State law, including any private right of action against any person for the same action subject to any action or civil penalty under an amendment made by Pub. L. 102–282, see section 7 of Pub. L. 102–282, set out as a note under section 335a of this title.
Construction of Amendments by Pub. L. 101–535
Amendments by Pub. L. 101–535 not to be construed to alter authority of Secretary of Health and Human Services and Secretary of Agriculture under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.), the Federal Meat Inspection Act (21 U.S.C. 601 et seq.), the Poultry Products Inspection Act (21 U.S.C. 451 et seq.), and the Egg Products Inspection Act (21 U.S.C. 1031 et seq.), see section 9 of Pub. L. 101–535, set out as a note under section 343 of this title.
Savings Provision
Pub. L. 91–513, title II, §702, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1283, as amended by Pub. L. 93–481, §2, Oct. 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1455, provided that:
"(a) Prosecutions for any violation of law occurring prior to the effective date [see Effective Date of 1970 Amendment note above] of section 701 [repealing section 360a of this title, and amending sections 321, 331, 333, 334, 360, 372, and 381 of this title, sections 1114 and 1952 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and section 242 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] shall not be affected by the repeals or amendments made by such section, or abated by reason thereof.
"(b) Civil seizures or forfeitures and injunctive proceedings commenced prior to the effective date of section 701 shall not be affected by the repeals or amendments made by such section, or abated by reason thereof.
"(c) All administrative proceedings pending before the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs [now the Drug Enforcement Administration] on the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 27, 1970] shall be continued and brought to final determination in accord with laws and regulations in effect prior to such date of enactment. Where a drug is finally determined under such proceedings to be a depressant or stimulant drug, as defined in section 201(v) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [par. (v) of this section], such drug shall automatically be controlled under this title [subchapter I of chapter 13 of this title] by the Attorney General without further proceedings and listed in the appropriate schedule after he has obtained the recommendation of the Secretary. Any drug with respect to which such a final determination has been made prior to the date of enactment of this Act which is not listed in section 202 [section 812 of this title] within schedules I through V shall automatically be controlled under this title [subchapter I of chapter 13 of this title] by the Attorney General without further proceedings, and be listed in the appropriate schedule, after he has obtained the recommendations of the Secretary.
"(d) Notwithstanding subsection (a) of this section or section 1103 [of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under sections 171 to 174 of this title], section 4202 of title 18, United States Code, shall apply to any individual convicted under any of the laws repealed by this title or title III [subchapter I or subchapter II of chapter 13 of this title] without regard to the terms of any sentence imposed on such individual under such law."
Transfer of Functions
Secretary and Department of Health, Education, and Welfare redesignated Secretary and Department of Health and Human Services by Pub. L. 96–88, title V, §509(b), Oct. 17, 1979, 93 Stat. 695, which is classified to section 3508(b) of Title 20, Education.
Functions of Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Health and Human Services] under Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, to the extent such functions related to administration and enforcement of the Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 (15 U.S.C. 1471 et seq.), transferred to Consumer Product Safety Commission by section 2079 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.
Regulation of Tobacco
Pub. L. 117–103, div. P, title I, §111(e), Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 790, provided that: "Effective 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Mar. 15, 2022], with respect to any regulation promulgated or related guidance issued, in whole or part, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.) before the date that is 30 days after such date of enactment, the term 'tobacco product' shall have the meaning of, and shall be deemed amended to reflect the meaning of, such term as defined in section 201(rr) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321(rr)), as amended by subsection (a). Products that are tobacco products under such section 201(rr), as so amended, shall be subject to all requirements of regulations for tobacco products. The Secretary of Health and Human Services shall publish a notice in the Federal Register to update the Code of Federal Regulations to reflect such deemed amendment to existing regulations and guidance."
Pub. L. 105–115, title IV, §422, Nov. 21, 1997, 111 Stat. 2380, provided that: "Nothing in this Act [see Short Title of 1997 Amendment note set out under section 301 of this title] or the amendments made by this Act shall be construed to affect the question of whether the Secretary of Health and Human Services has any authority to regulate any tobacco product, tobacco ingredient, or tobacco additive. Such authority, if any, shall be exercised under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 21, 1997]."
Congressional Findings Relating to Pub. L. 103–417
Pub. L. 103–417, §2, Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4325, provided that: "Congress finds that—
"(1) improving the health status of United States citizens ranks at the top of the national priorities of the Federal Government;
"(2) the importance of nutrition and the benefits of dietary supplements to health promotion and disease prevention have been documented increasingly in scientific studies;
"(3)(A) there is a link between the ingestion of certain nutrients or dietary supplements and the prevention of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and osteoporosis; and
"(B) clinical research has shown that several chronic diseases can be prevented simply with a healthful diet, such as a diet that is low in fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium, with a high proportion of plant-based foods;
"(4) healthful diets may mitigate the need for expensive medical procedures, such as coronary bypass surgery or angioplasty;
"(5) preventive health measures, including education, good nutrition, and appropriate use of safe nutritional supplements will limit the incidence of chronic diseases, and reduce long-term health care expenditures;
"(6)(A) promotion of good health and healthy lifestyles improves and extends lives while reducing health care expenditures; and
"(B) reduction in health care expenditures is of paramount importance to the future of the country and the economic well-being of the country;
"(7) there is a growing need for emphasis on the dissemination of information linking nutrition and long-term good health;
"(8) consumers should be empowered to make choices about preventive health care programs based on data from scientific studies of health benefits related to particular dietary supplements;
"(9) national surveys have revealed that almost 50 percent of the 260,000,000 Americans regularly consume dietary supplements of vitamins, minerals, or herbs as a means of improving their nutrition;
"(10) studies indicate that consumers are placing increased reliance on the use of nontraditional health care providers to avoid the excessive costs of traditional medical services and to obtain more holistic consideration of their needs;
"(11) the United States will spend over $1,000,000,000,000 on health care in 1994, which is about 12 percent of the Gross National Product of the United States, and this amount and percentage will continue to increase unless significant efforts are undertaken to reverse the increase;
"(12)(A) the nutritional supplement industry is an integral part of the economy of the United States;
"(B) the industry consistently projects a positive trade balance; and
"(C) the estimated 600 dietary supplement manufacturers in the United States produce approximately 4,000 products, with total annual sales of such products alone reaching at least $4,000,000,000;
"(13) although the Federal Government should take swift action against products that are unsafe or adulterated, the Federal Government should not take any actions to impose unreasonable regulatory barriers limiting or slowing the flow of safe products and accurate information to consumers;
"(14) dietary supplements are safe within a broad range of intake, and safety problems with the supplements are relatively rare; and
"(15)(A) legislative action that protects the right of access of consumers to safe dietary supplements is necessary in order to promote wellness; and
"(B) a rational Federal framework must be established to supersede the current ad hoc, patchwork regulatory policy on dietary supplements."
Dissemination of Information Regarding the Dangers of Drug Abuse
Pub. L. 90–639, §5, Oct. 24, 1968, 82 Stat. 1362, provided that: "It is the sense of the Congress that, because of the inadequate knowledge on the part of the people of the United States of the substantial adverse effects of misuse of depressant and stimulant drugs, and of other drugs liable to abuse, on the individual, his family, and the community, the highest priority should be given to Federal programs to disseminate information which may be used to educate the public, particularly young persons, regarding the dangers of drug abuse."
Congressional Findings and Declaration of Policy
Pub. L. 89–74, §2, July 15, 1965, 79 Stat. 226, provided that: "The Congress hereby finds and declares that there is a widespread illicit traffic in depressant and stimulant drugs moving in or otherwise affecting interstate commerce; that the use of such drugs, when not under the supervision of a licensed practitioner, often endangers safety on the highways (without distinction of interstate and intrastate traffic thereon) and otherwise has become a threat to the public health and safety, making additional regulation of such drugs necessary regardless of the intrastate or interstate origin of such drugs; that in order to make regulation and protection of interstate commerce in such drugs effective, regulation of intrastate commerce is also necessary because, among other things, such drugs, when held for illicit sale, often do not bear labeling showing their place of origin and because in the form in which they are so held or in which they are consumed a determination of their place of origin is often extremely difficult or impossible; and that regulation of interstate commerce without the regulation of intrastate commerce in such drugs, as provided in this Act [see Short Title of 1965 Amendment note set out under section 301 of this title], would discriminate against and adversely affect interstate commerce in such drugs."
Effect of Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965 on State Laws
Pub. L. 89–74, §10, July 15, 1965, 79 Stat. 235, provided that:
"(a) Nothing in this Act [enacting section 360a of this title, amending sections 321, 331, 333, 334, 360, and 372 of this title and section 1114 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 321, 352, and 360a of this title] shall be construed as authorizing the manufacture, compounding, processing, possession, sale, delivery, or other disposal of any drug in any State in contravention of the laws of such State.
"(b) No provision of this Act nor any amendment made by it shall be construed as indicating an intent on the part of the Congress to occupy the field in which such provision or amendment operates to the exclusion of any State law on the same subject matter, unless there is a direct and positive conflict between such provision or amendment and such State law so that the two cannot be reconciled or consistently stand together.
"(c) No amendment made by this Act shall be construed to prevent the enforcement in the courts of any State of any statute of such State prescribing any criminal penalty for any act made criminal by any such amendment."
Effect of Drug Amendments of 1962 on State Laws
Pub. L. 87–781, title II, §202, Oct. 10, 1962, 76 Stat. 793, provided that: "Nothing in the amendments made by this Act [enacting sections 358 to 360, amending sections 321, 331, 332, 348, 351 to 353, 355, 357, 372, 374, 379e, and 381 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 321, 331, 332, 352, 355, 360, and 374 of this title] to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [this chapter] shall be construed as invalidating any provision of State law which would be valid in the absence of such amendments unless there is a direct and positive conflict between such amendments and such provision of State law."
Definitions
Pub. L. 105–115, §2, Nov. 21, 1997, 111 Stat. 2297, provided that: "In this Act [see Short Title of 1997 Amendment note set out under section 301 of this title], the terms 'drug', 'device', 'food', and 'dietary supplement' have the meaning given such terms in section 201 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321)."
Executive Documents
Transfer of Functions
Functions of Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Health and Human Services] under Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965 [see Short Title of 1965 Amendment note set out under section 301 of this title] transferred to Attorney General except function of regulating counterfeiting of those drugs which are not "depressant or stimulant" drugs, see section 2 of Reorg. Plan No. 1 of 1968, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
Functions of Federal Security Administrator transferred to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare and all agencies of Federal Security Agency transferred to Department of Health, Education, and Welfare by section 5 of Reorg. Plan No. 1 of 1953, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Federal Security Agency and office of Administrator abolished by section 8 of Reorg. Plan No. 1 of 1953.
Food and Drug Administration in Department of Agriculture and its functions, except those functions relating to administration of Insecticide Act of 1910 and Naval Stores Act, transferred to Federal Security Agency, to be administered under direction and supervision of Federal Security Administrator, by Reorg. Plan No. IV of 1940, set out in the Appendix to Title 5.
1 So in original. Probably should be "Pharmacopeia,".
2 So in original. Probably should be paragraph "(v)".
3 So in original. Provision probably should be set flush with subpar. (B).
§321a. "Butter" defined
For the purposes of the Food and Drug Act of June 30, 1906 (Thirty-fourth Statutes at Large, page 768) "butter" shall be understood to mean the food product usually known as butter, and which is made exclusively from milk or cream, or both, with or without common salt, and with or without additional coloring matter, and containing not less than 80 per centum by weight of milk fat, all tolerances having been allowed for.
(Mar. 4, 1923, ch. 268, 42 Stat. 1500.)
Editorial Notes
References in Text
The Food and Drug Act of June 30, 1906, referred to in text, is act June 30, 1906, ch. 3915, 34 Stat. 768, which was classified to subchapter I (§1 et seq.) of chapter 1 of this title, was repealed (except for section 14a which was transferred to section 376 of this title) by act June 25, 1938, ch. 675, §1002(a), formerly §902(a), 52 Stat. 1059; renumbered §1002(a), Pub. L. 111–31, div. A, title I, §101(b)(2), June 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1784, and is covered by this chapter.
Codification
Section, which was not enacted as part of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which comprises this chapter, was formerly classified to section 6 of this title. Section 1002(a) of act June 25, 1938, set out as an Effective Date note under section 301 of this title, provided that this section should remain in force and effect and be applicable to the provisions of this chapter.
§321b. "Package" defined
The word "package" where it occurs the second and last time in the act entitled "An act to amend section 8 of an act entitled, 'An act for preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other purposes,' " approved March 3, 1913, shall include and shall be construed to include wrapped meats inclosed in papers or other materials as prepared by the manufacturers thereof for sale.
(July 24, 1919, ch. 26, 41 Stat. 271.)
Editorial Notes
References in Text
An act approved March 3, 1913, referred to in text, is act Mar. 3, 1913, ch. 117, 37 Stat. 732, which amended section 10 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
"An act for preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other purposes", referred to in text, is act June 30, 1906, ch. 3915, 34 Stat. 768, which was classified to subchapter I (§1 et seq.) of chapter 1 of this title, was repealed (except for section 14a which was transferred to section 376 of this title) by act June 25, 1938, ch. 675, §1002(a), formerly §902(a), 52 Stat. 1059; renumbered §1002(a), Pub. L. 111–31, div. A, title I, §101(b)(2), June 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1784, and is covered by this chapter.
Codification
Section, which was not enacted as part of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which comprises this chapter, was formerly classified to the last sentence of paragraph third of section 10 of this title. Section 1002(a) of act June 25, 1938, set out as an Effective Date note under section 301 of this title, provided that this section should remain in force and effect and be applicable to the provisions of this chapter.
§321c. Nonfat dry milk; "milk" defined
For the purposes of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of June 26, 1938, (ch. 675, sec. 1, 52 Stat. 1040) [21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] nonfat dry milk is the product resulting from the removal of fat and water from milk, and contains the lactose, milk proteins, and milk minerals in the same relative proportions as in the fresh milk from which made. It contains not over 5 per centum by weight of moisture. The fat content is not over 1½ per centum by weight unless otherwise indicated.
The term "milk", when used herein, means sweet milk of cows.
(Mar. 2, 1944, ch. 77, 58 Stat. 108; July 2, 1956, ch. 495, 70 Stat. 486.)
Editorial Notes
References in Text
The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of June 26, 1938 (ch. 675, sec. 1, 52 Stat. 1040), referred to in text, probably means act June 25, 1938, ch. 675, 52 Stat. 1040, which is classified generally to this chapter (§301 et seq.). For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 301 of this title and Tables.
Codification
Section was not enacted as a part of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which comprises this chapter, but was made applicable thereto.
Amendments
1956—Act July 2, 1956, substituted "nonfat dry milk" for "nonfat dry milk solids or defatted milk solids".
§321d. Market names for catfish and ginseng
(a) Catfish labeling
(1) In general
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, for purposes of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.)—
(A) the term "catfish" may only be considered to be a common or usual name (or part thereof) for fish classified within the family Ictaluridae; and
(B) only labeling or advertising for fish classified within that family may include the term "catfish".
(2) Omitted
(b) Ginseng labeling
(1) In general
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, for purposes of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.)—
(A) the term "ginseng" may only be considered to be a common or usual name (or part thereof) for any herb or herbal ingredient derived from a plant classified within the genus Panax; and
(B) only labeling or advertising for herbs or herbal ingredients classified within that genus may include the term "ginseng".
(2) Omitted
(Pub. L. 107–171, title X, §10806, May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 526.)
Editorial Notes
References in Text
The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1), (b)(1), is act June 25, 1938, ch. 675, 52 Stat. 1040, which is classified generally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 301 of this title and Tables.
Codification
Section is comprised of section 10806 of Pub. L. 107–171. Subsecs. (a)(2) and (b)(2) of section 10806 of Pub. L. 107–171 amended section 343 of this title.
Section was enacted as part of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002, and not as part of Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which comprises this chapter.
SUBCHAPTER III—PROHIBITED ACTS AND PENALTIES
§331. Prohibited acts
The following acts and the causing thereof are prohibited:
(a) The introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce of any food, drug, device, tobacco product, or cosmetic that is adulterated or misbranded.
(b) The adulteration or misbranding of any food, drug, device, tobacco product, or cosmetic in interstate commerce.
(c) The receipt in interstate commerce of any food, drug, device, tobacco product, or cosmetic that is adulterated or misbranded, and the delivery or proffered delivery thereof for pay or otherwise.
(d) The introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce of any article in violation of section 344, 350d, 355,,1 360bbb–3, or 364c of this title.
(e) The refusal to permit access to or copying of any record as required by section 350a, 350c, 350f(j), 350e, 354, 360bbb–3, 364a, 373, 374(a), 379aa, or 379aa–1 of this title; or the failure to establish or maintain any record, or make any report, required under section 350a, 350c(b), 350f, 350e, 354, 355(i) or (k), 360b(a)(4)(C), 360b(j), (l) or (m), 360ccc–1(i), 360e(f), 360i, 360bbb–3, 364a, 364g, 379aa, 379aa–1, 387i, or 387t of this title or the refusal to permit access to or verification or copying of any such required record; or the violation of any recordkeeping requirement under section 2223 2 of this title (except when such violation is committed by a farm).
(f) The refusal to permit entry or inspection as authorized by section 374 of this title.
(g) The manufacture within any Territory of any food, drug, device, tobacco product, or cosmetic that is adulterated or misbranded.
(h) The giving of a guaranty or undertaking referred to in section 333(c)(2) of this title, which guaranty or undertaking is false, except by a person who relied upon a guaranty or undertaking to the same effect signed by, and containing the name and address of, the person residing in the United States from whom he received in good faith the food, drug, device, tobacco product, or cosmetic; or the giving of a guaranty or undertaking referred to in section 333(c)(3) of this title, which guaranty or undertaking is false.
(i)(1) Forging, counterfeiting, simulating, or falsely representing, or without proper authority using any mark, stamp, tag, label, or other identification device authorized or required by regulations promulgated under the provisions of section 344 or 379e of this title.
(2) Making, selling, disposing of, or keeping in possession, control, or custody, or concealing any punch, die, plate, stone, or other thing designed to print, imprint, or reproduce the trademark, trade name, or other identifying mark, imprint, or device of another or any likeness of any of the foregoing upon any drug or container or labeling thereof so as to render such drug a counterfeit drug.
(3) The doing of any act which causes a drug to be a counterfeit drug, or the sale or dispensing, or the holding for sale or dispensing, of a counterfeit drug.
(j) The using by any person to his own advantage, or revealing, other than to the Secretary or officers or employees of the Department, or to the courts when relevant in any judicial proceeding under this chapter, any information acquired under authority of section 344, 348, 350a, 350c, 355, 360, 360b, 360c, 360d, 360e, 360f, 360h, 360i, 360j, 360ccc, 360ccc–1, 360ccc–2, 374, 379, 379e, 387d, 387e, 387f, 387g, 387h, 387i, or 387t(b) of this title concerning any method or process which as a trade secret is entitled to protection; or the violating of section 346a(i)(2) of this title or any regulation issued under that section..1This paragraph does not authorize the withholding of information from either House of Congress or from, to the extent of matter within its jurisdiction, any committee or subcommittee of such committee or any joint committee of Congress or any subcommittee of such joint committee.
(k) The alteration, mutilation, destruction, obliteration, or removal of the whole or any part of the labeling of, or the doing of any other act with respect to, a food, drug, device, tobacco product, or cosmetic, if such act is done while such article is held for sale (whether or not the first sale) after shipment in interstate commerce and results in such article being adulterated or misbranded.
(l) Repealed. Pub. L. 105–115, title IV, §421, Nov. 21, 1997, 111 Stat. 2380.
(m) The sale or offering for sale of colored oleomargarine or colored margarine, or the possession or serving of colored oleomargarine or colored margarine in violation of subsections (b) or (c) of section 347 of this title.
(n) The using, in labeling, advertising or other sales promotion of any reference to any report or analysis furnished in compliance with section 374 of this title.
(o) In the case of a prescription drug distributed or offered for sale in interstate commerce, the failure of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor thereof to maintain for transmittal, or to transmit, to any practitioner licensed by applicable State law to administer such drug who makes written request for information as to such drug, true and correct copies of all printed matter which is required to be included in any package in which that drug is distributed or sold, or such other printed matter as is approved by the Secretary. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to exempt any person from any labeling requirement imposed by or under other provisions of this chapter.
(p) The failure to register in accordance with section 360 or 387e of this title, the failure to provide any information required by section 360(j), 360(k), 387e(i), or 387e(j) of this title, or the failure to provide a notice required by section 360(j)(2) or 387e(i)(3) of this title.
(q)(1) The failure or refusal—
(A) to comply with any requirement prescribed under section 360h, 360j(g), 387c(b), 387g, 387h, or 387o of this title;
(B) to furnish any notification or other material or information required by or under section 360i, 360j(g), 387d, 387i, or 387t of this title; or
(C) to comply with a requirement under section 360l or 387m of this title.
(2) With respect to any device or tobacco product, the submission of any report that is required by or under this chapter that is false or misleading in any material respect.
(3) The failure to comply with any requirement under section 360n–2(b)(2) of this title (relating to ensuring device cybersecurity).
(r) The movement of a device, drug, or tobacco product in violation of an order under section 334(g) of this title or the removal or alteration of any mark or label required by the order to identify the device, drug, or tobacco product as detained.
(s) The failure to provide the notice required by section 350a(c) or 350a(e) of this title, the failure to make the reports required by section 350a(f)(1)(B) of this title, the failure to retain the records required by section 350a(b)(4) of this title, or the failure to meet the requirements prescribed under section 350a(f)(3) of this title.
(t) The importation of a drug in violation of section 381(d)(1) of this title, the sale, purchase, or trade of a drug or drug sample or the offer to sell, purchase, or trade a drug or drug sample in violation of section 353(c) of this title, the sale, purchase, or trade of a coupon, the offer to sell, purchase, or trade such a coupon, or the counterfeiting of such a coupon in violation of section 353(c)(2) of this title, the distribution of a drug sample in violation of section 353(d) of this title or the failure to otherwise comply with the requirements of section 353(d) of this title, the distribution of drugs in violation of section 353(e) of this title, failure to comply with the requirements under section 360eee–1 of this title, the failure to comply with the requirements under section 360eee–3 of this title, as applicable, or the failure to otherwise comply with the requirements of section 353(e) of this title.
(u) The failure to comply with any requirements of the provisions of, or any regulations or orders of the Secretary, under section 360b(a)(4)(A), 360b(a)(4)(D), or 360b(a)(5) of this title.
(v) The introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce of a dietary supplement that is unsafe under section 350b of this title.
(w) The making of a knowingly false statement in any statement, certificate of analysis, record, or report required or requested under section 381(d)(3) of this title; the failure to submit a certificate of analysis as required under such section; the failure to maintain records or to submit records or reports as required by such section; the release into interstate commerce of any article or portion thereof imported into the United States under such section or any finished product made from such article or portion, except for export in accordance with section 381(e) or 382 of this title, or with section 262(h) of title 42; or the failure to so export or to destroy such an article or portions thereof, or such a finished product.
(x) The falsification of a declaration of conformity submitted under section 360d(c) of this title or the failure or refusal to provide data or information requested by the Secretary under paragraph (3) of such section.
(y) In the case of a drug, device, or food—
(1) the submission of a report or recommendation by a person accredited under section 360m of this title that is false or misleading in any material respect;
(2) the disclosure by a person accredited under section 360m of this title of confidential commercial information or any trade secret without the express written consent of the person who submitted such information or secret to such person; or
(3) the receipt by a person accredited under section 360m of this title of a bribe in any form or the doing of any corrupt act by such person associated with a responsibility delegated to such person under this chapter.
(z) Omitted.
(aa) The importation of a prescription drug in violation of section 384 of this title, the falsification of any record required to be maintained or provided to the Secretary under such section, or any other violation of regulations under such section.
(bb) The transfer of an article of food in violation of an order under section 334(h) of this title, or the removal or alteration of any mark or label required by the order to identify the article as detained.
(cc) The importing or offering for import into the United States of an article of food or a drug by, with the assistance of, or at the direction of, a person debarred from such activity under section 335a(b)(3) of this title.
(dd) The failure to register in accordance with section 350d of this title.
(ee) The importing or offering for import into the United States of an article of food in violation of the requirements under section 381(m) of this title.
(ff) The importing or offering for import into the United States of a drug or device with respect to which there is a failure to comply with a request of the Secretary to submit to the Secretary a statement under section 381(o) of this title.
(gg) The knowing failure to comply with paragraph (7)(E) of section 374(g) of this title; the knowing inclusion by a person accredited under paragraph (2) of such section of false information in an inspection report under paragraph (7)(A) of such section; or the knowing failure of such a person to include material facts in such a report.
(hh) The failure by a shipper, carrier by motor vehicle or rail vehicle, receiver, or any other person engaged in the transportation of food to comply with the sanitary transportation practices prescribed by the Secretary under section 350e of this title.
(ii) The falsification of a report of a serious adverse event submitted to a responsible person (as defined under section 364, 379aa, or 379aa–1 of this title) or the falsification of a serious adverse event report (as defined under section 379aa or 379aa–1 of this title or required under section 364a(a) of this title) submitted to the Secretary.
(jj)(1) The failure to submit the certification required by section 282(j)(5)(B) of title 42, or knowingly submitting a false certification under such section.
(2) The failure to submit clinical trial information required under subsection (j) of section 282 of title 42.
(3) The submission of clinical trial information under subsection (j) of section 282 of title 42 that is false or misleading in any particular under paragraph (5)(D) of such subsection (j).
(kk) The dissemination of a television advertisement without complying with section 353c 2 of this title.
(ll) The introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce of any food to which has been added a drug approved under section 355 of this title, a biological product licensed under section 262 of title 42, or a drug or a biological product for which substantial clinical investigations have been instituted and for which the existence of such investigations has been made public, unless—
(1) such drug or such biological product was marketed in food before any approval of the drug under section 355 of this title, before licensure of the biological product under such section 262 of title 42, and before any substantial clinical investigations involving the drug or the biological product have been instituted;
(2) the Secretary, in the Secretary's discretion, has issued a regulation, after notice and comment, approving the use of such drug or such biological product in the food;
(3) the use of the drug or the biological product in the food is to enhance the safety of the food to which the drug or the biological product is added or applied and not to have independent biological or therapeutic effects on humans, and the use is in conformity with—
(A) a regulation issued under section 348 of this title prescribing conditions of safe use in food;
(B) a regulation listing or affirming conditions under which the use of the drug or the biological product in food is generally recognized as safe;
(C) the conditions of use identified in a notification to the Secretary of a claim of exemption from the premarket approval requirements for food additives based on the notifier's determination that the use of the drug or the biological product in food is generally recognized as safe, provided that the Secretary has not questioned the general recognition of safety determination in a letter to the notifier;
(D) a food contact substance notification that is effective under section 348(h) of this title; or
(E) such drug or biological product had been marketed for smoking cessation prior to September 27, 2007; or
(4) the drug is a new animal drug whose use is not unsafe under section 360b of this title.
(mm) The failure to submit a report or provide a notification required under section 350f(d) of this title.
(nn) The falsification of a report or notification required under section 350f(d) of this title.
(oo) The sale of tobacco products in violation of a no-tobacco-sale order issued under section 333(f) of this title.
(pp) The introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce of a tobacco product in violation of section 387k of this title.
(qq)(1) Forging, counterfeiting, simulating, or falsely representing, or without proper authority using any mark, stamp (including tax stamp), tag, label, or other identification device upon any tobacco product or container or labeling thereof so as to render such tobacco product a counterfeit tobacco product.
(2) Making, selling, disposing of, or keeping in possession, control, or custody, or concealing any punch, die, plate, stone, or other item that is designed to print, imprint, or reproduce the trademark, trade name, or other identifying mark, imprint, or device of another or any likeness of any of the foregoing upon any tobacco product or container or labeling thereof so as to render such tobacco product a counterfeit tobacco product.
(3) The doing of any act that causes a tobacco product to be a counterfeit tobacco product, or the sale or dispensing, or the holding for sale or dispensing, of a counterfeit tobacco product.
(rr) The charitable distribution of tobacco products.
(ss) The failure of a manufacturer or distributor to notify the Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury of their knowledge of tobacco products used in illicit trade.
(tt) Making any express or implied statement or representation directed to consumers with respect to a tobacco product, in a label or labeling or through the media or advertising, that either conveys, or misleads or would mislead consumers into believing, that—
(1) the product is approved by the Food and Drug Administration;
(2) the Food and Drug Administration deems the product to be safe for use by consumers;
(3) the product is endorsed by the Food and Drug Administration for use by consumers; or
(4) the product is safe or less harmful by virtue of—
(A) its regulation or inspection by the Food and Drug Administration; or
(B) its compliance with regulatory requirements set by the Food and Drug Administration;
including any such statement or representation rendering the product misbranded under section 387c of this title.
(uu) The operation of a facility that manufactures, processes, packs, or holds food for sale in the United States if the owner, operator, or agent in charge of such facility is not in compliance with section 350g of this title.
(vv) The failure to comply with the requirements under section 350h of this title.
(ww) The failure to comply with section 350i of this title.
(xx) The refusal or failure to follow an order under section 350l of this title.
(yy) The knowing and willful failure to comply with the notification requirement under section 350f(h) of this title.
(zz) The importation or offering for importation of a food if the importer (as defined in section 384a of this title) does not have in place a foreign supplier verification program in compliance with such section 384a of this title.
(aaa) The failure to register in accordance with section 381(s) of this title.
(bbb) The failure to notify the Secretary in violation of section 360bbb–7 of this title.
(ccc)(1) The resale of a compounded drug that is labeled "not for resale" in accordance with section 353b of this title.
(2) With respect to a drug to be compounded pursuant to section 353a or 353b of this title, the intentional falsification of a prescription, as applicable.
(3) The failure to report drugs or adverse events by an entity that is registered in accordance with subsection (b) of section 353b of this title.
(ddd)(1) The manufacture or the introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce of a rinse-off cosmetic that contains intentionally-added plastic microbeads.
(2) In this paragraph—
(A) the term "plastic microbead" means any solid plastic particle that is less than five millimeters in size and is intended to be used to exfoliate or cleanse the human body or any part thereof; and
(B) the term "rinse-off cosmetic" includes toothpaste.
(eee) The failure to comply with any order issued under section 360bbb–8d of this title.
(fff)(1) Forging, counterfeiting, simulating, or falsely representing, or without proper authority using any mark, stamp, tag, label, or other identification upon any device or container, packaging, or labeling thereof so as to render such device a counterfeit device.
(2) Making, selling, disposing of, or keeping in possession, control, or custody, or concealing any punch, die, plate, stone, or other thing designed to print, imprint, or reproduce the trademark, trade name, or other identifying mark or imprint of another or any likeness of any of the foregoing upon any device or container, packaging, or labeling thereof so as to render such device a counterfeit device.
(3) The doing of any act which causes a device to be a counterfeit device, or the sale or dispensing, or the holding for sale or dispensing, of a counterfeit device.
(ggg) The failure of a sponsor of a product approved under accelerated approval pursuant to section 356(c) of this title—
(1) to conduct with due diligence any postapproval study required under section 356(c) of this title with respect to such product; or
(2) to submit timely reports with respect to such product in accordance with section 356b(a)(2) of this title.
(hhh) The failure to register or submit listing information in accordance with section 364c of this title.
(iii) The refusal or failure to follow an order under section 364g of this title.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, §301, 52 Stat. 1042; Dec. 22, 1941, ch. 613, §1, 55 Stat. 851; July 6, 1945, ch. 281, §1, 59 Stat. 463; Mar. 10, 1947, ch. 16, §1, 61 Stat. 11; June 24, 1948, ch. 613, §1, 62 Stat. 582; Mar. 16, 1950, ch. 61, §3(b), 64 Stat. 20; Aug. 7, 1953, ch. 350, §2, 67 Stat. 477; Pub. L. 85–929, §5, Sept. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 1788; Pub. L. 86–618, title I, §§104, 105(a), July 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 403; Pub. L. 87–781, title I, §§103(c), 104(e)(1), 106(c), 114(a), title III, §304, Oct. 10, 1962, 76 Stat. 784, 785, 788, 791, 795; Pub. L. 89–74, §§5, 9(c), July 15, 1965, 79 Stat. 232, 235; Pub. L. 90–399, §103, July 13, 1968, 82 Stat. 352; Pub. L. 90–639, §2(b), Oct. 24, 1968, 82 Stat. 1361; Pub. L. 91–513, title II, §701(a), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1281; Pub. L. 92–387, §4(e), Aug. 16, 1972, 86 Stat. 562; Pub. L. 94–295, §§3(b), 4(b)(1), 7(b), May 28, 1976, 90 Stat. 576, 580, 582; Pub. L. 96–359, §5, Sept. 26, 1980, 94 Stat. 1193; Pub. L. 99–570, title IV, §4014(b)(2), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–120; Pub. L. 100–293, §7(a), Apr. 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 99; Pub. L. 101–502, §5(j), Nov. 3, 1990, 104 Stat. 1289; Pub. L. 101–508, title IV, §4755(c)(2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–210; Pub. L. 102–300, §3(a)(1), June 16, 1992, 106 Stat. 238; Pub. L. 102–571, title I, §107(2), (3), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4499; Pub. L. 103–80, §3(c), Aug. 13, 1993, 107 Stat. 775; Pub. L. 103–396, §2(b)(1), Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4154; Pub. L. 103–417, §10(b), Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4332; Pub. L. 104–134, title II, §2103, Apr. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 1321–319; Pub. L. 104–170, title IV, §403, Aug. 3, 1996, 110 Stat. 1514; Pub. L. 104–250, §5(d), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3156; Pub. L. 105–115, title I, §125(a)(2)(A), (C), (b)(2)(B), title II, §§204(b), 210(c), title IV, §§401(b), 421, Nov. 21, 1997, 111 Stat. 2325, 2336, 2345, 2364, 2380; Pub. L. 106–387, §1(a) [title VII, §745(d)(1)], Oct. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1549, 1549A-39; Pub. L. 107–188, title III, §§303(b), 304(d), 305(b), 306(c), 307(b), 321(b)(2), 322(b), June 12, 2002, 116 Stat. 664, 666, 668, 670, 672, 676, 677; Pub. L. 107–250, title II, §201(d), Oct. 26, 2002, 116 Stat. 1609; Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title XVI, §1603(c), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1690; Pub. L. 108–173, title XI, §1121(b)(1), Dec. 8, 2003, 117 Stat. 2469; Pub. L. 108–214, §2(b)(2)(A), Apr. 1, 2004, 118 Stat. 575; Pub. L. 108–282, title I, §102(b)(5)(C), (D), Aug. 2, 2004, 118 Stat. 902; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7202(d), (e), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1913; Pub. L. 109–462, §§2(c), 3(b), 4(a), Dec. 22, 2006, 120 Stat. 3472, 3475; Pub. L. 110–85, title VIII, §801(b)(1), title IX, §§901(d)(1), 912(a), title X, §1005(d), Sept. 27, 2007, 121 Stat. 920, 939, 951, 968; Pub. L. 111–31, div. A, title I, §103(b), June 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1833; Pub. L. 111–353, title I, §§102(d)(1), 103(e), 105(c), 106(d), title II, §§204(j)(1), 206(d), 211(b), (c), title III, §301(b), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3889, 3898, 3904, 3906, 3937, 3943, 3953, 3954; Pub. L. 112–144, title VII, §§714(a), 715(a), July 9, 2012, 126 Stat. 1073, 1075; Pub. L. 113–54, title I, §103(a), title II, §206(a), Nov. 27, 2013, 127 Stat. 597, 639; Pub. L. 114–114, §2(a), Dec. 28, 2015, 129 Stat. 3129; Pub. L. 114–255, div. A, title III, §3101(a)(2)(A), Dec. 13, 2016, 130 Stat. 1152; Pub. L. 115–271, title III, §§3012(a), 3022(b)(1), Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3935, 3938; Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title II, §2513(a), title III, §§3210(c), 3305(b), 3503(a)(1), (4)(A), (B), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5805, 5824, 5833, 5858.)
Editorial Notes
References in Text
Section 2223 of this title, referred to in par. (e), was in the original "section 204 of the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act", meaning section 204 of Pub. L. 111–353, which enacted section 2223 of this title and amended this section and section 381 of this title.
Section 353c of this title, referred to in par. (kk), was in the original a reference to section 503B of act June 25, 1938, and was translated as if it referred to section 503C of that Act, to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the renumbering of section 503B as 503C by Pub. L. 113–54, title I, §102(a)(1), Nov. 27, 2013, 127 Stat. 587, and its transfer to section 353c of this title. A new section 503B, which was enacted by section 102(a)(2) of Pub. L. 113–54, is classified to section 353b of this title and does not relate to television advertisements.
Amendments
2022—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–328, §3503(a)(1)(B), which directed the substitution of ", 360bbb–3, or 364c" for "or 360bbb–3" in par. (d), was executed by making the substitution in subsec. (d) to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 117–328, §3503(a)(4)(A), substituted "360bbb–3, 364a, 373" for "360bbb–3, 373" and "360bbb–3, 364a, 364g, 379aa" for "360bbb–3, 379aa".
Subsec. (q)(3). Pub. L. 117–328, §3305(b), added par. (3).
Subsec. (ii). Pub. L. 117–328, §3503(a)(4)(B)(ii), inserted "or required under section 364a(a) of this title" after "report (as defined under section 379aa or 379aa–1 of this title".
Pub. L. 117–328, §3503(a)(4)(B)(i), substituted "364, 379aa, or 379aa–1 of this title) or" for "379aa or 379aa–1 of this title) or".
Subsec. (fff). Pub. L. 117–328, §2513(a), added subsec. (fff).
Subsec. (ggg). Pub. L. 117–328, §3210(c), added subsec. (ggg).
Subsecs. (hhh), (iii). Pub. L. 117–328, §3503(a)(1)(A), added subsecs. (hhh) and (iii).
2018—Par. (cc). Pub. L. 115–271, §3022(b)(1), inserted "or a drug" after "food" and "from such activity" after "person debarred".
Par. (eee). Pub. L. 115–271, §3012(a), added par. (eee).
2016—Subsec. (r). Pub. L. 114–255 inserted ", drug," after "device" in two places.
2015—Par. (ddd). Pub. L. 114–114 added par. (ddd).
2013—Par. (t). Pub. L. 113–54, §206(a), struck out "or" after "the requirements of section 353(d) of this title," and inserted ", failure to comply with the requirements under section 360eee–1 of this title, the failure to comply with the requirements under section 360eee–3 of this title, as applicable," after "in violation of section 353(e) of this title".
Par. (ccc). Pub. L. 113–54, §103(a), added par. (ccc).
2012—Par. (aaa). Pub. L. 112–144, §714(a), added par. (aaa).
Par. (bbb). Pub. L. 112–144, §715(a), added par. (bbb).
2011—Par. (d). Pub. L. 111–353, §102(d)(1), inserted "350d," after "344,".
Par. (e). Pub. L. 111–353, §§204(j)(1), 211(c), substituted "350f(j)" for "350f(g)" and inserted before period at end "; or the violation of any recordkeeping requirement under section 2223 of this title (except when such violation is committed by a farm)".
Par. (uu). Pub. L. 111–353, §103(e), added par. (uu).
Par. (vv). Pub. L. 111–353, §105(c), added par. (vv).
Par. (ww). Pub. L. 111–353, §106(d), added par. (ww).
Par. (xx). Pub. L. 111–353, §206(d), added par. (xx).
Par. (yy). Pub. L. 111–353, §211(b), added par. (yy).
Par. (zz). Pub. L. 111–353, §301(b), added par. (zz).
2009—Pars. (a) to (c). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(b)(1)–(3), inserted "tobacco product," after "device,".
Par. (e). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(b)(4)(B), which directed substitution of "379aa–1, 387i, or 387t of this title or the refusal to permit access to" for "or 379aa–1 of this title or the refusal to permit access to", was executed by making the substitution for "or 379aa–1 of this title, or the refusal to permit access to", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Pub. L. 111–31, §103(b)(4)(A), struck out period after "360ccc–1(i)".
Pars. (g), (h). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(b)(5), (6), inserted "tobacco product," after "device,".
Par. (j). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(b)(7), struck out period after "360ccc–2" and substituted "379, 379e, 387d, 387e, 387f, 387g, 387h, 387i, or 387t(b)" for "379, or 379e".
Par. (k). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(b)(8), inserted "tobacco product," after "device,".
Par. (p). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(b)(9), added par. (p) and struck out former par. (p) which read as follows: "The failure to register in accordance with section 360 of this title, the failure to provide any information required by section 360(j) or 360(k) of this title, or the failure to provide a notice required by section 360(j)(2) of this title."
Par. (q)(1). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(b)(10), added subpar. (1) and struck out former subpar. (1) which read as follows: "The failure or refusal to (A) comply with any requirement prescribed under section 360h or 360j(g) of this title, (B) furnish any notification or other material or information required by or under section 360i or 360j(g) of this title, or (C) comply with a requirement under section 360l of this title."
Par. (q)(2). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(b)(11), substituted "device or tobacco product," for "device,".
Par. (r). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(b)(12), inserted "or tobacco product" after "device" in two places.
Pars. (oo) to (tt). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(b)(13), added pars. (oo) to (tt).
2007—Par. (e). Pub. L. 110–85, §1005(d)(1), substituted "350c, 350f(g)," for "350c," and "350c(b), 350f" for "350c(b)".
Par. (jj). Pub. L. 110–85, §801(b)(1), added par. (jj).
Par. (kk). Pub. L. 110–85, §901(d)(1), added par. (kk).
Par. (ll). Pub. L. 110–85, §912(a), added par. (ll).
Pars. (mm), (nn). Pub. L. 110–85, §1005(d)(2), added pars. (mm) and (nn).
2006—Par. (e). Pub. L. 109–462, §3(b), substituted "374(a), 379aa, or 379aa–1" for "374(a), or 379aa" and "360bbb–3, 379aa, or 379aa–1" for "360bbb–3, or 379aa".
Pub. L. 109–462, §2(c), substituted ", 374(a), or 379aa" for ", or 374(a)" and ", 360bbb–3, or 379aa" for ", or 360bbb–3".
Par. (ii). Pub. L. 109–462, §4(a), added par. (ii).
2005—Par. (e). Pub. L. 109–59, §7202(d), inserted "350e," before "354," in two places.
Par. (hh). Pub. L. 109–59, §7202(e), added par. (hh).
2004—Par. (e). Pub. L. 108–282, §102(b)(5)(C), which directed the substitution of "360b(a)(4)(C), 360b (j), (l) or (m), 360ccc–1(i)." for "360b(a)(4)(C), 360b(j), (l) or (m)" was executed by making the substitution for "360b(a)(4)(C), 360b(j), (l), or (m)", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Par. (j). Pub. L. 108–282, §102(b)(5)(D), substituted "360j, 360ccc, 360ccc–1, 360ccc–2." for "360j".
Par. (gg). Pub. L. 108–214 amended par. (gg) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The knowing failure of a person accredited under paragraph (2) of section 374(g) of this title to comply with paragraph (7)(E) of such section; the knowing inclusion by such a person of false information in an inspection report under paragraph (7)(A) of such section; or the knowing failure of such a person to include material facts in such a report."
2003—Par. (d). Pub. L. 108–136 substituted "section 344, 355, or 360bbb–3" for "section 344 or 355".
Par. (e). Pub. L. 108–136 inserted "360bbb–3," after "350c, 354," and substituted "360i, or 360bbb–3" for "or 360i".
Par. (aa). Pub. L. 108–173 substituted "prescription drug in violation of section 384" for "covered product in violation of section 384".
2002—Par. (e). Pub. L. 107–188, §306(c)(1), substituted "by section 350a, 350c, 354, 373, or 374(a) of this title" for "by section 350a, 354, or 373 of this title" and "under section 350a, 350c(b)" for "under section 350a".
Par. (j). Pub. L. 107–188, §306(c)(2), inserted "350c," after "350a,".
Par. (w). Pub. L. 107–188, §322(b), amended par. (w) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (w) read as follows: "The making of a knowingly false statement in any record or report required or requested under subparagraph (A) or (B) of section 381(d)(3) of this title, the failure to submit or maintain records as required by sections 381(d)(3)(A) and 381(d)(3)(B) of this title, the release into interstate commerce of any article imported into the United States under section 381(d)(3) of this title or any finished product made from such article (except for export in accordance with section 381(e) or 382 of this title or section 262(h) of title 42), or the failure to export or destroy any component, part or accessory not incorporated into a drug, biological product or device that will be exported in accordance with section 381(e) or 382 of this title or section 262(h) of title 42."
Par. (bb). Pub. L. 107–188, §303(b), added par. (bb).
Par. (cc). Pub. L. 107–188, §304(d), added par. (cc).
Par. (dd). Pub. L. 107–188, §305(b), added par. (dd).
Par. (ee). Pub. L. 107–188, §307(b), added par. (ee).
Par. (ff). Pub. L. 107–188, §321(b)(2), added par. (ff).
Par. (gg). Pub. L. 107–250 added par. (gg).
2000—Par. (aa). Pub. L. 106–387 added par. (aa).
1997—Par. (e). Pub. L. 105–115, §125(b)(2)(B), struck out "357(d) or (g)," after "355(i) or (k),".
Par. (i)(1). Pub. L. 105–115, §125(a)(2)(C), struck out ", 356, 357," before "or 379e of this title".
Par. (j). Pub. L. 105–115, §125(a)(2)(A), struck out "356, 357," before "360,".
Par. (l). Pub. L. 105–115, §421, struck out par. (l) which read as follows: "The using, on the labeling of any drug or device or in any advertising relating to such drug or device, of any representation or suggestion that approval of an application with respect to such drug or device is in effect under section 355, 360e, or 360j(g) of this title, as the case may be, or that such drug or device complies with the provisions of such section."
Par. (x). Pub. L. 105–115, §204(b), added par. (x).
Par. (y). Pub. L. 105–115, §210(c), added par. (y).
Par. (z). Pub. L. 105–115, §401(b), temporarily added par. (z) which related to dissemination of information in violation of section 360aaa of this title. See Effective and Termination Dates of 1997 Amendment note below.
1996—Par. (e). Pub. L. 104–250 inserted ", 354," before "or 373 of this title" and "354," before "355(i) or (k)".
Par. (j). Pub. L. 104–170 inserted before period at end of first sentence "; or the violating of section 346a(i)(2) of this title or any regulation issued under that section."
Pars. (u) to (w). Pub. L. 104–134 redesignated par. (u) relating to introduction into interstate commerce of unsafe dietary supplement as (v) and added par. (w).
1994—Par. (e). Pub. L. 103–396, §2(b)(1)(A), substituted "357(d) or (g), 360b(a)(4)(C)," for "357(d) or (g),".
Par. (u). Pub. L. 103–417 added par. (u) relating to introduction into interstate commerce of unsafe dietary supplement.
Pub. L. 103–396, §2(b)(1)(B), added par. (u) relating to failure to comply with regulations or orders of Secretary.
1993—Par. (j). Pub. L. 103–80, §3(c)(1), substituted "379, or 379e" for "379e, or 379".
Par. (s). Pub. L. 103–80, §3(c)(2), substituted "350a(e)" for "350a(d)".
1992—Pars. (i)(1), (j). Pub. L. 102–571 substituted "379e" for "376".
Par. (q)(1)(C). Pub. L. 102–300 added cl. (C).
1990—Par. (e). Pub. L. 101–502 substituted "or (k)" for "or (j)".
Par. (j). Pub. L. 101–508 inserted at end "This paragraph does not authorize the withholding of information from either House of Congress or from, to the extent of matter within its jurisdiction, any committee or subcommittee of such committee or any joint committee of Congress or any subcommittee of such joint committee."
1988—Par. (t). Pub. L. 100–293 added par. (t).
1986—Par. (s). Pub. L. 99–570 amended par. (s) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (s) read as follows: "The failure to provide the notice required by section 350a(b) or 350a(c), the failure to make the reports required by section 350a(d)(1)(B), or the failure to meet the requirements prescribed under section 350a(d)(2)."
1980—Par. (e). Pub. L. 96–359, §5(b), inserted reference to section 350a of this title in two places.
Par. (j). Pub. L. 96–359, §5(c), inserted reference to section 350a of this title.
Par. (s). Pub. L. 96–359, §5(a), added par. (s).
1976—Par. (e). Pub. L. 94–295, §3(b)(2), inserted references to sections 360e(f) and 360i of this title.
Par. (j). Pub. L. 94–295, §3(b)(3), inserted references to sections 360, 360c, 360d, 360e, 360f, 360h, 360i, 360j, and 379 of this title.
Par. (l). Pub. L. 94–295, §3(b)(4), substituted "drug or device" for "drug" wherever appearing, and inserted references to sections 360e and 360j(g) of this title.
Par. (p). Pub. L. 94–295, §4(b)(1), substituted "section 360(j) or 360(k) of this title," for "section 360(j) of this title,".
Par. (q). Pub. L. 94–295, §3(b)(1), added par. (q).
Par. (r). Pub. L. 94–295, §7(b), added par. (r).
1972—Par. (p). Pub. L. 92–387 added failure to provide information required by section 360(j) of this title, and failure to provide notice required by section 360(j)(2) of this title as prohibited acts.
1970—Par. (q). Pub. L. 91–513 struck out par. (q) which set out penalties for illegal manufacture, sale, disposition, possession and other traffic in stimulant and depressant drugs. See section 801 et seq. of this title.
1968—Par. (e). Pub. L. 90–399, §103(1), struck out "or" before "357(d) or (g)" and inserted ", or 360b(j), (l), or (m)" after "357(d) or (g)". Amendment striking out "or" was executed as described, notwithstanding directory language that "or" before "357," be stricken out, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Par. (j). Pub. L. 90–399, §103(2), inserted reference to section 360b of this title.
Par. (q). Pub. L. 90–639 divided cl. (3), which referred simply to possession in violation of section 360a(c) of this title, into subcls. (A) and (B) which refer, respectively, to possession in violation of section 360a(c)(1) of this title and possession in violation of section 360a(c)(2) of this title.
1965—Par. (i). Pub. L. 89–74, §9(c), designated existing provisions as subpar. (1) and added subpars. (2) and (3).
Par. (q). Pub. L. 89–74, §5, added par. (q).
1962—Par. (e). Pub. L. 87–781, §§103(c), 106(c), prohibited the failure to establish or maintain any record, or make any report, required under sections 355(i) or (j) and 507(d) or (g) of this title, or the refusal to permit access to, or verification or copying of, any such required record.
Par. (l). Pub. L. 87–781, §104(e)(1), inserted "approval of" before "an application", and substituted "in effect" for "effective".
Par. (o). Pub. L. 87–781, §114(a), added par. (o).
Par. (p). Pub. L. 87–781, §304, added par. (p).
1960—Par. (i). Pub. L. 86–618, §105(a), struck out references to sections 346(b), 354, and 364 of this title and inserted reference to section 376 of this title.
Par. (j). Pub. L. 86–618, §104, inserted reference to section 376 of this title.
1958—Par. (j). Pub. L. 85–929, inserted reference to section 348 of this title.
1953—Par. (n). Act Aug. 7, 1953, added par. (n).
1950—Par. (m). Act Mar. 16, 1950, added par. (m).
1948—Par. (k). Act June 24, 1948, inserted "(whether or not the first sale)" so as to make it clear that this subsection is not limited to the case where the act occurs while the article is held for the first sale after interstate shipment, and extended coverage of subsection to acts which result in adulteration.
1947—Par. (j). Act Mar. 10, 1947, inserted reference to sections 356 and 357 of this title.
1945—Par. (i). Act July 6, 1945, inserted reference to section 357 of this title.
1941—Par. (i). Act Dec. 22, 1941, inserted reference to section 356 of this title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2022 Amendment
Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title III, §3305(d), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5833, provided that: "The amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) [enacting section 360n–2 of this title and amending this section] shall take effect 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 29, 2022]. An application or submission submitted before such effective date shall not be subject to the requirements under subsection (a) or (b) of section 524B of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 360n–2(a), (b)], as added by this section."
Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title III, §3503(b)(1), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5859, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section and sections 361, 362, and 381 of this title] shall take effect on the date that is 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 29, 2022]."
Effective Date of 2018 Amendment
Pub. L. 115–271, title III, §3012(d), Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3936, provided that: "Sections 301(eee) [21 U.S.C. 331(eee)] and 569D [21 U.S.C. 360bbb–8d] of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as added by subsections (a) and (b), shall be effective beginning on the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 24, 2018]."
Effective Date of 2015 Amendment
Pub. L. 114–114, §2(b), Dec. 28, 2015, 129 Stat. 3129, provided that:
"(1)
"(A) with respect to manufacturing, beginning on July 1, 2017, and with respect to introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce, beginning on July 1, 2018; and
"(B) notwithstanding subparagraph (A), in the case of a rinse-off cosmetic that is a nonprescription drug, with respect to manufacturing, beginning on July 1, 2018, and with respect to the introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce, beginning on July 1, 2019.
"(2)
Effective Date of 2011 Amendment
Amendment by section 103(e) of Pub. L. 111–353 effective 18 months after Jan. 4, 2011, and applicable to a small business (as defined in the regulations promulgated under section 350g(n) of this title) beginning on the date that is 6 months after the effective date of such regulations and to a very small business (as defined in such regulations) beginning on the date that is 18 months after the effective date of such regulations, see section 103(i) of Pub. L. 111–353, set out as an Effective Date note under section 350g of this title.
Pub. L. 111–353, title III, §301(d), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3955, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting section 384a of this title and amending this section and section 381 of this title] shall take effect 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Jan. 4, 2011]."
Effective Date of 2007 Amendment
Pub. L. 110–85, title IX, §909, Sept. 27, 2007, 121 Stat. 950, provided that:
"(a)
"(b)
"(1)
"(A) required under section 314.520 or section 601.42 of title 21, Code of Federal Regulations; or
"(B) otherwise agreed to by the applicant and the Secretary for such drug.
"(2)
"(A) is deemed to consist of the timetable required under section 505–1(d) and any additional elements under subsections (e) and (f) of such section in effect for such drug on the effective date of this Act; and
"(B) is subject to enforcement by the Secretary to the same extent as any other risk evaluation and mitigation strategy under section 505–1 of the Act, except that sections 303(f)(4) and 502(y) and (z) of the Act [21 U.S.C. 333(f)(4), 352(y), (z)] (as added by section 902) shall not apply to such strategy before the Secretary has completed review of, and acted on, the first assessment of such strategy under such section 505–1.
"(3)
Effective Date of 2006 Amendment
Amendment by section 2(c) of Pub. L. 109–462 effective 1 year after Dec. 22, 2006, see section 2(e)(1) of Pub. L. 109–462, set out as a note under section 352 of this title.
Amendment by section 3(b) of Pub. L. 109–462 effective 1 year after Dec. 22, 2006, see section 3(d)(1) of Pub. L. 109–462, set out as a note under section 343 of this title.
Pub. L. 109–462, §4(b), Dec. 22, 2006, 120 Stat. 3475, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 22, 2006]."
Effective Date of 2005 Amendment
Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7204, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1914, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle B (§§7201–7204) of title VII of Pub. L. 109–59, enacting section 350e of this title, amending this section, sections 342 and 373 of this title, and section 5701 of Title 49, Transportation, omitting sections 5702 to 5714 of Title 49, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 301 of this title] takes effect on October 1, 2005."
Effective Date of 2002 Amendment
Pub. L. 107–188, title III, §321(c), June 12, 2002, 116 Stat. 676, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 360 and 381 of this title] take effect upon the expiration of the 180-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [June 12, 2002]."
Pub. L. 107–188, title III, §322(c), June 12, 2002, 116 Stat. 678, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 381 of this title] take effect upon the expiration of the 90-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [June 12, 2002]."
Effective and Termination Dates of 1997 Amendment
Amendment by sections 204, 210, and 421 of Pub. L. 105–115 effective 90 days after Nov. 21, 1997, except as otherwise provided, see section 501 of Pub. L. 105–115, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.
Amendment by section 401(b) of Pub. L. 105–115 effective 1 year after Nov. 21, 1997, or upon Secretary's issuance of final regulations pursuant to section 401(c) of Pub. L. 105–115, whichever is sooner, and ceases to be effective Sept. 30, 2006, see section 401(d), (e) of Pub. L. 105–115, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates note under former section 360aaa of this title.
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–396 effective upon adoption of final regulations under section 2(c) of Pub. L. 103–396, set out as a Regulations note under section 360b of this title, see section 2(d) of Pub. L. 103–396, set out as a note under section 360b of this title.
Effective Date of 1990 Amendment
Pub. L. 101–508, title IV, §4755(c)(2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–210, provided that the amendment made by section 4755(c)(2) is effective as if included in subtitle D of title VI of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989, Pub. L. 101–239, title VI, §§6601, 6602, Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2285, see 42 U.S.C. 300aa–1 note, 300aa–10 note.
Effective Date of 1988 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–293 effective upon expiration of 90 days after Apr. 22, 1988, see section 8(a) of Pub. L. 100–293, set out as a note under section 353 of this title.
Effective Date of 1972 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 92–387 effective on first day of sixth month beginning after Aug. 16, 1972, see section 5 of Pub. L. 92–387, set out as a note under section 360 of this title.
Effective Date of 1970 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 91–513 effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as an Effective Date note under section 801 of this title.
Effective Date of 1968 Amendments
Amendment by Pub. L. 90–399 effective on first day of thirteenth calendar month after July 13, 1968, see section 108(a) of Pub. L. 90–399, set out as an Effective Date and Transitional Provisions note under section 360b of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 90–639 applicable only with respect to violations of this chapter committed after Oct. 24, 1968, see section 6 of Pub. L. 90–639, set out as an Effective Date of 1968 Amendments; Transitional Provisions note under section 321 of this title.
Effective Date of 1965 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 89–74 effective Feb. 1, 1966, see section 11 of Pub. L. 89–74, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.
Effective Date of 1962 Amendment
Amendment by sections 103(c) and 106(c) of Pub. L. 87–781 effective on first day of seventh calendar month following Oct. 1962, and amendment by section 104(e)(1) of Pub. L. 87–781 effective Oct. 10, 1962, see section 107 of Pub. L. 87–781, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.
Pub. L. 87–781, title I, §114(b), Oct. 10, 1962, 76 Stat. 791, provided that: "This section [amending this section] shall take effect on the first day of the seventh calendar month following the month in which this Act is enacted [October 1962]."
Effective Date of 1960 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 86–618 effective July 12, 1960, subject to provisions of section 203 of Pub. L. 86–618, see section 202 of Pub. L. 86–618, set out as a note under section 379e of this title.
Effective Date of 1958 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 85–929 effective Sept. 6, 1958, see section 6(a) of Pub. L. 85–929, set out as a note under section 342 of this title.
Effective Date of 1950 Amendment
Amendment by act Mar. 16, 1950, effective July 1, 1950, see section 7 of that act, set out as an Effective Date note under section 347 of this title.
Regulations
Pub. L. 113–54, title I, §104, Nov. 27, 2013, 127 Stat. 597, provided that: "In promulgating any regulations to implement this title [enacting subpart 9 of part C of subchapter VII of this chapter and sections 353a–1 and 353b of this title, amending this section and sections 352, 353a, 352b, and 353c of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 301 of this title] (and the amendments made by this title), the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall—
"(1) issue a notice of proposed rulemaking that includes the proposed regulation;
"(2) provide a period of not less than 60 calendar days for comments on the proposed regulation; and
"(3) publish the final regulation not more than 18 months following publication of the proposed rule and not less than 30 calendar days before the effective date of such final regulation."
Secretary of Health and Human Services to promulgate regulations to implement amendments made by section 401 of Pub. L. 105–115 not later than 1 year after Nov. 21, 1997, see section 401(c) of Pub. L. 105–115, set out as a note under section 360aaa of this title.
Savings Provisions
Pub. L. 113–54, title II, §208, Nov. 27, 2013, 127 Stat. 640, provided that: "Except as provided in the amendments made by paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) of section 204(a) [amending section 353 of this title] and by section 206(a) [amending this section], nothing in this title [enacting part H of subchapter V of this chapter, amending this section and sections 333, 352, 353, and 360eee–1 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 301, 333, and 353 of this title] (including the amendments made by this title) shall be construed as altering any authority of the Secretary of Health and Human Services with respect to a drug subject to section 503(b)(1) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 353(b)(1)) under any other provision of such Act [21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] or the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 201 et seq.)."
Amendment by Pub. L. 91–513 not to affect or abate any prosecutions for violation of law or any civil seizures or forfeitures and injunctive proceedings commenced prior to the effective date of such amendment, and all administrative proceedings pending before the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs [now the Drug Enforcement Administration] on Oct. 27, 1970, to be continued and brought to final determination in accord with laws and regulations in effect prior to Oct. 27, 1970, see section 702 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.
Construction of 2022 Amendment
Nothing in amendment made by section 3210(c) of Pub. L. 117–328 to be construed to affect ongoing withdrawal proceedings for products approved pursuant to section 356(c) of this title for which a notice of proposed withdrawal has been published in the Federal Register prior to Dec. 29, 2022, see section 3210(f) of Pub. L. 117–328, set out as a note under section 356 of this title.
Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title III, §3305(c), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5833, provided that: "Nothing in this section [enacting section 360n–2 of this title, amending this section, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 360n–2 of this title], including the amendments made by this section, shall be construed to affect the Secretary's [of Health and Human Services] authority related to ensuring that there is a reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of devices, which may include ensuring that there is a reasonable assurance of the cybersecurity of certain cyber devices, including for devices approved or cleared prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 29, 2022]."
[For definition of "device" as used in section 3305(c) of Pub. L. 117–328, set out above, see section 321(h) of this title, as made applicable by section 3305(h) of Pub. L. 117–328, which is set out as a note under section 360n–2 of this title.]
Nothing in amendment made by section 3503(a)(1), (4)(A), (B) of Pub. L. 117–328, to be construed to authorize the disclosure of information that is prohibited from disclosure under section 331(j) of this title or section 1905 of title 18 or that is subject to withholding under section 552(b)(4) of title 5, see section 3503(c)(2) of Pub. L. 117–328, set out as a Construction; Confidentiality note under section 364 of this title.
Construction of 2015 Amendment
Pub. L. 114–114, §2(d), Dec. 28, 2015, 129 Stat. 3130, provided that: "Nothing in this Act [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 301 of this title] (or the amendments made by this Act) shall be construed to apply with respect to drugs that are not also cosmetics (as such terms are defined in section 201 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321))."
Construction of 2011 Amendment
Nothing in amendments by sections 103(e), 105(c), 106(d), 204(j)(1), 211(b), (c), and 301(b) of Pub. L. 111–353 to be construed to apply to certain alcohol-related facilities, see section 2206 of this title.
Nothing in amendments by Pub. L. 111–353 to be construed to alter jurisdiction and authorities established under certain other Acts or in a manner inconsistent with international agreements to which the United States is a party, see sections 2251 and 2252 of this title.
Construction of 2009 Amendments
Pub. L. 111–31, div. A, title I, §103(p), June 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1838, provided that: "Nothing in this section [amending this section and sections 333, 334, 355, 360m, 372 to 374, 375, 379a, 381, 393, 399, and 679 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 333 and 387c of this title] is intended or shall be construed to expand, contract, or otherwise modify or amend the existing limitations on State government authority over tribal restricted fee or trust lands."
Construction of 2002 Amendments
Pub. L. 107–188, title III, §315, June 12, 2002, 116 Stat. 675, provided that: "Nothing in this title [enacting sections 350c, 350d, 398, 399, and 679c of this title, sections 3353, 3354, 8319, and 8320 of Title 7, Agriculture, and section 247b–20 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending this section, sections 334, 335a, 342, 343, 360, 372, 374, and 381 of this title, and section 43 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 341, 350c, 350d, and 381 of this title], or an amendment made by this title, shall be construed to alter the jurisdiction between the Secretaries of Agriculture and of Health and Human Services, under applicable statutes and regulations."
Preemption of State Laws
Pub. L. 114–114, §2(c), Dec. 28, 2015, 129 Stat. 3129, provided that: "No State or political subdivision of a State may directly or indirectly establish under any authority or continue in effect restrictions with respect to the manufacture or introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce of rinse-off cosmetics containing plastic microbeads (as defined in section 301(ddd) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as added by subsection (a)) that are not identical to the restrictions under such section 301(ddd) that have begun to apply under subsection (b) [set out as a note above]."
Executive Documents
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of functions of Federal Security Administrator to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Health and Human Services], and of Food and Drug Administration in the Department of Agriculture to Federal Security Agency, see notes set out under section 321 of this title.
2 See References in Text note below.
§332. Injunction proceedings
(a) Jurisdiction of courts
The district courts of the United States and the United States courts of the Territories shall have jurisdiction, for cause shown 1 to restrain violations of section 331 of this title, except paragraphs (h), (i), and (j).
(b) Violation of injunction
In case of violation of an injunction or restraining order issued under this section, which also constitutes a violation of this chapter, trial shall be by the court, or, upon demand of the accused, by a jury.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, §302, 52 Stat. 1043; Pub. L. 87–781, title I, §103(d), title II, §201(c), Oct. 10, 1962, 76 Stat. 784, 793; Pub. L. 103–80, §3(d), Aug. 13, 1993, 107 Stat. 775.)
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1993—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–80, §3(d)(1), struck out ", and subject to the provisions of section 17 (relating to notice to opposite party) of the Act entitled 'An Act to supplement existing laws against unlawful restraints and monopolies, and for other purposes', approved October 15, 1914, as amended (U.S.C., 1934 ed., title 28, sec. 381)," after "for cause shown".
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–80, §3(d)(2), struck out at end "Such trial shall be conducted in accordance with the practice and procedure applicable in the case of proceedings subject to the provisions of section 22 of such Act of October 15, 1914, as amended (U.S.C., 1934 ed., title 28, sec. 387)."
1962—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 87–781, §103(d), struck out "(e)," after "paragraphs".
Pub. L. 87–781, §201(c), struck out "(f)," after "paragraphs".
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1962 Amendment
Amendment by section 103(c) of Pub. L. 87–781 effective on first day of seventh calendar month following October 1962, see section 107 of Pub. L. 87–781, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.
Pub. L. 87–781, title II, §203, Oct. 10, 1962, 76 Stat. 793, provided that: "The amendments made by this title [amending this section and section 374 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 321 and 374 of this title] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 10, 1962]."
1 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma.
§333. Penalties
(a) Violation of section 331 of this title; second violation; intent to defraud or mislead
(1) Any person who violates a provision of section 331 of this title shall be imprisoned for not more than one year or fined not more than $1,000, or both.
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) of this section,1 if any person commits such a violation after a conviction of him under this section has become final, or commits such a violation with the intent to defraud or mislead, such person shall be imprisoned for not more than three years or fined not more than $10,000, or both.
(b) Prescription drug marketing violations
(1) Notwithstanding subsection (a), any person who violates section 331(t) of this title by—
(A) knowingly importing a drug in violation of section 381(d)(1) of this title,
(B) knowingly selling, purchasing, or trading a drug or drug sample or knowingly offering to sell, purchase, or trade a drug or drug sample, in violation of section 353(c)(1) of this title,
(C) knowingly selling, purchasing, or trading a coupon, knowingly offering to sell, purchase, or trade such a coupon, or knowingly counterfeiting such a coupon, in violation of section 353(c)(2) of this title, or
(D) knowingly distributing drugs in violation of section 353(e)(1) of this title,
shall be imprisoned for not more than 10 years or fined not more than $250,000, or both.
(2) Any manufacturer or distributor who distributes drug samples by means other than the mail or common carrier whose representative, during the course of the representative's employment or association with that manufacturer or distributor, violated section 331(t) of this title because of a violation of section 353(c)(1) of this title or violated any State law prohibiting the sale, purchase, or trade of a drug sample subject to section 353(b) of this title or the offer to sell, purchase, or trade such a drug sample shall, upon conviction of the representative for such violation, be subject to the following civil penalties:
(A) A civil penalty of not more than $50,000 for each of the first two such violations resulting in a conviction of any representative of the manufacturer or distributor in any 10-year period.
(B) A civil penalty of not more than $1,000,000 for each violation resulting in a conviction of any representative after the second conviction in any 10-year period.
For the purposes of this paragraph, multiple convictions of one or more persons arising out of the same event or transaction, or a related series of events or transactions, shall be considered as one violation.
(3) Any manufacturer or distributor who violates section 331(t) of this title because of a failure to make a report required by section 353(d)(3)(E) of this title shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $100,000.
(4)(A) If a manufacturer or distributor or any representative of such manufacturer or distributor provides information leading to the institution of a criminal proceeding against, and conviction of, any representative of that manufacturer or distributor for a violation of section 331(t) of this title because of a sale, purchase, or trade or offer to purchase, sell, or trade a drug sample in violation of section 353(c)(1) of this title or for a violation of State law prohibiting the sale, purchase, or trade or offer to sell, purchase, or trade a drug sample, the conviction of such representative shall not be considered as a violation for purposes of paragraph (2).
(B) If, in an action brought under paragraph (2) against a manufacturer or distributor relating to the conviction of a representative of such manufacturer or distributor for the sale, purchase, or trade of a drug or the offer to sell, purchase, or trade a drug, it is shown, by clear and convincing evidence—
(i) that the manufacturer or distributor conducted, before the institution of a criminal proceeding against such representative for the violation which resulted in such conviction, an investigation of events or transactions which would have led to the reporting of information leading to the institution of a criminal proceeding against, and conviction of, such representative for such purchase, sale, or trade or offer to purchase, sell, or trade, or
(ii) that, except in the case of the conviction of a representative employed in a supervisory function, despite diligent implementation by the manufacturer or distributor of an independent audit and security system designed to detect such a violation, the manufacturer or distributor could not reasonably have been expected to have detected such violation,
the conviction of such representative shall not be considered as a conviction for purposes of paragraph (2).
(5) If a person provides information leading to the institution of a criminal proceeding against, and conviction of, a person for a violation of section 331(t) of this title because of the sale, purchase, or trade of a drug sample or the offer to sell, purchase, or trade a drug sample in violation of section 353(c)(1) of this title, such person shall be entitled to one-half of the criminal fine imposed and collected for such violation but not more than $125,000.
(6) Notwithstanding subsection (a), any person who is a manufacturer or importer of a prescription drug under section 384(b) of this title and knowingly fails to comply with a requirement of section 384(e) of this title that is applicable to such manufacturer or importer, respectively, shall be imprisoned for not more than 10 years or fined not more than $250,000, or both.
(7) Notwithstanding subsection (a)(2), any person that knowingly and intentionally adulterates a drug such that the drug is adulterated under subsection (a)(1), (b), (c), or (d) of section 351 of this title and has a reasonable probability of causing serious adverse health consequences or death to humans or animals shall be imprisoned for not more than 20 years or fined not more than $1,000,000, or both.
(8) Notwithstanding subsection (a), any person who violates section 331(i)(3) of this title by knowingly making, selling or dispensing, or holding for sale or dispensing, a counterfeit drug, or who violates section 331(fff)(3) of this title by knowingly making, selling or dispensing, or holding for sale or dispensing, a counterfeit device, shall be imprisoned for not more than 10 years or fined in accordance with title 18, or both.
(c) Exceptions in certain cases of good faith, etc.
No person shall be subject to the penalties of subsection (a)(1) of this section, (1) for having received in interstate commerce any article and delivered it or proffered delivery of it, if such delivery or proffer was made in good faith, unless he refuses to furnish on request of an officer or employee duly designated by the Secretary the name and address of the person from whom he purchased or received such article and copies of all documents, if any there be, pertaining to the delivery of the article to him; or (2) for having violated section 331(a) or (d) of this title, if he establishes a guaranty or undertaking signed by, and containing the name and address of, the person residing in the United States from whom he received in good faith the article, to the effect, in case of an alleged violation of section 331(a) of this title, that such article is not adulterated or misbranded, within the meaning of this chapter designating this chapter or to the effect, in case of an alleged violation of section 331(d) of this title, that such article is not an article which may not, under the provisions of section 344 or 355 of this title, be introduced into interstate commerce; or (3) for having violated section 331(a) of this title, where the violation exists because the article is adulterated by reason of containing a color additive not from a batch certified in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Secretary under this chapter, if such person establishes a guaranty or undertaking signed by, and containing the name and address of, the manufacturer of the color additive, to the effect that such color additive was from a batch certified in accordance with the applicable regulations promulgated by the Secretary under this chapter; or (4) for having violated section 331(b), (c) or (k) of this title by failure to comply with section 352(f) of this title in respect to an article received in interstate commerce to which neither section 353(a) nor 353(b)(1) of this title is applicable, if the delivery or proffered delivery was made in good faith and the labeling at the time thereof contained the same directions for use and warning statements as were contained in the labeling at the time of such receipt of such article; or (5) for having violated section 331(i)(2) of this title if such person acted in good faith and had no reason to believe that use of the punch, die, plate, stone, or other thing involved would result in a drug being a counterfeit drug, or for having violated section 331(i)(3) of this title if the person doing the act or causing it to be done acted in good faith and had no reason to believe that the drug was a counterfeit drug; or (6) for having violated section 331(fff)(2) of this title if such person acted in good faith and had no reason to believe that use of the punch, die, plate, stone, or other thing involved would result in a device being a counterfeit device, or for having violated section 331(fff)(3) of this title if the person doing the act or causing it to be done acted in good faith and had no reason to believe that the device was a counterfeit device.
(d) Exceptions involving misbranded food
No person shall be subject to the penalties of subsection (a)(1) of this section for a violation of section 331 of this title involving misbranded food if the violation exists solely because the food is misbranded under section 343(a)(2) of this title because of its advertising.
(e) Prohibited distribution of human growth hormone
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), whoever knowingly distributes, or possesses with intent to distribute, human growth hormone for any use in humans other than the treatment of a disease or other recognized medical condition, where such use has been authorized by the Secretary of Health and Human Services under section 355 of this title and pursuant to the order of a physician, is guilty of an offense punishable by not more than 5 years in prison, such fines as are authorized by title 18, or both.
(2) Whoever commits any offense set forth in paragraph (1) and such offense involves an individual under 18 years of age is punishable by not more than 10 years imprisonment, such fines as are authorized by title 18, or both.
(3) Any conviction for a violation of paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection shall be considered a felony violation of the Controlled Substances Act [21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.] for the purposes of forfeiture under section 413 of such Act [21 U.S.C. 853].
(4) As used in this subsection the term "human growth hormone" means somatrem, somatropin, or an analogue of either of them.
(5) The Drug Enforcement Administration is authorized to investigate offenses punishable by this subsection.
(f) Violations related to devices
(1)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), any person who violates a requirement of this chapter which relates to devices shall be liable to the United States for a civil penalty in an amount not to exceed $15,000 for each such violation, and not to exceed $1,000,000 for all such violations adjudicated in a single proceeding. For purposes of the preceding sentence, a person accredited under paragraph (2) of section 374(g) of this title who is substantially not in compliance with the standards of accreditation under such section, or who poses a threat to public health or fails to act in a manner that is consistent with the purposes of such section, shall be considered to have violated a requirement of this chapter that relates to devices.
(B) Subparagraph (A) shall not apply—
(i) to any person who violates the requirements of section 360i(a) or 360j(f) of this title unless such violation constitutes (I) a significant or knowing departure from such requirements, or (II) a risk to public health,
(ii) to any person who commits minor violations of section 360i(e) or 360i(g) of this title (only with respect to correction reports) if such person demonstrates substantial compliance with such section, or
(iii) to violations of section 351(a)(2)(A) of this title which involve one or more devices which are not defective.
(2)(A) Any person who introduces into interstate commerce or delivers for introduction into interstate commerce an article of food that is adulterated within the meaning of section 342(a)(2)(B) of this title or any person who does not comply with a recall order under section 350l of this title shall be subject to a civil money penalty of not more than $50,000 in the case of an individual and $250,000 in the case of any other person for such introduction or delivery, not to exceed $500,000 for all such violations adjudicated in a single proceeding.
(B) This paragraph shall not apply to any person who grew the article of food that is adulterated. If the Secretary assesses a civil penalty against any person under this paragraph, the Secretary may not use the criminal authorities under this section to sanction such person for the introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce of the article of food that is adulterated. If the Secretary assesses a civil penalty against any person under this paragraph, the Secretary may not use the seizure authorities of section 334 of this title or the injunction authorities of section 332 of this title with respect to the article of food that is adulterated.
(C) In a hearing to assess a civil penalty under this paragraph, the presiding officer shall have the same authority with regard to compelling testimony or production of documents as a presiding officer has under section 346a(g)(2)(B) of this title. The third sentence of paragraph (5)(A) shall not apply to any investigation under this paragraph.
(3)(A) Any person who violates section 331(jj) of this title shall be subject to a civil monetary penalty of not more than $10,000 for all violations adjudicated in a single proceeding.
(B) If a violation of section 331(jj) of this title is not corrected within the 30-day period following notification under section 282(j)(5)(C)(ii) 2 of title 42, the person shall, in addition to any penalty under subparagraph (A), be subject to a civil monetary penalty of not more than $10,000 for each day of the violation after such period until the violation is corrected.
(4)(A) Any responsible person (as such term is used in section 355–1 of this title) that violates a requirement of section 355(o), 355(p), or 355–1 of this title shall be subject to a civil monetary penalty of—
(i) not more than $250,000 per violation, and not to exceed $1,000,000 for all such violations adjudicated in a single proceeding; or
(ii) in the case of a violation that continues after the Secretary provides written notice to the responsible person, the responsible person shall be subject to a civil monetary penalty of $250,000 for the first 30-day period (or any portion thereof) that the responsible person continues to be in violation, and such amount shall double for every 30-day period thereafter that the violation continues, not to exceed $1,000,000 for any 30-day period, and not to exceed $10,000,000 for all such violations adjudicated in a single proceeding.
(B) In determining the amount of a civil penalty under subparagraph (A)(ii), the Secretary shall take into consideration whether the responsible person is making efforts toward correcting the violation of the requirement of section 355(o), 355(p), or 355–1 of this title for which the responsible person is subject to such civil penalty.
(5)(A) A civil penalty under paragraph (1), (2), (3), (4), or (9) shall be assessed, or a no-tobacco-sale order may be imposed, by the Secretary by an order made on the record after opportunity for a hearing provided in accordance with this subparagraph and section 554 of title 5. Before issuing such an order, the Secretary shall give written notice to the person to be assessed a civil penalty, or upon whom a no-tobacco-sale order is to be imposed, under such order of the Secretary's proposal to issue such order and provide such person an opportunity for a hearing on the order. In the course of any investigation, the Secretary may issue subpoenas requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of evidence that relates to the matter under investigation.
(B) In determining the amount of a civil penalty, or the period to be covered by a no-tobacco-sale order, the Secretary shall take into account the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation or violations and, with respect to the violator, ability to pay, effect on ability to continue to do business, any history of prior such violations, the degree of culpability, and such other matters as justice may require. A no-tobacco-sale order permanently prohibiting an individual retail outlet from selling tobacco products shall include provisions that allow the outlet, after a specified period of time, to request that the Secretary compromise, modify, or terminate the order.
(C) The Secretary may compromise, modify, or remit, with or without conditions, any civil penalty which may be assessed under paragraph (1), (2), (3), (4), or (9). The amount of such penalty, when finally determined, or the amount agreed upon in compromise, may be deducted from any sums owing by the United States to the person charged.
(D) The Secretary may compromise, modify, or terminate, with or without conditions, any no-tobacco-sale order.
(6) Any person who requested, in accordance with paragraph (5)(A), a hearing respecting the assessment of a civil penalty or the imposition of a no-tobacco-sale order and who is aggrieved by an order assessing a civil penalty or the imposition of a no-tobacco-sale order may file a petition for judicial review of such order with the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit or for any other circuit in which such person resides or transacts business. Such a petition may only be filed within the 60-day period beginning on the date the order making such assessment was issued, or on which the no-tobacco-sale order was imposed, as the case may be.
(7) If any person fails to pay an assessment of a civil penalty—
(A) after the order making the assessment becomes final, and if such person does not file a petition for judicial review of the order in accordance with paragraph (6), or
(B) after a court in an action brought under paragraph (6) has entered a final judgment in favor of the Secretary,
the Attorney General shall recover the amount assessed (plus interest at currently prevailing rates from the date of the expiration of the 60-day period referred to in paragraph (6) or the date of such final judgment, as the case may be) in an action brought in any appropriate district court of the United States. In such an action, the validity, amount, and appropriateness of such penalty shall not be subject to review.
(8) If the Secretary finds that a person has committed repeated violations of section 387f(d)(5) of this title or of restrictions promulgated under section 387f(d) of this title at a particular retail outlet then the Secretary may impose a no-tobacco-sale order on that person prohibiting the sale of tobacco products in that outlet. A no-tobacco-sale order may be imposed with a civil penalty under paragraph (1). Prior to the entry of a no-sale order under this paragraph, a person shall be entitled to a hearing pursuant to the procedures established through regulations of the Food and Drug Administration for assessing civil money penalties, including at a retailer's request a hearing by telephone, or at the nearest regional or field office of the Food and Drug Administration, or at a Federal, State, or county facility within 100 miles from the location of the retail outlet, if such a facility is available.
(9)
(A)
(B)
(i) Any person who intentionally violates a requirement of section 387b(5), 387b(6), 387d, 387h(c), or 387k(a) of this title, shall be subject to a civil monetary penalty of—
(I) not to exceed $250,000 per violation, and not to exceed $1,000,000 for all such violations adjudicated in a single proceeding; or
(II) in the case of a violation that continues after the Secretary provides written notice to such person, $250,000 for the first 30-day period (or any portion thereof) that the person continues to be in violation, and such amount shall double for every 30-day period thereafter that the violation continues, not to exceed $1,000,000 for any 30-day period, and not to exceed $10,000,000 for all such violations adjudicated in a single proceeding.
(ii) Any person who violates a requirement of section 387k(g)(2)(C)(ii) or 387k(i)(1) of this title, shall be subject to a civil monetary penalty of—
(I) not to exceed $250,000 per violation, and not to exceed $1,000,000 for all such violations adjudicated in a single proceeding; or
(II) in the case of a violation that continues after the Secretary provides written notice to such person, $250,000 for the first 30-day period (or any portion thereof) that the person continues to be in violation, and such amount shall double for every 30-day period thereafter that the violation continues, not to exceed $1,000,000 for any 30-day period, and not to exceed $10,000,000 for all such violations adjudicated in a single proceeding.
(iii) In determining the amount of a civil penalty under clause (i)(II) or (ii)(II), the Secretary shall take into consideration whether the person is making efforts toward correcting the violation of the requirements of the section for which such person is subject to such civil penalty.
(g) Violations regarding direct-to-consumer advertising
(1) With respect to a person who is a holder of an approved application under section 355 of this title for a drug subject to section 353(b) of this title or under section 262 of title 42, any such person who disseminates or causes another party to disseminate a direct-to-consumer advertisement that is false or misleading shall be liable to the United States for a civil penalty in an amount not to exceed $250,000 for the first such violation in any 3-year period, and not to exceed $500,000 for each subsequent violation in any 3-year period. No other civil monetary penalties in this chapter (including the civil penalty in subsection (f)(4)) shall apply to a violation regarding direct-to-consumer advertising. For purposes of this paragraph: (A) Repeated dissemination of the same or similar advertisement prior to the receipt of the written notice referred to in paragraph (2) for such advertisements shall be considered one violation. (B) On and after the date of the receipt of such a notice, all violations under this paragraph occurring in a single day shall be considered one violation. With respect to advertisements that appear in magazines or other publications that are published less frequently than daily, each issue date (whether weekly or monthly) shall be treated as a single day for the purpose of calculating the number of violations under this paragraph.
(2) A civil penalty under paragraph (1) shall be assessed by the Secretary by an order made on the record after providing written notice to the person to be assessed a civil penalty and an opportunity for a hearing in accordance with this paragraph and section 554 of title 5. If upon receipt of the written notice, the person to be assessed a civil penalty objects and requests a hearing, then in the course of any investigation related to such hearing, the Secretary may issue subpoenas requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of evidence that relates to the matter under investigation, including information pertaining to the factors described in paragraph (3).
(3) The Secretary, in determining the amount of the civil penalty under paragraph (1), shall take into account the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation or violations, including the following factors:
(A) Whether the person submitted the advertisement or a similar advertisement for review under section 379h–1 of this title.
(B) Whether the person submitted the advertisement for review if required under section 353c 2 of this title.
(C) Whether, after submission of the advertisement as described in subparagraph (A) or (B), the person disseminated or caused another party to disseminate the advertisement before the end of the 45-day comment period.
(D) Whether the person incorporated any comments made by the Secretary with regard to the advertisement into the advertisement prior to its dissemination.
(E) Whether the person ceased distribution of the advertisement upon receipt of the written notice referred to in paragraph (2) for such advertisement.
(F) Whether the person had the advertisement reviewed by qualified medical, regulatory, and legal reviewers prior to its dissemination.
(G) Whether the violations were material.
(H) Whether the person who created the advertisement or caused the advertisement to be created acted in good faith.
(I) Whether the person who created the advertisement or caused the advertisement to be created has been assessed a civil penalty under this provision within the previous 1-year period.
(J) The scope and extent of any voluntary, subsequent remedial action by the person.
(K) Such other matters, as justice may require.
(4)(A) Subject to subparagraph (B), no person shall be required to pay a civil penalty under paragraph (1) if the person submitted the advertisement to the Secretary and disseminated or caused another party to disseminate such advertisement after incorporating each comment received from the Secretary.
(B) The Secretary may retract or modify any prior comments the Secretary has provided to an advertisement submitted to the Secretary based on new information or changed circumstances, so long as the Secretary provides written notice to the person of the new views of the Secretary on the advertisement and provides a reasonable time for modification or correction of the advertisement prior to seeking any civil penalty under paragraph (1).
(5) The Secretary may compromise, modify, or remit, with or without conditions, any civil penalty which may be assessed under paragraph (1). The amount of such penalty, when finally determined, or the amount charged upon in compromise, may be deducted from any sums owed by the United States to the person charged.
(6) Any person who requested, in accordance with paragraph (2), a hearing with respect to the assessment of a civil penalty and who is aggrieved by an order assessing a civil penalty, may file a petition for de novo judicial review of such order with the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit or for any other circuit in which such person resides or transacts business. Such a petition may only be filed within the 60-day period beginning on the date the order making such assessments was issued.
(7) If any person fails to pay an assessment of a civil penalty under paragraph (1)—
(A) after the order making the assessment becomes final, and if such person does not file a petition for judicial review of the order in accordance with paragraph (6), or
(B) after a court in an action brought under paragraph (6) has entered a final judgment in favor of the Secretary,
the Attorney General of the United States shall recover the amount assessed (plus interest at currently prevailing rates from the date of the expiration of the 60-day period referred to in paragraph (6) or the date of such final judgment, as the case may be) in an action brought in any appropriate district court of the United States. In such an action, the validity, amount, and appropriateness of such penalty shall not be subject to review.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, §303, 52 Stat. 1043; Oct. 26, 1951, ch. 578, §2, 65 Stat. 649; Pub. L. 86–618, title I, §105(b), July 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 403; Pub. L. 89–74, §§7, 9(d), July 15, 1965, 79 Stat. 233, 235; Pub. L. 90–639, §3, Oct. 24, 1968, 82 Stat. 1361; Pub. L. 91–513, title II, §701(b), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1281; Pub. L. 94–278, title V, §502(a)(2)(B), Apr. 22, 1976, 90 Stat. 411; Pub. L. 100–293, §7(b), Apr. 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 99; Pub. L. 100–690, title II, §2403, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4230; Pub. L. 101–629, §17(a), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4526; Pub. L. 101–647, title XIX, §1904, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4853; Pub. L. 102–353, §3, Aug. 26, 1992, 106 Stat. 941; Pub. L. 103–80, §3(e), Aug. 13, 1993, 107 Stat. 775; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330015, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2146; Pub. L. 104–170, title IV, §407, Aug. 3, 1996, 110 Stat. 1535; Pub. L. 106–387, §1(a) [title VII, §745(d)(2)], Oct. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1549, 1549A-40; Pub. L. 107–250, title II, §201(c), Oct. 26, 2002, 116 Stat. 1609; Pub. L. 108–173, title XI, §1121(b)(2), Dec. 8, 2003, 117 Stat. 2469; Pub. L. 110–85, title II, §226(b), title VIII, §801(b)(2), title IX, §§901(d)(4), 902(b), Sept. 27, 2007, 121 Stat. 854, 920, 940, 943; Pub. L. 111–31, div. A, title I, §103(c), June 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1835; Pub. L. 111–353, title II, §206(c), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3943; Pub. L. 112–144, title VII, §716, July 9, 2012, 126 Stat. 1075; Pub. L. 113–54, title II, §207(a), Nov. 27, 2013, 127 Stat. 640; Pub. L. 115–52, title VI, §604(b), Aug. 18, 2017, 131 Stat. 1048; Pub. L. 116–94, div. N, title I, §603(d)(2), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3124; Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title II, §2513(b), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5805.)
Editorial Notes
References in Text
The Controlled Substances Act, referred to in subsec. (e)(3), is title II of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1242, which is classified principally to subchapter I (§801 et seq.) of chapter 13 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables.
Section 282(j)(5)(C)(ii) of title 42, referred to in subsec. (f)(3)(B), was in the original "section 402(j)(5)(C)(ii)", and was translated as meaning section 402(j)(5)(C)(ii) of the Public Health Service Act to reflect the probable intent of Congress because there is no subsec. (j) of section 402 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and section 402(j)(5)(C)(ii) of the Public Health Service Act relates to notification of noncompliance with clinical trial information requirements.
Section 353c of this title, referred to in subsec. (g)(3)(B), was in the original a reference to section 503B of act June 25, 1938, and was translated as if it referred to section 503C of that Act, to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the renumbering of section 503B as 503C by Pub. L. 113–54, title I, §102(a)(1), Nov. 27, 2013, 127 Stat. 587, and its transfer to section 353c of this title. A new section 503B, which was enacted by section 102(a)(2) of Pub. L. 113–54, is classified to section 353b of this title and does not relate to television advertisements.
Amendments
2022—Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 117–328, §2513(b)(1), inserted ", or who violates section 331(fff)(3) of this title by knowingly making, selling or dispensing, or holding for sale or dispensing, a counterfeit device," after "a counterfeit drug".
Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 117–328, §2513(b)(2), added cl. (6).
2019—Subsec. (f)(8). Pub. L. 116–94 inserted "section 387f(d)(5) of this title or of" after "repeated violations of".
2017—Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 115–52 added par. (8).
2013—Subsec. (b)(1)(D). Pub. L. 113–54 substituted "353(e)(1)" for "353(e)(2)(A)".
2012—Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 112–144 added par. (7).
2011—Subsec. (f)(2)(A). Pub. L. 111–353 inserted "or any person who does not comply with a recall order under section 350l of this title" after "section 342(a)(2)(B) of this title".
2009—Subsec. (f)(5)(A). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(c)(1)(A), (B), substituted "paragraph (1), (2), (3), (4), or (9)" for "paragraph (1), (2), (3), or (4)", "shall be assessed, or a no-tobacco-sale order may be imposed," for "shall be assessed", and "assessed a civil penalty, or upon whom a no-tobacco-sale order is to be imposed," for "assessed a civil penalty".
Subsec. (f)(5)(B). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(c)(1)(C), inserted "or the period to be covered by a no-tobacco-sale order," after "penalty," and inserted at end "A no-tobacco-sale order permanently prohibiting an individual retail outlet from selling tobacco products shall include provisions that allow the outlet, after a specified period of time, to request that the Secretary compromise, modify, or terminate the order."
Subsec. (f)(5)(C). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(c)(1)(A), substituted "paragraph (1), (2), (3), (4), or (9)" for "paragraph (1), (2), (3), or (4)".
Subsec. (f)(5)(D). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(c)(1)(D), added subpar. (D).
Subsec. (f)(6). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(c)(2), inserted "or the imposition of a no-tobacco-sale order" after "penalty" in two places and substituted "issued, or on which the no-tobacco-sale order was imposed, as the case may be." for "issued."
Subsec. (f)(8), (9). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(c)(3), added pars. (8) and (9).
2007—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 110–85, §226(b)(1), redesignated subsec. (g) as (f).
Subsec. (f)(1)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 110–85, §226(b)(2), substituted "360i(g)" for "360i(f)".
Subsec. (f)(2)(C). Pub. L. 110–85, §801(b)(2)(C), substituted "paragraph (5)(A)" for "paragraph (3)(A)".
Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 110–85, §801(b)(2)(B), added par. (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (5).
Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 110–85, §902(b)(1), added par. (4).
Pub. L. 110–85, §801(b)(2)(A), redesignated par. (4) as (6).
Subsec. (f)(5). Pub. L. 110–85, §801(b)(2)(A), redesignated par. (3) as (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (7).
Subsec. (f)(5)(A), (C). Pub. L. 110–85, §902(b)(2), substituted "paragraph (1), (2), (3), or (4)" for "paragraph (1), (2), or (3)".
Pub. L. 110–85, §801(b)(2)(D), substituted "paragraph (1), (2), or (3)" for "paragraph (1) or (2)".
Subsec. (f)(6). Pub. L. 110–85, §801(b)(2)(A), (E), redesignated par. (4) as (6) and substituted "paragraph (5)(A)" for "paragraph (3)(A)".
Subsec. (f)(7). Pub. L. 110–85, §801(b)(2)(A), (F), redesignated par. (5) as (7) and substituted "paragraph (6)" for "paragraph (4)" wherever appearing.
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 110–85, §901(d)(4), added subsec. (g).
Pub. L. 110–85, §226(b)(1), redesignated subsec. (g) as (f).
2003—Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 108–173, which directed amendment of subsec. (a)(6) by substituting "prescription drug under section 384(b)" for "covered product pursuant to section 384(a)", was executed by making the substitution in subsec. (b)(6), to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
2002—Subsec. (g)(1)(A). Pub. L. 107–250 inserted at end "For purposes of the preceding sentence, a person accredited under paragraph (2) of section 374(g) of this title who is substantially not in compliance with the standards of accreditation under such section, or who poses a threat to public health or fails to act in a manner that is consistent with the purposes of such section, shall be considered to have violated a requirement of this chapter that relates to devices."
2000—Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 106–387 added par. (6).
1996—Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 104–170, §407(1), (2), added par. (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (3).
Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 104–170, §407(1), (3), redesignated par. (2) as (3) and substituted "paragraph (1) or (2)" for "paragraph (1)" in subpars. (A) and (C). Former par. (3) redesignated (4).
Subsec. (g)(4). Pub. L. 104–170, §407(1), (4), redesignated par. (3) as (4) and substituted "paragraph (3)(A)" for "paragraph (2)(A)". Former par. (4) redesignated (5).
Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 104–170, §407(1), (5), redesignated par. (4) as (5) and substituted "paragraph (4)" for "paragraph (3)" wherever appearing.
1994—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–322 amended directory language of Pub. L. 101–647. See 1990 Amendment note below.
1993—Subsecs. (e) to (g). Pub. L. 103–80, which directed the amendment of this section by redesignating the second subsec. (e) and subsec. (f) as subsecs. (f) and (g), respectively, could only be executed by designating subsec. (f) as (g) because this section did not contain a second subsec. (e) subsequent to amendment of Pub. L. 101–647 by Pub. L. 103–322. See 1990 and 1994 amendment notes for subsec. (e) under this section.
1992—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 102–353, §3(a), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: "Notwithstanding subsection (a) of this section, any person who violates section 331(t) of this title because of an importation of a drug in violation of section 381(d)(1) of this title, because of a sale, purchase, or trade of a drug or drug sample or the offer to sell, purchase, or trade a drug or drug sample in violation of section 353(c) of this title, because of the sale, purchase, or trade of a coupon, the offer to sell, purchase, or trade such a coupon, or the counterfeiting of such a coupon in violation of section 353(c)(2) of this title, or the distribution of drugs in violation of section 353(e)(2)(A) of this title shall be imprisoned for not more than 10 years or fined not more than $250,000, or both."
Subsec. (b)(4)(A). Pub. L. 102–353, §3(b)(1), substituted "the institution of a criminal proceeding against, and conviction of," for "the arrest and conviction of".
Subsec. (b)(4)(B)(i). Pub. L. 102–353, §3(b)(1), (2), substituted "before the institution of a criminal proceeding against" for "before the arrest of" and "the institution of a criminal proceeding against, and conviction of," for "the arrest and conviction of".
Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 102–353, §3(b)(3), substituted "the institution of a criminal proceeding against, and conviction of," for "the arrest and conviction of".
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–353, §3(b)(4), substituted "subsection (a)(1) of this section" for "subsection (a) of this section".
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 102–353, §3(b)(4), (5), substituted "subsection (a)(1) of this section" for "subsection (a) of this section" and struck out ", and no person shall be subject to the penalties of subsection (b) of this section for such a violation unless the violation is committed with the intent to defraud or mislead" after "advertising".
1990—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 101–647, as amended by Pub. L. 103–322, amended subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (e) read as follows:
"(e)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), any person who distributes or possesses with the intent to distribute any anabolic steroid for any use in humans other than the treatment of disease pursuant to the order of a physician shall be imprisoned for not more than three years or fined under title 18, or both.
"(2) Any person who distributes or possesses with the intent to distribute to an individual under 18 years of age, any anabolic steroid for any use in humans other than the treatment of disease pursuant to the order of a physician shall be imprisoned for not more than six years or fined under title 18, or both."
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 101–629 added subsec. (f).
1988—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 100–293 designated existing subsecs. (a) and (b) as pars. (1) and (2) of subsec. (a), substituted "paragraph (1)" for "subsection (a)" in par. (2), and added subsec. (b).
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–690 added subsec. (e).
1976—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94–278 added subsec. (d).
1970—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–513 struck out reference to subsec. (b) and transferred to subsec. (b) provisions covering second offenses and offenses committed with intent to defraud or mislead.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91–513 inserted provisions covering second offenses and offenses committed with intent to defraud or mislead formerly set out in subsec. (a) and struck out provisions covering violations involving depressant and stimulant drugs. See section 801 et seq. of this title.
1968—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 90–639 made a general revision in the penalties prescribed for offenses involving depressant or stimulant drugs, set a fine of not to exceed $10,000 or imprisonment of not more than 5 years for offenses involving the unlawful manufacturing of, sale, or disposal of, or possession with intent to sell, a depressant or stimulant drug or involving counterfeit depressant or stimulant drugs, stiffened the penalties for unlawful sales or other disposals by persons over 18 to persons under 21, and set new penalties for possession of a depressant or stimulant drug for purposes other than sale or other disposal.
1965—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89–74, §7(a), inserted proviso limiting the penalties for depressant or stimulant drug violations to two years imprisonment or $5,000 fine or both for first offense and to two years imprisonment or $15,000 fine or both for subsequent offenses.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 89–74, §7(b), inserted parenthetical exception provision.
Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 89–74, §9(d), added cl. (5).
1960—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 86–618 substituted "a color additive" for "a coal-tar color", "the color additive" for "the coal-tar color" and "such color additive was" for "such color was".
1951—Subsec. (c)(4). Act Oct. 26, 1951, added cl. (4).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2013 Amendment
Pub. L. 113–54, title II, §207(b), Nov. 27, 2013, 127 Stat. 640, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on January 1, 2015."
Effective Date of 2009 Amendment
Pub. L. 111–31, div. A, title I, §103(q)(3), (4), June 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1840, provided that:
"(3)
"(4)
Effective Date of 2007 Amendment
Amendment by sections 901(d)(4) and 902(b) of Pub. L. 110–85 effective 180 days after Sept. 27, 2007, see section 909 of Pub. L. 110–85, set out as a note under section 331 of this title.
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330015, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2146, provided that the amendment made by that section is effective as of the date on which section 1904 of Pub. L. 101–647, which amended this section, took effect.
Effective Date of 1990 Amendment
Pub. L. 101–629, §17(b), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4528, provided that:
"(b)
"(1) The Secretary of Health and Human Services shall conduct a study to determine whether there has been substantial compliance with the requirements of section 519(b) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 360i(b)] by device user facilities (as defined in section 519(b)(5)(A) of such Act). The Secretary shall report the results of the study to the Congress after the expiration of 45 months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 28, 1990].
"(2)(A) If upon the expiration of 48 months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 28, 1990] the Secretary has not made the report required by paragraph (1), section 303(f) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 333(f)], as added by the amendment made by subsection (a), shall take effect with respect to device user facilities (as defined in section 519(b)(5)(A) of such Act). [Secretary of Health and Human Services had not made the report required by par. (1) on the expiration of 48 months after Nov. 28, 1990.]
"(B) If in the report under paragraph (1) the Secretary reports that there has been substantial compliance with the requirements of such section 519(b) by a type of device user facility and if the Secretary does not make a determination under subparagraph (C) with respect to such type of facility, such section 303(f) shall not take effect with respect to such type of facility.
"(C) If the Secretary determines in the report under paragraph (1) that there is not substantial compliance with the requirements of such section 519(b) by a type of device user facility or if the Secretary makes such a determination after making the report under paragraph (1), such section 303(f) shall take effect with respect to such type of facility upon the effective date of the report."
Effective Date of 1988 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–293 effective upon expiration of 90 days after Apr. 22, 1988, see section 8(a) of Pub. L. 100–293, set out as a note under section 353 of this title.
Effective Date of 1976 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 94–278 effective 180 days after Apr. 22, 1976, see section 502(c) of Pub. L. 94–278, set out as a note under section 334 of this title.
Effective Date of 1970 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 91–513 effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as an Effective Date note under section 801 of this title.
Effective Date of 1968 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 90–639 applicable only with respect to violations of this chapter committed after Oct. 24, 1968, see section 6 of Pub. L. 90–639, set out as an Effective Date of 1968 Amendments; Transitional Provisions note under section 321 of this title.
Effective Date of 1965 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 89–74 effective Feb. 1, 1966, see section 11 of Pub. L. 89–74, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.
Effective Date of 1960 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 86–618 effective July 12, 1960, subject to the provisions of section 203 of Pub. L. 86–618, see section 202 of Pub. L. 86–618, set out as a note under section 379e of this title.
Effective Date of 1951 Amendment
Act Oct. 26, 1951, ch. 578, §3, 65 Stat. 649, provided that: "The provisions of this Act [amending this section and section 353 of this title] shall take effect six months after the date of its enactment [Oct. 26, 1951]."
Savings Provision
Amendment by Pub. L. 91–513 not to affect or abate any prosecutions for violation of law or any civil seizures or forfeitures and injunctive proceedings commenced prior to the effective date of such amendment, and all administrative proceedings pending before the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs [now the Drug Enforcement Administration] on Oct. 27, 1970, to be continued and brought to final determination in accord with laws and regulations in effect prior to Oct. 27, 1970, see section 702 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.
Guidance
Pub. L. 111–31, div. A, title I, §103(q)(1), (2), June 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1838, 1839, as amended by Pub. L. 116–94, div. N, title I, §603(d)(1), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3124, provided that:
"(1)
"(A) defining the term 'repeated violation', as used in section 303(f)(8) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 333(f)(8)) as amended by subsection (c), as including at least 5 violations of particular requirements over a 36-month period at a particular retail outlet that constitute a repeated violation and providing for civil penalties in accordance with paragraph (2);
"(B) providing for timely and effective notice by certified or registered mail or personal delivery to the retailer of each alleged violation at a particular retail outlet prior to conducting a followup compliance check, such notice to be sent to the location specified on the retailer's registration or to the retailer's registered agent if the retailer has provider [sic] such agent information to the Food and Drug Administration prior to the violation;
"(C) providing for a hearing pursuant to the procedures established through regulations of the Food and Drug Administration for assessing civil money penalties, including at a retailer's request a hearing by telephone or at the nearest regional or field office of the Food and Drug Administration, and providing for an expedited procedure for the administrative appeal of an alleged violation;
"(D) providing that a person may not be charged with a violation at a particular retail outlet unless the Secretary has provided notice to the retailer of all previous violations at that outlet;
"(E) establishing that civil money penalties for multiple violations shall increase from one violation to the next violation pursuant to paragraph (2) within the time periods provided for in such paragraph;
"(F) providing that good faith reliance on the presentation of a false government-issued photographic identification that contains a date of birth does not constitute a violation of any minimum age requirement for the sale of tobacco products if the retailer has taken effective steps to prevent such violations, including—
"(i) adopting and enforcing a written policy against sales to minors;
"(ii) informing its employees of all applicable laws;
"(iii) establishing disciplinary sanctions for employee noncompliance; and
"(iv) requiring its employees to verify age by way of photographic identification or electronic scanning device; and
"(G) providing for the Secretary, in determining whether to impose a no-tobacco-sale order and in determining whether to compromise, modify, or terminate such an order, to consider whether the retailer has taken effective steps to prevent violations of the minimum age requirements for the sale of tobacco products, including the steps listed in subparagraph (F).
"(2)
"(A)
"(i) With respect to a retailer with an approved training program, the amount of the civil penalty shall not exceed—
"(I) in the case of the first violation, $0.00 together with the issuance of a warning letter to the retailer;
"(II) in the case of a second violation within a 12-month period, $250;
"(III) in the case of a third violation within a 24-month period, $500;
"(IV) in the case of a fourth violation within a 24-month period, $2,000;
"(V) in the case of a fifth violation within a 36-month period, $5,000; and
"(VI) in the case of a sixth or subsequent violation within a 48-month period, $10,000 as determined by the Secretary on a case-by-case basis.
"(ii) With respect to a retailer that does not have an approved training program, the amount of the civil penalty shall not exceed—
"(I) in the case of the first violation, $250;
"(II) in the case of a second violation within a 12-month period, $500;
"(III) in the case of a third violation within a 24-month period, $1,000;
"(IV) in the case of a fourth violation within a 24-month period, $2,000;
"(V) in the case of a fifth violation within a 36-month period, $5,000; and
"(VI) in the case of a sixth or subsequent violation within a 48-month period, $10,000 as determined by the Secretary on a case-by-case basis.
"(B)
"(C)
Construction of 2011 Amendment
Nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 111–353 to be construed to alter jurisdiction and authorities established under certain other Acts or in a manner inconsistent with international agreements to which the United States is a party, see sections 2251 and 2252 of this title.
Enforcement
Pub. L. 99–660, title I, §103, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3751, provided that: "For the fines authorized to be imposed under section 303 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 333], see section 3623 of title 18, United States Code, for the period ending October 31, 1986 [probably should be October 31, 1987], and sections 3559 and 3571 of such title for the period beginning November 1, 1986 [probably should be November 1, 1987]."
Executive Documents
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of functions of Federal Security Administrator to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Health and Human Services], and of Food and Drug Administration in the Department of Agriculture to Federal Security Agency, see notes set out under section 321 of this title.
1 So in original. Words "of this section" probably should not appear.
2 See References in Text note below.
§333a. Repealed. Pub. L. 101–647, title XIX, §1905, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4853
Section, Pub. L. 100–690, title II, §2401, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4230, related to forfeiture and illegal trafficking in steroids or human growth hormones.
§334. Seizure
(a) Grounds and jurisdiction
(1) Any article of food, drug, or cosmetic that is adulterated or misbranded when introduced into or while in interstate commerce or while held for sale (whether or not the first sale) after shipment in interstate commerce, or which may not, under the provisions of section 331(ll), 344, or 355 of this title, be introduced into interstate commerce, shall be liable to be proceeded against while in interstate commerce, or at any time thereafter, on libel of information and condemned in any district court of the United States or United States court of a Territory within the jurisdiction of which the article is found. No libel for condemnation shall be instituted under this chapter, for any alleged misbranding if there is pending in any court a libel for condemnation proceeding under this chapter based upon the same alleged misbranding, and not more than one such proceeding shall be instituted if no such proceeding is so pending, except that such limitations shall not apply (A) when such misbranding has been the basis of a prior judgment in favor of the United States, in a criminal, injunction, or libel for condemnation proceeding under this chapter, or (B) when the Secretary has probable cause to believe from facts found, without hearing, by him or any officer or employee of the Department that the misbranded article is dangerous to health, or that the labeling of the misbranded article is fraudulent, or would be in a material respect misleading to the injury or damage of the purchaser or consumer. In any case where the number of libel for condemnation proceedings is limited as above provided the proceeding pending or instituted shall, on application of the claimant, seasonably made, be removed for trial to any district agreed upon by stipulation between the parties, or, in case of failure to so stipulate within a reasonable time, the claimant may apply to the court of the district in which the seizure has been made, and such court (after giving the United States attorney for such district reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard) shall by order, unless good cause to the contrary is shown, specify a district of reasonable proximity to the claimant's principal place of business, to which the case shall be removed for trial.
(2) The following shall be liable to be proceeded against at any time on libel of information and condemned in any district court of the United States or United States court of a Territory within the jurisdiction of which they are found: (A) Any drug that is a counterfeit drug, (B) Any container of a counterfeit drug, (C) Any punch, die, plate, stone, labeling, container, or other thing used or designed for use in making a counterfeit drug or drugs, (D) Any adulterated or misbranded device, (E) Any adulterated or misbranded tobacco product, (F) Any device that is a counterfeit device, (G) Any container, packaging, or labeling of a counterfeit device, and (H) Any punch, die, plate, stone, labeling, container, or other thing used or designed for use in making a counterfeit device or devices.
(3)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), no libel for condemnation may be instituted under paragraph (1) or (2) against any food which—
(i) is misbranded under section 343(a)(2) of this title because of its advertising, and
(ii) is being held for sale to the ultimate consumer in an establishment other than an establishment owned or operated by a manufacturer, packer, or distributor of the food.
(B) A libel for condemnation may be instituted under paragraph (1) or (2) against a food described in subparagraph (A) if—
(i)(I) the food's advertising which resulted in the food being misbranded under section 343(a)(2) of this title was disseminated in the establishment in which the food is being held for sale to the ultimate consumer,
(II) such advertising was disseminated by, or under the direction of, the owner or operator of such establishment, or
(III) all or part of the cost of such advertising was paid by such owner or operator; and
(ii) the owner or operator of such establishment used such advertising in the establishment to promote the sale of the food.
(b) Procedure; multiplicity of pending proceedings
The article, equipment, or other thing proceeded against shall be liable to seizure by process pursuant to the libel, and the procedure in cases under this section shall conform, as nearly as may be, to the procedure in admiralty; except that on demand of either party any issue of fact joined in any such case shall be tried by jury. When libel for condemnation proceedings under this section, involving the same claimant and the same issues of adulteration or misbranding, are pending in two or more jurisdictions, such pending proceedings, upon application of the claimant seasonably made to the court of one such jurisdiction, shall be consolidated for trial by order of such court, and tried in (1) any district selected by the claimant where one of such proceedings is pending; or (2) a district agreed upon by stipulation between the parties. If no order for consolidation is so made within a reasonable time, the claimant may apply to the court of one such jurisdiction and such court (after giving the United States attorney for such district reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard) shall by order, unless good cause to the contrary is shown, specify a district of reasonable proximity to the claimant's principal place of business, in which all such pending proceedings shall be consolidated for trial and tried. Such order of consolidation shall not apply so as to require the removal of any case the date for trial of which has been fixed. The court granting such order shall give prompt notification thereof to the other courts having jurisdiction of the cases covered thereby.
(c) Availability of samples of seized goods prior to trial
The court at any time after seizure up to a reasonable time before trial shall by order allow any party to a condemnation proceeding, his attorney or agent, to obtain a representative sample of the article seized and a true copy of the analysis, if any, on which the proceeding is based and the identifying marks or numbers, if any, of the packages from which the samples analyzed were obtained.
(d) Disposition of goods after decree of condemnation; claims for remission or mitigation of forfeitures
(1) Any food, drug, device, tobacco product, or cosmetic condemned under this section shall, after entry of the decree, be disposed of by destruction or sale as the court may, in accordance with the provisions of this section, direct and the proceeds thereof, if sold, less the legal costs and charges, shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States; but such article shall not be sold under such decree contrary to the provisions of this chapter or the laws of the jurisdiction in which sold. After entry of the decree and upon the payment of the costs of such proceedings and the execution of a good and sufficient bond conditioned that such article shall not be sold or disposed of contrary to the provisions of this chapter or the laws of any State or Territory in which sold, the court may by order direct that such article be delivered to the owner thereof to be destroyed or brought into compliance with the provisions of this chapter, under the supervision of an officer or employee duly designated by the Secretary, and the expenses of such supervision shall be paid by the person obtaining release of the article under bond. If the article was imported into the United States and the person seeking its release establishes (A) that the adulteration, misbranding, or violation did not occur after the article was imported, and (B) that he had no cause for believing that it was adulterated, misbranded, or in violation before it was released from customs custody, the court may permit the article to be delivered to the owner for exportation in lieu of destruction upon a showing by the owner that all of the conditions of section 381(e) of this title can and will be met. The provisions of this sentence shall not apply where condemnation is based upon violation of section 342(a)(1), (2), or (6), section 351(a)(3), section 352(j), or section 361(a) or (d) of this title. Where such exportation is made to the original foreign supplier, then subparagraphs (A) and (B) of section 381(e)(1) of this title and the preceding sentence shall not be applicable; and in all cases of exportation the bond shall be conditioned that the article shall not be sold or disposed of until the applicable conditions of section 381(e) of this title have been met. Any person seeking to export an imported article pursuant to any of the provisions of this subsection shall establish that the article was intended for export at the time the article entered commerce. Any article condemned by reason of its being an article which may not, under section 344 or 355 of this title, be introduced into interstate commerce, shall be disposed of by destruction.
(2) The provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection shall, to the extent deemed appropriate by the court, apply to any equipment or other thing which is not otherwise within the scope of such paragraph and which is referred to in paragraph (2) of subsection (a).
(3) Whenever in any proceeding under this section, involving paragraph (2) of subsection (a), the condemnation of any equipment or thing (other than a drug) is decreed, the court shall allow the claim of any claimant, to the extent of such claimant's interest, for remission or mitigation of such forfeiture if such claimant proves to the satisfaction of the court (i) that he has not committed or caused to be committed any prohibited act referred to in such paragraph (2) and has no interest in any drug referred to therein, (ii) that he has an interest in such equipment or other thing as owner or lienor or otherwise, acquired by him in good faith, and (iii) that he at no time had any knowledge or reason to believe that such equipment or other thing was being or would be used in, or to facilitate, the violation of laws of the United States relating to counterfeit drugs.
(e) Costs
When a decree of condemnation is entered against the article, court costs and fees, and storage and other proper expenses, shall be awarded against the person, if any, intervening as claimant of the article.
(f) Removal of case for trial
In the case of removal for trial of any case as provided by subsection (a) or (b)—
(1) The clerk of the court from which removal is made shall promptly transmit to the court in which the case is to be tried all records in the case necessary in order that such court may exercise jurisdiction.
(2) The court to which such case was removed shall have the powers and be subject to the duties, for purposes of such case, which the court from which removal was made would have had, or to which such court would have been subject, if such case had not been removed.
(g) Administrative restraint; detention orders
(1) If during an inspection conducted under section 374 of this title of a facility or a vehicle, a device, drug, or tobacco product which the officer or employee making the inspection has reason to believe is adulterated or misbranded is found in such facility or vehicle, such officer or employee may order the device, drug, or tobacco product detained (in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary) for a reasonable period which may not exceed twenty days unless the Secretary determines that a period of detention greater than twenty days is required to institute an action under subsection (a) or section 332 of this title, in which case he may authorize a detention period of not to exceed thirty days. Regulations of the Secretary prescribed under this paragraph shall require that before a device, drug, or tobacco product may be ordered detained under this paragraph the Secretary or an officer or employee designated by the Secretary approve such order. A detention order under this paragraph may require the labeling or marking of a device, drug, or tobacco product during the period of its detention for the purpose of identifying the device, drug, or tobacco product as detained. Any person who would be entitled to claim a device, drug, or tobacco product if it were seized under subsection (a) may appeal to the Secretary a detention of such device, drug, or tobacco product under this paragraph. Within five days of the date an appeal of a detention is filed with the Secretary, the Secretary shall after affording opportunity for an informal hearing by order confirm the detention or revoke it.
(2)(A) Except as authorized by subparagraph (B), a device, drug, or tobacco product subject to a detention order issued under paragraph (1) shall not be moved by any person from the place at which it is ordered detained until—
(i) released by the Secretary, or
(ii) the expiration of the detention period applicable to such order,
whichever occurs first.
(B) A device or drug subject to a detention order under paragraph (1) may be moved—
(i) in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary, and
(ii) if not in final form for shipment, at the discretion of the manufacturer of the device or drug for the purpose of completing the work required to put it in such form.
(h) Administrative detention of foods
(1) Detention authority
(A) In general
An officer or qualified employee of the Food and Drug Administration may order the detention, in accordance with this subsection, of any article of food that is found during an inspection, examination, or investigation under this chapter conducted by such officer or qualified employee, if the officer or qualified employee has reason to believe that such article is adulterated or misbranded.
(B) Secretary's approval
An article of food may be ordered detained under subparagraph (A) only if the Secretary or an official designated by the Secretary approves the order. An official may not be so designated unless the official is the director of the district under this chapter in which the article involved is located, or is an official senior to such director.
(2) Period of detention
An article of food may be detained under paragraph (1) for a reasonable period, not to exceed 20 days, unless a greater period, not to exceed 30 days, is necessary, to enable the Secretary to institute an action under subsection (a) or section 332 of this title. The Secretary shall by regulation provide for procedures for instituting such action on an expedited basis with respect to perishable foods.
(3) Security of detained article
An order under paragraph (1) with respect to an article of food may require that such article be labeled or marked as detained, and shall require that the article be removed to a secure facility, as appropriate. An article subject to such an order shall not be transferred by any person from the place at which the article is ordered detained, or from the place to which the article is so removed, as the case may be, until released by the Secretary or until the expiration of the detention period applicable under such order, whichever occurs first. This subsection may not be construed as authorizing the delivery of the article pursuant to the execution of a bond while the article is subject to the order, and section 381(b) of this title does not authorize the delivery of the article pursuant to the execution of a bond while the article is subject to the order.
(4) Appeal of detention order
(A) In general
With respect to an article of food ordered detained under paragraph (1), any person who would be entitled to be a claimant for such article if the article were seized under subsection (a) may appeal the order to the Secretary. Within five days after such an appeal is filed, the Secretary, after providing opportunity for an informal hearing, shall confirm or terminate the order involved, and such confirmation by the Secretary shall be considered a final agency action for purposes of section 702 of title 5. If during such five-day period the Secretary fails to provide such an opportunity, or to confirm or terminate such order, the order is deemed to be terminated.
(B) Effect of instituting court action
The process under subparagraph (A) for the appeal of an order under paragraph (1) terminates if the Secretary institutes an action under subsection (a) or section 332 of this title regarding the article of food involved.
(i) Procedures for promulgating regulations
(1) In general
In promulgating a regulation implementing this section, the Secretary shall—
(A) issue a notice of proposed rulemaking that includes the proposed regulation;
(B) provide a period of not less than 60 days for comments on the proposed regulation; and
(C) publish the final regulation not less than 30 days before the regulation's effective date.
(2) Restrictions
Notwithstanding any other provision of Federal law, in implementing this section, the Secretary shall only promulgate regulations as described in paragraph (1).
(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, §304, 52 Stat. 1044; June 24, 1948, ch. 613, §2, 62 Stat. 582; Aug. 7, 1953, ch. 350, §3, 67 Stat. 477; Pub. L. 85–250, Aug. 31, 1957, 71 Stat. 567; Pub. L. 89–74, §6, July 15, 1965, 79 Stat. 232; Pub. L. 90–639, §4(b), Oct. 24, 1968, 82 Stat. 1362; Pub. L. 91–513, title II, §701(c), (d), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1281, 1282; Pub. L. 94–278, title V, §502(a)(2)(C), Apr. 22, 1976, 90 Stat. 411; Pub. L. 94–295, §§3(c), 7(a), May 28, 1976, 90 Stat. 576, 582; Pub. L. 102–300, §6(c), June 16, 1992, 106 Stat. 240; Pub. L. 103–80, §3(f), Aug. 13, 1993, 107 Stat. 775; Pub. L. 105–115, title IV, §418, Nov. 21, 1997, 111 Stat. 2379; Pub. L. 107–188, title III, §303(a), June 12, 2002, 116 Stat. 663; Pub. L. 110–85, title IX, §912(b)(1), Sept. 27, 2007, 121 Stat. 952; Pub. L. 111–31, div. A, title I, §103(d), June 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1836; Pub. L. 111–353, title II, §207(a), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3944; Pub. L. 112–144, title VII, §709(a), (b)(2), July 9, 2012, 126 Stat. 1069; Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title II, §2513(c), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5805.)
Editorial Notes
Amendments
2022—Subsec. (a)(2)(F) to (H). Pub. L. 117–328 added cls. (F) to (H).
2012—Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 112–144, §709(a)(1), inserted ", drug," after "device" wherever appearing.
Subsec. (g)(2)(A). Pub. L. 112–144, §709(a)(2), inserted ", drug," after "(B), a device".
Subsec. (g)(2)(B). Pub. L. 112–144, §709(a)(3), inserted "or drug" after "device" in introductory provisions and in cl. (ii).
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 112–144, §709(b)(2), added subsec. (i).
2011—Subsec. (h)(1)(A). Pub. L. 111–353 substituted "reason to believe" for "credible evidence or information indicating" and "is adulterated or misbranded" for "presents a threat of serious adverse health consequences or death to humans or animals".
2009—Subsec. (a)(2)(E). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(d)(1), added cl. (E).
Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(d)(2), inserted "tobacco product," after "device," in first sentence.
Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(d)(3), inserted "or tobacco product" after "device" wherever appearing.
Subsec. (g)(2)(A). Pub. L. 111–31, §103(d)(4), inserted "or tobacco product" after "device" in introductory provisions.
2007—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 110–85 substituted "section 331(ll), 344, or 355" for "section 344 or 355".
2002—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 107–188 added subsec. (h).
1997—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 105–115 substituted "subparagraphs (A) and (B) of section 381(e)(1) of this title" for "paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 381(e) of this title" and inserted "Any person seeking to export an imported article pursuant to any of the provisions of this subsection shall establish that the article was intended for export at the time the article entered commerce." before "Any article condemned by reason".
1993—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–80, §3(f)(1), substituted "found. No libel" for "found: Provided, however, That no libel".
Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 103–80, §3(f)(2), substituted "sold. After entry" for "sold: Provided, That after entry", "met. The provisions of this sentence" for "met: Provided, however, That the provisions of this sentence", "title. Where such exportation" for "title: And provided further, That where such exportation", and "the preceding sentence shall not be applicable" for "the foregoing proviso shall not be applicable".
1992—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 102–300 substituted "381(e)" for "381(d)" in three places and "paragraphs" for "clauses" before "(1) and (2) of section 381(e)".
1976—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 94–295, §3(c)(1), struck out "device," after "Any article of food, drug,".
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 94–295, §3(c)(2), (3), added cl. (D) covering adulterated or misbranded devices.
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 94–278 added par. (3).
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 94–295, §7(a), added subsec. (g).
1970—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 91–513, §701(c), struck out cls. (A) and (D) which dealt with depressant or stimulant drugs, struck out reference to depressant or stimulant drugs in cl. (C), and redesignated cls. (B), (C), and (E) as cls. (A), (B), and (C), respectively.
Subsec. (d)(3)(iii). Pub. L. 91–513, §701(d), struck out reference to depressant or stimulant drugs.
1968—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 90–639 inserted references to the United States courts of Territories.
1965—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89–74, §6(a), designated existing provisions as par. (1), redesignated cls. (1) and (2) of proviso as (A) and (B), and added par. (2).
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 89–74, §6(b)(1), inserted "equipment, or other thing proceeded against" after "article" in first sentence.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 89–74, §6(b)(2), designated existing provisions as par. (1), redesignated cls. (1) and (2) of the second sentence thereof as (A) and (B), and added pars. (2) and (3).
1957—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 85–250 permitted, under certain circumstances, reexportation of articles condemned at places other than original port of entry.
1953—Subsec. (c). Act Aug. 7, 1953, provided that a true copy of the analysis in any case shall be furnished the owner.
1948—Subsec. (a). Act June 24, 1948, inserted "or while held for sale (whether or not the first sale) after shipment in interstate commerce" to make this subsection coextensive with section 331(k) of this title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2012 Amendment
Pub. L. 112–144, title VII, §709(c), July 9, 2012, 126 Stat. 1070, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall not take effect until the Secretary has issued a final regulation under subsection (b) [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section]."
[Final regulation issued May 29, 2014, effective June 30, 2014. See 79 F.R. 30716.]
Effective Date of 2011 Amendment
Pub. L. 111–353, title II, §207(c), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3944, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Jan. 4, 2011]."
Effective Date of 1997 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 105–115 effective 90 days after Nov. 21, 1997, except as otherwise provided, see section 501 of Pub. L. 105–115, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.
Effective Date of 1976 Amendment
Pub. L. 94–278, title V, §502(c), Apr. 22, 1976, 90 Stat. 413, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section and sections 321, 333, and 343 of this title] shall take effect 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 22, 1976]."
Effective Date of 1970 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 91–513 effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as an Effective Date note under section 801 of this title.
Effective Date of 1968 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 90–639 applicable only with respect to violations of this chapter committed after Oct. 24, 1968, see section 6 of Pub. L. 90–639, set out as an Effective Date of 1968 Amendments; Transitional Provisions note under section 321 of this title.
Effective Date of 1965 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 89–74 effective Feb. 1, 1966, see section 11 of Pub. L. 89–74, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.
Regulations
Pub. L. 112–144, title VII, §709(b)(1), July 9, 2012, 126 Stat. 1069, provided that: "Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 9, 2012], the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall promulgate regulations in accordance with section 304(i) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 334(i)], as added by paragraph (2) of this subsection, to implement administrative detention authority with respect to drugs, as authorized by the amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section]. Before promulgating such regulations, the Secretary shall consult with stakeholders, including manufacturers of drugs."
Pub. L. 111–353, title II, §207(b), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3944, provided that: "Not later than 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Jan. 4, 2011], the Secretary shall issue an interim final rule amending subpart K of part 1 of title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, to implement the amendment made by this section [amending this section]."
Savings Provision
Amendment by Pub. L. 91–513 not to affect or abate any prosecutions for any violation of law or any civil seizures or forfeitures and injunctive proceedings commenced prior to the effective date of such amendment, and all administrative proceedings pending before the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs [now the Drug Enforcement Administration] on Oct. 27, 1970, to be continued and brought to final determination in accord with laws and regulations in effect prior to Oct. 27, 1970, see section 702 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.
Construction of 2011 Amendment
Nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 111–353 to be construed to alter jurisdiction and authorities established under certain other Acts or in a manner inconsistent with international agreements to which the United States is a party, see sections 2251 and 2252 of this title.
Executive Documents
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of functions of Federal Security Administrator to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Health and Human Services], and of Food and Drug Administration in the Department of Agriculture to Federal Security Agency, see notes set out under section 321 of this title.
§335. Hearing before report of criminal violation
Before any violation of this chapter is reported by the Secretary to any United States attorney for institution of a criminal proceeding, the person against whom such proceeding is contemplated shall be given appropriate notice and an opportunity to present his views, either orally or in writing, with regard to such contemplated proceeding.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, §305, 52 Stat. 1045.)
Executive Documents
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of functions of Federal Security Administrator to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Health and Human Services], and of Food and Drug Administration in the Department of Agriculture to Federal Security Agency, see notes set out under section 321 of this title.
§335a. Debarment, temporary denial of approval, and suspension
(a) Mandatory debarment; certain drug applications
(1) Corporations, partnerships, and associations
If the Secretary finds that a person other than an individual has been convicted, after May 13, 1992, of a felony under Federal law for conduct relating to the development or approval, including the process for development or approval, of any abbreviated drug application, the Secretary shall debar such person from submitting, or assisting in the submission of, any such application.
(2) Individuals
If the Secretary finds that an individual has been convicted of a felony under Federal law for conduct—
(A) relating to the development or approval, including the process for development or approval, of any drug product, or
(B) otherwise relating to the regulation of any drug product under this chapter,
the Secretary shall debar such individual from providing services in any capacity to a person that has an approved or pending drug product application.
(b) Permissive debarment; certain drug applications; food imports
(1) In general
The Secretary, on the Secretary's own initiative or in response to a petition, may, in accordance with paragraph (2) or (3), debar—
(A) a person other than an individual from submitting or assisting in the submission of any abbreviated drug application;
(B) an individual from providing services in any capacity to a person that has an approved or pending drug product application;
(C) a person from importing an article of food or offering such an article for import into the United States; or
(D) a person from importing or offering for import into the United States a drug.
(2) Persons subject to permissive debarment; certain drug applications
The following persons are subject to debarment under subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (1):
(A) Corporations, partnerships, and associations
Any person other than an individual that the Secretary finds has been convicted—
(i) for conduct that—
(I) relates to the development or approval, including the process for the development or approval, of any abbreviated drug application; and
(II) is a felony under Federal law (if the person was convicted before May 13, 1992), a misdemeanor under Federal law, or a felony under State law, or
(ii) of a conspiracy to commit, or aiding or abetting, a criminal offense described in clause (i) or a felony described in subsection (a)(1),
if the Secretary finds that the type of conduct which served as the basis for such conviction undermines the process for the regulation of drugs.
(B) Individuals
(i) Any individual whom the Secretary finds has been convicted of—
(I) a misdemeanor under Federal law or a felony under State law for conduct relating to the development or approval, including the process for development or approval, of any drug product or otherwise relating to the regulation of drug products under this chapter, or
(II) a conspiracy to commit, or aiding or abetting, such criminal offense or a felony described in subsection (a)(2),
if the Secretary finds that the type of conduct which served as the basis for such conviction undermines the process for the regulation of drugs.
(ii) Any individual whom the Secretary finds has been convicted of—
(I) a felony which is not described in subsection (a)(2) or clause (i) of this subparagraph and which involves bribery, payment of illegal gratuities, fraud, perjury, false statement, racketeering, blackmail, extortion, falsification or destruction of records, or interference with, obstruction of an investigation into, or prosecution of, any criminal offense, or
(II) a conspiracy to commit, or aiding or abetting, such felony,
if the Secretary finds, on the basis of the conviction of such individual and other information, that such individual has demonstrated a pattern of conduct sufficient to find that there is reason to believe that such individual may violate requirements under this chapter relating to drug products.
(iii) Any individual whom the Secretary finds materially participated in acts that were the basis for a conviction for an offense described in subsection (a) or in clause (i) or (ii) for which a conviction was obtained, if the Secretary finds, on the basis of such participation and other information, that such individual has demonstrated a pattern of conduct sufficient to find that there is reason to believe that such individual may violate requirements under this chapter relating to drug products.
(iv) Any high managerial agent whom the Secretary finds—
(I) worked for, or worked as a consultant for, the same person as another individual during the period in which such other individual took actions for which a felony conviction was obtained and which resulted in the debarment under subsection (a)(2), or clause (i), of such other individual,
(II) had actual knowledge of the actions described in subclause (I) of such other individual, or took action to avoid such actual knowledge, or failed to take action for the purpose of avoiding such actual knowledge,
(III) knew that the actions described in subclause (I) were violative of law, and
(IV) did not report such actions, or did not cause such actions to be reported, to an officer, employee, or agent of the Department or to an appropriate law enforcement officer, or failed to take other appropriate action that would have ensured that the process for the regulation of drugs was not undermined, within a reasonable time after such agent first knew of such actions,
if the Secretary finds that the type of conduct which served as the basis for such other individual's conviction undermines the process for the regulation of drugs.
(3) Persons subject to permissive debarment; food or drug importation
A person is subject to debarment under paragraph (1)(C) if—
(A) the person has been convicted of a felony for conduct relating to the importation into the United States of any food;
(B) the person has engaged in a pattern of importing or offering for import adulterated food that presents a threat of serious adverse health consequences or death to humans or animals;
(C) the person has been convicted of a felony for conduct relating to the importation into the United States of any drug or controlled substance (as defined in section 802 of this title);
(D) the person has engaged in a pattern of importing or offering for import—
(i) controlled substances that are prohibited from importation under section 1401(m) of title 19; or
(ii) adulterated or misbranded drugs that are—
(I) not designated in an authorized electronic data interchange system as a product that is regulated by the Secretary; or
(II) knowingly or intentionally falsely designated in an authorized electronic data interchange system as a product that is regulated by the Secretary.
(4) Stay of certain orders
An order of the Secretary under clause (iii) or (iv) of paragraph (2)(B) shall not take effect until 30 days after the order has been issued.
(5) Definition
For purposes of paragraph (3)(D), the term "pattern of importing or offering for import" means importing or offering for import a drug described in clause (i) or (ii) of paragraph (3)(D) in an amount, frequency, or dosage that is inconsistent with personal or household use by the importer.
(c) Debarment period and considerations
(1) Effect of debarment
The Secretary—
(A) shall not accept or review (other than in connection with an audit under this section) any abbreviated drug application submitted by or with the assistance of a person debarred under subsection (a)(1) or (b)(2)(A) during the period such person is debarred,
(B) shall, during the period of a debarment under subsection (a)(2) or (b)(2)(B), debar an individual from providing services in any capacity to a person that has an approved or pending drug product application and shall not accept or review (other than in connection with an audit under this section) an abbreviated drug application from such individual, and
(C) shall, if the Secretary makes the finding described in paragraph (6) or (7) of section 335b(a) of this title, assess a civil penalty in accordance with section 335b of this title.
(2) Debarment periods
(A) In general
The Secretary shall debar a person under subsection (a) or (b) for the following periods:
(i) The period of debarment of a person (other than an individual) under subsection (a)(1) shall not be less than 1 year or more than 10 years, but if an act leading to a subsequent debarment under subsection (a) occurs within 10 years after such person has been debarred under subsection (a)(1), the period of debarment shall be permanent.
(ii) The debarment of an individual under subsection (a)(2) shall be permanent.
(iii) The period of debarment of any person under paragraph (2) or (3) of subsection (b) shall not be more than 5 years.
The Secretary may determine whether debarment periods shall run concurrently or consecutively in the case of a person debarred for multiple offenses.
(B) Notification
Upon a conviction for an offense described in subsection (a) or (b) or upon execution of an agreement with the United States to plead guilty to such an offense, the person involved may notify the Secretary that the person acquiesces to debarment and such person's debarment shall commence upon such notification.
(3) Considerations
In determining the appropriateness and the period of a debarment of a person under subsection (b) and any period of debarment beyond the minimum specified in subparagraph (A)(i) of paragraph (2), the Secretary shall consider where applicable—
(A) the nature and seriousness of any offense involved,
(B) the nature and extent of management participation in any offense involved, whether corporate policies and practices encouraged the offense, including whether inadequate institutional controls contributed to the offense,
(C) the nature and extent of voluntary steps to mitigate the impact on the public of any offense involved, including the recall or the discontinuation of the distribution of suspect drugs, full cooperation with any investigations (including the extent of disclosure to appropriate authorities of all wrongdoing), the relinquishing of profits on drug approvals fraudulently obtained, and any other actions taken to substantially limit potential or actual adverse effects on the public health,
(D) whether the extent to which changes in ownership, management, or operations have corrected the causes of any offense involved and provide reasonable assurances that the offense will not occur in the future,
(E) whether the person to be debarred is able to present adequate evidence that current production of drugs subject to abbreviated drug applications and all pending abbreviated drug applications are free of fraud or material false statements, and
(F) prior convictions under this chapter or under other Acts involving matters within the jurisdiction of the Food and Drug Administration.
(d) Termination of debarment
(1) Application
Any person that is debarred under subsection (a) (other than a person permanently debarred) or any person that is debarred under subsection (b) may apply to the Secretary for termination of the debarment under this subsection. Any information submitted to the Secretary under this paragraph does not constitute an amendment or supplement to pending or approved abbreviated drug applications.
(2) Deadline
The Secretary shall grant or deny any application respecting a debarment which is submitted under paragraph (1) within 180 days of the date the application is submitted.
(3) Action by the Secretary
(A) Corporations
(i) Conviction reversal
If the conviction which served as the basis for the debarment of a person under subsection (a)(1) or paragraph (2)(A) or (3) of subsection (b) is reversed, the Secretary shall withdraw the order of debarment.
(ii) Application
Upon application submitted under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall terminate the debarment of a person if the Secretary finds that—
(I) changes in ownership, management, or operations have fully corrected the causes of the offense involved and provide reasonable assurances that the offense will not occur in the future, and
(II) in applicable cases, sufficient audits, conducted by the Food and Drug Administration or by independent experts acceptable to the Food and Drug Administration, demonstrate that pending applications and the development of drugs being tested before the submission of an application are free of fraud or material false statements.
In the case of persons debarred under subsection (a)(1), such termination shall take effect no earlier than the expiration of one year from the date of the debarment.
(B) Individuals
(i) Conviction reversal
If the conviction which served as the basis for the debarment of an individual under subsection (a)(2) or clause (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv) of subsection (b)(2)(B) or subsection (b)(3) is reversed, the Secretary shall withdraw the order of debarment.
(ii) Application
Upon application submitted under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall terminate the debarment of an individual who has been debarred under subsection (b)(2)(B) or subsection (b)(3) if such termination serves the interests of justice and adequately protects the integrity of the drug approval process or the food importation process, as the case may be.
(4) Special termination
(A) Application
Any person that is debarred under subsection (a)(1) (other than a person permanently debarred under subsection (c)(2)(A)(i)) or any individual who is debarred under subsection (a)(2) may apply to the Secretary for special termination of debarment under this subsection. Any information submitted to the Secretary under this subparagraph does not constitute an amendment or supplement to pending or approved abbreviated drug applications.
(B) Corporations
Upon an application submitted under subparagraph (A), the Secretary may take the action described in subparagraph (D) if the Secretary, after an informal hearing, finds that—
(i) the person making the application under subparagraph (A) has demonstrated that the felony conviction which was the basis for such person's debarment involved the commission of an offense which was not authorized, requested, commanded, performed, or recklessly tolerated by the board of directors or by a high managerial agent acting on behalf of the person within the scope of the board's or agent's office or employment,
(ii) all individuals who were involved in the commission of the offense or who knew or should have known of the offense have been removed from employment involving the development or approval of any drug subject to sections 1 355 of this title,
(iii) the person fully cooperated with all investigations and promptly disclosed all wrongdoing to the appropriate authorities, and
(iv) the person acted to mitigate any impact on the public of any offense involved, including the recall, or the discontinuation of the distribution, of any drug with respect to which the Secretary requested a recall or discontinuation of distribution due to concerns about the safety or efficacy of the drug.
(C) Individuals
Upon an application submitted under subparagraph (A), the Secretary may take the action described in subparagraph (D) if the Secretary, after an informal hearing, finds that such individual has provided substantial assistance in the investigations or prosecutions of offenses which are described in subsection (a) or (b) or which relate to any matter under the jurisdiction of the Food and Drug Administration.
(D) Secretarial action
The action referred to in subparagraphs (B) and (C) is—
(i) in the case of a person other than an individual—
(I) terminating the debarment immediately, or
(II) limiting the period of debarment to less than one year, and
(ii) in the case of an individual, limiting the period of debarment to less than permanent but to no less than 1 year,
whichever best serves the interest of justice and protects the integrity of the drug approval process.
(e) Publication and list of debarred persons
The Secretary shall publish in the Federal Register the name of any person debarred under subsection (a) or (b), the effective date of the debarment, and the period of the debarment. The Secretary shall also maintain and make available to the public a list, updated no less often than quarterly, of such persons, of the effective dates and minimum periods of such debarments, and of the termination of debarments.
(f) Temporary denial of approval
(1) In general
The Secretary, on the Secretary's own initiative or in response to a petition, may, in accordance with paragraph (3), refuse by order, for the period prescribed by paragraph (2), to approve any abbreviated drug application submitted by any person—
(A) if such person is under an active Federal criminal investigation in connection with an action described in subparagraph (B),
(B) if the Secretary finds that such person—
(i) has bribed or attempted to bribe, has paid or attempted to pay an illegal gratuity, or has induced or attempted to induce another person to bribe or pay an illegal gratuity to any officer, employee, or agent of the Department of Health and Human Services or to any other Federal, State, or local official in connection with any abbreviated drug application, or has conspired to commit, or aided or abetted, such actions, or
(ii) has knowingly made or caused to be made a pattern or practice of false statements or misrepresentations with respect to material facts relating to any abbreviated drug application, or the production of any drug subject to an abbreviated drug application, to any officer, employee, or agent of the Department of Health and Human Services, or has conspired to commit, or aided or abetted, such actions, and
(C) if a significant question has been raised regarding—
(i) the integrity of the approval process with respect to such abbreviated drug application, or
(ii) the reliability of data in or concerning such person's abbreviated drug application.
Such an order may be modified or terminated at any time.
(2) Applicable period
(A) In general
Except as provided in subparagraph (B), a denial of approval of an application of a person under paragraph (1) shall be in effect for a period determined by the Secretary but not to exceed 18 months beginning on the date the Secretary finds that the conditions described in subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) of paragraph (1) exist. The Secretary shall terminate such denial—
(i) if the investigation with respect to which the finding was made does not result in a criminal charge against such person, if criminal charges have been brought and the charges have been dismissed, or if a judgment of acquittal has been entered, or
(ii) if the Secretary determines that such finding was in error.
(B) Extension
If, at the end of the period described in subparagraph (A), the Secretary determines that a person has been criminally charged for an action described in subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1), the Secretary may extend the period of denial of approval of an application for a period not to exceed 18 months. The Secretary shall terminate such extension if the charges have been dismissed, if a judgment of acquittal has been entered, or if the Secretary determines that the finding described in subparagraph (A) was in error.
(3) Informal hearing
Within 10 days of the date an order is issued under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall provide such person with an opportunity for an informal hearing, to be held within such 10 days, on the decision of the Secretary to refuse approval of an abbreviated drug application. Within 60 days of the date on which such hearing is held, the Secretary shall notify the person given such hearing whether the Secretary's refusal of approval will be continued, terminated, or otherwise modified. Such notification shall be final agency action.
(g) Suspension authority
(1) In general
If—
(A) the Secretary finds—
(i) that a person has engaged in conduct described in subparagraph (B) of subsection (f)(1) in connection with 2 or more drugs under abbreviated drug applications, or
(ii) that a person has engaged in flagrant and repeated, material violations of good manufacturing practice or good laboratory practice in connection with the development, manufacturing, or distribution of one or more drugs approved under an abbreviated drug application during a 2-year period, and—
(I) such violations may undermine the safety and efficacy of such drugs, and
(II) the causes of such violations have not been corrected within a reasonable period of time following notice of such violations by the Secretary, and
(B) such person is under an active investigation by a Federal authority in connection with a civil or criminal action involving conduct described in subparagraph (A),
the Secretary shall issue an order suspending the distribution of all drugs the development or approval of which was related to such conduct described in subparagraph (A) or suspending the distribution of all drugs approved under abbreviated drug applications of such person if the Secretary finds that such conduct may have affected the development or approval of a significant number of drugs which the Secretary is unable to identify. The Secretary shall exclude a drug from such order if the Secretary determines that such conduct was not likely to have influenced the safety or efficacy of such drug.
(2) Public health waiver
The Secretary shall, on the Secretary's own initiative or in response to a petition, waive the suspension under paragraph (1) (involving an action described in paragraph (1)(A)(i)) with respect to any drug if the Secretary finds that such waiver is necessary to protect the public health because sufficient quantities of the drug would not otherwise be available. The Secretary shall act on any petition seeking action under this paragraph within 180 days of the date the petition is submitted to the Secretary.
(h) Termination of suspension
The Secretary shall withdraw an order of suspension of the distribution of a drug under subsection (g) if the person with respect to whom the order was issued demonstrates in a petition to the Secretary—
(1)(A) on the basis of an audit by the Food and Drug Administration or by experts acceptable to the Food and Drug Administration, or on the basis of other information, that the development, approval, manufacturing, and distribution of such drug is in substantial compliance with the applicable requirements of this chapter, and
(B) changes in ownership, management, or operations—
(i) fully remedy the patterns or practices with respect to which the order was issued, and
(ii) provide reasonable assurances that such actions will not occur in the future, or
(2) the initial determination was in error.
The Secretary shall act on a submission of a petition under this subsection within 180 days of the date of its submission and the Secretary may consider the petition concurrently with the suspension proceeding. Any information submitted to the Secretary under this subsection does not constitute an amendment or supplement to a pending or approved abbreviated drug application.
(i) Procedure
The Secretary may not take any action under subsection (a), (b), (c), (d)(3), (g), or (h) with respect to any person unless the Secretary has issued an order for such action made on the record after opportunity for an agency hearing on disputed issues of material fact. In the course of any investigation or hearing under this subsection, the Secretary may administer oaths and affirmations, examine witnesses, receive evidence, and issue subpoenas requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of evidence that relates to the matter under investigation.
(j) Judicial review
(1) In general
Except as provided in paragraph (2), any person that is the subject of an adverse decision under subsection (a), (b), (c), (d), (f), (g), or (h) may obtain a review of such decision by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia or for the circuit in which the person resides, by filing in such court (within 60 days following the date the person is notified of the Secretary's decision) a petition requesting that the decision be modified or set aside.
(2) Exception
Any person that is the subject of an adverse decision under clause (iii) or (iv) of subsection (b)(2)(B) may obtain a review of such decision by the United States District Court for the District of Columbia or a district court of the United States for the district in which the person resides, by filing in such court (within 30 days following the date the person is notified of the Secretary's decision) a complaint requesting that the decision be modified or set aside. In such an action, the court shall determine the matter de novo.
(k) Certification
Any application for approval of a drug product shall include—
(1) a certification that the applicant did not and will not use in any capacity the services of any person debarred under subsection (a) or (b), in connection with such application, and
(2) if such application is an abbreviated drug application, a list of all convictions, described in subsections (a) and (b) which occurred within the previous 5 years, of the applicant and affiliated persons responsible for the development or submission of such application.
(l) Applicability
(1) Conviction
For purposes of this section, a person is considered to have been convicted of a criminal offense—
(A) when a judgment of conviction has been entered against the person by a Federal or State court, regardless of whether there is an appeal pending,
(B) when a plea of guilty or nolo contendere by the person has been accepted by a Federal or State court, or
(C) when the person has entered into participation in a first offender, deferred adjudication, or other similar arrangement or program where judgment of conviction has been withheld.
(2) Effective dates
Subsection (a), subparagraph (A) of subsection (b)(2), clauses (i) and (ii) of subsection (b)(2)(B