TITLE 10—ARMED FORCES

This title was enacted by act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, §1, 70A Stat. 1

        

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI, §1671(a), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 3013, added item for subtitle E.

Table I
(Showing disposition of all sections of former Title 10)

Title 10      Former Sections	Title 10         New Sections
1	Rep.
1a(a)	3001
1a(b)	101
1a(c), (d)	Rep.
1b	3062
1c	3075
1d, 1e	3074
1f	Rep.
1g(a)	3063
1g(b)	3064
1g(c)–(f)	3065
2–10	Rep.
11	3536
12–14	Rep.
15	T. 18 §1385
15a	4711, 9711
16	3061, 8061
16a	3492, 8492
17, 17a	Rep.
18	T. 37 §31a (See Rev. T. 37 Table)
19	1031
19a	4833
20	3062, 8062
20a	4503, 4531, 9503, 9531
20b	122
20c	Rep.
20i	3062
20j(a)	3201
20j(b)	3205, 3213
20j(c)	3225
20j(d)	3222, 3223
20r	8062
20s(a)	8201
20s(b)	8205, 8213
20s(c)	8225
20s(d)	8222, 8223
20t	8062
21	Rep.
21a	3031
21b	3034
21c	3035
21d	3034
21e	3032
21f	3036
21g	3039
21h	3037, 3040
22, 22a	Rep.
23, 23a	Rep.
24–32a	Rep.
33, 33a	Rep.
34–37	Rep.
38	3033, 3034, 8033, 8034
41, 42	Rep.
51	Rep.
52	4024
53	Rep.
61	Rep.
61–1	3072, 3209, 3210
61a	3037
62	3037, 8072
62a	3037
63, 64	Rep.
65	3292
66–70c	Rep.
71, 72	Rep.
72a	(See former 1195a)
73	(See former 1377)
74	Elim.
75	(See former 1259d)
76	(See former 1259e)
77	Elim.
81, 81a	Rep.
81–1	3067–3070
81–2	3311, 3685, 3818, 8067, 8685, 8818
82	3579, 8579
83	Rep.
91	Rep.
91a (less (c)–(f))	3294, 8294
91a(c)	3294 nt.
91a(d)	3444, 8444
91a(e)	3452, 8452
91a(f)	5652a
91b	Rep.
92, 92a	Rep.
93	3289, 8289
94	Rep.
95	(See former 82)
96	3546, 8546
97–100	Rep.
101–103	3302, 8302
104	Rep.
105, 106	3539
107, 108	4022, 9022
121	Rep.
121a (less (c)–(f))	3294, 8294
121a(c)	3294 nt.
121a(d)	3444, 8444
121a(e)	3452, 8452
121a(f)	5652a
121b	Rep.
122–124	Rep.
125	3302
126–131	Rep.
141	Rep.
142	Rep. in part. Elim. in part.
143	Rep.
143a	3302, 8302
144, 145	Rep.
145a, 145a–1	Rep.
146	Rep.
151	Rep.
152	Rep. in part. Elim. in part.
153–156	Rep.
156a	3068, 3209
156b	3068
156c	3504, 3962, 3991
156d	3068
156e	3287, 3290
156f–156i	Rep.
161–165	Rep.
166(a)	3069, 3206, 8206
166(b)	3069
166(c)	3291, 8291
166(d)	Rep. See 3291(c)
166a(a)	3070, 3207, 8207
166a(b)	3070
166a(c)	3291, 8291
166a(d)	Rep. See 3291(c)
166b to 166b–2	Rep.
166b–3	8067, 8209, 8296, 8579, 8683, 8963
166c to 166d–1	Rep.
166e(a)	3574, 3579, 8574, 8579
166e(b), (c)	Rep.
166f	3206, 3207, 3212, 3304, 8206, 8207, 8212, 8304
166g(a), (b)	3504, 3881, 3882, 3887, 3912, 3928, 3962, 3991, 8881, 8882, 8887, 8912, 8928, 8891
166g(c)	Rep.
166h	Rep.
166i	3683, 8683
166j	3818, 8818
166k	3205
166l	Rep.
171–177	Rep.
181	3036, 3040, 3074, 3209, 3216
181a	3040, 3209, 3493; T. 33 §583a
181b	3038
181c	3535
181d	3535 nt.
182–186	Rep.
187	Elim.
188	Rep.
189 (1st sent.)	Elim.
189 (less 1st sent.)	3534
190	3534
190a	T. 33 §§575, 701b–9
190b	T. 33 §§576, 701b–10
191–196	Rep.
197, 197a	Elim.
198	T. 50 §64a
199	(See former 190a)
211, 212	Rep.
213	Elim.
214, 215	Rep.
221, 222	Rep.
223	Elim.
231	Rep.
231a	3073
232	3293, 8293
233	Rep. in part. Elim. in part.
234	Rep.
235	3581, 8581
236, 237	Rep.
238, 239	3547, 8547
240	Rep.
251–253	Rep.
261, 262	Rep.
271–277	Rep.
281–283	Rep.
291–291b	Rep.
291c, 291c–1	3691, 8691
291d	3692, 8692
291e	3691, 8691
291f, 291f–1	Rep.
291f–2	8257
291g	Rep.
292	Rep.
292–1, 292a	Rep.
292a–1, 292a–3	Rep.
292b to 292b–3	Rep.
292c	8537
292c–1	9305
292d, 293	Rep.
294	8577
295	Rep.
296, 296a	9303
297	Rep.
297a	8257
298, 298a	Rep.
298a–1	9304
298b	4656, 9656
298c	4628, 9628
299	8257, 8356, 8817
299a–299d	Rep.
299e	8356
300	Rep.
300a–300c	Elim.
301, 302	Rep.
303	Rep.
304	Rep. See T. 37 §402(a)–(c)
304a	Rep.
304b	Rep. See T. 37 §402(a)–(c)
305, 306	Rep.
307	Elim.
308, 308a	Rep.
309	Elim.
310(a), (b)	2271
310(c)	2272
310(d)	2273
310(e)	2271, 2272
310(f), (g)	2272
310(h)	2271
310(i)	2273
310(j)	2272, 2279
310(k)	2274
310(l), (m)	2276
310(n)	2272
310(o)	2277
310(p)	2276
310(q)	Rep.
310(r)	Elim.
310(s)	2271
310(t)	2275
311	2382
312	2278
313	Rep.
316, 316–1	3071
316a	3209, 3215
316b	3071, 3504, 3962, 3991
316c(a)	3311
316c(b)	Rep.
316c(c)	3211
316d	3580
316e	3685
321	Rep. See 3063 nt.
321a	Elim.
322–332	Rep.
333	Elim.
334, 335	Rep.
336	Elim.
337–343	Rep.
351–353	Rep.
354	3355, 8355
355, 355a	Rep.
356–359a	Rep.
360, 361	Rep.
361a	Rep.
361b	Rep.
362, 362a	Rep.
363–365	Rep.
366	Rep.
367	Elim.
367a, 368	Rep.
369, 369a	Rep.
369b	684
370	Rep.
371	Rep. See T. 5 §§3551, 6323(a), (b)
371a	Rep. See T. 5 §6323(a), (b)
371b	Rep. See T. 5 §§502, 5534
371c	Elim.
372–375	Rep.
376	3357
377, 378	Rep.
381, 382	4382, 9382
383, 384	4383, 9383
385	4384, 9384
385a	4387, 9387
385b	4387
386	3540, 8540
386a	4387, 9387
387, 387a	4387, 9387
388	Rep.
389	4386, 9386. Rep. in part.
390	4386, 9386
391	Elim.
421–424	Rep.
425	(See former 628–1)
426, 427	Rep.
441	4385, 9385
442	4411–4414, 9411–9414
443	4385, 9385
444	(See former 387a)
445	Rep.
451–455	Rep.
455a–455c	3722, 8722
455d	Rep.
455e	3723, 8723; T. 32 §320
455f	Rep.
456	3687, 3688, 3721, 8687, 8688, 8721
456–1	3687 nt.
456–2	Rep.
456a, 457	Rep.
481	3205
481a	Rep.
481b	Rep.
482–482c	Rep.
483, 484	Rep.
484a	3814, 8814
485, 486	Rep.
486a	4353, 9353. Rep. in part. See 4353 nt.
487, 487a	Rep.
488, 489	Rep.
490, 491	3302, 8302
491a–491c	1521
491c–1	1521 nt.
491d	1523
492–494	Rep.
495	3544, 8544
496	Rep.
497	3545, 8545
498	3543, 8543
498a	Rep.
499	3446, 8446
499a, 499b	Rep.
500	3681, 8681
501	Elim.
502–504	Rep.
505–505e	Rep.
506(a)	3281, 3284, 8281, 8284
506(b)	3282, 3283
506(c)	3283, 3533
506(d)	3209, 8209
506(e), (f)	Rep.
506a(a)	3210, 8210
506a(b), (c)	3573, 8573
506b(a)	Rep.
506b(b)	3066, 3531, 8066, 8531
506b(c)	711. Rep. in part. See T. 37 §414
506b(d)	3962, 3991, 8962, 8991. Rep. in part. See 3962 nt.
506c(a)	3284, 8284
506c(b)	3285, 8285
506c(c)	3287, 8287
506c(d)	3288, 3295, 8288, 8295
506c(e)	3286, 8286
506c(f)	3212, 3287, 3574, 4353, 8212, 8287, 8574, 9353
506c(g)	Rep.
506c–1	Rep.
506c–2(a)	Rep. See 3284
506c–2(b)	3285
506c–3	3286
506c–4(a)	3287. Rep. in part. See 3287 nt.
506c–4(b)	3287
506c–4(c)	3212, 3287, 3574, 4353
506c–5	3288, 3295
506c–6	3888, 3927
506c–7	3285–3288, 3295, 3314. Rep. in part. See 3287 nt.
506c–8	Rep.
506c–9	3314
506c–10	Rep. See 3287 nt.
506d(a), (b)	3442, 8442
506d(c)	3442, 3572, 8442, 8572
506d(d)	3443, 8443
506d(e)	3444, 8444
506d(f)	3447, 8447
506d(g)	Rep.
506d(h)	3491, 8491
506d(i)	3441, 8441
506d–1 to 506d–3	3202
506d–4	686
507	3578, 8578
507a	3576, 5954, 8576
511	3571, 8571
512, 512a	Rep.
513	3395, 3445, 3447, 8395, 8445, 8447
514	Rep.
515	744
516	Rep.
517	741
521–528	Rep.
531–534	Rep.
535, 535a	4301
536–539	Rep.
540	712
541	Elim.
551, 551a	Rep.
552–552c	Rep.
553–553b	Rep.
554, 555	Rep.
555a	3302, 3309, 8302, 8309
556	3309, 8309
556a	3302, 3309, 8302, 8309
557	Rep.
558	3312, 3394, 3451, 8312, 8394, 8451
559(a)	3296, 8296
559(b)	3211, 3212, 8211, 8212
559(c)	3296, 8296
559(d)	3296, 3574, 8296, 8574
559(e)	Rep.
559a(a)	3297, 3308, 8297, 8308
559a(b)	3313, 8313
559a(c)	3297, 8297
559a(d)	Rep.
559b	3212, 3298, 8212, 8298
559c(a)–(d)	3299, 8299
559c(e)	3300, 8300
559c(f)	3299, 8299
559c(g)	3303, 8303
559c(h)	3303, 3913, 8303, 8913
559c(i)	3913, 8913
559c(j)	3299, 8299
559c(k)	3212, 3299, 8212, 8299
559c(l)	8301
559c(m)	Rep.
559c–1	3299
559d	3305, 8305
559e	3306, 8306
559f	3307, 8307
559g	3036, 3212
559h, 559i	Rep.
559j	3296
559k	3818
559l–559o	Rep.
571–575	Rep.
576	3544, 8544
576a	Rep.
577	3544, 8544
578, 579	Rep.
580	3784, 8784
581	3781, 8781
582	3782, 8782
583	3782–3784, 3786, 8782–8784, 8786
584	3785, 8785
585	3786, 8786
586	Elim.
587	Rep.
591	3310, 8310
591–1	3311, 3818
591a	3448, 8448
592	Rep.
593	3548, 3575, 8548, 8575
593a	Rep.
594	3964, 3992, 8964, 8992
595	Elim.
596, 597	Rep.
598	(See former 631a)
599	Rep.
600(a), (b)	101
600(c)	564
600(d)	564, 1166, 1167, 1255, 1263, 1293, 1305. Rep. in part. See 1164 nt.
600a	555, 597, 745, 3445, 3448, 8445, 8448
600b	Rep.
600c	555, 556, 597, 3448, 8448
600d	515, 1165
600e	557, 598, 3449, 8449
600f	558
600g	559, 561
600h	560, 562
600i	562, 563
600j	557
600k	564
600l(a)	1293
600l(b)	1255, 1263, 1305. Rep. in part. See 1164 nt.
600l(c)	1164
600l(d)	1371, 1401
600l(e)	564, 1164, 1166, 1255, 1263, 1305
600l(f)	1371, 1401
600l(g)	Elim.
600m	515, 1166
600n	1167
600o	Rep.
600p	565, 599, 3450, 8450
600q	Rep.
600r	564, 1164, 1255, 1263, 1305
602	Rep.
603–604a	Rep.
605–607	Rep.
608	3639, 8639
609	3635, 8635
610	3690, 8690
611	Rep.
612	1522
621	3256, 8256
621a	Rep.
621b	3256, 3818
621c, 621d	Elim.
622–625	3253, 8253
626, 626a	Rep.
627	3256, 8256
628	3256, 3815, 3816, 8256, 8815, 8816
628–1	3256, 8256
628a	3262, 8262
628b	3263, 8263
629	3638, 8638
629a	972
630, 631	Rep.
631a	3258, 3684, 8258, 8684
632, 633	Rep.
634	3254, 3812, 8254, 8812
635	3255, 8255
636	3256, 8256
636a	Rep.
637	Elim.
641–642a	Rep.
643, 644	Rep.
645	Elim.
651	Rep.
652	3813, 8813
652a	3811, 8811
653, 653a	Rep.
654, 654a	Rep.
654b, 655	Elim.
656	Rep.
657	Elim.
658	Rep.
661	Elim.
662	Rep.
663	4023, 9023
664, 665	Rep.
671	Elim.
671a	Rep.
672, 673	Elim.
681, 682	Elim.
683, 683a	Rep.
684	T. 37 §4c (See Rev. T. 37 Table)
685	Elim.
686	Rep.
691, 692	Rep.
693	Elim.
694	T. 37 §235a (See Rev. T. 37 Table)
695–699	Rep.
711–716	Elim.
716a	Rep.
716b	4561, 9561
717–722	Rep.
723	4593, 9593
724–726	4561, 9561
727	Elim.
728	4775, 9775
729	Rep.
741	Elim.
742–748a	Rep.
749	4743, 9743
757	Elim.
758–760	Rep.
771, 772	Rep.
781	Elim.
782–786	Rep.
787	Elim.
801–811	Rep.
821–823	Rep.
824	T. 5 §73c (See Rev. T. 5 Table)
825	4748, 9748
831	4562, 9562
832	Elim.
833	Rep.
834	4563, 9563
835	Rep.
841, 842	Rep.
843	4306, 9306
844, 845	Rep.
846	Rep.
847	Rep.
847a	3632, 8632
847b	Rep.
847c, 847d	3632, 8632
848	Rep.
849	3633, 8633
850–852	Rep.
861, 861a	Rep.
862	T. 37 §310b (See Rev. T. 37 Table)
862a	T. 31 §493b
862b	Rep.
863–866j	Rep.
867	Rep.
868	2771
869	T. 31 §492d
870	Rep.
871, 872	4837, 9837
873, 874	Rep.
875–875c	4837, 9837
876	3636, 8636
877	2772
878	4840, 9840
891–894	3689, 8689
895	Elim.
902, 902a	Rep.
903, 903a	3688, 8688
904	4621, 9621
904a–904d	Rep.
905	3634, 8634
906–906a	Rep.
907, 908	Rep.
908a–908c	1035
909	Elim.
910	Rep.
911	Elim.
912–914	Rep.
914a	Elim.
915–916d	Rep.
917	Rep.
918	Elim.
919	Rep.
920	1584 nt.
921	3532
931–938	Rep.
938a	(See former 984)
939–940a	Rep.
941	Rep.
941a(a)	3883, 3885, 3886, 3961, 3991, 8883, 8885, 8886, 8961, 8991
941a(b)	3888, 3927, 8888, 8927
941a(c)	3919, 8919
941a(d)	3211, 3913, 3915, 3916, 3921–3923, 8211, 8913, 8916, 8921–8923
941a(e)	3303, 3888, 3913, 3927, 3961, 3991, 8303, 8888, 8913, 8927, 8961, 8991
941a(f)	3313, 8313
942	3924, 8924
943	3918, 8918
943a	3911, 8911
944–946	Rep.
947	3917, 3925, 8917, 8925
947a	3917, 3961, 8917, 8961
948	3914, 3991, 8914, 8991
948a	3914, 8914
951	3887, 3926, 3928, 8887, 8926, 8928
951a	3926, 8926
951b	3887, 3926, 3928, 8887, 8926, 8928
952	Elim.
953	Rep.
953a	3926, 8926
954, 955	Rep.
956	3914 nt.
957	Rep.
958	3925, 8925
961–966	Rep.
970	Rep.
971	3991, 8991
971a	Rep.
971b	3911, 3991, 8911, 8991. Elim. in part.
971c	3963 nt.
972–973a	Rep.
974–979	Rep.
980	3991, 8991
981–982a	Rep.
983–985h	Rep.
986	Rep.
990–996	Rep.
997	3504
998	T. 32 §314
999	3503, 8503
1001	3966, 8966
1002, 1003	3963, 3991, 8963, 8991
1004	3964, 3992, 8964, 8992
1005	Elim.
1006	3965, 8965
1007	Rep.
1011–1013	Rep.
1014	1375
1015	Rep.
1021, 1022	Rep.
1023	772, 3681, 8681
1024	3582, 8582
1025	3961, 8961
1026	3961, 3962, 3991
1026a	Rep.
1026b	T. 33 §642a
1026b–1, 1026c	Rep.
1027–1028a	Rep.
1028b	772
1028c	Elim.
1028d	Rep.
1028e	Elim.
1029–1035	Rep.
1036	3966, 8966
1036a	676, 1331, 1332. Rep. in part. See 1331
1036b	1333, 1401
1036c	1001, 1334
1036d	1331, 1336
1036e	101, 1332, 1333
1036f	Rep.
1036g	1334, 1335
1036h	1337
1036i	Rep.
1041	4334
1042	4334, 9334
1043, 1044	4349, 9349
1051–1052a	Rep.
1053–1054a	Rep.
1055–1060	4355, 9355
1061	4331, 9331
1061a	4332, 9332
1062, 1063	4333, 9333
1064	4333
1065	4334
1066	Rep.
1067	4340
1068–1070	Rep.
1071	4331
1072	Rep.
1073	4331
1074–1076	Rep.
1077, 1077a	4331
1078	Rep.
1078a	4331
1079	4334, 9334
1079a(a)	4336, 9336
1079a(b)	3962, 3991, 8962, 8991
1079a(c)	3886, 3920, 8886, 8920
1080–1082	Rep.
1083	4337, 9337
1084, 1085	Rep.
1086	4338
1087	4331, 4332, 9331, 9332
1088	4331
1089	4331, 4335, 9331, 9335
1091	Rep.
1091–1	4347, 9347
1091a–1091e	Rep.
1092	Rep.
1092a	4342, 9342
1092b	4342, 4346, 4351, 9342, 9346, 9351
1092c	4348, 9348
1092c–1	541
1092d	4343, 9343
1093	4345, 9345
1093a, 1093b	Rep.
1093c	4344, 9344
1093d	T. 20 §221a
1094	Rep.
1095, 1096	4346, 9346
1097	Rep.
1098	4342, 9342
1099	4346
1100, 1101	Rep.
1102	4349, 9349
1103, 1104	4351, 9351
1105	4349, 9349
1106	4350, 9350
1111, 1112	Rep.
1121, 1121a	Elim.
1122–1124	Rep.
1125	4354
1126	4354, 9354
1127	Rep.
1131–1136	Rep.
1137	4337, 9337
1138, 1139	4339
1140–1143	Rep.
1144	4341, 9341
1145	Elim.
1146–1149	Rep.
1149a	4350, 9350
1150	T. 37 §308a (See Rev. T. 37 Table)
1151	Rep.
1161	Rep.
1161a	4333 nt.
1162	T. 44 §87 (See Rev. T. 44 Table)
1163	4352, 9352
1171	Rep.
1172	4302, 9302
1173, 1174	Rep.
1175	Elim.
1176	4302, 9302
1177–1178a	Rep.
1179	4627, 4629, 9627, 9629
1180	4651, 9651
1180a, 1180b	Rep.
1181	3540, 8540
1182	4654, 9654
1182a	Rep.
1183	4653, 9653
1184	Rep.
1185	4652, 9652
1186–1186b	Rep.
1191, 1192	Rep.
1192a	4506, 9506
1193–1195	Rep.
1195a	4533, 4561
1196	4621, 9621
1197	4535, 9535
1198	4534, 9534
1199, 1199a	Rep.
1200–1203	Rep.
1204	Elim.
1205, 1206	Rep.
1206a	4539
1207	2384
1208	Rep.
1209, 1210	4538
1210a	Rep.
1211	Elim.
1212	Rep.
1213, 1214	2421
1221–1225	Rep.
1231	Rep.
1232	4622, 9622
1233–1235	4621, 9621
1236	4624, 9624
1237, 1238	4621, 9621
1239	4623, 9623
1240	Rep.
1241	4621, 9621
1251, 1252	Rep.
1253	4621, 9621
1254	4624, 9624
1255, 1256	2542
1257	Rep.
1257a	T. 5 §150p (See Rev. T. 5 Table)
1257b	2573
1258	Rep.
1259	4682, 9682
1259a–1259c	Rep.
1259d, 1259e	4564, 9564
1261	Rep.
1262	4681, 9681
1262a	Rep.
1262b	2574
1263–1267	Rep.
1268	Elim.
1269–1269b	2481
1270	2667
1270a–1270c	Rep.
1270d	2667
1271, 1271a	Rep.
1272–1274	Rep.
1281–1286	Rep.
1287	4591, 9591
1288	Rep.
1289	Rep.
1301	4832, 9832
1302	4838, 9838
1303	4839, 9839. See T. 18 §702
1304	4835
1305	9835
1311	Rep.
1312	4834. Rep. in part.
1313	4834
1314	Rep.
1315	3631, 8631
1316, 1317	4836, 9836
1318	Rep.
1319	4592, 9592
1320	Rep.
1331	Rep.
1332	4779, 9779
1333	Rep.
1334	4536, 9536
1335	4779, 9779
1336, 1336a	Rep.
1337	Rep.
1337a	4774, 9774
1337b	4774
1337c	Elim.
1337d	Rep.
1337e	Elim.
1338	Rep.
1339	4774, 9774
1340	Rep.
1341	4772, 9772
1342	4771, 9771
1343	Rep.
1343a–1343c	9773
1343d	9774
1344	4771, 9771
1345	4779, 9779
1346	4778, 9778
1347	T. 36 §12
1348	4777, 9777
1349	Rep.
1350	Elim.
1351	2669
1352–1354	Rep.
1361	4742, 9742
1362	T. 49 §6
1363	4741, 9741
1364	Rep.
1365	2631
1366	Rep.
1367	4745
1368	4747
1369, 1370	4744
1371	4744, 4747
1371a	4746, 9746
1372–1375b	Rep.
1376	Rep.
1377	4749
1391	3611, 8611
1392	Rep.
1393	771–774, 3612, 6297, 8612
1394	Rep.
1395	4621, 4629, 9621, 9629
1401, 1402	Rep.
1403	3741, 8741
1404, 1405	Rep.
1406	3742, 8742
1407	3743, 8743
1408, 1408a	Rep.
1408b	1121, 1122
1409	3744, 3752, 8744, 8752
1410	3745, 8745
1411	3744, 8744
1412	3746, 8746
1413, 1413a	Elim.
1414, 1414a	Elim.
1415	Elim.
1415a	3751, 3752, 8751, 8752. Rep. in part. See 3751 nt.
1415b, 1415c	3751, 8751. Rep. in part. See 3751 nt.
1416	3747, 8747
1417–1421	Rep.
1422, 1423	Elim.
1423a, 1423b	Rep.
1423c	Elim.
1424	3748, 8748
1425	Rep. See T. 18 §704
1426	Elim.
1427	1123
1428	3750, 8750
1429	3749, 3752, 8749, 8752
1430–1430b	Rep.
1430c–1430h	Elim.
1431	807 nt.
1432	3637, 8637
1433	Rep.
1434–1443	Elim.
1451	3661
1452	Rep.
1453–1455	3661
1456	3662, 8662
1457–1457b	3663, 8663
1458, 1459	3661
1460	858 nt.
1461	Elim.
1471–1578	Rep.
1579	(See former 629)
1580	(See former 652a)
1581–1583	Rep.
1584–1584c	T. 5 §150j to 150j–3 (See Rev. T. 5 Table)
1585	(See former 15a)
1586–1590	Rep.
1591	(See former 507)
1592	(See former 507a)
1593, 1593a	Rep.
1594–1594b	Rep.
1595–1597a	Rep.
1598–1605	Rep.
1701–1710	Rep.
1711	Elim.
1712–1719	Rep.
1801 (less (b))	Rep.
1801(b)	101
1802–1804	Rep.
1805	9833
1806	Rep.
1811	8031
1812	8034
1813	8035
1814	8034
1815	8032
1831	8062
1832	8075
1833	8076
1834	Rep.
1835	101, 8078; T. 32 §101
1836	Rep.
1837	8067, 8211, 8296, 8574
1838, 1839	8074
1840	8072. Elim. in part.
1843–1849	8202
1850	686
1850a	8285, 8287. Rep. in part. See 8284
1850b	8286
1850c(a)	8287, 8888, 8927
1850c(b)	8287
1850c(c)	8287, 8888, 8927
1850c(d)	8287
1850c(e)	8212, 8287, 8574, 9353. Rep. in part. See 8212 nt.
1850d	8288, 8295
1850e	Rep.
1850f	8314
1850g (less (c))	Rep.
1850g(c)	Rep. See 8299 nt.
1850h	Rep. See 8287 nt.
1850i	Rep. See 8287 nt., 8299 nt.
1850j	8285–8288, 8295, 8314
1850k	8285
1851	9331
1852(a)	Rep.
1852(b)	Elim.
1853	9331 nt.
1854	9331
1855	Elim.
1856	541
1857	9331 nt.
1861	4802, 4806, 9802, 9806
1862	4803, 4806, 9803, 9806
1863	4804, 9804
1864, 1865	4805, 9805
1866	4802, 4803, 9802, 9803

Table II
(Showing disposition of all sections of former Title 34)

Title 34      Former Sections	Title 10         New Sections
1	5501
2	5403, 5405
3	5404
3a(a), (b)	5447, 5448
3a(c)	5701 nt.
3a(d)	6387
3a(e)	5701 nt.
3b(a), (b)	5449
3b(c)	5701 nt.
3b(d)	6388
3b(e)	5701 nt.
3c(a)	5442–5444, 5446, 5596, 5652–5661, 5663, 5711, 5786, 6386. Rep. in part.
3c(b)	5442–5444, 5666, 5786, 6371–6380, 6382, 6383, 6385
3c(c)	5596
3c(d)	5784, 5788
3c(e)	5596, 5784, 6326
3c(f)	See T. 37 §415
3c(g)	5596
3c(h)	5596, 5784, 5786, 5788
3c(i)	Rep.
3c(j)	6381, 6383, 6400
3d	5445, 5546, 5596, 5662, 5711, 5784, 5785, 6386
3e	5234, 5451, 5662, 5711, 5785, 6386
3f	5442 nt.
4(a)	5447, 5448
4(b–e)	5447
4(f)	5447, 5448, 5455
4(g)	5454
5	5449, 5454, 5455
5a(a)–(e)	5442
5a(f)	5444
5a(g)	5442, 5443
5a(h)	5444
5a(i)	5442–5444, 5447–5449
5a(j)	5454, 5507
5a(k)	5442–5444
5a–1	5451
5a–2	686
5b	5591–5594
6–10	Rep.
10a	5501. Rep. in part.
11	5572
12	5572, 5573
13, 14	5572, 5582
15	Rep.
16	Elim.
17	5573a
17a–17c	Rep.
21	5599
21a	Rep.
21b	5574
21c(c)	3294 nt.
21c(d)	3444, 8444
21c(e)	5787a
21c(f)	5652a
21c (less (c)–(f))	5572, 5574
21d	5574
21e	5446, 5574, 5578, 5579, 5581, 5663, 5702, 5707, 5708, 5710, 5711, 5753, 5762, 5766, 5773, 5776, 6033, 6393
22, 23	5574
24, 25	Rep.
26	5987
30a	5404, 6027, 6028. Rep. in part.
30a–1	5139
30b, 30c	Rep.
30d	Elim.
30e	5579
30f	5572
30g	6392
30h	5579, 5945
30i	Rep.
30j	5579
30k–30m	5579 nt.
31	Rep.
32	Rep.
33	Rep.
34	5412, 6013, 6014
34a	6014
35–37	Rep.
41, 42	Rep.
43	5572, 6027. Rep. in part.
43a	5140
43b	Rep.
43b–1	Elim.
43c	5580, 6392
43c–1	5601
43d	5945, 6030
43e, 43f	Rep.
43g(a)	6396
43g(b)	5140
43g(c)	6151
43g(d)	6325, 6396
43g(e)	Rep.
43g(f)	6151, 6325, 6396
43g(g)	6151, 6329, 6404
43g(h)	6324, 6396
43g(i)	772
43h(a) (provisos)	6033, 6086, 7577
43h (less provisos of (a))	Rep.
43i	6393
43j	Elim.
43k–43o	Rep.
51	5578, 6027
51a	Rep.
51b(c)	3294 nt.
51b(d)	3444, 8444
51b(e)	5787a
51b(f)	5652a
51b (less (c)–(f))	5572, 5578
51c	5578, 5787a
52	5578
53, 54	T. 5 §§456b, 456c (See Rev. T. 5 Table)
55	T. 5 §456d (See Rev. T. 5 Table)
61	5575
61a–63	Rep.
64–66	6026
67	6113
71	5587
71a, 71b	Rep.
72	5406
73	5587
74, 74a	Rep.
75, 76	Rep.
77	5572, 5587
78	5407, 5587
79	Rep.
81	Rep.
82–86	Rep.
91	5576
92, 93	Rep.
93a	5572, 5576
94	Rep.
95, 96	6031
97	5142
101	Elim.
102	Rep.
105	5532–5534, 5572, 5590
105a (proviso)	Rep.
105a (less proviso)	5410
105b (1st sent.)	Rep.
105b (less 1st sent.)	5452–5455
105c	5590
105d	5143
105e (proviso)	Rep.
105e (less proviso)	5777
105f	Rep.
105g	6015
105h	6033
105i	6294, 6393
105j	5446, 5504, 5596, 5663, 5704–5707, 5710, 5711, 5784
105k	5446, 5504, 5590, 5663, 5664, 5711, 5753, 5763, 5774
111, 112	Rep.
121–132a	Rep.
133, 134	Rep.
135(a), (b)	101
135(c)	564
135(d)	564, 1166, 1167, 1255, 1263, 1293, 1305. Rep. in part. See 1164 nt.
135a	555, 597, 5503, 5596–5593, 5787; T. 14 §§435–438
135b	Rep.
135c	555, 556, 597, 5596–5598, 5787; T. 14 §§435–438
135d	515, 1165
135e, 135f	Rep.
135g	T. 14 §§435–438
141–146	Rep.
151	5401
152	Rep.
153	5401, 5402
161	5532, 5533
161a	(See former 206)
162	5535
163	5532
171–175	Rep.
176	6013
177	Rep.
181	5533, 5534, 5538, 6293
181a	5538
182	5534
183, 183a	5536
183b	972
184	5539
185	5537
186	5538
187	5531. Rep in part. See T. 14 §350
188	5534. Rep. in part. See T. 14 §351
189	Rep. See T. 14 §§350, 351
191	5401, 5410, 5412, 6296
192, 193	6291
194	Rep.
195	6295
196	Rep.
197	6297
197a, 198	Rep.
199	6298
200	Rep.
201–201b	5540
202	Rep.
203	6293
204	Rep.
205, 206	Elim.
211	6019
211a(a) (1st proviso of 2d sent.)	Rep.
211a(a) (less 1st proviso of 2d sent.)	5504, 5786
211a(b)–(d)	Rep.
211a(e) (words before 2d proviso)	Rep.
211a(e) (less words before 2d proviso)	Elim.
211a(f)–(h)	Rep.
211a(i) (less 1st proviso)	5504
211a(j)	Rep.
211a(k) (1st, 2d, 4th, 5th provisos)	Elim.
211a(k) (less 1st, 2d, 4th, 5th provisos)	Rep.
211a(l), (m)	Rep.
211a(n)	5597, 5787
211a(o)	5504, 5505, 5786
211a(p)	Rep.
211a(q)	5780–5782
211a(r)	6371
211a(s)	Rep.
211a(t)	Elim.
211b	5408, 5587
211b–1 to 211b–5	Elim.
211c(a)	5572, 5589
211c(e)–(g)	5409
211c(h)	Rep.
211c (less (e)–(h))	5589
211d	5231, 5501
211e	5450
212, 212a	Rep.
213–215	Rep.
216	5981
217	5948
217a, 217a–1	Rep.
217a–2	1031
217b	7476
218	5950
219	6143
220	5949
221	Rep.
222	6018
223, 224	Rep.
225	5133
226	6405
227	Rep.
228	6406
228a	Elim.
228b, 229	Rep.
230	T. 37 §4c–1 (See Rev. T. 37 Table)
231, 232	Rep.
233	5862
234, 235	Rep.
241, 241a	741
242–244a	Rep.
245	Rep.
246	5946
247, 248	5953
249–251	Rep.
251a	744
252	Rep.
253	5945
254, 255	Rep.
256	5577
257	Rep.
258	5504
259	Rep.
259a	745
260–263	Rep.
264	5951
265	5947
266	6031
271, 272	5861
272a	Elim.
273	Rep.
274, 275	5862
276–279	5863
280	5866
281, 282	5863
283	5865
284, 285	5862
285a	5442, 5444, 5447, 5449, 5452
285b–285d	1521
285e	1522
285e–1	1521 nt.
285f	1523
286 to 286h–2	Rep.
286i–294a	Rep.
295–297b	Rep.
298–303	Rep.
304–304g	5701 nt.
305–305g	5701 nt.
306	5701–5703
306a	5705
306b(a)(1)	6371
306b(a)(2)	6378
306b(a)(3)	5751, 5754
306b(a)(4), (5)	5751
306b(b)(1)	6378
306b(b)(2)	5753, 5754
306b(b)(3)	5753
306c(a)(1)	5706
306c(a)(2)	5756
306c(a)(3)	5757
306c(a)(4), (5)	5758, 5759
306c(a)(6), (7)	5758
306c(a)(8)	6371
306c(a)(9)	5707
306c(a)(10)–(12)	5764, 5765
306c(a)(13), (14)	5768
306c(b)(1)	5706
306c(b)(2)–(8)	5762
306c(b)(9)	5761
306c(b)(10)	5707
306c(b)(11), (12)	5766
306c(c)	5755, 6407
306d(a)	5707, 5776. Rep. in part.
306d(b)	5707, 5776
306d(c)(1)	5707
306d(c)(2)	5708, 6384
306e	5708, 5710
306f(a)(1)	5769, 5771
306f(a)(2)	5769, 5771, 5775
306f(a)(3)	5770
306f(b)(1), (2)	5773, 5775
306f(b)(3)	5772, 5775
306f(c)(1)	5777
306f(c)(2)	5780, 5791
306f(c)(3)	5781, 5791
306f(c)(4)	5782, 5791
306f(c)(5), (6)	5783
306f(d)(1)	Rep.
306f(d)(2)	5508
306f(d)(3)	5652, 5652b
306f(d)(4)	5653
306f(d)(5)	5655
306f(d)(6)	5654
306f(d)(7)	5656
306f(d)(8)	5657
306f(d)(9)	5658
306f(d)(10)	5659
306f(d)(11)	5660
306f(d)(12)	5661
306f(d)(13)	5651
306f(d)(14)	5507
306g	5788
306h	5596, 5779, 5784
306i–306k	Rep.
306l	5862
306m	Rep.
306n	Elim.
306o	5788
306p	5861, 5862
306q	5751, 6371, 6376, 6377
306r	Rep.
306s	5767
306t	Rep.
307(a)	5704, 5754, 5755, 5771
307(b)	5787b, 5788
307(c)	5704
307(d)	5752, 5754
307(e)	5664
307(f)	5753
307(g), (h)	5707
307(i)	5760. Rep. in part. See 6401 nt.
307(j)	5707, 5760, 5771, 5775
307(k)	5707, 5763. Rep. in part. See 6401 nt.
307(l)	5707, 5708
307(m)	5710
307(n)	5775
307(o)	5774, 5775
307(p) (1st sent.)	5403–5405, 5447–5449
307(p) (less 1st sent.)	Rep.
307(q)	5770
307(r)	Rep.
311–313a	Rep.
314	5788
321–324	Rep.
330	557, 598, 5596–5598, 5787; T. 14 §§435–438
330a	558
330b	559, 561
330c	560, 562
330d	562, 563
330e	557
330f	564
330g	565, 599
331–331b	Rep.
332–332c	Rep.
333–335b	Rep.
336, 337	Rep.
338	5572, 5586
338a (provisos)	Rep.
338a (less provisos)	5586
338b	5586
338c (proviso)	Rep.
338c (less proviso)	5504
338d	5586
338e	Rep.
338f (proviso)	5586
338f (less proviso)	Rep.
338g	5504, 5586
339(a), (b)	5586
339(c)	Elim.
341–343	5790
344	Rep.
345–347	5789
348–348u	Rep.
349–349k	Rep.
350, 350a	5597, 5787; T. 14 §§435–438
350b	5787; T. 14 §§435–438
350c(a)	5597, 5787; T. 14 §§435–438
350c(b)	Rep.
350d	5597, 5787, 6395; T. 14 §§435–438
350e	5501, 5597, 5787; T. 14 §§435–438
350f(a) (1st, 3d, 4th provisos)	Rep.
350f(a) (less 1st, 3d, 4th provisos)	5597, 5787, 6326; T. 14 §§435–438
350f(b)	Rep. See T. 37 §414
350g	Rep.
350h	5442–5444, 5447–5449; T. 14 §§758a, 759a
350i(a)	5597, 5787, 6488; T. 14 §§435–438, 758a, 759a
350i(b)(1)	Rep.
350i(b)(2)	6151, Rep. in part. See T. 42 §212(g)
350i(c)	Rep.
350i(d)	6488
350i(e)	6161, 6326
350j	5597, 5787, Rep. in part. See T. 14 §351; T. 42 §212(g)
350k	5597, 5787, Rep. in part. See T. 42 §212(g)
351–353	Rep.
354	6241
355	6243
356	6242
356a	6244
356b	6246
357	Rep.
358	6247
358a	6255
359	6253, 6254
360	6248
361	Elim.
362	6249
363	6250
364	6245, 6247, 6249–6252
364a	T. 14 §492a. Rep. in part. See T. 14 §§494, 497
364b	Rep.
365	T. 38 §§391–394 (See Rev. T. 38 Table)
366	Elim.
367	7218
371	1123
372–375	(See former 371)
381	6321
382	Rep.
383	6322
384	Rep.
385	6329
386	5864
387–388a	Rep.
389	772, 6016, 6325, 6381, 6383, 6394, 6400
390–393	Rep.
394	1375
395–396a	Rep.
397	Rep.
399 to 399c–1	Rep.
399d	772
399e	Elim.
399f	Rep.
399g	(See former 399c–1)
399h	Rep.
400	Rep.
401	5955
402, 402a	Rep.
403–405	Rep.
405a	6392
406–410	Rep.
410a	6394
410b, 410b–1	6323
410c	6151, 6325, 6328, 6404
410d	6390, 6404
410e	Rep.
410f–410i	5701 nt.
410j(a)	6376–6384
410j(b)	6376–6378
410j(c)	6379
410j(d)	6383
410j(e)	6380
410j(f)	6383
410j(g)	6381, 6383, 6400, 6404
410j(h)	6382–6384, 6404
410j(i)	Rep.
410j(j)	5865
410j(k)	6381
410j(l)	Elim.
410j(m)	6382–6384. Elim. in part.
410k	Elim.
410l(a)	6371, 6381
410l(b)	5709, 5710, 6372, 6381
410l(c)	6381
410l(d)–(k)	Rep.
410m	6325, 6326, 6381
410n	6150, 6483
410o (last proviso)	Elim.
410o (less last proviso)	5233
410p(a)	6390
410p(b)	Rep.
410q	6149
410r(a)	5776, 6151, 6380, 6382, 6400
410r(b)	5143, 6398
410r(c)	6399
410r(d)	5143
410r(e)	5143, 6398, 6399
410r(f)	Rep.
410r(g)	5143, 6151, 6325
410r(h)	5143, 6151, 6328, 6404
410r(i)	6400
410r(j)	6401, 6402, 6404. Rep. in part. See 6401 nt.
410r(k)	5143, 6398, 6399
410s–418	Rep.
419–419b	6394
421–423	6481
423a	Rep.
424–426	5982
427	Rep.
428	5507, 6487. Rep. in part. See T. 42 §212(g)
429 (proviso)	Rep.
429 (less proviso)	5507
430(a)	1293
430(b)(1)	1255
430(b)(2)	1305
430(b)(3)	Rep. See 1164 nt.
430(b) (less (1)–(3))	1263
430(c)	1164
430(d)	1371, 1401
430(e)	564, 1164, 1166, 1255, 1263, 1305
430(f)	1371, 1401, 6325
430(g)	Elim.
430a	515, 1166
430b	1167
430c	564, 1164, 1255, 1263, 1305
430d	565, 599, 6409
431, 432	6326
433	6482
434	6484
435–440a	Rep.
440h	6017
440h–1	6323. Rep. in part.
440i	676, 1331, 1332
440j	1333, 1401
440k	1001, 1334
440l	1331, 1336
440m	101, 1332, 1333
440n	6034
440o	1334, 1335
440p	1337
440q, 441	Rep.
441a	712
442–448	Rep.
448a, 448b	Elim.
449	6114
450	Rep.
450a, 450b	Elim.
450b–1	Rep.
450c	Elim.
451	5941
452	7293
453	Rep.
461–463	7292
471–473	Rep.
474	7224
481–486a	Rep.
487	Rep.
488	7301
489	Elim.
490	7297
491	7304
492	7305
493, 493a	Rep.
493a–1	7307
493b	7306
493c	7298
494	Elim.
495 (2d proviso of 1st par.)	Rep.
495 (1st par., less 2d proviso).	Elim.
495 (less 1st par.)	7342, 7343
495a	7342
496	2382, 7300
496a	Rep.
496b	Elim.
497	Rep.
498 to 498–5	Elim.
498a to 498a–2	Elim.
498a–3, 498a–4	Rep.
498a–5	Elim.
498b	(See former 749b)
498c to 498c–3	Elim.
498c–4	Rep.
498c–5, 498c–6	Elim.
498c–7 to 498c–13	Rep.
498c–14, 498c–15	Elim.
498d	Rep.
498d–1	7296
498d–2	Elim.
498e	Rep.
498f to 498f–2	Elim.
498g	Rep.
498g–1	7295
498h	7294, 7344
498i	Rep.
498j	7302
498k	Rep.
498l	7299
498m (2d sent. of 3d par.).	7296
498m (less 2d sent of 3d par.).	Elim.
498n–498q	Elim.
501	5943
502–504	Rep.
505	7474
506–508	Rep.
509	7475
510–514	Rep.
520	T. 33 §733; T. 40 §255; T. 50 §175
520a	Rep.
521	7219
522	Rep.
522a	2667
522b–522d	Rep.
522e	2667
523	7223
524 (1st par.)	7421–7423, 7426, 7430
524 (2d par.)	7426, 7430
524 (3d par.)	7430, 7432
524 (4th par.)	7424, 7431
524 (5th par.)	7425, 7432, 7434
524 (6th par.)	7428, 7429
524 (7th par.)	Rep.
524 (8th par.)	7435
524 (9th par.)	7436
524 (10th par.)	7433
524 (11th par.)	7437, 7438
524a	7421
525	Rep.
526	Elim.
527	7580
528	2631
528a	Rep.
529–531a	Rep.
532–532a	Rep.
533, 533a	7601
534	Rep.
535	Rep. See T. 14 §§144, 145
536	7603
537	6155
538	7602
539	4621, 9621
540	4625, 9625
540a	Rep.
541	4564, 9564
542	7604
543, 544	Rep.
544a	T. 31 §495a
545	2574
546	T. 5 §150p (See Rev. T. 5 Table)
546a	Rep.
546b	7541
546c	Rep.
546d	7542
546e	7307. Rep. in part.
546f	7308
546g	7545
546h	7545, 7546
546i	7544
546j	Elim.
546k	7308, 7545
546l–546n	Rep.
547, 548	Rep.
549, 550	2542
551–551a	Rep.
551b	2573
552	7605
553	Rep.
553a–553c	2481
554, 555	Rep.
555a, 555b	2421
555c	Elim.
555d, 555e	7227
555f	7228
556	7212
557	7213
558	7575
559	7206
560–567	Rep.
568	2383
569–579	Rep.
580	7229
580a	Elim.
581	Rep.
582	7521
583	2384
584	7210
591	6011
592, 593	Rep.
593a	5792
594	Rep.
595	6202
596	6221, 6224
597	1551
598, 599	Rep.
600	7625
600a	7623
600b	7624
600c, 600d	7623
601–603	Rep.
604	T. 37 §31a (See Rev. T. 37 Table)
605	7215
606	7214
607	Rep.
608	6156
609	122
610	Rep.
621	5201
622	5201, 5502
623	Rep.
623a	5202
623b	5232, 5233, 5502
623c	5952
624–625b	Rep.
625c	5588, 5707
625d	5588
625e, 625f	5204
625g	6020
625h(a)	5405, 5448, 5453–5455, 5532–5534, 5572, 5590, 5596, 5704–5708, 5711, 5752, 5755, 5760, 5771, 5775, 5777, 5784, 5787b, 5788, 6015, 6033, 6151, 6325, 6328, 6380, 6382, 6398–6402, 6404
625h(b) (proviso)	Rep.
625h(b) (less proviso)	5410
625h(c) (proviso)	Rep.
625h(c) (less proviso)	5411
625h(d)	5206, 5453, 5787b
625h(f)	Rep. See 5760
625h(g)	Rep. See 6401, 6402, 6404
626(a)	5405, 5448, 5454, 5455, 6387
626(b)–(d)	5448
626(e)–(n)	5701 nt.
626(o), (p)	5448
626(q)–(y)	5701 nt.
626	5405, 5448, 5454, 5455, 6387.
626–1(a)	5443, 5445, 5454, 5504, 5505, 5703, 5705, 5707, 5708, 5711, 5751, 5755, 5756, 5765, 5768, 5769, 5775, 5777, 5780, 5783, 5785, 5786, 5788, 5791, 5862, 5865, 6321, 6322, 6325, 6329, 6376, 6377, 6379–6384, 6386
626–1(b)–(d)	5443
626–1(e)	5770
626–1(f)	5703, 5707
626–1(g)	5703
626–1(h)	5751, 5769, 5775
626–1(i)	5765
626–1(j)	741
626–1(k)	5703, 5709
626–1(l)	5709, 5710, 6373, 6381
626–1(m)	5709, 6373
626–1(n)	6374, 6381
626–1(o)	5443, 5703, 5707, 5708, 5757, 5765, 5769, 5775, 6383
626–1(p)	5703, 5707, 5708, 5759, 5765, 5769, 5775, 6377, 6378
626–1(q)	5709, 5710, 6375, 6381
626–1(r)	5709, 6375
626–1(s)	5706, 6378
626–1(t)	5707
626–1(u)	Rep.
626–1(v)	Elim.
626–1(w)	(See former 626–1(t))
626–1(x)	(See former 626–1(u))
626–1(y)	Rep.
626a, 626b	Rep.
627, 627a	Rep.
628	Rep.
629	5502
630–632a	Rep.
632b (1st par.)	Rep.
632b (less 1st par.)	5203
632c	Rep.
632d	5588
633	Rep.
634	5583, 5585
635	5595
636	Rep.
637	5584
638	Rep.
639	5504, 5572, 5584
639a–646	Rep.
651	741, 5502
651a–654	Rep.
661–662c	Rep.
663, 664	Rep.
665, 666	5861
667–667f	Rep.
668–669b	Rep.
670, 671	5790
671a	5443, 5448, 5453
672	5789
681–685	Rep.
685a	5201
685b	5205
686–688	Rep.
691, 691–1	Rep.
691a	Rep.
691b	Elim.
691c, 691d	Rep.
692	5533, 5534, 5538, 6293
692a	5538
693	5531
694	Rep.
695	6158
696, 697	Elim.
701	6222, 6224
701–1 to 701–5	6222 nt.
701a	Rep.
702	6223
711, 712	Rep.
713	5944
714	6012
715–718	Rep.
721–723	Rep.
724	7581
725	6032
731	Rep.
732, 732a	6021
733, 734	Rep.
735 (par. 1)	6023
735 (par. 2)	6025
735 (par. 3)	6024
735 (pars. 4, 5)	5942
735 (par. 6)	Rep.
735 (par. 7)	5942
735 (par. 8)	Rep.
735a	Rep.
735b	6911
736	6022
737, 737a	6914
738 (last sent.)	6914
738 (less last sent.)	Rep.
741–748	Rep.
749 (2d proviso of par. 7).	7341
749 (less 2d proviso of par. 7).	Rep.
749a to 749c–1	Rep.
749d, 749e	7341
749f	Rep.
751, 751a	Rep.
752–770	Rep.
771, 772	6115
773, 774	Rep.
781–783b	Rep.
784–790	Rep.
801–805	Rep.
811	Rep.
821(a), (b)	6901
821(c), (d)	Rep.
822	6901
831	Rep.
841	Rep.
841a–841e	6915; T. 14 §§758a, 759a
841f	Rep.
841g	T. 14 §§758a, 759a
841h	6915; T. 14 §§758a, 759a
842–843a	Rep.
844 to 849d–1	Rep.
849e–849i	Rep.
850	Rep.
850a, 850b	6911
850c	6912. Rep. in part. See T. 37 §402(a)–(c)
850d	Rep.
850e	6912
850f, 850g	6913
850h	5788
850i, 850j	Rep.
850k to 850k–2	Elim.
850l, 850m	Rep.
851 to 853a–1	Rep.
835b to 853c–1	Rep.
853c–2 to 853c–2a	6902
853c–3	6902
853c–4 (proviso)	6902
853c–4 (less proviso)	Rep.
853c–5	Rep.
853c–6	Elim.
853d, 853e	Rep.
853e–1	684
853f to 853g–1	Rep.
853h–853j	Rep.
854 (proviso)	Rep.
854 (less proviso)	6330
854a	6330, 6332
854b	Elim.
854c	6330, 6331. Rep. in part.
854c–1 to 854c–5	6330 nt.
854d	6485, 6486. Rep. in part.
854e (2d, 4th provisos)	6331
854e (3d, 5th provisos)	Elim.
854e (less 3d–5th provisos)	6485
854f	6201
854g	Rep.
855–855b	Rep.
855c(a)	6148
855c (less (a))	Elim.
855c–1	6148
855c–2	Rep.
855c–3	8687 nt.
855c–4	Rep.
855d to 855i–1	Rep.
855j–855s	Rep.
856 to 857c–1	Rep.
857d–857g	Rep.
858–858c	Rep.
861–861f	(See former 842, 843, 844–848)
862, 863	6141
864	Rep.
864a	5701 nt.
864b	5507
865	Rep.
865a	T. 37 §257 (See Rev. T. 37 Table)
865b	5062
866–869	Rep.
870	5788
870a	Elim.
871–875	Rep.
875a	T. 37 §310c (See Rev. T. 37 Table)
875b	T. 37 §310d (See Rev. T. 37 Table)
876–877a	Rep.
878	Rep.
879	6321, 6322, 6326
879a	Elim.
879b, 880	Rep.
881	6406
882	Rep.
882a	6111
882b	Rep.
882c, 882d	6111
883	6112
884	Rep.
885	6152
886, 887	Rep.
887a–889	Rep.
890	2772
891	6154
892–894a	Rep.
895–895a	Rep.
896–896b	Rep.
897	Rep.
898	6157; T. 14 §471a
899	Rep.
899a	7523
900	Rep.
900a	6292
900b, 901	Rep.
901a	6081, 6086
902	Rep.
902a–902c	6082
902d	6083
903–907	Rep.
908	6084
909	6085
911	7571
911a	7571, 7572
911b–911d	7574
911e	Rep.
912–914	Rep.
915	7572
915a	7576
915b	6087, 7578, 7579
915c	Elim.
916, 916a	Rep.
917, 919	Rep.
921	Rep.
921a, 921b	6203
922–929	Rep.
931	6146
932	6142
933, 933a	Rep.
935–936	Rep.
937–939	1035
941	Rep.
941a	2771
942	6522
943, 944	6521
945	Elim.
951	T. 37 §243 (See Rev. T. 37 Table)
952	T. 37 §244 (See Rev. T. 37 Table)
953	6145
954	6144
961	6147
962	Rep.
963	6147
971–977	Rep.
981–984a	Rep.
985–989	Rep.
991–993d	Rep.
993e	Elim.
994–995a	Rep.
996–1001	Rep.
1011	Rep.
1012–1017	Elim.
1020, 1020a	6903
1020b, 1020c	6904–6906
1020d	6023, 6906
1020e(a)	6904, 6906
1020e(b)	6909
1020e(c)	6904, 6909
1020e(d) (1st sent.)	5504, 6904, 6906, 6909
1020e(d) (less 1st sent.)	Rep.
1020f	6907, 6909
1020g, 1020h	6907–6909
1020i	6910
1020j	6913
1020k	Rep.
1020l	6901
1020m	Rep.
1021	6951
1031	Rep.
1032	6954, 6958
1032–1	6955
1032a, 1033	Rep.
1033a, 1034	6954
1035	Rep.
1035a	6954
1036 to 1036–2	6957
1036a–1039	6954
1040, 1041	6956
1042, 1043	6958
1044–1045a	Rep.
1046	Rep.
1047	6956, 6958
1048	6959
1049	6956
1051, 1052	Rep.
1052a	6960
1053	6963
1054	6966
1055	Rep.
1056	6966
1057 (Proviso of 3d sent.)	Rep.
1057 (3d sent. less proviso)	5504
1057 (less 3d sent.)	5573
1057–1	541
1057a (last sent.)	Rep. See 4353 nt., 6967 nt.; T. 46 §1126a–1 nt.
1057a (less last sent.)	6976
1057a–1	(See former 1076f)
1057b	Rep.
1061	Rep.
1062	6961
1062a	6962
1063–1067	6964
1068	6965
1071	6952, 7478
1072	Rep.
1073	7082
1073a	7083
1073b	7084
1073c	7081
1073c–1	7081, 7085
1073c–2	7086
1073c–3	7087
1073d	7081
1073e	7088
1073f	Rep. See 7085 nt.
1074	7043, 7081
1076	7041
1076a	7042
1076b	7044, 7081
1076c	7043
1076d	7046
1076e	7045
1076f	7047
1081, 1082	Rep.
1083–1088	6968
1091	Rep.
1091a	6969
1101–1103	6970
1104	Elim.
1105	Rep.
1106	6971
1107, 1108	Rep.
1108a	Elim.
1108b (last proviso)	Elim.
1108b (less last proviso)	6971
1109	Rep.
1109a	Elim.
1110	Rep.
1111	6972
1115–1115c	6973
1116	Rep.
1117	Elim.
1118–1120	6974
1121	T. 46 §1335
1122	T. 46 §1336
1123	5985. Rep. in part. See T. 46 §1337
1123a	T. 46 §1337
1123b	T. 46 §1338
1123c	T. 46 §1339
1123d	T. 46 §1340
1123e	T. 46 §1341
1123f–1125	Rep.
1126	5986
1127	Rep.
1128	7547
1129, 1130	5984
1131, 1132	7651
1133	7657
1134	7658
1135	7659
1136	7656
1137	7655, 7676
1138	7660, 7661
1139	7662
1140	7663
1141	7653, 7654
1142	7664
1143	7665
1144	7666
1145	7667
1146	7680
1147	7679
1148	7669
1149	7670
1150	7670, 7671
1151	7668
1152	7677
1153	7673
1154, 1155	7676
1156	7675
1157	7674
1158	7651, 7672
1158a	Rep.
1159	7651, 7652
1160	7653
1161	7652
1162	7663
1163	7655, 7676
1164 (1st sent.)	Rep.
1164 (less 1st sent.)	7652
1165	7681
1166	7652
1167	7678
1200, 1201	Rep.

Positive Law; Citation

This title has been enacted into positive law by section 1 of act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 1, which provided in part that: “Title 10 of the United States Code, entitled ‘Armed Forces’, is revised, codified, and enacted into law, and may be cited as ‘Title 10, United States Code, §—.’ ”

Repeals

Section 53 of act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 641, repealed the sections or parts of sections of the Revised Statutes or Statutes at large covering provisions codified in this act, “except with respect to rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun, before the effective date of this act [Aug. 10, 1956] and except as provided in section 49.”

Savings Provision and Separability

Section 49 of act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 640, provided that:

“(a) In sections 1–48 of this Act [see Tables for classification], it is the legislative purpose to restate, without substantive change, the law replaced by those sections on the effective date of this Act [Aug. 10, 1956]. However, laws effective after March 31, 1955, that are inconsistent with this Act shall be considered as superseding it to the extent of the inconsistency.

“(b) References that other laws, regulations, and orders make to the replaced law shall be considered to be made to the corresponding provisions of sections 1–48.

“(c) Actions taken and offenses committed under the replaced law shall be considered to have been taken or committed under the corresponding provisions of sections 1–48.

“(d) If a part of this Act is invalid, all valid parts that are severable from the invalid part remain in effect. If a part of this Act is invalid in one or more of its applications, the part remains in effect in all valid applications that are severable from the invalid applications.

“(e) In chapter 47 of title 10, United States Code, enacted by section 1 of this Act, no inference of a legislative construction is to be drawn from the part in which any article is placed nor from the catchlines of the part or the article as set out in that chapter.

“(f) The enactment of this Act does not increase or decrease the pay or allowances, including retired pay and retainer pay, of any person.

“(g) The enactment of this Act does not affect the status of persons who, on the effective date of this Act [Aug. 10, 1956], have the status of warrant officers of the Army Mine Planter Service.”

Effective Date of Uniform Code of Military Justice

Section 51 of act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 640, provided that chapter 47 of this title takes effect January 1, 1957.

Restatement of Suspended or Temporarily Superseded Provisions

Section 50 of act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 640, provided that: “If on the effective date of this Act [Aug. 10, 1956] a provision of law that is restated in this Act and repealed by section 53 would have been in a suspended or temporarily superseded status but for its repeal, the provisions of this Act that restate that provision have the same suspended or temporarily superseded status.”

Improvement of United States Code by Pub. L. 85–861; Legislative Purpose; Repeal of Inconsistent Provisions; Corresponding Provisions; Savings Provision and Separability; Status; Repeals

Section 34 of Pub. L. 85–861 provided that:

“(a) In sections 1–32 of this Act [see Tables for classification], it is the legislative purpose to restate, without substantive change, the law replaced by those sections on the effective date of this Act [Sept. 2, 1958]. However, laws effective after December 31, 1957, that are inconsistent with this Act shall be considered as superseding it to the extent of the inconsistency.

“(b) References that other laws, regulations, and orders make to the replaced law shall be considered to be made to the corresponding provisions of sections 1–32.

“(c) Actions taken under the replaced law shall be considered to have been taken under the corresponding provisions of sections 1–32.

“(d) If a part of this Act is invalid, all valid parts that are severable from the invalid part remain in effect. If a part of this Act is invalid in one or more of its applications, the part remains in effect in all valid applications that are severable from the invalid applications.

“(e) The enactment of this Act does not increase or decrease the pay or allowances, including retired and retainer pay, of any person.”

Section 35 of Pub. L. 85–861 provided that: “If on the effective date of this Act [Sept. 2, 1958] a provision of law that is restated in this Act and repealed by section 36 would have been in a suspended or temporarily superseded status but for its repeal, the provisions of this Act that restate that provision have the same suspended or temporarily superseded status.”

Section 36 of Pub. L. 85–861 repealed certain laws except with respect to rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun, before Sept. 2, 1958.

Improvement of United States Code by Pub. L. 87–651; Inconsistent Provisions Superseded; Corresponding Provisions

Section 306 of Pub. L. 87–651 provided that:

“(a) Laws becoming effective after January 9, 1962, that are inconsistent with this Act [see Tables for classification] shall be considered as superseding it to the extent of the inconsistency.

“(b) References made by other laws, regulations and orders to the laws shall be considered to be made to the corresponding provisions of this Act.

“(c) Actions taken under the replaced law shall be considered to have been taken under the corresponding provisions of this Act.

“(d) The enactment of this Act, except section 108 [amending section 1334 [now 12734] of this title], does not increase or decrease the pay or allowances, including retired and retainer pay, of any person.”

Improvement of United States Code by Pub. L. 89–718; Inconsistent Provisions Superseded; Corresponding Provisions

Section 74 of Pub. L. 89–718 provided that:

“(a) Laws becoming effective after June 1, 1965, that are inconsistent with this Act shall be considered as superseding it to the extent of the inconsistency.

“(b) References made by other laws, regulations, and orders to the laws restated by this Act shall be considered to be made to the corresponding provisions of this Act.

“(c) Actions taken under the laws restated by this Act shall be considered to have been taken under the corresponding provisions of this Act.”

Improvement of United States Code by Pub. L. 97–295; Legislative Purpose; Repeal of Inconsistent Provisions; Corresponding Provisions; Savings Provision and Separability

Pub. L. 97–295, §5, Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1313, provided that:

“(a) Sections 1–4 of this Act [see Tables for classification] restate, without substantive change, laws enacted before December 2, 1981, that were replaced by those sections. Those sections may not be construed as making a substantive change in the laws replaced. Laws enacted after December 1, 1981, that are inconsistent with this Act supersede this Act to the extent of the inconsistency.

“(b) A reference to a law replaced by sections 1–4 of this Act, including a reference in a regulation, order, or other law, is deemed to refer to the corresponding provision enacted by this Act.

“(c) An order, rule, or regulation in effect under a law replaced by sections 1–4 of this Act continues in effect under the corresponding provision enacted by this Act until repealed, amended, or superseded.

“(d) An action taken or an offense committed under a law replaced by sections 1–4 of this Act is deemed to have been taken or committed under the corresponding provision enacted by this Act.

“(e) An inference of a legislative construction is not to be drawn by reason of the location in the United States Code of a provision enacted by this Act or by reason of the caption or catchline of the provision.

“(f) If a provision enacted by this Act is held invalid, all valid provisions that are severable from the invalid provision remain in effect. If a provision of this Act is held invalid in any of its applications, the provision remains valid for all valid applications that are severable from any of the invalid applications.”

Section 6(a) of Pub. L. 97–295 provided that: “The repeal of a law by this Act may not be construed as a legislative inference that the provision was or was not in effect before its repeal.”

Section 6(b) of Pub. L. 97–295 repealed certain sections or parts of sections of the Statutes at Large, except for rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before Oct. 12, 1982.

Improvement of United States Code by Pub. L. 100–370; Corresponding Provisions; Savings Provision

Pub. L. 100–370, §4, July 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 856, provided that:

“(a) References to Replaced Laws.—A reference to a law replaced by the provisions of title 10, United States Code, enacted by this Act [see Tables for classification] (including a reference in a regulation, order, or other law) shall be treated as referring to the corresponding provision enacted by this Act.

“(b) Savings Provision for Regulations.—A regulation, rule, or order in effect under a law replaced by the provisions of title 10, United States Code, enacted by this Act shall continue in effect under the corresponding provision enacted by this Act until repealed, amended, or superseded.

“(c) General Savings Provision.—An action taken or an offense committed under a law replaced by the provisions of title 10, United States Code, enacted by this Act shall be treated as having been taken or committed under the corresponding provision enacted by this Act.”

Improvement of United States Code by Pub. L. 101–510; Corresponding Provisions; Savings Provision

Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §1481(k), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1709, provided that:

“(1) A reference to a law replaced by the provisions of title 10, United States Code, enacted by this section [enacting sections 129b, 1056, 2245, 2549, 2550, 2678, and 2732 of this title, amending sections 114, 1584, 1593, 2701, 2734, 2734a, and 2734b of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 1056 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 113, 114, 1584, 1593, 2241, and 2701 of this title] (including a reference in a regulation, order, or other law) shall be treated as referring to the corresponding provision enacted by this section.

“(2) A regulation, rule, or order in effect under a law replaced by the provisions of title 10, United States Code, enacted by this section shall continue in effect under the corresponding provision enacted by this title until repealed, amended, or superseded.

“(3) An action taken or an offense committed under a law replaced by the provisions of title 10, United States Code, enacted by this section shall be treated as having been taken or committed under the corresponding provision enacted by this title.”

Improvement of United States Code by Pub. L. 103–337; Corresponding Provisions; Savings Provision

Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI, §1665, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 3012, provided that:

“(a) References to Transferred or Replaced Provisions.—A reference to a provision of title 10, United States Code, transferred or replaced by the provisions of sections 1661 through 1664 [see Tables for classification] (including a reference in a regulation, order, or other law) shall be treated as referring to that provision as transferred or to the corresponding provision as so enacted by this subtitle [subtitle C (§§1661–1665) of title XVI of div. A of Pub. L. 103–337].

“(b) Savings Provision for Regulations.—A regulation, rule, or order in effect under a provision of title 10, United States Code, replaced by a provision of that title enacted by sections 1661 through 1664 shall continue in effect under the corresponding provision so enacted until repealed, amended, or superseded.

“(c) General Savings Provision.—An action taken, or a right that matured, under a provision of title 10, United States Code, replaced by a provision of that title enacted by sections 1661 through 1664 shall be treated as having been taken, or having matured, under the corresponding provision so enacted.”

Cross References

Coast Guard, generally, see Title 14, Coast Guard.

National Guard, generally, see Title 32, National Guard.

Patriotic societies and observances, see section 1 et seq. of Title 36, Patriotic Societies and Observances.

Pay and allowances of the uniformed services, see section 101 et seq. of Title 37, Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services.

President of the United States—

Commander in Chief, see Const. Art. II, §2, cl. 1.

Delegation of functions, see section 301 et seq., of Title 3, The President.

Veterans’ benefits, see section 101 et seq. of Title 38, Veterans’ Benefits.

Title Referred to in Other Sections

This title is referred to in title 50 sections 415, 2031.

Subtitle A—General Military Law

PART I—ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL MILITARY POWERS

        

PART II—PERSONNEL

        

PART III—TRAINING AND EDUCATION

        

PART IV—SERVICE, SUPPLY, AND PROCUREMENT

        

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–359, title V, §501(b)(2), Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3429, substituted “Defense Intelligence Agency and Central Imagery Office Civilian Personnel” for “Defense Intelligence Agency Civilian Personnel” in item for chapter 83.

Pub. L. 103–355, title VIII, §8101(b), Oct. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 3389, added item for chapter 140.

Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title V, §554(a)(2), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2773, added item for chapter 22.

1993—Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title VIII, §828(b)(1), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1713, struck out item for chapter 135 “Encouragement of Aviation”.

1992—Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title XIII, §1322(a)(2), div. D, title XLII, §4271(b)(1), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2553, 2695, added items for chapters 89 and 148 and struck out former items for chapters 148 “Defense Industrial Base”, 149 “Manufacturing Technology”, and 150 “Development of Dual-Use Critical Technologies”.

1991—Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title X, §1061(a)(26)(C)(ii), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1474, effective Oct. 1, 1993, struck out item for chapter 85 “Procurement Management Personnel”.

Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title VIII, §821(f), title X, §§1002(a)(2), 1061(a)(27)(A), title XI, §1112(b)(2), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1432, 1455, 1474, 1501, substituted “Defense Budget Matters” for “Regular Components” and inserted “221” in item for chapter 9, substituted “Original Appointments of Regular Officers in Grades Above Warrant Officer Grades” for “Appointments in Regular Components” in item for chapter 33, added item for chapter 33A, substituted “Manufacturing” for “Maufacturing” in item for chapter 149, added items for chapters 150 and 152, struck out item for former chapter 150 “Issue to Armed Forces” and struck out item for former chapter 151 “Issue of Serviceable Material Other Than to Armed Forces”.

Pub. L. 102–25, title VII, §701(e)(1), (2), Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 114, added item for chapter 85 and in item for chapter 108 inserted “2161”.

1990—Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title II, §247(a)(2)(B), title V, §502(a)(2), title VIII, §823(b)(1), title IX, §911(b)(3), title XII, §1202(b), title XVIII, §1801(a)(2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1523, 1557, 1602, 1626, 1656, 1757, added item for chapter 58, struck out item for chapter 85 “Procurement Management Personnel”, added item for chapter 87, substituted “Department of Defense Schools” for “Granting of Advanced Degrees at Department of Defense Schools” in item for chapter 108, substituted “Support of Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Education” for “National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowships” in item for chapter 111, added item for chapter 149 and redesignated former item for chapter 149 as item for chapter 150, and added item for chapter 172.

1989—Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title VIII, §843(d)(2), title IX, §931(e)(2), title XVI, §1622(d)(2), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1517, 1535, 1605, substituted “Training and Education” for “Training” in item for part III, added item for chapter 111, and substituted “Cooperative Agreements” for “Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreements” in item for chapter 138.

1988—Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title III, §§342(a)(2), 344(b)(2), title VIII, §821(b)(2), title XI, §1104(b), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 1961, 1962, 2016, 2046, substituted “Support for” for “Cooperation With” and “Agencies” for “Officials” in item for chapter 18, substituted “Defense Industrial Base” for “Buy American Requirements” in item for chapter 148, substituted “Property Records and Report of Theft or Loss of Certain Property” for “Property Records” in item for chapter 161, and added item for chapter 171.

Pub. L. 100–370, §§1(c)(3), (e)(2), 2(a)(2), 3(a)(2), July 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 841, 845, 854, 855, added items for chapters 54, 134, 146, and 148.

1987—Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title III, §332(c), title VII, §711(b), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1080, 1111, substituted “Humanitarian and Other Assistance” for “Humanitarian and Civic Assistance Provided in Conjunction With Military Operations” in item for chapter 20 and “Financial Assistance Programs” for “Scholarship Program” in item for chapter 105.

Pub. L. 100–26, §§7(c)(1), 9(b)(4), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 280, 287, added item for chapter 21, substituted “Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreements with NATO Allies and Other Countries” for “North Atlantic Treaty Organization Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreements” in item for chapter 138, substituted “Major Defense Acquisition Programs” for “Oversight of Cost Growth in Major Programs” and “2430” for “2431” in item for chapter 144, and substituted “2721” for “2701” in item for chapter 161.

1986—Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title III, §333(a)(2), title XIII, §1343(a)(22), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3859, 3994, added item for chapter 20 and substituted “2341” for “2321” in item for chapter 138.

Pub. L. 99–499, title II, §211(a)(2), Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1725, added item for chapter 160.

Pub. L. 99–433, title IV, §401(b), title VI, §605, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1030, 1075a, added items for chapters 2, 6, 38, and 144, inserted “and Functions” in item for chapter 3, substituted “Office of the Secretary of Defense” for “Department of Defense” in item for chapter 4, substituted “151” for “141” as the section number in the item for chapter 5, reenacted item for chapter 7 without change, and inserted “and Department of Defense Field Activities” in item for chapter 8.

Pub. L. 99–399, title VIII, §806(d)(2), Aug. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 888, added item for chapter 110.

1985—Pub. L. 99–145, title VI, §671(a)(2), title IX, §924(a)(2), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 663, 698, added items for chapters 85 and 109.

1984—Pub. L. 98–525, title VII, §705(a)(2), title XII, §1241(a)(2), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2567, 2606, substituted “Members of the Selected Reserve” for “Enlisted Members of the Selected Reserve of the Ready Reserve” in item for chapter 106 and added item for chapter 142.

1983—Pub. L. 98–94, title IX, §925(a)(2), title XII, §1268(15), Sept. 24, 1983, 97 Stat. 648, 707, added item for chapter 74, and substituted “or” for “and” in item for chapter 60.

1982—Pub. L. 97–295, §1(50)(D), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1300, added item for chapter 167.

Pub. L. 97–269, title V, §501(b), Sept. 27, 1982, 96 Stat. 1145, added item for chapter 8.

Pub. L. 97–214, §2(b), July 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 169, added item for chapter 169.

1981—Pub. L. 97–89, title VII, §701(a)(2), Dec. 4, 1981, 95 Stat. 1160, added item for chapter 83.

Pub. L. 97–86, title IX, §905(a)(2), Dec. 1, 1981, 95 Stat. 1116, added item for chapter 18.

1980—Pub. L. 96–513, title V, §§501(1), 511(29), (54)(B), (99), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2907, 2922, 2925, 2929, added item for chapter 32, substituted “531” for “541” as section number in item for chapter 33, substituted “34” for “35” as chapter number of chapter relating to appointments as reserve officers, added items for chapters 35 and 36, substituted “Reserve Components: Standards and Procedures for Retention and Promotion” for “Retention of Reserves” in item for chapter 51, added item for chapter 60, substituted “1251” for “1255” as section number in item for chapter 63, substituted “Retirement of Warrant Officers” for “Retirement” in item for chapter 65, substituted “1370” for “1371” as section number in item for chapter 69, amended item for chapter 73 to read: “Annuities Based on Retired or Retainer Pay”, and capitalized “Assistance”, “Persons”, “Enlisting”, “Active”, and “Duty” in item for chapter 107.

Pub. L. 96–450, title IV, §406(b), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1981, added item for chapter 108.

Pub. L. 96–342, title IX, §901(b), Sept. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1114, added item for chapter 107.

Pub. L. 96–323, §2(b), Aug. 4, 1980, 94 Stat. 1019, added item for chapter 138.

1977—Pub. L. 95–79, title IV, §402(b), July 30, 1977, 91 Stat. 330, added item for chapter 106.

1972—Pub. L. 92–426, §2(b), Sept. 21, 1972, 86 Stat. 719, added items for chapters 104 and 105.

Pub. L. 92–425, §2, Sept. 21, 1972, 86 Stat. 711, amended item for chapter 73 by inserting “; Survivor Benefit Plan” after “Pay” which could not be executed as directed in view of amendment by Pub. L. 87–381. See 1961 Amendment note below.

1968—Pub. L. 90–377, §2, July 5, 1968, 82 Stat. 288, added item for chapter 48.

1967—Pub. L. 90–83, §3(2), Sept. 11, 1967, 81 Stat. 220, struck out item for chapter 80 “Exemplary Rehabilitation Certificates”.

1966—Pub. L. 89–690, §2, Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 1017, added item for chapter 80.

1964—Pub. L. 88–647, title I, §101(2), title II, §201(2), Oct. 13, 1964, 78 Stat. 1064, 1069, added items for chapters 102 and 103.

1962—Pub. L. 87–651, title II, §203, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 519, added item for chapter 4.

Pub. L. 87–649, §3(2), Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 493, added item for chapter 40.

1961—Pub. L. 87–381, §1(2), Oct. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 810, substituted “Retired Serviceman's Family Protection Plan” for “Annuities Based on Retired or Retainer Pay” in item for chapter 73.

1958—Pub. L. 85–861, §§1(21), (26), (33), 33(a)(4)(B), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1443, 1450, 1455, 1564, substituted “General Service Requirements” for “Service Requirements for Reserves” in item for chapter 37, “971” for “[No present sections]” in item for chapter 49, “Medical and Dental Care” for “Voting by Members of Armed Forces” in item for chapter 55, and struck out “Care of the Dead” and substituted “1475” for “1481” in item for chapter 75.

PART I—ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL MILITARY POWERS

        

        

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title V, §554(a)(2), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2773, added item for chapter 22.

1991—Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title X, §1002(a)(2), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1455, substituted “Defense Budget Matters” for “Regular Components” and inserted “221” in item for chapter 9.

1988—Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title XI, §1104(b), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2046, substituted “Support for” for “Cooperation With” and “Agencies” for “Officials” in item for chapter 18.

1987—Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title III, §332(c), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1080, substituted “Humanitarian and Other Assistance” for “Humanitarian and Civic Assistance Provided in Conjunction With Military Operations” in item for chapter 20.

Pub. L. 100–26, §9(b)(4), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 287, added item for chapter 21.

1986—Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title III, §333(a)(2), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3859, added item for chapter 20.

Pub. L. 99–433, title VI, §605(a), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1075a, added items for chapters 2 and 6, inserted “and Functions” in item for chapter 3, substituted “Office of the Secretary of Defense” for “Department of Defense” in item for chapter 4, substituted “151” for “141” as section number in item for chapter 5, reenacted item for chapter 7 without change, and inserted “and Department of Defense Field activities” in item for chapter 8.

1982—Pub. L. 97–269, title V, §501(b), Sept. 27, 1982, 96 Stat. 1145, added item for chapter 8.

1981—Pub. L. 97–86, title IX, §905(a)(2), Dec. 1, 1981, 95 Stat. 1116, added item for chapter 18.

1962—Pub. L. 87–651, title II, §203, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 519, added item for chapter 4.

CHAPTER 1—DEFINITIONS

        

§101 . Definitions

(a) In General.—The following definitions apply in this title:

(1) The term “United States”, in a geographic sense, means the States and the District of Columbia.

(2) The term “Territory” (except as provided in section 101(1) of title 32 for laws relating to the militia, the National Guard, the Army National Guard of the United States, and the Air National Guard of the United States) means any Territory organized after August 10, 1956, so long as it remains a Territory.

(3) The term “possessions” includes the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Guano Islands, so long as they remain possessions, but does not include any Territory or Commonwealth.

(4) The term “armed forces” means the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard.

(5) The term “uniformed services” means—

(A) the armed forces;

(B) the commissioned corps of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and

(C) the commissioned corps of the Public Health Service.

(6) The term “department”, when used with respect to a military department, means the executive part of the department and all field headquarters, forces, reserve components, installations, activities, and functions under the control or supervision of the Secretary of the department. When used with respect to the Department of Defense, such term means the executive part of the department, including the executive parts of the military departments, and all field headquarters, forces, reserve components, installations, activities, and functions under the control or supervision of the Secretary of Defense, including those of the military departments.

(7) The term “executive part of the department” means the executive part of the Department of Defense, Department of the Army, Department of the Navy, or Department of the Air Force, as the case may be, at the seat of government.

(8) The term “military departments” means the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force.

(9) The term “Secretary concerned” means—

(A) the Secretary of the Army, with respect to matters concerning the Army;

(B) the Secretary of the Navy, with respect to matters concerning the Navy, the Marine Corps, and the Coast Guard when it is operating as a service in the Department of the Navy;

(C) the Secretary of the Air Force, with respect to matters concerning the Air Force; and

(D) the Secretary of Transportation, with respect to matters concerning the Coast Guard when it is not operating as a service in the Department of the Navy.

(10) The term “service acquisition executive” means the civilian official within a military department who is designated as the service acquisition executive for purposes of regulations and procedures providing for a service acquisition executive for that military department.

(11) The term “Defense Agency” means an organizational entity of the Department of Defense—

(A) that is established by the Secretary of Defense under section 191 of this title (or under the second sentence of section 125(d) of this title (as in effect before October 1, 1986)) to perform a supply or service activity common to more than one military department (other than such an entity that is designated by the Secretary as a Department of Defense Field Activity); or

(B) that is designated by the Secretary of Defense as a Defense Agency.

(12) The term “Department of Defense Field Activity” means an organizational entity of the Department of Defense—

(A) that is established by the Secretary of Defense under section 191 of this title (or under the second sentence of section 125(d) of this title (as in effect before October 1, 1986)) to perform a supply or service activity common to more than one military department; and

(B) that is designated by the Secretary of Defense as a Department of Defense Field Activity.

(13) The term “contingency operation” means a military operation that—

(A) is designated by the Secretary of Defense as an operation in which members of the armed forces are or may become involved in military actions, operations, or hostilities against an enemy of the United States or against an opposing military force; or

(B) results in the call or order to, or retention on, active duty of members of the uniformed services under section 688, 12301(a), 12302, 12304, 12305, or 12406 of this title, chapter 15 of this title, or any other provision of law during a war or during a national emergency declared by the President or Congress.

(14) The term “supplies” includes material, equipment, and stores of all kinds.

(15) The term “pay” includes basic pay, special pay, retainer pay, incentive pay, retired pay, and equivalent pay, but does not include allowances.

(b) Personnel Generally.—The following definitions relating to military personnel apply in this title:

(1) The term “officer” means a commissioned or warrant officer.

(2) The term “commissioned officer” includes a commissioned warrant officer.

(3) The term “warrant officer” means a person who holds a commission or warrant in a warrant officer grade.

(4) The term “general officer” means an officer of the Army, Air Force, or Marine Corps serving in or having the grade of general, lieutenant general, major general, or brigadier general.

(5) The term “flag officer” means an officer of the Navy or Coast Guard serving in or having the grade of admiral, vice admiral, rear admiral, or rear admiral (lower half).

(6) The term “enlisted member” means a person in an enlisted grade.

(7) The term “grade” means a step or degree, in a graduated scale of office or military rank, that is established and designated as a grade by law or regulation.

(8) The term “rank” means the order of precedence among members of the armed forces.

(9) The term “rating” means the name (such as “boatswain's mate”) prescribed for members of an armed force in an occupational field. The term “rate” means the name (such as “chief boatswain's mate”) prescribed for members in the same rating or other category who are in the same grade (such as chief petty officer or seaman apprentice).

(10) The term “original”, with respect to the appointment of a member of the armed forces in a regular or reserve component, refers to that member's most recent appointment in that component that is neither a promotion nor a demotion.

(11) The term “authorized strength” means the largest number of members authorized to be in an armed force, a component, a branch, a grade, or any other category of the armed forces.

(12) The term “regular”, with respect to an enlistment, appointment, grade, or office, means enlistment, appointment, grade, or office in a regular component of an armed force.

(13) The term “active-duty list” means a single list for the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps (required to be maintained under section 620 of this title) which contains the names of all officers of that armed force, other than officers described in section 641 of this title, who are serving on active duty.

(14) The term “medical officer” means an officer of the Medical Corps of the Army, an officer of the Medical Corps of the Navy, or an officer in the Air Force designated as a medical officer.

(15) The term “dental officer” means an officer of the Dental Corps of the Army, an officer of the Dental Corps of the Navy, or an officer of the Air Force designated as a dental officer.

(c) Reserve Components.—The following definitions relating to the reserve components apply in this title:

(1) The term “National Guard” means the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard.

(2) The term “Army National Guard” means that part of the organized militia of the several States and Territories, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia, active and inactive, that—

(A) is a land force;

(B) is trained, and has its officers appointed, under the sixteenth clause of section 8, article I, of the Constitution;

(C) is organized, armed, and equipped wholly or partly at Federal expense; and

(D) is federally recognized.

(3) The term “Army National Guard of the United States” means the reserve component of the Army all of whose members are members of the Army National Guard.

(4) The term “Air National Guard” means that part of the organized militia of the several States and Territories, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia, active and inactive, that—

(A) is an air force;

(B) is trained, and has its officers appointed, under the sixteenth clause of section 8, article I, of the Constitution;

(C) is organized, armed, and equipped wholly or partly at Federal expense; and

(D) is federally recognized.

(5) The term “Air National Guard of the United States” means the reserve component of the Air Force all of whose members are members of the Air National Guard.

(6) The term “reserve”, with respect to an enlistment, appointment, grade, or office, means enlistment, appointment, grade, or office held as a Reserve of one of the armed forces.

(7) The term “reserve active-status list” means a single list for the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps (required to be maintained under section 14002 of this title) that contains the names of all officers of that armed force except warrant officers (including commissioned warrant officers) who are in an active status in a reserve component of the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps and are not on an active-duty list.

(d) Duty Status.—The following definitions relating to duty status apply in this title:

(1) The term “active duty” means full-time duty in the active military service of the United States. Such term includes full-time training duty, annual training duty, and attendance, while in the active military service, at a school designated as a service school by law or by the Secretary of the military department concerned. Such term does not include full-time National Guard duty.

(2) The term “active duty for a period of more than 30 days” means active duty under a call or order that does not specify a period of 30 days or less.

(3) The term “active service” means service on active duty or full-time National Guard duty.

(4) The term “active status” means the status of a reserve commissioned officer, other than a commissioned warrant officer, who is not in the inactive Army National Guard or inactive Air National Guard, on an inactive status list, or in the Retired Reserve.

(5) The term “full-time National Guard duty” means training or other duty, other than inactive duty, performed by a member of the Army National Guard of the United States or the Air National Guard of the United States in the member's status as a member of the National Guard of a State or territory, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or the District of Columbia under section 316, 502, 503, 504, or 505 of title 32 for which the member is entitled to pay from the United States or for which the member has waived pay from the United States.

(6)(A) The term “active Guard and Reserve duty” means active duty or full-time National Guard duty performed by a member of a reserve component of the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps, or full-time National Guard duty performed by a member of the National Guard, pursuant to an order to active duty or full-time National Guard duty for a period of 180 consecutive days or more for the purpose of organizing, administering, recruiting, instructing, or training the reserve components.

(B) Such term does not include the following:

(i) Duty performed as a member of the Reserve Forces Policy Board provided for under section 175 of this title.

(ii) Duty performed as a property and fiscal officer under section 708 of title 32.

(iii) Duty performed for the purpose of interdiction and counter-drug activities for which funds have been provided under section 112 of title 32.

(iv) Duty performed as a general or flag officer.

(v) Service as a State director of the Selective Service System under section 10(b)(2) of the Military Selective Service Act (50 U.S.C. App. 460(b)(2)).

(7) The term “inactive-duty training” means—

(A) duty prescribed for Reserves by the Secretary concerned under section 206 of title 37 or any other provision of law; and

(B) special additional duties authorized for Reserves by an authority designated by the Secretary concerned and performed by them on a voluntary basis in connection with the prescribed training or maintenance activities of the units to which they are assigned.

Such term includes those duties when performed by Reserves in their status as members of the National Guard.

(e) Rules of Construction.—In this title—

(1) “shall” is used in an imperative sense;

(2) “may” is used in a permissive sense;

(3) “no person may * * *” means that no person is required, authorized, or permitted to do the act prescribed;

(4) “includes” means “includes but is not limited to”; and

(5) “spouse” means husband or wife, as the case may be.

(f) Reference to Title 1 Definitions.—For other definitions applicable to this title, see sections 1 through 5 of title 1.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 3; Sept. 2, 1958, Pub. L. 85–861, §§1(1), 33(a)(1), 72 Stat. 1437, 1564; June 25, 1959, Pub. L. 86–70, §6(a), 73 Stat. 142; July 12, 1960, Pub. L. 86–624, §4(a), 74 Stat. 411; Sept. 7, 1962, Pub. L. 87–649, §6(f)(1), 76 Stat. 494; Jan. 2, 1968, Pub. L. 90–235, §7(a)(1), 81 Stat. 762; Oct. 22, 1968, Pub. L. 90–623, §2(1), 82 Stat. 1314; Oct. 13, 1972, Pub. L. 92–492, §1, 86 Stat. 810; Dec. 12, 1980, Pub. L. 96–513, title I, §§101, 115(a), title V, §501(2), 94 Stat. 2839, 2877, 2907; July 10, 1981, Pub. L. 97–22, §2(a), 95 Stat. 124; Dec. 1, 1981, Pub. L. 97–86, title IV, §405(b)(1), 95 Stat. 1105; Oct. 19, 1984, Pub. L. 98–525, title IV, §414(a)(1), 98 Stat. 2518; Nov. 8, 1985, Pub. L. 99–145, title V, §514(b)(1), 99 Stat. 628; July 1, 1986, Pub. L. 99–348, title III, §303, 100 Stat. 703; Oct. 1, 1986, Pub. L. 99–433, title III, §302, 100 Stat. 1022; Apr. 21, 1987, Pub. L. 100–26, §7(i), (k)(1), 101 Stat. 282, 283; Dec. 4, 1987, Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XII, §§1231(1), (20), 1233(a)(2), 101 Stat. 1160, 1161; Sept. 29, 1988, Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title XII, §1234(a)(1), 102 Stat. 2059; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XII, §1204, 104 Stat. 1658; Dec. 5, 1991, Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title VI, §631(a), 105 Stat. 1380; Oct. 23, 1992, Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title X, §1051(a), 106 Stat. 2494; Oct. 5, 1994, Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title V, §514, title XVI, §§1621, 1671(c)(1), 108 Stat. 2753, 2960, 3014.)

Historical and Revision Notes
1956 Act

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
101(1) 101(2) 101(3) 101(4) 101(5) 101(6) 101(7)	50:351 (clause (b)). 32:4c (1st 33 words). [No source]. 50:901(e). 5:181–1(c) (for definition purposes); 5:411a(a) (for definition purposes); 5:626(c) (for definition purposes). [No source]. 5:171(b) (last 23 words of clause (1), for definition purposes).	Sept. 16, 1942, ch. 561, §401 (clause (b)); added Apr. 1, 1944, ch. 150, §401 (clause (b)); restated Apr. 19, 1946, ch. 142, §401 (clause (b)), 60 Stat. 102. July 9, 1952, ch. 608, §101(d) (less 2d sentence), (e), (g), §702 (for definition purposes), 66 Stat. 481, 482, 501.
101(8) 101(9) 101(10) 101(11)	10:600(a); 34:135(a). [No source]. 32:2 (for definition purposes); 32:4b (for definition purposes). 50:1112(a) (for definition purposes).	July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §§205(c) (for definition purposes), 206(a) (for definition purposes), 207(c) (for definition purposes), 61 Stat. 501, 502.
101(12) 101(13) 101(14)	10:1835 (less last 16 words, for definition purposes); 32:2 (for definition purposes); 32:4b (for definition purposes). 50:1112(b) (for definition purposes). 5:181–3(b) (less last sentence); 10:1a(b) (less last sentence) 10:1801(b) (less last sentence); 37:231(c) (1st sentence, for definition purposes); 50:901(g).	July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §201(b) (last 31 words of clause (1), for definition purposes); restated Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §4 (last 31 words of clause (1) of 201(b), for definition purposes), 63 Stat. 579. June 3, 1916, ch. 134, §62 (1st 36 words of last proviso), 39 Stat. 198. June 3, 1916, ch. 134, §117 (for definition purposes), 39 Stat. 212.
101(15)	[No source].
101(16) 101(17) 101(18) 101(19) 101(20) 101(21) 101(22)	10:600(b); 34:135(b). 5:181–3(b) (last sentence); 10:1a(b) (last sentence); 10:1801(b) (last sentence); 50:551(9). [No source]. [No source]. [No source]. [No source]. 10:1036e(d) (for definition purposes); 34: 440m(d) (for definition purposes).	June 3, 1916, ch. 134, §71 (for definition purposes); added June 15, 1933, ch. 87, §9 (for definition purposes), 48 Stat. 157; Oct. 12, 1949, ch. 681, §530 (for definition purposes), 63 Stat. 837; July 9, 1952, ch. 608, §803 (9th par., for definition purposes), 66 Stat. 505.
101(23) 101(24) 101(26) 101(27) 101(28)	[No source]. [No source]. [No source]. [No source]. [No source].	Sept. 19, 1951, ch. 407, §§2(b), 305 (less last 16 words, for definition purposes), 65 Stat. 326, 330.
101(29) 101(30) 101(31)	[No source]. [No source]. 50:901(d) (less 2d sentence).	June 28, 1950, ch. 383, §2(b), 64 Stat. 263; July 9, 1952, ch. 608, §807(a), 66 Stat. 508.
101(32) 101(33) 101(34)	[No source]. [No source]. [No source].	Oct. 12, 1949, ch. 681, §102(c) (1st sentence, for definition purposes), 63 Stat. 804.
		May 5, 1950, ch. 169, §1 (Art. 1 (clause (9))), 64 Stat. 108.
		May 29, 1954, ch. 249, §2(a), (b), 68 Stat. 157.
		June 29, 1948, ch. 708, §306(d) (for definition purposes), 62 Stat. 1089.

The definitions in clauses (3), (15), (18)–(21), (23)–(30), and (31)–(33) reflect the adoption of terminology which, though undefined in the source statutes restated in this title, represents the closest practicable approximation of the ways in which the terms defined have been most commonly used. A choice has been made where established uses conflict.

In clause (2), the definition of “Territory” in 32:4c is executed throughout this revised title by specific reference, where applicable, to the Territories, Puerto Rico and the Canal Zone.

In clause (4), the definition of “armed forces” is based on the source statute instead of 50:551(2), which does not include an express reference to the Marine Corps. The words “including all components thereof” are omitted as surplusage.

In clause (5), the term “Department” is defined to give it the broad sense of “Establishment”, to conform to the source statute and the usage preferred by the Department of Defense, instead of the more limited sense defined by 5:421g(a) and 423a(a), and 10:1a(d) and 1801(d).

In clause (6), the term “executive part of the department” is created for convenience in referring to what is described in the source statutes for this title as “department” in the limited sense of the executive part at the seat of government. This is required by the adoption of the word “department” in clause (5) to cover the broader concept of “establishment”.

In clause (8), the term “Secretary concerned” is created and defined for legislative convenience.

In clause (9), a definition of “National Guard” is inserted for clarity.

In clause (10)(A), the words “a land force” are substituted for 32:2 (as applicable to Army National Guard). The National Defense Act of 1916, §117 (last 66 words), 39 Stat. 212, is not contained in 32:2. It is also omitted from the revised section as repealed by the Act of February 28, 1925, ch. 374, §3, 43 Stat. 1081.

In clauses (10) and (11), the word “Army” is inserted to distinguish the organizations defined from their Air Force counterparts.

In clauses (10) and (12), the words “unless the context or subject matter otherwise requires” and “as provided in this title”, in 32:4b, are omitted as surplusage.

In clauses (10)(B) and (12)(B), the words “has its officers appointed” are substituted for the word “officered”, in 32:4b.

In clauses (11) and (13), only that much of the description of the composition of the Army National Guard of the United States and the Air National Guard of the United States is used as is necessary to distinguish these reserve components, respectively, from the other reserve components.

In clause (12)(A), the words “an air force” are substituted for the words “for which Federal responsibility has been vested in the Secretary of the Air Force or the Department of the Air Force pursuant to law”, in 10:1835, and for 32:2 (as applicable to Air National Guard), to make the definition of “Air National Guard” parallel with the definition of “Army National Guard”, and to make explicit the intent of Congress, in creating the Air National Guard, that the organized militia henceforth should consist of three mutually exhaustive classes comprising the Army, Air, and Naval militia.

In clause (14), the definition of “officer” is based on the source statutes instead of 50:551(5), which excludes warrant officers. The reference to appointment in 10:1a(b) (2d sentence and 10:1801(b) (2d sentence), and the words “commissioned warrant officer”, “flight officer”, and “either permanent or temporary”, in 37:231(c) (1st sentence), are omitted as surplusage. 5:181–3(b) (1st sentence), 10:1a(b) (1st sentence), and 10:1801(b) (1st sentence) are omitted as covered by the definitions in clauses (14) and (16) of the revised section and by section 3062(c) and section 8062(d) of this title.

In clause (16), the words “unless otherwise qualified”, “permanent or temporary”, and “in the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard, including any component thereof” are omitted as surplusage. The word “person” is substituted for the word “officer”.

In clause (22), the definition of “active duty” is based on the definition of “active Federal service” in the source statute, since it is believed to be closer to general usage than the definition in 50:901(b), which excludes active duty for training from the general concept of active duty.

1958 Act

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
101(25)	50:1181(6).	Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1257, §102(6), 68 Stat. 1150.

The words “, other than a commissioned warrant officer,” are inserted to reflect 50:1181(1).

[Clause (35).] The word “original” is defined to make clear that when used in relation to an appointment it refers to the member's first appointment in his current series of appointments and excludes any appointment made before a lapse in service.

References in Text

Section 125(d) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a)(12)(A), was repealed by Pub. L. 99–433, title III, §301(b)(1), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1022.

Amendments

1994—Subsec. (a)(13)(B). Pub. L. 103–337, §1671(c)(1), substituted “688, 12301(a), 12302, 12304, 12305, or 12406” for “672(a), 673, 673b, 673c, 688, 3500, or 8500”.

Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 103–337, §1621, added par. (7).

Subsec. (d)(6), (7). Pub. L. 103–337, §514, added par. (6) and redesignated former par. (6) as (7).

1992—Pub. L. 102–484 amended section generally, substituting subsecs. (a) to (f) for former pars. (1) to (47) which defined terms for purposes of this title.

1991—Par. (47). Pub. L. 102–190 added par. (47).

1990—Par. (46). Pub. L. 101–510 added par. (46).

1988—Pars. (3), (10), (12). Pub. L. 100–456 struck out “the Canal Zone,” after “the Virgin Islands,” in par. (3) and after “Puerto Rico,” in pars. (10) and (12).

1987—Par. (1). Pub. L. 100–26, §7(k)(1)(A), inserted “The term” after par. designation.

Par. (2). Pub. L. 100–26, §7(1)(k)(B), inserted “the term” after “Air National Guard of the United States,”.

Pub. L. 100–180, §1233(a)(2), amended directory language of Pub. L. 100–26, §7(k)(1)(C), by adding par. (2) to those pars. excepted from direction that initial letter of first word after open quotation marks in each par. be made lowercase rather than uppercase.

Pars. (3) to (7). Pub. L. 100–26, §7(k)(1)(A), (C), inserted “The term” after par. designation and struck out uppercase letter of first word after open quotation marks and substituted lowercase letter.

Pars. (8) to (13). Pub. L. 100–26, §7(k)(1)(A), inserted “The term” after par. designation.

Par. (14). Pub. L. 100–180, §1231(1), inserted “a” after “means”.

Pub. L. 100–26, §7(k)(1)(A), (C), inserted “The term” after par. designation and struck out uppercase letter of first word after open quotation marks and substituted lowercase letter.

Pars. (15) to (19). Pub. L. 100–26, §7(k)(1)(A), (C), inserted “The term” after par. designation and struck out uppercase letter of first word after open quotation marks and substituted lowercase letter.

Par. (20). Pub. L. 100–180, §1231(20), substituted “The term ‘rate” for “ ‘Rate” in second sentence.

Pub. L. 100–26, §7(k)(1)(A), (C), inserted “The term” after par. designation and struck out uppercase letter of first word after open quotation marks and substituted lowercase letter.

Pars. (21) to (43). Pub. L. 100–26, §7(k)(1)(A), (C), inserted “The term” after par. designation and struck out uppercase letter of first word after open quotation marks and substituted lowercase letter.

Pars. (44), (45). Pub. L. 100–26, §7(i)(1), (k)(1)(A), inserted “The term” after par. designation and substituted “October 1, 1986” for “the date of the enactment of the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986”.

1986—Par. (43). Pub. L. 99–348 added par. (43).

Pars. (44), (45). Pub. L. 99–433 added pars. (44) and (45).

1985—Par. (41). Pub. L. 99–145 substituted “rear admiral (lower half)” for “commodore”.

1984—Par. (22). Pub. L. 98–525, §414(a)(1)(A), inserted “It does not include full-time National Guard duty.”

Par. (24). Pub. L. 98–525, §414(a)(1)(B), inserted “or full-time National Guard duty”.

Par. (42). Pub. L. 98–525, §414(a)(1)(C), added par. (42).

1981—Par. (41). Pub. L. 97–86 substituted “commodore” for “commodore admiral”.

Pub. L. 97–22 inserted “or Coast Guard” after “Navy”.

1980—Par. (22). Pub. L. 96–513, §501(2), struck out “duty on the active list,” after “It includes”.

Par. (36). Pub. L. 96–513, §115(a), struck out par. (36) which provided that “dependent”, with respect to a female member of an armed force, did not include her husband, unless he was in fact dependent on her for his chief support, or her child, unless his father was dead or he was in fact dependent on her for his chief support.

Pars. (37) to (41). Pub. L. 96–513, §101, added pars. (37) to (41).

1972—Par. (2). Pub. L. 92–492 inserted “Except as provided in section 101(1) of title 32 for laws relating to the militia, the National Guard, the Army National Guard of the United States,” before “Territory”.

1968—Par. (8)(D). Pub. L. 90–623 substituted “Secretary of Transportation” for “Secretary of the Treasury”.

Par. 36. Pub. L. 90–235 added par. (36).

1962—Par. (31)(A). Pub. L. 87–649 substituted “section 206 of title 37” for “section 301 of title 37”.

1960—Par. (2). Pub. L. 80–624 struck out reference to Hawaii.

1959—Par. (2). Pub. L. 80–70 struck out reference to Alaska.

1958—Par. (25). Pub. L. 85–861, §1(1), added par. (25).

Par. (35). Pub. L. 85–861, §33(a)(1), added par. (35).

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Amendment by section 1671(c)(1) of Pub. L. 103–337 effective Dec. 1, 1994, except as otherwise provided, and amendment by section 1621 of Pub. L. 103–337 effective Oct. 1, 1996, see section 1691 of Pub. L. 103–337, set out as an Effective Date note under section 10001 of this title.

Effective Date of 1987 Amendment

Section 1233(c)[(1)] of Pub. L. 100–180 provided that: “The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section, section 2432 of this title, and section 406b of Title 37, Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services] shall apply as if included in the enactment of the Defense Technical Corrections Act of 1987 (Public Law 100–26).”

Effective Date of 1981 Amendment

Section 405(f) of Pub. L. 97–86 provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section, sections 525, 601, 611, 612, 619, 625, 634, 635, 637, 638, 645, 741, 5138, 5149, 5155, 5442, 5444, 5457, 5501, and 6389 of this title, section 201 of Title 37, Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services, and a provision set out as a note under section 611 of this title] shall take effect as of September 15, 1981.”

Effective Date of 1980 Amendment

Section 701 of Pub. L. 96–513 provided that:

“(a) Except as provided in subsection (b), this Act and the amendments made by this Act [see Tables for classification] shall take effect on September 15, 1981.

“(b)(1) The authority to prescribe regulations under the amendments made by titles I through IV and under the provisions of title VI shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 1980].

“(2) The amendment made by section 415 [enacting section 302(h) of Title 37, Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services] shall take effect as of July 1, 1980.

“(3) The amendments made by part B of title V shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 1980].

“(4) Part D of title VI shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 1980].”

Effective Date of 1968 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 90–623 intended to restate without substantive change the law in effect on Oct. 22, 1968, see section 6 of Pub. L. 90–623, set out as a note under section 5334 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Effective Date of 1962 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 87–649 effective Nov. 1, 1962, see section 15 of Pub. L. 87–649, set out as an Inconsistent Provisions note preceding section 101 of Title 37, Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services.

Effective Date of 1958 Amendment

Section 33(g) of Pub. L. 85–861 provided that: “This section [see Tables for classification] is effective as of August 10, 1956, for all purposes.”

Short Title of 1991 Amendment

Pub. L. 102–25, §1, Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 75, provided that: “This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Persian Gulf Conflict Supplemental Authorization and Personnel Benefits Act of 1991’.”

Short Title of 1987 Amendment

Section 1 of Pub. L. 100–26 provided that: “This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Defense Technical Corrections Act of 1987’.”

Short Title of 1981 Amendment

Section 1(a) of Pub. L. 97–22 provided that: “this Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Defense Officer Personnel Management Act Technical Corrections Act’.”

Short Title of 1980 Amendment

Section 1(a) of Pub. L. 96–513 provided that: “This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Defense Officer Personnel Management Act’.”

Savings Provision

Section 703 of Pub. L. 96–513 provided that: “Except as otherwise provided in this Act, the provisions of this Act and the amendments made by this Act [see Tables for classification] do not affect rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before the effective date of this Act [see Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note above].”

Laws in Suspended Status Prior to 1980 Amendment by Pub. L. 96–513

Section 702 of Pub. L. 96–513 provided that: “If a provision of law that is in a suspended status on the day before the effective date of this Act [see Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note above] is amended by this Act [see Tables for classification], the suspended status of that provision is not affected by that amendment.”

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Authority vested by this title in “military departments”, “the Secretary concerned”, or “the Secretary of Defense” to be exercised, with respect to Coast and Geodetic Survey [now commissioned officer corps of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration], by Secretary of Commerce or his designee, see section 857a of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters.

Public Health Service

Authority vested by this title in “military departments”, “the Secretary concerned”, or “the Secretary of Defense” to be exercised, with respect to commissioned officers of Public Health Service, by Secretary of Health and Human Services or his designee, see section 213a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

Coordination of Section 1070 of Pub. L. 103–337 With Other Provisions of Pub. L. 103–337

Section 1070(h) of Pub. L. 103–337 provided that: “For purposes of applying amendments made by provisions of this Act other than this section [see Tables for classification], this section shall be treated as having been enacted immediately before the other provisions of this Act.”

Coordination of Section 1182 of Pub. L. 103–160 With Other Provisions of Pub. L. 103–160

Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XI, §1182(h), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1774, provided that: “For purposes of applying the amendments made by provisions of this Act other than this section [see Tables for classification], this section shall be treated as having been enacted immediately before the other provisions of this Act.”

Coordination of Sections 1052, 1053, and 1054 of Pub. L. 102–484 With Other Provisions of Pub. L. 102–484

Section 1055 of Pub. L. 102–484 provided that: “For purposes of applying the amendments made by provisions of this Act other than sections 1052, 1053, and 1054 [see Tables for classification], those sections shall be treated as having been enacted immediately before the other provisions of this Act.”

Definitions for Purposes of Pub. L. 102–25

Pub. L. 102–25, §3, Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 77, as amended by Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title XII, §1203(a), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1508, provided that: “For the purposes of this Act [see Short Title of 1991 Amendment note above]:

“(1) The term ‘Operation Desert Storm’ means operations of United States Armed Forces conducted as a consequence of the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq (including operations known as Operation Desert Shield, Operation Desert Storm, and Operation Provide Comfort).

“(2) The term ‘incremental costs associated with Operation Desert Storm’ means costs referred to in section 251(b)(2)(D)(ii) of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (2 U.S.C. 901(b)(2)(D)(ii)).

“(3) The term ‘Persian Gulf conflict’ means the period beginning on August 2, 1990, and ending thereafter on the date prescribed by Presidential proclamation or by law.

“(4) The term ‘congressional defense committees’ has the meaning given that term in section 3 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1991 (Public Law 101–510; 104 Stat. 1498).”

Cross References

Army, see section 3001 of this title.

Enlistment, Army or Air Force, see sections 3251, 8251 of this title.

Partial mobilization, see section 10207 of this title.

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in title 5 sections 8331, 8401; title 14 section 423; title 18 section 232; title 33 sections 853o, 857–1; title 37 section 101; title 39 section 3401; title 42 sections 5170b, 7235, 12639; title 50 App. section 592.

CHAPTER 2—DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

        

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI, §1671(b)(1), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 3013, struck out item 115b “Annual report on National Guard and reserve component equipment”.

1992—Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title X, §1002(d)(1), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2480, struck out item 114a “Multiyear Defense Program: submission to Congress; consistency in budgeting”.

1990—Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §1402(a)(3)(B), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1674, which directed amendment of item 114a by substituting “Multiyear” for “Five-year”, was executed by substituting “Multiyear” for “Five-Year” as the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIII, §1331(1), title XIV, §1483(c)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1673, 1715, substituted “Personnel strengths: requirement for annual authorization” for “Annual authorization of personnel strengths; annual manpower requirements report” in item 115, added items 115a and 115b, and struck out items 117 “Annual report on North Atlantic Treaty Organization readiness” and 118 “Sale or transfer of defense articles: reports to Congress”.

1989—Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title XVI, §1602(a)(2), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1597, added item 114a.

1987—Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XI, §1132(a)(2), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1152, added item 119.

1986—Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §101(a)(1), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, added chapter heading and analysis of sections for chapter 2, consisting of items 111 to 118.

Chapter Referred to in Other Sections

This chapter is referred to in title 20 section 1087vv.

§111. Executive department

(a) The Department of Defense is an executive department of the United States.

(b) The Department is composed of the following:

(1) The Office of the Secretary of Defense.

(2) The Joint Chiefs of Staff.

(3) The Joint Staff.

(4) The Defense Agencies.

(5) Department of Defense Field Activities.

(6) The Department of the Army.

(7) The Department of the Navy.

(8) The Department of the Air Force.

(9) The unified and specified combatant commands.

(10) Such other offices, agencies, activities, and commands as may be established or designated by law or by the President.

(11) All offices, agencies, activities, and commands under the control or supervision of any element named in paragraphs (1) through (10).

(c) If the President establishes or designates an office, agency, activity, or command in the Department of Defense of a kind other than those described in paragraphs (1) through (9) of subsection (b), the President shall notify Congress not later than 60 days thereafter.

(Added Pub. L. 87–651, title II, §202, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 517, §131; renumbered §111 and amended Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §101(a)(2), (b), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, 995.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
131	5:171(a) (less last 10 words), (b).	July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §201(a) (less last 10 words), (b); restated Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §4 (1st (less last 10 words) and 2d pars.), 63 Stat. 579.

The words “There is established”, in 5 U.S.C. 171(a), are omitted as executed. 5 U.S.C. 171(b) (1st 26 words) is omitted as covered by the definitions of “department” and “military departments” in section 101(5) and (7), respectively, of this title. 5 U.S.C. 171(b) (27th through 49th words) is omitted as executed. 5 U.S.C. 171(b) (last 18 words) is omitted as surplusage.

Amendments

1986—Pub. L. 99–433 renumbered section 131 of this title as this section, designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), and added subsecs. (b) and (c).

Short Title of 1986 Amendment

Section 1(a) of Pub. L. 99–433 provided that: “This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986’.”

Commission on Roles and Missions of Armed Forces

Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title IX, subtitle E, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1738, as amended by Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title IX, §923(a)(1), (2), (b)–(d), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2830, 2831, provided that:

“SEC. 951. FINDINGS.

“Congress makes the following findings:

“(1) The current allocation of roles and missions among the Armed Forces evolved from the practice during World War II to meet the Cold War threat and may no longer be appropriate for the post-Cold War era.

“(2) Many analysts believe that a realignment of those roles and mission [sic] is essential for the efficiency and effectiveness of the Armed Forces, particularly in light of lower budgetary resources that will be available to the Department of Defense in the future.

“(3) The existing process of a triennial review of roles and missions by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff pursuant to provisions of law enacted by the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 [see Short Title of 1986 Amendment note above] has not produced the comprehensive review envisioned by Congress.

“(4) It is difficult for any organization, and may be particularly difficult for the Department of Defense, to reform itself without the benefit and authority provided by external perspectives and analysis.

“SEC. 952. ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMISSION.

“(a) Establishment.—There is hereby established a commission to be known as the Commission on Roles and Missions of the Armed Forces (hereinafter in this subtitle referred to as the ‘Commission’).

“(b) Composition and Qualifications.—(1) The Commission shall be composed of eleven members. Members of the Commission shall be appointed by the Secretary of Defense.

“(2) The Commission shall be appointed from among private United States citizens with appropriate and diverse military, organizational, and management experiences and historical perspectives.

“(3) The Secretary shall designate one of the members as chairman of the Commission.

“(c) Period of Appointment; Vacancies.—Members shall be appointed for the life of the Commission. Any vacancy in the Commission shall not affect its powers, but shall be filled in the same manner as the original appointment.

“(d) Initial Organizational Requirements.—(1) The Secretary shall make all appointments to the Commission within 45 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 30, 1993].

“(2) The Commission shall convene its first meeting within 30 days after the first date on which all members of the Commission have been appointed. At that meeting, the Commission shall develop an agenda and a schedule for carrying out its duties.

“SEC. 953. DUTIES OF COMMISSION.

“(a) In General.—The Commission shall—

“(1) review the efficacy and appropriateness for the post-Cold War era of the current allocations among the Armed Forces of roles, missions, and functions;

“(2) evaluate and report on alternative allocations of those roles, missions, and functions; and

“(3) make recommendations for changes in the current definition and distribution of those roles, missions, and functions.

“(b) Review of Potential Military Operations.—The Commission shall review the types of military operations that may be required in the post-Cold War era, taking into account the requirements for success in various types of operations. As part of such review, the Commission shall take into consideration the official strategic planning of the Department of Defense. The types of operations to be considered by the Commission as part of such review shall include the following:

“(1) Defense of the United States.

“(2) Warfare against other national military forces.

“(3) Participation in peacekeeping, peace enforcement, and other nontraditional activities.

“(4) Action against nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons capabilities in hostile hands.

“(5) Support of law enforcement.

“(6) Other types of operations as specified by the chairman of the Commission.

“(c) Commission To Define Broad Mission Areas and Key Support Requirements.—As a result of the review under subsection (b), the Commission shall define broad mission areas and key support requirements for the United States military establishment as a whole.

“(d) Development of Conceptual Framework for Organizational Allocations.—The Commission shall develop a conceptual framework for the review of the organizational allocation among the Armed Forces of military roles, missions, and functions. In developing that framework, the Commission shall consider—

“(1) static efficiency (such as duplicative overhead and economies of scale);

“(2) dynamic effectiveness (including the benefits of competition and the effect on innovation);

“(3) interoperability, responsiveness, and other aspects of military effectiveness in the field;

“(4) gaps in mission coverage and so-called orphan missions that are inadequately served by existing organizational entities;

“(5) division of responsibility on the battlefield;

“(6) exploitation of new technology and operational concepts;

“(7) the degree of disruption that a change in roles and missions would entail;

“(8) the experience of other nations; and

“(9) the role of the Army National Guard of the United States, the Air National Guard of the United States, and the other reserve components.

“(e) Recommendations Concerning Military Roles and Missions.—Based upon the conceptual framework developed under subsection (d) to evaluate possible changes to the existing allocation among the Armed Forces of military roles, missions, and functions, the Commission shall recommend—

“(1) the functions for which each military department should organize, train, and equip forces;

“(2) the missions of combatant commands; and

“(3) the roles that Congress should assign to the various military elements of the Department of Defense, including the Army National Guard of the United States, the Air National Guard of the United States, and the other reserve components.

“(f) Recommendations Concerning Civilian Elements of Department of Defense.—The Commission may address the roles, missions, and functions of civilian portions of the Department of Defense and other national security agencies to the extent that changes in these areas are collateral to changes considered in military roles, missions, and functions.

“(g) Recommendations Concerning Process for Future Changes.—The Commission shall also recommend a process for continuing to adapt the roles, missions, and functions of the Armed Forces to future changes in technology and in the international security environment.

“(h) Recommendations Concerning Reserve Components.—The Commission shall also address the roles, missions, and functions of the Army National Guard of the United States, the Air National Guard of the United States, and the other reserve components within the total force of the Armed Forces, particularly in light of lower budgetary resources that will be available to the Department of Defense in the future.

“(i) Recommendations Concerning Programs and Force Structure.—The Commission may also recommend changes that would better align programs and force structure with projected missions and threats.

“SEC. 954. REPORTS.

“(a) Implementation Plan.—Not later than three months after the date on which all members of the Commission have been appointed, the Commission shall transmit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives [now Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and Committee on National Security of the House of Representatives] a report setting forth its plan for the work of the Commission. The plan shall be developed following discussions with the Secretary of Defense, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the chairmen of those committees.

“(b) Commission Report.—The Commission shall, not later than one year after the date of its first meeting, submit to the committees named in subsection (a) and to the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff a report setting forth the activities, findings, and recommendations of the Commission, including any recommendations for legislation that the Commission considers advisable.

“(c) Action by Secretary of Defense.—The Secretary of Defense, after consultation with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, shall submit comments on the Commission's report to the committees referred to in subsection (b) not later than 90 days following receipt of the report.

“SEC. 955. POWERS.

“(a) Hearings.—The Commission or, at its direction, any panel or member of the Commission, may, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this subtitle, hold hearings, sit and act at times and places, take testimony, receive evidence, and administer oaths to the extent that the Commission or any panel or member considers advisable.

“(b) Information.—The Commission may secure directly from the Department of Defense and any other Federal department or agency any information that the Commission considers necessary to enable the Commission to carry out its responsibilities under this subtitle. Upon request of the chairman of the Commission, the head of such department or agency shall furnish such information expeditiously to the Commission.

“SEC. 956. COMMISSION PROCEDURES.

“(a) Meetings.—The Commission shall meet at the call of the chairman.

“(b) Quorum.—(1) Seven members of the Commission shall constitute a quorum, but a lesser number of members may hold hearings.

“(2) The Commission shall act by resolution agreed to by a majority of the members of the Commission.

“(c) Panels.—The Commission may establish panels composed of less than the full membership of the Commission for the purpose of carrying out the Commission's duties. The actions of each such panel shall be subject to the review and control of the Commission. Any findings and determinations made by such a panel shall not be considered the findings and determinations of the Commission unless approved by the Commission.

“(d) Authority of Individuals To Act for Commission.—Any member or agent of the Commission may, if authorized by the Commission, take any action which the Commission is authorized to take under this subtitle.

“SEC. 957. PERSONNEL MATTERS; EXPERT SERVICES.

“(a) Pay of Members.—Each member of the Commission shall be paid at a rate equal to the daily equivalent of the annual rate of basic pay payable for level V of the Executive Schedule under section 5316 of title 5, United States Code, for each day (including travel time) during which the member is engaged in the performance of the duties of the Commission. All members of the Commission who are officers or employees of the United States shall serve without pay in addition to that received for their services as officers or employees of the United States.

“(b) Travel Expenses.—The members of the Commission shall be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, at rates authorized for employees of agencies under subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5, United States Code, while away from their homes or regular places of business in the performance of services for the Commission.

“(c) Staff.—(1) The chairman of the Commission may, without regard to the provisions of title 5, United States Code, governing appointments in the competitive service, appoint a staff director and such additional personnel as may be necessary to enable the Commission to perform its duties. The appointment of a staff director shall be subject to the approval of the Commission.

“(2) The chairman of the Commission may fix the pay of the staff director and other personnel without regard to the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5, United States Code, relating to classification of positions and General Schedule pay rates, except that the rate of pay fixed under this paragraph for the staff director may not exceed the rate payable for level V of the Executive Schedule under section 5316 of such title and the rate of pay for other personnel may not exceed the maximum rate payable for grade GS–15 of the General Schedule.

“(d) Detail of Government Employees.—Upon request of the chairman of the Commission, the head of any Federal department or agency may detail, on a nonreimbursable basis, any personnel of that department or agency to the Commission to assist it in carrying out its duties.

“(e) Procurement of Temporary and Intermittent Services.—The chairman of the Commission may procure temporary and intermittent services under section 3109(b) of title 5, United States Code, at rates for individuals which do not exceed the daily equivalent of the annual rate of basic pay payable for level V of the Executive Schedule under section 5316 of such title.

“(f) FFRDC Support.—(1) Upon the request of the chairman of the Commission, the Secretary of Defense shall make available to the Commission, without reimbursement, the services of any federally funded research and development center that is covered by a sponsoring agreement of the Department of Defense. The cost of the services made available under this subsection may not exceed $20,000,000.

“(2) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any analytic support or related services provided by such a center to the Commission shall not be subject to any overall ceiling established by this or any other Act on the activities or budgets of such centers.

“SEC. 958. MISCELLANEOUS ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS.

“(a) Postal and Printing Services.—The Commission may use the United States mails and obtain printing and binding services in the same manner and under the same conditions as other departments and agencies of the Federal Government.

“(b) Miscellaneous Administrative and Support Services.—The Secretary of Defense shall furnish the Commission, on a reimbursable basis, any administrative and support services requested by the Commission.

“(c) Gifts.—The Commission may accept, use, and dispose of gifts or donations of services or property.

“(d) Travel.—To the maximum extent practicable, the members and employees of the Commission shall travel on military aircraft, military ships, military vehicles, or other military conveyances when travel is necessary in the performance of a responsibility of the Commission, except that no such aircraft, ship, vehicle, or other conveyance may be scheduled primarily for the transportation of any such member or employee when the cost of commercial transportation is less expensive.

“SEC. 959. PAYMENT OF COMMISSION EXPENSES.

“The compensation, travel expenses, and per diem allowances of members and employees of the Commission shall be paid out of funds available to the Department of Defense for the payment of compensation, travel allowances, and per diem allowances, respectively, of civilian employees of the Department of Defense. The other expenses of the Commission shall be paid out of funds available to the Department of Defense for the payment of similar expenses incurred by that Department.

“SEC. 960. TERMINATION OF THE COMMISSION.

“The Commission shall terminate on the last day of the sixteenth month that begins after the date of its first meeting, but not earlier than 30 days after the date of the Secretary of Defense's submission of comments on the Commission's report.”

[Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title IX, §923(a)(3), (4), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2830, provided that:

[“(3) The additional members of the Commission on Roles and Missions of the Armed Forces authorized by the amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending section 952(b)(1) of Pub. L. 103–160, set out above] shall be appointed by the Secretary of Defense not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 1994].

[“(4) At least one of the additional members of the Commission appointed pursuant to the amendment made by paragraph (1) shall have previous military experience and management experience with the reserve components.”]

Termination of Department of Defense Reporting Requirements Determined by Secretary of Defense To Be Unnecessary or Incompatible With Efficient Management of Department of Defense

Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XI, §1151, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1758, provided that:

“(a) Termination of Report Requirements.—Unless otherwise provided by a law enacted after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 30, 1993], each provision of law requiring the submittal to Congress (or any committee of Congress) of any report specified in the list submitted under subsection (b) shall, with respect to that requirement, cease to be effective on October 30, 1995.

“(b) Preparation of List.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a list of each provision of law that, as of the date specified in subsection (c), imposes upon the Secretary of Defense (or any other officer of the Department of Defense) a reporting requirement described in paragraph (2). The list of provisions of law shall include a statement or description of the report required under each such provision of law.

“(2) Paragraph (1) applies to a requirement imposed by law to submit to Congress (or specified committees of Congress) a report on a recurring basis, or upon the occurrence of specified events, if the Secretary determines that the continued requirement to submit that report is unnecessary or incompatible with the efficient management of the Department of Defense.

“(3) The Secretary shall submit with the list an explanation, for each report specified in the list, of the reasons why the Secretary considers the continued requirement to submit the report to be unnecessary or incompatible with the efficient management of the Department of Defense.

“(c) Submission of List.—The list under subsection (a) shall be submitted not later than April 30, 1994.

“(d) Scope of Section.—For purposes of this section, the term ‘report’ includes a certification, notification, or other characterization of a communication.

“(e) Interpretation of Section.—This section does not require the Secretary of Defense to review each report required of the Department of Defense by law.”

Report Provisions Previously Terminated by Goldwater-Nichols Act

Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIII, §1321, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1670, provided that section 1322 of Pub. L. 101–510, with respect to Goldwater-Nichols terminations, repeals certain provisions of law containing terminated report requirements and section 1323 of Pub. L. 101–510, with respect to such terminations, restores effectiveness of selected other provisions of law containing such requirements and described Goldwater-Nichols terminations for purposes of such repeals or restorations.

Restoration of Certain Reporting Requirements of Title 10 Terminated by Goldwater-Nichols Act

Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIII, §1323, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1672, restored effectiveness of following report and notification provisions previously terminated by section 602(c) of the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–433, formerly set out below: (1) the quarterly report required by section 127(c) of this title relating to emergency and extraordinary expenses, (2) the notifications required by section 2672a(b) of this title relating to urgent acquisitions of interests in land, (3) the notifications required by section 7308(c) of this title relating to the transfer or gift of obsolete, condemned, or captured vessels, and (4) the notifications required by section 7309(b) of this title relating to construction or repair of vessels in foreign shipyards.

Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986; Congressional Declaration of Policy

Section 3 of Pub. L. 99–433 provided that: “In enacting this Act [see Short Title of 1986 Amendment note above], it is the intent of Congress, consistent with the congressional declaration of policy in section 2 of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 401)—

“(1) to reorganize the Department of Defense and strengthen civilian authority in the Department;

“(2) to improve the military advice provided to the President, the National Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense;

“(3) to place clear responsibility on the commanders of the unified and specified combatant commands for the accomplishment of missions assigned to those commands;

“(4) to ensure that the authority of the commanders of the unified and specified combatant commands is fully commensurate with the responsibility of those commanders for the accomplishment of missions assigned to their commands;

“(5) to increase attention to the formulation of strategy and to contingency planning;

“(6) to provide for more efficient use of defense resources;

“(7) to improve joint officer management policies; and

“(8) otherwise to enhance the effectiveness of military operations and improve the management and administration of the Department of Defense.”

Reduction of Reporting Requirements

Section 602 of Pub. L. 99–433, as amended by Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XIII, §1314(a)(4), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1175; Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title II, §243, Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1402; Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIII, §1324, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1673; Pub. L. 102–83, §5(c)(2), Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 406, directed Secretary of Defense to compile a list of all provisions of law in effect on or after Oct. 1, 1986, and before Feb. 1, 1987, which require President or any official or employee of Department of Defense to submit a report, notification, or study to Congress or any committee of Congress and to submit this list not later than six months after Oct. 1, 1986, with any recommendation or draft of legislation to implement any changes in law recommended by the Secretary.

Legislation To Make Required Conforming Changes in Law

Section 604 of Pub. L. 99–433 directed Secretary of Defense, not later than six months after Oct. 1, 1986, to submit to Committees on Armed Services of Senate and House of Representatives a draft of legislation to make any technical and conforming changes to title 10, United States Code, and other provisions of law that are required or should be made by reason of the amendments made by Pub. L. 99–433.

Readiness Status of Military Forces of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Assessment, Findings, and Report to Congressional Committees

Pub. L. 96–107, title VIII, §808, Nov. 9, 1979, 93 Stat. 814, which directed Secretary of Defense to report annually to Congress on readiness of military forces of NATO, was repealed and restated as section 133a [now §117] of this title by Pub. L. 97–295, §§1(2)(A), 6(b), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1287, 1314.

Defense Manpower Commission

Pub. L. 93–155, title VII, §§701–708, Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 609–611, established the Commission; provided for its composition, duties, powers, compensation, staff, appropriations, and use of General Services Administration; and directed that interim reports to President and Congress be submitted and that Commission terminate 60 days after its final report which was to be submitted not more than 24 months after appointment of Commission.

Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard of United States; Study and Investigation of Relative Status; Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternatives; Modernization and Manpower Needs; Report to President and Congress

Pub. L. 93–155, title VIII, §810, Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 618, directed the Secretary of Defense to study the relative status of the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard of the United States; to measure the effects on costs and combat capability as well as other advantages and disadvantages of (1) merging the Reserve into the Guard, (2) merging the Guard into the Reserve, and (3) retaining the status quo; and to consider the modernization needs and manpower problems of both; and also directed that a report of such study be submitted to the President and to the Congress no later than Jan. 31, 1975.

REORGANIZATION PLAN NO. 6 OF 1953

Eff. June 30, 1953, 18 F.R. 3743, 67 Stat. 638, as amended Aug. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85–559, §10(b), 72 Stat. 521; Sept. 7, 1962, Pub. L. 87–651, title III, §307C, 76 Stat. 526

Prepared by the President and transmitted to the Senate and the House of Representatives in Congress assembled, April 30, 1953, pursuant to the provisions of the Reorganization Act of 1949, approved June 20, 1949, as amended [see 5 U.S.C. 901 et seq.].

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Section 1. Transfers of Functions

(a) All functions of the Munitions Board, the Research and Development Board, the Defense Supply Management Agency, and the Director of Installations are hereby transferred to the Secretary of Defense.

(b) The selection of the Director of the Joint Staff by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and his tenure, shall be subject to the approval of the Secretary of Defense.

(c) The selection of the members of the Joint Staff by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and their tenure, shall be subject to the approval of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

(d) The functions of the Joint Chiefs of Staff with respect to managing the Joint Staff and the Director thereof are hereby transferred to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Sec. 2. Abolition of Agencies and Functions

(a) There are hereby abolished the Munitions Board, the Research and Development Board, and the Defense Supply Management Agency.

(b) The offices of Chairman of the Munitions Board, Chairman of the Research and Development Board, Director of the Defense Supply Management Agency, Deputy Director of the Defense Supply Management Agency, and Director of Installations are hereby abolished.

(c) The Secretary of Defense shall provide for winding up any outstanding affairs of the said abolished agency, boards, and offices, not otherwise provided for in this reorganization plan.

(d) The function of guidance to the Munitions Board in connection with strategic and logistic plans as required by section 213(c) of the National Security Act of 1947, as amended [section 171h(c) of former Title 5], is hereby abolished.

Sec. 3. Assistant Secretaries of Defense

[Repealed. Pub. L. 85–599, §10(b), Aug. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 521, eff. six months after Aug. 6, 1958. Section authorized appointment of six additional Assistant Secretaries and prescribed their duties and compensation.]

Sec. 4. General Counsel

[Repealed. Pub. L. 87–651, title III, §307C, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 526. Section authorized appointment of a General Counsel for the Department of Defense. See section 140 of this title.]

Sec. 5. Performance of Functions

[Repealed. Pub. L. 87–651, title III, §307C, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 526. Section authorized the Secretary of Defense from time to time to make such provisions as he deemed appropriate authorizing the performance by any other officer, or by any agency or employee, of the Department of any function of the Secretary. See section 113 of this title.]

Sec. 6. Miscellaneous Provisions

(a) The Secretary of Defense may from time to time effect such transfers within the Department of Defense of any of the records, property, and personnel affected by this reorganization plan, and such transfers of unexpended balances (available or to be made available for use in connection with any affected function or agency) of appropriations, allocations, and other funds of such Department, as he deems necessary to carry out the provisions of this reorganization plan.

(b) Nothing herein shall affect the compensation of the Chairman of the Military Liaison Committee (63 Stat. 762).

Executive Order No. 12049

Ex. Ord. No. 12049, Mar. 27, 1978, 43 F.R. 13363, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 12107, Dec. 28, 1978, 44 F.R. 1055; Ex. Ord. No. 12608, Sept. 9, 1987, 52 F.R. 34617, which provided for establishment of Defense Economic Adjustment Program and continued the Economic Adjustment Committee, was superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12788, Jan. 15, 1992, 57 F.R. 2213, set out as a note under section 2391 of this title.

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in section 2304 of this title.

§112 . Department of Defense: seal

The Secretary of Defense shall have a seal for the Department of Defense. The design of the seal is subject to approval by the President. Judicial notice shall be taken of the seal.

(Added Pub. L. 87–651, title II, §202, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 517, §132; renumbered §112 and amended Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §§101(a)(2), 110(d)(1), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, 1002.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
132	5:171a(e).	July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §202(e); added Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §5 (10th par.), 63 Stat. 580.

Amendments

1986—Pub. L. 99–433 renumbered section 132 of this title as this section and substituted “Department of Defense: seal” for “Seal” in section catchline.

§113 . Secretary of Defense

(a) There is a Secretary of Defense, who is the head of the Department of Defense, appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. A person may not be appointed as Secretary of Defense within 10 years after relief from active duty as a commissioned officer of a regular component of an armed force.

(b) The Secretary is the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to the Department of Defense. Subject to the direction of the President and to this title and section 2 of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 401), he has authority, direction, and control over the Department of Defense.

(c) The Secretary shall report annually in writing to the President and the Congress on the expenditures, work, and accomplishments of the Department of Defense during the period covered by the report, together with—

(1) a report from each military department on the expenditures, work, and accomplishments of that department;

(2) itemized statements showing the savings of public funds, and the eliminations of unnecessary duplications, made under sections 125 and 191 of this title;

(3) a report from the Reserve Forces Policy Board on the reserve programs of the Department of Defense, including a review of the effectiveness of chapters 51, 337, 361, 363, 549, 573, 837, 861 and 863 of this title, as far as they apply to reserve officers; and

(4) such recommendations as he considers appropriate.

(d) Unless specifically prohibited by law, the Secretary may, without being relieved of his responsibility, perform any of his functions or duties, or exercise any of his powers through, or with the aid of, such persons in, or organizations of, the Department of Defense as he may designate.

(e)(1) The Secretary shall include in his annual report to Congress under subsection (c)—

(A) a description of the major military missions and of the military force structure of the United States for the next fiscal year;

(B) an explanation of the relationship of those military missions to that force structure; and

(C) the justification for those military missions and that force structure.

(2) In preparing the matter referred to in paragraph (1), the Secretary shall take into consideration the content of the annual national security strategy report of the President under section 108 of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 404a) for the fiscal year concerned.

(f) When a vacancy occurs in an office within the Department of Defense and the office is to be filled by a person appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, the Secretary of Defense shall inform the President of the qualifications needed by a person serving in that office to carry out effectively the duties and responsibilities of that office.

(g)(1) The Secretary of Defense, with the advice and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, shall provide annually to the heads of Department of Defense components written policy guidance for the preparation and review of the program recommendations and budget proposals of their respective components. Such guidance shall include guidance on—

(A) national security objectives and policies;

(B) the priorities of military missions; and

(C) the resource levels projected to be available for the period of time for which such recommendations and proposals are to be effective.

(2) The Secretary of Defense, with the approval of the President and after consultation with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, shall provide annually to the Chairman written policy guidance for the preparation and review of contingency plans. Such guidance shall include guidance on the specific force levels and specific supporting resource levels projected to be available for the period of time for which such plans are to be effective.

(h) The Secretary of Defense shall keep the Secretaries of the military departments informed with respect to military operations and activities of the Department of Defense that directly affect their respective responsibilities.

(i)(1) The Secretary of Defense shall transmit to Congress each year a report that contains a comprehensive net assessment of the defense capabilities and programs of the armed forces of the United States and its allies as compared with those of their potential adversaries.

(2) Each such report shall—

(A) include a comparison of the defense capabilities and programs of the armed forces of the United States and its allies with the armed forces of potential adversaries of the United States and allies of the United States;

(B) include an examination of the trends experienced in those capabilities and programs during the five years immediately preceding the year in which the report is transmitted and an examination of the expected trends in those capabilities and programs during the five years covered by the five-year defense program submitted to Congress during that year pursuant to section 114(g) ¹ of this title;

(C) include a description of the means by which the Department of Defense will maintain the capability to reconstitute or expand the defense capabilities and programs of the armed forces of the United States on short notice to meet a resurgent or increased threat to the national security of the United States;

(D) reflect, in the overall assessment and in the strategic and regional assessments, the defense capabilities and programs of the armed forces of the United States specified in the budget submitted to Congress under section 1105 of title 31 in the year in which the report is submitted and in the five-year defense program submitted in such year; and

(E) identify the deficiencies in the defense capabilities of the armed forces of the United States in such budget and such five-year defense program.

(3) The Secretary shall transmit to Congress the report required for each year under paragraph (1) at the same time that the President submits the budget to Congress under section 1105 of title 31 in that year. Such report shall be transmitted in both classified and unclassified form.

(j)(1) Not later than April 8 of each year, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services and Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and House of Representatives a report on the cost of stationing United States forces outside of the United States. Each such report shall include a detailed statement of the following:

(A) Costs incurred in the United States and costs incurred outside the United States in connection with the stationing of United States forces outside the United States.

(B) The costs incurred outside the United States in connection with operating, maintaining, and supporting United States forces outside the United States, including all direct and indirect expenditures of United States funds in connection with such stationing.

(C) The effect of such expenditures outside the United States on the balance of payments of the United States.

(2) Each report under this subsection shall be prepared in consultation with the Secretary of Commerce.

(3) In this subsection, the term “United States”, when used in a geographic sense, includes the territories and possessions of the United States.

(k) The Secretary of Defense, with the advice and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, shall provide annually to the Secretaries of the military departments and to the commanders of the combatant commands written guidelines to direct the effective detection and monitoring of all potential aerial and maritime threats to the national security of the United States. Those guidelines shall include guidance on the specific force levels and specific supporting resources to be made available for the period of time for which the guidelines are to be in effect.

(Added Pub. L. 87–651, title II, §202, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 517, §133; amended Pub. L. 96–513, title V, §511(3), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2920; Pub. L. 97–252, title XI, §1105, Sept. 8, 1982, 96 Stat. 739; Pub. L. 97–295, §1(1), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1287; renumbered §113 and amended Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §§101(a)(2), 102, 110(b)(2), (d)(2), title III, §301(b)(2), title VI, §603(b), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, 996, 1002, 1022, 1075; Pub. L. 100–26, §7(d)(1), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 280; Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XII, §1214, Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1157; Pub. L. 100–370, §1(o)(1), July 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 850; Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title VII, §731, title XI, §1101, Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2003, 2042; Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title XVI, §1622(c)(1), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1604; Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIII, §1322(a)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1671; Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title III, §341, Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1343; Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title X, §1070(a)(1), title XVI, §1671(c)(2), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2855, 3014.)

Amendment of Subsection (c)(3)

Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI, §§1671(c)(2), 1691(b)(1), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 3014, 3026, provided that, effective Oct. 1, 1996, subsection (c)(3) of this section is amended by substituting “chapters 1219 and 1401 through 1411 of this title” for “chapters 51, 337, 361, 363, 549, 573, 837, 861, and 863 of this title, as far as they apply to reserve officers”.

Historical and Revision Notes
1962 Act

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
133(a) 133(b) 133(c) 133(d)	5:171(a) (last 10 words). 5:171a(a). 5:171a(b). 5:171a(d). 5:171a-1. 5:171a(f). 5:171n(a) (as applicable to 5:171a(f)).	July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §§201(a) (last 10 words), 202(a),(b); restated Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §§4 (last 10 words of 1st par.), 5 (1st and 2d pars.), 63 Stat. 579, 580.
	[Uncodified: 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 6, §5, eff. June 30, 1953, 67 Stat. 639]. 5:171n(a).	July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §202(d); added Apr. 2, 1949, ch. 47, §1; restated Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §5 (9th par.); restated Aug. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85–599, §3(b), 72 Stat. 516.
		July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §202(f); added Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §5 (11th par.), 63 Stat. 581.
		July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §308(a) (as applicable to §202(f)), 61 Stat. 509.
		July 9, 1952, ch. 608, §257(e), 66 Stat. 497; Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1257, §702(c), 68 Stat. 1189.
		1953 Reorg. Plan No. 6, §5, eff. June 30, 1953, 67 Stat. 639.

In subsection (a), the last sentence is substituted for 5 U.S.C. 171a(a) (proviso).

In subsection (b), the words “this title and section 401 of title 50” are substituted for 5 U.S.C. 171a(b) (13th through 30th words of last sentence), since those words merely described the coverage of this title and section 401 of title 50.

In subsection (c), the words “during the period covered by the report” are inserted for clarity. The following substitutions are made: “under section 125 of this title” for “pursuant to the provisions of this Act” since 125 of this title relates to the duty of the Secretary of Defense to take action to save public funds and to eliminate duplication in the Department of Defense; and the last 22 words of clause (3) for 5 U.S.C. 171a–1 (last 13 words).

In subsection (d), section 5 of 1953 Reorganization Plan No. 6 is omitted as covered by 5 U.S.C. 171a(f).

1982 Act

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
133(e)	10:133 (note).	Oct. 7, 1975, Pub. L. 94–106, §812, 89 Stat. 540.

The words “prepare and” are omitted as surplus.

1988 Act

Subsection (k) is based on Pub. L. 100–202, §101(b) [title VIII, §8042], 101 Stat. 1329–69.

Section 8042 of the FY88 Defense Appropriations Act (Public Law 100–202) established a requirement for the Secretary of Defense to submit an annual report on the cost of stationing United States forces overseas. Under that section, the annual report is to be sent to the Committees on Appropriations of the two Houses. In codifying that section as section 113(k) of title 10, the committee added the two Armed Services Committees as committees to be sent the annual report. This minor change from the source law does not change the nature of the report to be submitted.

The committee notes that the source section does not specify the period of time to be covered by the report. In the absence of statutory language specifying the period to be covered by the report, it would seem reasonable to conclude that the report should cover the previous fiscal year. The committee notes, however, that the report of the Senate Appropriations Committee on its FY88 defense appropriations bill (S. Rpt. 100–235) states that this new annual report “should cover the budget years and the 2 previous fiscal years” (page 54). The committee believes that such a requirement may be unnecessarily burdensome and in any case, if such a requirement is intended, should be stated in the statute. In the absence of clear intent, the provision is proposed to be codified without specifying the period of time to be covered by the annual report.

In codifying this provision, the committee also changed the term “United States troops” in the source law to “United States forces” for consistency in usage in title 10 and as being preferable usage. No change in meaning is intended. The committee also changed “overseas” to “outside the United States” and defined “United States” for this purpose to include the territories and possessions of the United States. The committee was concerned that the term “overseas” read literally could include Hawaii or Guam, an interpretation clearly not intended in enacting section 8042. The committee notes that the Senate report referred to above states “For the purposes of this report [meaning the new DOD annual report], U.S. forces stationed overseas are considered to be those outside of the United States and its territories.”. The committee extrapolates from this statement that provisions in the report requirement relating to expenditures “overseas” and costs incurred “overseas” are also to be construed as relating to matters outside the United States and its territories and has prepared the codified provision accordingly.

References in Text

Section 114(g) of this title, referred to in subsec. (i)(2)(B), was repealed by Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title XVI, §1602(b), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1597.

Amendments

1994—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 103–337, §1070(a)(1), substituted “section 108” for “section 104”.

1991—Subsec. (i)(2)(C) to (E). Pub. L. 102–190 added subpar. (C) and redesignated former subpars. (C) and (D) as (D) and (E), respectively.

1990—Subsecs. (i) to (l). Pub. L. 101–510 redesignated subsecs. (j) to (l) as (i) to (k), respectively, and struck out former subsec. (i) which read as follows: “The Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a written report, not later than February 15 of each fiscal year, recommending the amount of funds to be appropriated to the Department of Defense for the next fiscal year for functions relating to the formulation and carrying out of Department of Defense policies on the control of technology transfer and activities related to the control of technology transfer. The Secretary shall include in that report the proposed allocation of the funds requested for such purpose and the number of personnel proposed to be assigned to carry out such activities during such fiscal year.”

1989—Subsec. (j)(2)(B). Pub. L. 101–189 substituted “five-year defense program” for “Five-Year Defense Program”.

1988—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 100–456, §731, designated existing provisions as par. (1), struck out provision requiring that each report be transmitted in both a classified and an unclassified form, and added pars. (2) and (3).

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 100–370 added subsec. (k).

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 100–456, §1101, added subsec. (l).

1987—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 100–26 inserted “(50 U.S.C. 404a)” after “National Security Act of 1947”.

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 100–180 added subsec. (j).

1986—Pub. L. 99–433, §110(d)(2), struck out “: appointment; powers and duties; delegation by” at end of section catchline.

Subsecs. (a) to (e). Pub. L. 99–443, §101(a)(2), redesignated subsecs. (a) to (e) of section 133 of this title as subsecs. (a) to (e) of this section.

Pub. L. 99–433, §301(b)(2), substituted “sections 125 and 191” for “section 125” in subsec. (c)(2).

Pub. L. 99–433, §603(b), amended subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (e) read as follows: “After consulting with the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives before February 1 of each year a written report on—

“(1) the foreign policy and military force structure for the next fiscal year;

“(2) the relationship of that policy and structure to each other; and

“(3) the justification for the policy and structure.”

Subsecs. (f) to (h). Pub. L. 99–433, §102, added subsecs. (f) to (h).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 99–433, §§101(a)(2), 110(b)(2), successively redesignated subsec. (h) of section 138 of this title as subsec. (h) of section 114 of this title and then as subsec. (i) of this section.

1982—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 97–295 added subsec. (e).

Subsec. (i) [formerly §138(h)]. Pub. L. 97–252, §1105, added subsec. (h). See 1986 Amendment note above.

1980—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–513 substituted “section 2 of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 401)” for “section 401 of title 50”.

Change of name

Committee on Armed Services of House of Representatives changed to Committee on National Security of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Jan. 4, 1995.

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Amendment by section 1671(c)(2) of Pub. L. 103–337 effective Oct. 1, 1996, see section 1691(b)(1) of Pub. L. 103–337, set out as an Effective Date note under section 10001 of this title.

Effective Date of 1980 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–513 effective Dec. 12, 1980, see section 701(b)(3) of Pub. L. 96–513, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Delegation of Functions

Functions of President under various sections delegated to Secretary of Defense, see Ex. Ord. No. 10621, July 1, 1955, 20 F.R. 4759, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 11294, Aug. 4, 1966, 31 F.R. 10601; see Ex. Ord. No. 10661, Feb. 27, 1956, 21 F.R. 1315; see Ex. Ord. No. 11390, Jan. 22, 1968, 33 F.R. 841; all set out as notes under section 301 of Title 3, The President.

Emergency Preparedness Functions

For assignment of certain emergency preparedness functions to Secretary of Defense, see Parts 1, 2, and 5 of Ex. Ord. No. 12656, Nov. 18, 1988, 53 F.R. 47491, set out as a note under section 2251 of Title 50, Appendix, War and National Defense.

Order of Succession

For order of succession in event of death, disability, or resignation of Secretary, see Ex. Ord. No. 12787, Dec. 31, 1991, 57 F.R. 517, set out as a note under section 3347 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Requirements for Automated Information Systems of Department of Defense

Section 381 of Pub. L. 103–337 provided that:

“(a) Determination Required.—(1) Not later than March 15 in each of 1995, 1996, and 1997, the Secretary of Defense shall—

“(A) determine whether each automated information system described in paragraph (2) meets the requirements set forth in subsection (b); and

“(B) take appropriate action to end the modernization or development by the Department of Defense of any such system that the Secretary determines does not meet such requirements.

“(2) An automated information system referred to in paragraph (1) is an automated information system—

“(A) that is undergoing modernization or development by the Department of Defense;

“(B) that exceeds $50,000,000 in value; and

“(C) that is not a migration system, as determined by the Enterprise Integration Executive Board of the Department of Defense.

“(b) Requirements.—The use of an automated information system by the Department of Defense shall—

“(1) contribute to the achievement of Department of Defense strategies for the use of automated information systems;

“(2) as determined by the Secretary, provide an acceptable benefit from the investment in the system or make a substantial contribution to the performance of the defense mission for which the system is used;

“(3) comply with Department of Defense directives applicable to life cycle management of automated information systems; and

“(4) be based on guidance developed under subsection (c).

“(c) Guidance for Use.—The Secretary of Defense shall develop guidance for the use of automated information systems by the Department of Defense. In developing the guidance, the Secretary shall consider the following:

“(1) Directives of the Office of Management and Budget applicable to returns of investment for such systems.

“(2) A sound, functional economic analysis.

“(3) Established objectives for the Department of Defense information infrastructure.

“(4) Migratory assessment criteria, including criteria under guidance provided by the Defense Information Systems Agency.

“(d) Waiver.—(1) The Secretary of Defense may waive the requirements of subsection (a) for an automated information system if the Secretary determines that the purpose for which the system is being modernized or developed is of compelling military importance.

“(2) If the Secretary exercises the waiver authority provided in paragraph (1), the Secretary shall include the following in the next report required by subsection (f):

“(A) The reasons for the failure of the automated information system to meet all of the requirements of subsection (b).

“(B) A determination of whether the system is expected to meet such requirements in the future, and if so, the date by which the system is expected to meet the requirements.

“(e) Performance Measures and Management Controls.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall establish performance measures and management controls for the supervision and management of the activities described in paragraph (2). The performance measures and management controls shall be adequate to ensure, to the maximum extent practicable, that the Department of Defense receives the maximum benefit possible from the development, modernization, operation, and maintenance of automated information systems.

“(2) The activities referred to in paragraph (1) are the following:

“(A) Accelerated implementation of migration systems.

“(B) Establishment of data standards.

“(C) Process improvement.

“(f) Reports.—Not later than March 15 in each of 1995, 1996, and 1997, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report on the establishment and implementation of the performance measures and management controls referred to in subsection (e)(1). Each such report shall also specify—

“(1) the automated information systems that, as determined under subsection (a), meet the requirements of subsection (b);

“(2) the automated information systems that, as determined under subsection (a), do not meet the requirements of subsection (b) and the action taken by the Secretary to end the use of such systems; and

“(3) the automated information systems that, as determined by the Enterprise Integration Executive Board, are migration systems.

“(g) Review by Comptroller General.—Not later than April 30, 1995, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to Congress a report that contains an evaluation of the following:

“(1) The progress made by the Department of Defense in achieving the goals of the corporate information management program of the Department.

“(2) The progress made by the Secretary of Defense in establishing the performance measures and management controls referred to in subsection (e)(1).

“(3) The progress made by the Department of Defense in using automated information systems that meet the requirements of subsection (b).

“(4) The report required by subsection (f) to be submitted in 1995.

“(h) Definitions.—In this section:

“(1) The term ‘automated information system’ means an automated information system of the Department of Defense described in the exhibits designated as ‘IT-43’ in the budget submitted to Congress by the President for fiscal year 1995 pursuant to section 1105 of title 31, United States Code.

“(2) The term ‘migration system’ has the meaning given such term in the document entitled ‘Department of Defense Strategy for Acceleration of Migration Systems and Data Standards’ attached to the memorandum of the Department of Defense dated October 13, 1993 (relating to accelerated implementation of migration systems, data standards, and process improvement).”

Department of Defense Policies and Procedures on Discrimination and Sexual Harassment

Section 532 of Pub. L. 103–337 provided that:

“(a) Report of Task Force.—(1) The Department of Defense Task Force on Discrimination and Sexual Harassment, constituted by the Secretary of Defense on March 15, 1994, shall transmit a report of its findings and recommendations to the Secretary of Defense not later than October 1, 1994.

“(2) The Secretary shall transmit to Congress the report of the task force not later than October 10, 1994.

“(b) Secretarial Review.—Not later than 45 days after receiving the report under subsection (a), the Secretary shall—

“(1) review the recommendations for action contained in the report;

“(2) determine which recommendations the Secretary approves for implementation and which recommendations the Secretary disapproves; and

“(3) submit to Congress a report that—

“(A) identifies the approved recommendations and the disapproved recommendations; and

“(B) explains the reasons for each such approval and disapproval.

“(c) Comprehensive DOD Policy.—(1) Based on the approved recommendations of the task force and such other factors as the Secretary considers appropriate, the Secretary shall develop a comprehensive Department of Defense policy for processing complaints of sexual harassment and discrimination involving members of the Armed Forces under the jurisdiction of the Secretary.

“(2) The Secretary shall issue policy guidance for the implementation of the comprehensive policy and shall require the Secretaries of the military departments to prescribe regulations to implement that policy not later than March 1, 1995.

“(3) The Secretary shall ensure that the policy is implemented uniformly by the military departments insofar as practicable.

“(4) Not later than March 31, 1995, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a proposal for any legislation necessary to enhance the capability of the Department of Defense to address the issues of unlawful discrimination and sexual harassment.

“(d) Military Department Policies.—(1) The Secretary of the Navy and the Secretary of the Air Force shall review and revise the regulations of the Department of the Navy and the Department of the Air Force, respectively, relating to equal opportunity policy and procedures in that Department for the making of, and responding to, complaints of unlawful discrimination and sexual harassment in order to ensure that those regulations are substantially equivalent to the regulations of the Department of the Army on such matters.

“(2) In revising regulations pursuant to paragraph (1), the Secretary of the Navy and the Secretary of the Air Force may make such additions and modifications as the Secretary of Defense determines appropriate to strengthen those regulations beyond the substantial equivalent of the Army regulations in accordance with—

“(A) the approved recommendations of the Department of Defense Task Force on Discrimination and Sexual Harassment; and

“(B) the experience of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps regarding equal opportunity cases.

“(3) The Secretary of the Army shall review the regulations of the Department of the Army relating to equal opportunity policy and complaint procedures and revise the regulations as the Secretary of Defense considers appropriate to strengthen the regulations in accordance with the recommendations and experience described in subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (2).

“(e) Report of Advisory Board.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall direct the Advisory Board on the Investigative Capability of the Department of Defense, established by the Secretary of Defense in November 1993, to include in its report to the Secretary (scheduled to be transmitted to the Secretary during December 1994)—

“(A) the recommendations of the Advisory Board as to whether the current Department of Defense organizational structure is adequate to oversee all investigative matters related to unlawful discrimination, sexual harassment, and other misconduct related to the gender of the victim; and

“(B) recommendations as to whether additional data collection and reporting procedures are needed to enhance the ability of the Department of Defense to respond to unlawful discrimination, sexual harassment, and other misconduct related to the gender of the victim.

“(2) The Secretary shall transmit to Congress the report of the Advisory Board not later than 15 days after receiving the report.

“(f) Performance Evaluation Standards for Members of the Armed Forces.—The Secretary of Defense shall ensure that Department of Defense regulations governing consideration of equal opportunity matters in evaluations of the performance of members of the Armed Forces include provisions requiring as a factor in such evaluations consideration of a member's commitment to elimination of unlawful discrimination or of sexual harassment in the Armed Forces.”

Annual Report on Personnel Readiness Factors by Race and Gender

Section 533 of Pub. L. 103–337 provided that:

“(a) Required Assessment.—The Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress an annual report on trends in recruiting, retention, and personnel readiness.

“(b) Data To Be Collected.—Each annual report under subsection (a) shall include the following information with respect to the preceding fiscal year for the active components of each of the Armed Forces under the jurisdiction of the Secretary (as well as such additional information as the Secretary considers appropriate):

“(1) The numbers of members of the Armed Forces temporarily and permanently nondeployable and rates of temporary and permanent nondeployability, displayed by cause of nondeployability, rank, and gender.

“(2) The numbers and rates of complaints and allegations within the Armed Forces that involve gender and other unlawful discrimination and sexual harassment, and the rates of substantiation for those complaints and allegations.

“(3) The numbers and rates of disciplinary proceedings, displayed (A) by offense or infraction committed, (B) by gender, rank, and race, and (C) by the categories specified in paragraph (2).

“(4) The retention rates, by gender, rank, and race, with an analysis of factors influencing those rates.

“(5) The propensity of persons to enlist, displayed by gender and race, with an analysis of the factors influencing those propensities.

“(c) Submission to Congress.—The Secretary shall submit the report under this section for any fiscal year as part of the annual Department of Defense posture statement provided to Congress in connection with the Department of Defense budget request for that fiscal year.

“(d) Initial Submission.—The first report under this section shall be submitted in connection with the Department of Defense budget request for fiscal year 1996 and shall include data, to the degree such data already exists, for fiscal years after fiscal year 1991.”

Victims’ Advocates Programs in Department of Defense

Section 534 of Pub. L. 103–337 provided that:

“(a) Establishment.—(1) The Secretary of Defense, acting through the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, shall revise policies and regulations of the Department of Defense with respect to the programs of the Department of Defense specified in paragraph (2) in order to establish within each of the military departments a victims’ advocates program.

“(2) Programs referred to in paragraph (1) are the following:

“(A) Victim and witness assistance programs.

“(B) Family advocacy programs.

“(C) Equal opportunity programs.

“(3) In the case of the Department of the Navy, separate victims’ advocates programs shall be established for the Navy and the Marine Corps.

“(b) Purpose.—A victims’ advocates program established pursuant to subsection (a) shall provide assistance described in subsection (d) to members of the Armed Forces and their dependents who are victims of any of the following:

“(1) Crime.

“(2) Intrafamilial sexual, physical, or emotional abuse.

“(3) Discrimination or harassment based on race, gender, ethnic background, national origin, or religion.

“(c) Interdisciplinary Councils.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall establish a Department of Defense council to coordinate and oversee the implementation of programs under subsection (a). The membership of the council shall be selected from members of the Armed Forces and officers and employees of the Department of Defense having expertise or experience in a variety of disciplines and professions in order to ensure representation of the full range of services and expertise that will be needed in implementing those programs.

“(2) The Secretary of each military department shall establish similar interdisciplinary councils within that military department as appropriate to ensure the fullest coordination and effectiveness of the victims’ advocates program of that military department. To the extent practicable, such a council shall be established at each significant military installation.

“(d) Assistance.—(1) Under a victims’ advocates program established under subsection (a), individuals working in the program shall principally serve the interests of a victim by initiating action to provide (A) information on available benefits and services, (B) assistance in obtaining those benefits and services, and (C) other appropriate assistance.

“(2) Services under such a program in the case of an individual who is a victim of family violence (including intrafamilial sexual, physical, and emotional abuse) shall be provided principally through the family advocacy programs of the military departments.

“(e) Staffing.—The Secretary of Defense shall provide for the assignment of personnel (military or civilian) on a full-time basis to victims’ advocates programs established pursuant to subsection (a). The Secretary shall ensure that sufficient numbers of such full-time personnel are assigned to those programs to enable those programs to be carried out effectively.

“(f) Implementation Deadline.—Subsection (a) shall be carried out not later than six months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 1994].

“(g) Implementation Report.—Not later than 30 days after the date on which Department of Defense policies and regulations are revised pursuant to subsection (a), the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives [now Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and Committee on National Security of the House of Representatives] a report on the implementation (and plans for implementation) of this section.”

Assistance to Family Members of Korean Conflict and Cold War POW/MIAs Who Remain Unaccounted For

Section 1031 of Pub. L. 103–337 provided that:

“(a) Single Point of Contact.—The Secretary of Defense shall designate an official of the Department of Defense to serve as a single point of contact within the department—

“(1) for the immediate family members (or their designees) of any unaccounted-for Korean conflict POW/MIA; and

“(2) for the immediate family members (or their designees) of any unaccounted-for Cold War POW/MIA.

“(b) Functions.—The official designated under subsection (a) shall serve as a liaison between the family members of unaccounted-for Korean conflict POW/MIAs and unaccounted-for Cold War POW/MIAs and the Department of Defense and other Federal departments and agencies that may hold information that may relate to such POW/MIAs. The functions of that official shall include assisting family members—

“(1) with the procedures the family members may follow in their search for information about the unaccounted-for Korean conflict POW/MIA or unaccounted-for Cold War POW/MIA, as the case may be;

“(2) in learning where they may locate information about the unaccounted-for POW/MIA; and

“(3) in learning how and where to identify classified records that contain pertinent information and that will be declassified.

“(c) Assistance in Obtaining Declassification.—The official designated under subsection (a) shall seek to obtain the rapid declassification of any relevant classified records that are identified.

“(d) Repository.—The official designated under subsection (a) shall provide all documents relating to unaccounted-for Korean conflict POW/MIAs and unaccounted-for Cold War POW/MIAs that are located as a result of the official's efforts to the National Archives and Records Administration, which shall locate them in a centralized repository.

“(e) Definitions.—For purposes of this section:

“(1) The term ‘unaccounted-for Korean conflict POW/MIA’ means a member of the Armed Forces or civilian employee of the United States who, as a result of service during the Korean conflict, was at any time classified as a prisoner of war or missing-in-action and whose person or remains have not been returned to United States control and who remains unaccounted for.

“(2) The term ‘unaccounted-for Cold War POW/MIA’ means a member of the Armed Forces or civilian employee of the United States who, as a result of service during the period from September 2, 1945, to August 21, 1991, was at any time classified as a prisoner of war or missing-in-action and whose person or remains have not been returned to United States control and who remains unaccounted for.

“(3) The term ‘Korean conflict’ has the meaning given such term in section 101(9) of title 38, United States Code.”

Plan Requiring Disbursing Officials of Department of Defense To Match Disbursements to Particular Obligations

Pub. L. 103–335, title VIII, §8137, Sept. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 2654, provided that:

“(a)(1) The Secretary of Defense shall develop a plan for establishing and implementing a requirement for disbursing officials of the Department of Defense to match disbursements to particular obligations before making the disbursements. The Secretary shall transmit the plan to Congress not later than March 1, 1995.

“(2) The Inspector General of the Department of Defense shall review the plan and submit the Inspector General's independent assessment of the plan to the congressional defense committees.

“(b)(1) Not later than July 1, 1995, the Secretary of Defense shall require that each disbursement by the Department of Defense in an amount in excess of $5,000,000 be matched to a particular obligation before the disbursement is made.

“(2) Not later than October 1, 1995, the Secretary of Defense shall require that each disbursement by the Department of Defense in an amount in excess of $1,000,000 be matched to a particular obligation before the disbursement is made.

“(c) The Secretary shall ensure that a disbursement in excess of the threshold amount applicable under subsection (b) is not divided into multiple disbursements of less than that amount for the purpose of avoiding the applicability of such subsection to that disbursement.

“(d) The Secretary of Defense may waive a requirement for advance matching of a disbursement of the Department of Defense with a particular obligation in the case of (1) a disbursement involving deployed forces, (2) a disbursement for an operation in a war declared by Congress or a national emergency declared by the President or Congress, or (3) a disbursement under any other circumstances for which the waiver is necessary in the national security interests of the United States, as determined by the Secretary and certified by the Secretary to the congressional defense committees.

“(e) This section shall not be construed to limit the authority of the Secretary of Defense to require that a disbursement not in excess of the amount applicable under subsection (b) be matched to a particular obligation before the disbursement is made.”

Notice to Congress of Proposed Changes in Combat Assignments to Which Female Members May Be Assigned

Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title V, §542, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1659, provided that:

“(a) In General.—(1) Except in a case covered by subsection (b), whenever the Secretary of Defense proposes to change military personnel policies in order to make available to female members of the Armed Forces assignment to any type of combat unit, class of combat vessel, or type of combat platform that is not open to such assignments, the Secretary shall, not less than 30 days before such change is implemented, transmit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives [now Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and Committee on National Security of the House of Representatives] notice of the proposed change in personnel policy.

“(2) If before the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 30, 1993] the Secretary made any change to military personnel policies in order to make available to female members of the Armed Forces assignment to any type of combat unit, class of combat vessel, or type of combat platform that was not previously open to such assignments, the Secretary shall, not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, transmit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives notice of that change in personnel policy.

“(b) Special Rule for Ground Combat Exclusion Policy.—(1) If the Secretary of Defense proposes to make any change described in paragraph (2) to the ground combat exclusion policy, the Secretary shall, not less than 90 days before any such change is implemented, submit to Congress a report providing notice of the proposed change.

“(2) A change referred to in paragraph (1) is a change that either—

“(A) closes to female members of the Armed Forces any category of unit or position that at that time is open to service by such members; or

“(B) opens to service by such members any category of unit or position that at that time is closed to service by such members.

“(3) The Secretary shall include in any report under paragraph (1)—

“(A) a detailed description of, and justification for, the proposed change to the ground combat exclusion policy; and

“(B) a detailed analysis of legal implication of the proposed change with respect to the constitutionality of the application of the Military Selective Service Act [50 App. U.S.C. 451 et seq.] to males only.

“(4) For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘ground combat exclusion policy’ means the military personnel policies of the Department of Defense and the military departments, as in effect on January 1, 1993, by which female members of the Armed Forces are restricted from assignment to units and positions whose mission requires routine engagement in direct combat on the ground.”

Gender-Neutral Occupational Performance Standards

Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title V, §543, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1660, provided that:

“(a) Gender Neutrality Requirement.—In the case of any military occupational career field that is open to both male and female members of the Armed Forces, the Secretary of Defense—

“(1) shall ensure that qualification of members of the Armed Forces for, and continuance of members of the Armed Forces in, that occupational career field is evaluated on the basis of common, relevant performance standards, without differential standards or evaluation on the basis of gender;

“(2) may not use any gender quota, goal, or ceiling except as specifically authorized by law; and

“(3) may not change an occupational performance standard for the purpose of increasing or decreasing the number of women in that occupational career field.

“(b) Requirements Relating To Use of Specific Physical Requirements.—(1) For any military occupational specialty for which the Secretary of Defense determines that specific physical requirements for muscular strength and endurance and cardiovascular capacity are essential to the performance of duties, the Secretary shall prescribe specific physical requirements for members in that specialty and shall ensure (in the case of an occupational specialty that is open to both male and female members of the Armed Forces) that those requirements are applied on a gender-neutral basis.

“(2) Whenever the Secretary establishes or revises a physical requirement for an occupational specialty, a member serving in that occupational specialty when the new requirement becomes effective, who is otherwise considered to be a satisfactory performer, shall be provided a reasonable period, as determined under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, to meet the standard established by the new requirement. During that period, the new physical requirement may not be used to disqualify the member from continued service in that specialty.

“(c) Notice to Congress of Changes.—Whenever the Secretary of Defense proposes to implement changes to the occupational standards for a military occupational field that are expected to result in an increase, or in a decrease, of at least 10 percent in the number of female members of the Armed Forces who enter, or are assigned to, that occupational field, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report providing notice of the change and the justification and rationale for the change. Such changes may then be implemented only after the end of the 60-day period beginning on the date on which such report is submitted.”

Foreign Language Proficiency Test Program

Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title V, §575, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1675, provided that:

“(a) Test Program.—The Secretary of Defense shall develop and carry out a test program for improving foreign language proficiency in the Department of Defense through improved management and other measures. The test program shall be designed to evaluate the findings and recommendations of—

“(1) the June 1993 inspection report of the Inspector General of the Department of Defense on the Defense Foreign Language Program (report numbered 93–INS–10);

“(2) the report of the Sixth Quadrennial Review of Military Compensation (August 1988); and

“(3) any other recent study of the foreign language proficiency program of the Department of Defense.

“(b) Evaluation of Prior Recommendations.—The test program shall include an evaluation of the following possible changes to current practice identified in the reports referred to in subsection (a):

“(1) Management of linguist billets and personnel for the active and reserve components from a Total Force perspective.

“(2) Improvement of linguist training programs, both resident and nonresident, to provide greater flexibility, to accommodate missions other than signals intelligence, and to improve the provision of resources for nonresident programs.

“(3) Centralized responsibility within the Office of the Secretary of Defense to provide coordinated oversight of all foreign language issues and programs, including a centralized process for determination, validation, and documentation of foreign language requirements for different services and missions.

“(4) Revised policies of each of the military departments to foster maintenance of highly perishable linguistic skills through improved management of the careers of language-trained personnel, including more effective use of language skills, improved career opportunities within the linguistics field, and specific linkage of language proficiency to promotions.

“(5) In the case of language-trained members of the reserve components—

“(A) the use of additional training assemblies (ATAs) as a means of sustaining linguistic proficiency and enhancing retention; and

“(B) the use of larger enlistment and reenlistment bonuses, Special Duty Assignment Pay, and educational incentives.

“(6) Such other management changes as the Secretary may consider necessary.

“(c) Evaluation of Adjustment in Foreign Language Proficiency Pay.—(1) The Secretary shall include in the test program an evaluation of adjustments in foreign language proficiency pay for active and reserve component personnel (which may be adjusted for purposes of the test program without regard to section 316(b) of title 37, United States Code).

“(2) Before any adjustment in foreign language proficiency pay is included in the test program as authorized by paragraph (1), the Secretary shall submit to the committees named in subsection (d)(2) the following information related to proficiency pay adjustments:

“(A) The response of the Secretary to the findings of the Inspector General in the report on the Defense Foreign Language Program referred to in subsection (a)(1), specifically including the following matters raised in that report:

“(i) Inadequate centralized oversight of planning, policy, roles, responsibilities, and funding for foreign language programs.

“(ii) Inadequate management and validation of the requirements process for foreign language programs.

“(iii) Inadequate uniform career management of language-trained personnel, including failure to take sufficient advantage of language skills and to recoup investment of training dollars.

“(iv) Inadequate training programs, both resident and nonresident.

“(B) The current manning of linguistic billets (shown by service, by active or reserve component, and by career field).

“(C) The rates of retention in the service for language-trained personnel (shown by service, by active or reserve component, and by career field).

“(D) The rates of retention by career field for language-trained personnel (shown by service and by active or reserve component).

“(E) The rates of language proficiency for personnel serving in linguistic billets (shown by service, by active or reserve component, and by career field).

“(F) Trends in performance ratings for personnel serving in linguistic billets (shown by service, by active or reserve component, and by career field).

“(G) Promotion rates for personnel serving in linguistic billets (shown by service, by active or reserve component, and by career field).

“(H) The estimated cost of foreign language proficiency pay as proposed to be paid at the adjusted rates for the test program under paragraph (1)—

“(i) for each year of the test program; and

“(ii) for five years, if those rates are subsequently applied to the entire Department of Defense.

“(3) The rates for adjusted foreign language proficiency pay as proposed to be paid for the test program under paragraph (1) may not take effect for the test program unless the senior official responsible for personnel matters in the Office of the Secretary of Defense determines that—

“(A) the foreign language proficiency pay levels established for the test program are consistent with proficiency pay levels for other functions throughout the Department of Defense; and

“(B) the terms and conditions for receiving foreign language proficiency pay conform to current policies and practices within the Department of Defense.

“(d) Report on Plan for Test Program.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall submit to the committees named in paragraph (2) a report containing a plan for the test program required in subsection (a), an explanation of the plan, and a discussion of the matters stated in subsection (c)(2). The report shall be submitted not later than April 1, 1994.

“(2) The committees referred to in paragraph (1) are—

“(A) the Committee on Armed Services and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives; and

“(B) the Committee on Armed Services and the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate.

“(e) Period of Test Program.—(1) The test program required by subsection (a) shall begin on October 1, 1994. However, if the report required by subsection (d) is not submitted by the date specified in that subsection for the submission of the report, the test program shall begin at the end of a period of 180 days (as computed under paragraph (2)) beginning on the date on which such report is submitted.

“(2) For purposes of paragraph (1), days on which either House is not in session because of an adjournment of more than 3 days to a day certain or because of an adjournment sine die shall be excluded in the computation of such 180-day period.

“(3) The test program shall terminate two years after it begins.”

Security Clearances

Section 1041 of Pub. L. 103–337 provided that:

“(a) In General.—The Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress, not later than 90 days after the close of each of fiscal years 1995 through 2000, a report concerning the denial, revocation, or suspension of security clearances for Department of Defense military and civilian personnel, and for Department of Defense contractor employees, for that fiscal year.

“(b) Matter To Be Included in Report.—The Secretary shall include in each such report the following information with respect to the fiscal year covered by the report (shown separately for members of the Armed Forces, civilian officers and employees of the Department of Defense, and employees of contractors of the Department of Defense):

“(1) The number of denials, revocations, and suspensions of a security clearance, including clearance for special access programs and for sensitive compartmented information.

“(2) For cases involving the denial or revocation of a security clearance, the average period from the date of the initial determination and notification to the individual concerned of the denial or revocation of the clearance to the date of the final determination of the denial or revocation, as well as the shortest and longest period in such cases.

“(3) For cases involving the suspension of a security clearance, the average period from the date of the initial determination and notification to the individual concerned of the suspension of the clearance to the date of the final determination of the suspension, as well as the shortest and longest period of such cases.

“(4) The number of cases in which a security clearance was suspended in which the resolution of the matter was the restoration of the security clearance, and the average period for such suspensions.

“(5) The number of cases (shown only for members of the Armed Forces and civilian officers and employees of the Department of Defense) in which an individual who had a security clearance denied or revoked remained a member of the Armed Forces or a civilian officer or employee, as the case may be, at the end of the fiscal year.

“(6) The number of cases in which an individual who had a security clearance suspended, and in which no final determination had been made, remained a member of the Armed Forces, a civilian officer or employee, or an employee of a contractor, as the case may be, at the end of the fiscal year.

“(7) The number of cases in which an appeal was made from a final determination to deny or revoke a security clearance and, of those, the number in which the appeal resulted in the granting or restoration of the security clearance.”

Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XI, §1183, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1774, provided that:

“(a) Review of Security Clearance Procedures.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall conduct a review of the procedural safeguards available to Department of Defense civilian employees who are facing denial or revocation of security clearances.

“(2) Such review shall specifically consider—

“(A) whether the procedural rights provided to Department of Defense civilian employees should be enhanced to include the procedural rights available to Department of Defense contractor employees;

“(B) whether the procedural rights provided to Department of Defense civilian employees should be enhanced to include the procedural rights available to similarly situated employees in those Government agencies that provide greater rights than the Department of Defense; and

“(C) whether there should be a difference between the rights provided to both Department of Defense civilian and contractor employees with respect to security clearances and the rights provided with respect to sensitive compartmented information and special access programs.

“(b) Report.—The Secretary shall submit to Congress a report on the results of the review required by subsection (a) not later than March 1, 1994.

“(c) Regulations.—The Secretary shall revise the regulations governing security clearance procedures for Department of Defense civilian employees not later than May 15, 1994.”

Investigations of Deaths of Members of Armed Forces From Self-Inflicted Causes

Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XI, §1185, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1774, provided that:

“(a) Secretary of Defense To Review Death Investigation Procedures.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall review the procedures of the military departments for investigating deaths of members of the Armed Forces that may have resulted from self-inflicted causes. The Secretary shall complete the review not later than June 30, 1994.

“(2) Not later than July 15, 1994, the Secretary shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives a report on the results of such review. The report may include any recommendations for legislation that the Secretary considers appropriate.

“(3) Not later than October 1, 1994, the Secretary shall prescribe regulations governing the investigation of deaths of members of the Armed Forces that may have resulted from self-inflicted causes. The regulations shall include a date by which the Secretaries of the military departments are required to implement the regulations.

“(b) Inspector General To Review Certain Death Investigations.—(1) Upon a request that meets the requirements of paragraph (3), the Inspector General of the Department of Defense shall review each investigation conducted by a Department of Defense investigative organization of the death of a member of the Armed Forces who, while serving on active duty during the period described in paragraph (2), died from a cause determined to be self-inflicted.

“(2) The period referred to in paragraph (1) is the period that—

“(A) begins on January 1, 1982; and

“(B) ends on the date specified in the regulations prescribed under subsection (a)(3) as the deadline for the implementation of such regulations by the Secretaries of the military departments.

“(3) Any of the family members of a member of the Armed Forces referred to in paragraph (1) may request a review under paragraph (1). The request must be received by the Secretary of the military department concerned not later than one year after the date referred to in paragraph (2)(B) and shall contain or describe specific evidence of a material deficiency in the previous investigation.

“(4) If the Inspector General determines that a previous investigation of a death was deficient in a material respect, the Inspector General shall conduct any additional investigation that the Inspector General considers necessary to determine the cause of that death.

“(5) The Inspector General shall submit to the Secretary of the military department concerned a report on the results of each review conducted under paragraph (1) and each additional investigation conducted under paragraph (4) as a result of that review.

“(6) The Secretary of the military department concerned, consistent with other applicable law, shall take such corrective actions with regard to matters contained in the report as the Secretary considers appropriate.

“(7) To the same extent that fatality reports may be furnished to family members under section 1072 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993 (Public Law 102–484; 106 Stat. 2508; 10 U.S.C. 113 note), the Inspector General, after consultation with the Secretary of the military department concerned, shall provide a copy of the Inspector General's report on the review of a death investigation to each of the family members who requested the review.

“(c) Definitions.—In this section:

“(1) The term ‘active duty’ has the meaning given such term in section 101(d)(1) of title 10, United States Code.

“(2) The term ‘family members’ has the meaning given such term in section 1072(c)(2) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993 (Public Law 102–484; 106 Stat. 2510; 10 U.S.C. 133 note [set out below]).

“(d) Applicability to Coast Guard.—The Secretary of Transportation shall implement with respect to the Coast Guard the requirements that are imposed by this section on the Secretary of Defense and the Inspector General of the Department of Defense.”

Program To Commemorate World War II

Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title III, §378, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2387, as amended by Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title III, §382(a), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2740, provided that:

“(a) In General.—The Secretary of Defense may, during fiscal years 1993 through 1996, conduct a program to commemorate the 50th anniversary of World War II and to coordinate, support, and facilitate other such commemoration programs and activities of the Federal Government, State and local governments, and other persons.

“(b) Use of Funds.—During fiscal years 1993 through 1996, funds appropriated to the Department of Defense for operation and maintenance of Defense Agencies shall be available to conduct the program referred to in subsection (a).

“(c) Program Activities.—The program referred to in subsection (a) may include activities and ceremonies—

“(1) to provide the people of the United States with a clear understanding and appreciation of the lessons and history of World War II;

“(2) to thank and honor veterans of World War II and their families;

“(3) to pay tribute to the sacrifices and contributions made on the home front by the people of the United States;

“(4) to foster an awareness in the people of the United States that World War II was the central event of the 20th century that defined the postwar world;

“(5) to highlight advances in technology, science, and medicine related to military research conducted during World War II;

“(6) to inform wartime and postwar generations of the contributions of the Armed Forces of the United States to the United States;

“(7) to recognize the contributions and sacrifices made by World War II allies of the United States; and

“(8) to highlight the role of the Armed Forces of the United States, then and now, in maintaining world peace through strength.

“(d) Authority of the Secretary.—(1) In connection with the program referred to in subsection (a), the Secretary of Defense may adopt, use, and register as trademarks and service marks, emblems, signs, insignia, or words. The Secretary shall have the exclusive right to use such emblems, signs, insignia or words, subject to the preexisting rights described in paragraph (3), and may grant exclusive or nonexclusive licenses in connection therewith.

“(2) Without the consent of the Secretary of Defense, any person who uses any emblem, sign, insignia, or word adopted, used, or registered as a trademark or service mark by the Secretary in accordance with paragraph (1), or any combination or simulation thereof tending to cause confusion, to cause mistake, to deceive, or to falsely suggest a connection with the program referred to in subsection (a), shall be subject to suit in a civil action by the Attorney General, upon complaint by the Secretary of Defense, for the remedies provided in the Act of July 5, 1946, as amended (60 Stat. 427; popularly known as the Trademark Act of 1945 [1946]) (15 U.S.C. 1051 et seq.).

“(3) Any person who actually used an emblem, sign, insignia, or word adopted, used, or registered as a trademark or service mark by the Secretary in accordance with paragraph (1), or any combination or simulation thereof, for any lawful purpose before such adoption, use, or registration as a trademark or service mark by the Secretary shall not be prohibited by this section from continuing such lawful use for the same purpose and for the same goods or services.

“(e) Establishment of Account.—(1) There is established in the Treasury of the United States an account to be known as the ‘Department of Defense 50th Anniversary of World War II Commemoration Account’ which shall be administered by the Secretary of Defense as a single account. There shall be deposited into the account all proceeds derived from activities described in subsection (d).

“(2) The Secretary may use the funds in the account established in paragraph (1) only for the purpose of conducting the program referred to in subsection (a).

“(3) Not later than 60 days after the termination of the authority of the Secretary to conduct the commemoration program referred to in subsection (a), the Secretary shall transmit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives [now Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and Committee on National Security of the House of Representatives] a report containing an accounting of all the funds deposited into and expended from the account or otherwise expended under this section, and of any amount remaining in the account. Unobligated funds which remain in the account after termination of the authority of the Secretary under this section shall be held in the account until transferred by law after the Committees receive the report.

“(f) Provision of Voluntary Services.—(1) Notwithstanding section 1342 of title 31, United States Code, the Secretary of Defense may accept from any person voluntary services to be provided in furtherance of the program referred to in subsection (a).

“(2) A person providing voluntary services under this subsection shall be considered to be an employee for the purposes of chapter 81 of title 5, relating to compensation for work-related injuries. Such a person who is not otherwise employed by the Federal Government shall not be considered to be a Federal employee for any other purposes by reason of the provision of such service.

“(3) The Secretary of Defense may provide for reimbursement of incidental expenses which are incurred by a person providing voluntary services under this subsection. The Secretary of Defense shall determine which expenses are eligible for reimbursement under this paragraph.”

Review of Military Flight Training Activities at Civilian Airfields

Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title III, §383, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2392, provided that:

“(a) Review Required.—The Secretary of Defense shall provide for a review of the practices and procedures of the military departments regarding the use of civilian airfields in flight training activities of the Armed Forces.

“(b) Purpose.—The purpose of the review is to determine whether the practices and procedures referred to in subsection (a) should be modified to better protect the public safety while meeting training requirements of the Armed Forces.

“(c) Special Requirement.—In the conduct of the review, particular consideration shall be given to the practices and procedures regarding the use of civilian airfields in heavily populated areas.”

Report on Actions To Reduce Disincentives for Dependents To Report Abuse by Members of Armed Forces

Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title VI, §653(d), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2429, provided that:

“(1) Not later than December 15, 1993, the Secretary of Defense shall transmit to the Congress a report on the actions taken and planned to be taken in the Department of Defense to reduce or eliminate disincentives for a dependent of a member of the Armed Forces abused by the member to report the abuse to appropriate authorities.

“(2) The actions considered by the Secretary should include the provision of treatment, child care services, health care services, job training, job placement services, and transitional financial assistance for dependents of members of the Armed Forces referred to in paragraph (1).”

Survivor Notification and Access to Reports Relating to Service Members Who Die

Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title X, §1072, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2508, provided that:

“(a) Availability of Fatality Reports and Records.—

“(1) Requirement.—The Secretary of each military department shall ensure that fatality reports and records pertaining to any member of the Armed Forces who dies in the line of duty shall be made available to family members of the service member in accordance with this subsection.

“(2) Information to be provided after notification of death.—Within a reasonable period of time after family members of a service member are notified of the member's death, but not more than 30 days after the date of notification, the Secretary concerned shall ensure that the family members—

“(A) in any case in which the cause or circumstances surrounding the death are under investigation, are informed of that fact, of the names of the agencies within the Department of Defense conducting the investigations, and of the existence of any reports by such agencies that have been or will be issued as a result of the investigations; and

“(B) are furnished, if the family members so desire, a copy of any completed investigative report and any other completed fatality reports that are available at the time family members are provided the information described in subparagraph (A) to the extent such reports may be furnished consistent with sections 552 and 552a of title 5, United States Code.

“(3) Assistance in obtaining reports.—(A) In any case in which an investigative report or other fatality reports are not available at the time family members of a service member are provided the information described in paragraph (2)(A) about the member's death, the Secretary concerned shall ensure that a copy of such investigative report and any other fatality reports are furnished to the family members, if they so desire, when the reports are completed and become available, to the extent such reports may be furnished consistent with sections 552 and 552a of title 5, United States Code.

“(B) In any case in which an investigative report or other fatality reports cannot be released at the time family members of a service member are provided the information described in paragraph (2)(A) about the member's death because of section 552 or 552a of title 5, United States Code, the Secretary concerned shall ensure that the family members—

“(i) are informed about the requirements and procedures necessary to request a copy of such reports; and

“(ii) are assisted, if the family members so desire, in submitting a request in accordance with such requirements and procedures.

“(C) The requirement of subparagraph (B) to inform and assist family members in obtaining copies of fatality reports shall continue until a copy of each report is obtained, or access to any such report is denied by competent authority within the Department of Defense.

“(4) Waiver.—The requirements of paragraph (2) or (3) may be waived on a case-by-case basis, but only if the Secretary of the military department concerned determines that compliance with such requirements is not in the interests of national security.

“(b) Review of Combat Fatality Notification Procedures.—

“(1) Review.—The Secretary of Defense shall conduct a review of the fatality notification procedures used by the military departments. Such review shall examine the following matters:

“(A) Whether uniformity in combat fatality notification procedures among the military departments is desirable, particularly with respect to—

“(i) the use of one or two casualty notification and assistance officers;

“(ii) the use of standardized fatality report forms and witness statements;

“(iii) the use of a single center for all military departments through which combat fatality information may be processed; and

“(iv) the use of uniform procedures and the provision of a dispute resolution process for instances in which members of one of the Armed Forces inflict casualties on members of another of the Armed Forces.

“(B) Whether existing combat fatality report forms should be modified to include a block or blocks with which to identify the cause of death as ‘friendly fire’, ‘U.S. ordnance’, or ‘unknown’.

“(C) Whether the existing ‘Emergency Data’ form prepared by members of the Armed Forces should be revised to allow members to specify provision for notification of additional family members in cases such as the case of a divorced service member who leaves children with both a current and a former spouse.

“(D) Whether the military departments should, in all cases, provide family members of a service member who died as a result of injuries sustained in combat with full and complete details of the death of the service member, regardless of whether such details may be graphic, embarrassing to the family members, or reflect negatively on the military department concerned.

“(E) Whether, and when, the military departments should inform family members of a service member who died as a result of injuries sustained in combat about the possibility that the death may have been the result of friendly fire.

“(F) The criteria and standards which the military departments should use in deciding when disclosure is appropriate to family members of a member of the military forces of an allied nation who died as a result of injuries sustained in combat when the death may have been the result of fire from United States armed forces and an investigation into the cause or circumstances of the death has been conducted.

“(2) Report.—The Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives a report on the review conducted under paragraph (1). Such report shall be submitted not later than March 31, 1993, and shall include recommendations on the matters examined in the review and on any other matters the Secretary determines to be appropriate based upon the review or on any other reviews undertaken by the Department of Defense.

“(c) Definitions.—In this section:

“(1) The term ‘fatality reports’ includes investigative reports and any other reports pertaining to the cause or circumstances of death of a member of the Armed Forces in the line of duty (such as autopsy reports, battlefield reports, and medical reports).

“(2) The term ‘family members’ means parents, spouses, adult children, and such other relatives as the Secretary concerned considers appropriate.

“(d) Applicability.—(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), this section applies with respect to deaths of members of the Armed Forces occurring after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 23, 1992].

“(2) With respect to deaths of members of the Armed Forces occurring before the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary concerned shall provide fatality reports to family members upon request as promptly as practicable.”

Limitation on Support for United States Contractors Selling Arms Overseas

Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title X, §1082, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2516, provided that:

“(a) Support for Contractors.—In the event that a United States defense contractor or industrial association requests the Department of Defense or a military department to provide support in the form of military equipment for any airshow or trade exhibition to be held outside the United States, such equipment may not be supplied unless the contractor or association agrees to reimburse the Treasury of the United States for—

“(1) all incremental costs of military personnel accompanying the equipment, including food, lodging, and local transportation;

“(2) all incremental transportation costs incurred in moving such equipment from its normally assigned location to the airshow or trade exhibition and return; and

“(3) any other miscellaneous incremental costs not included under paragraphs (1) and (2) that are incurred by the Federal Government but would not have been incurred had military support not been provided to the contractor or industrial association.

“(b) Department of Defense Exhibitions.—(1) A military department may not participate directly in any airshow or trade exhibition held outside the United States unless the Secretary of Defense—

“(A) determines that it is in the national security interests of the United States for the military department to do so; and

“(B) provides to the congressional defense committees at least 45 days before the opening of the airshow or trade exhibition a report detailing—

“(i) why the show or exhibition is in the national security interest;

“(ii) a description of the implications that promoting the sale of the weapons in question will have on arms control; and

“(iii) an estimate of any costs to be incurred.

“(2) The Secretary of Defense may not delegate the authority to make the determination referred to in paragraph (1)(A) below the level of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy.

“(c) Definition.—In this section, the term ‘incremental transportation cost’ includes the cost of transporting equipment to an airshow or trade exhibition only to the extent that the provision of transportation by the Department of Defense described in subsection (a)(2) does not fulfill legitimate training requirements that would otherwise have to be met.”

Overseas Military End Strength

Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title XIII, §1302, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2545, which provided that on and after Sept. 30, 1996, no appropriated funds may be used to support an end strength level of members of the Armed Forces of the United States assigned to permanent duty ashore in nations outside the United States at any level in excess of 60 percent of the end strength level of such members on Sept. 30, 1992, with exceptions in the event of declarations of war or emergency, was repealed and restated as section 123b of this title by Pub. L. 103–337, §1312(a), (c).

Reports on Overseas Basing

Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title XIII, §1304, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2546, as amended by Pub. L. 103–160, div. B, title XXIX, §2924(a), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1931, provided that:

“(a) Annual Report.—The Secretary of Defense shall, not later than March 31 of each year through 1997, submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives [now Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and Committee on National Security of the House of Representatives], either separately or as part of another relevant report, a report that specifies—

“(1) the stationing and basing plan by installation for United States military forces outside the United States;

“(2) the status of closures of United States military installations located outside the United States;

“(3) both—

“(A) the status of negotiations, if any, between the United States and the host government as to (i) United States claims for compensation for the fair market value of the improvements made by the United States at each installation referred to in paragraph (2), and (ii) any claims of the host government for damages or restoration of the installation; and

“(B) the representative of the United States in any such negotiations;

“(4) the potential savings to the United States resulting from such closures;

“(5) the cost to the United States of any improvements made at each installation referred to in paragraph (2) and the fair market value of such improvements, expressed in constant dollars based on the date of completion of the improvements;

“(6) in each case in which negotiations between the United States and a host government have resulted in an agreement for the payment to the United States by the host government of the value of improvements to an installation made by the United States, the amount of such payment, the form of such payment, and the expected date of such payment; and

“(7) efforts and progress toward achieving host nation offsets under section 1301(e) [106 Stat. 2545] and reduced end strength levels under section 1302 [set out above].

“(b) Report on Budget Implications of Overseas Basing Agreements.—Whenever the Secretary of Defense enters into a basing agreement between the United States and a foreign country with respect to United States military forces outside the United States, the Secretary of Defense shall, in advance of the signing of the agreement, submit to the congressional defense committees a report on the Federal budget implications of the agreement.”

Commission on Assignment of Women in Armed Forces

Sections 541–550 of Pub. L. 102–190 provided for the creation of a Commission on the Assignment of Women in the Armed Forces to assess the laws and policies restricting the assignment of female service members and the implications, if any, for the combat readiness of the Armed Forces of permitting female members to qualify for assignment to positions in some or all categories of combat positions, with a report to be submitted to the President no later than Nov. 15, 1992, and to the Congress no later than Dec. 15, 1992, containing recommendations as to what roles female members should have in combat and what laws and policies restricting such assignments should be repealed or modified, and further provided for powers and procedures of the Commission, personnel matters, payment of Commission expenses and other miscellaneous administrative provisions, termination of the Commission 90 days after submission of its final report, and test assignments of female service members to combat positions.

Requirements Relating to European Military Procurement Practices

Section 832 of Pub. L. 102–190 provided that:

“(a) European Procurement Practices.—The Secretary of Defense shall—

“(1) compute the total value of American-made military goods and services procured each year by European governments or companies;

“(2) review defense procurement practices of European governments to determine what factors are considered in the selection of contractors and to determine whether American firms are discriminated against in the selection of contractors for purchases by such governments of military goods and services; and

“(3) establish a procedure for discussion with European governments about defense contract awards made by them that American firms believe were awarded unfairly.

“(b) Defense Trade and Cooperation Working Group.—The Secretary of Defense shall establish a defense trade and cooperation working group. The purpose of the group is to evaluate the impact of, and formulate United States positions on, European initiatives that affect United States defense trade, cooperation, and technology security. In carrying out the responsibilities of the working group, members of the group shall consult, as appropriate, with personnel in the Departments of State and Commerce and in the Office of the United States Trade Representative.

“(c) GAO Review.—The Comptroller General shall conduct a review to determine how the members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization are implementing their bilateral reciprocal defense procurement memoranda of understanding with the United States. The Comptroller General shall complete the review, and submit to Congress a report on the results of the review, not later than February 1, 1992.”

Department of Defense Use of National Intelligence Collection Systems

Section 924 of Pub. L. 102–190 provided that:

“(a) Procedures for Use.—The Secretary of Defense, after consultation with the Director of Central Intelligence, shall prescribe procedures for regularly and periodically exercising national intelligence collection systems and exploitation organizations that would be used to provide intelligence support, including support of the combatant commands, during a war or threat to national security.

“(b) Use in Joint Training Exercises.—In accordance with procedures prescribed under subsection (a), the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff shall provide for the use of the national intelligence collection systems and exploitation organizations in joint training exercises to the extent necessary to ensure that those systems and organizations are capable of providing intelligence support, including support of the combatant commands, during a war or threat to national security.

“(c) Report.—Not later than May 1, 1992, the Secretary of Defense and the Director of Central Intelligence shall submit to the congressional defense committees, the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate, and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives a joint report—

“(1) describing the procedures prescribed under subsection (a); and

“(2) stating the assessment of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the performance in joint training exercises of the national intelligence collection systems and the Chairman's recommendations for any changes that the Chairman considers appropriate to improve that performance.”

Family Support Center for Families of Prisoners of War and Persons Missing in Action

Section 1083 of Pub. L. 102–190 provided that:

“(a) Request for Establishment.—The President is authorized and requested to establish in the Department of Defense a family support center to provide information and assistance to members of the families of persons who at any time while members of the Armed Forces were classified as prisoners of war or missing in action in Southeast Asia and who have not been accounted for. Such a support center should be located in a facility in the National Capital region.

“(b) Duties.—The center should be organized and provided with such personnel as necessary to permit the center to assist family members referred to in subsection (a) in contacting the departments and agencies of the Federal Government having jurisdiction over matters relating to such persons.”

Reports on Foreign Contributions and Costs of Operation Desert Storm

Pub. L. 102–25, title IV, Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 99, directed Director of Office of Management and Budget to submit to Congress a number of reports on incremental costs associated with Operation Desert Storm and amounts of contributions made to United States by foreign countries to offset those costs, with a final report due not later than Nov. 15, 1992, and directed Secretary of State and Secretary of the Treasury to jointly submit to Congress a number of reports on contributions made by foreign countries as part of international response to Persian Gulf crisis, with a final report due not later than Nov. 15, 1992.

Child Care Assistance to Families of Members Serving on Active Duty During Persian Gulf Conflict

Pub. L. 102–25, title VI, §601, Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 105, as amended by Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title X, §1063(d)(1), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1476; Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title X, §1053(8), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2502, provided that:

“(a) In General.—The Secretary of Defense may provide assistance for families of members of the Armed Forces and of members of the National Guard who served on active duty during the Persian Gulf conflict in order to ensure that the children of such families obtain needed child care services. The assistance authorized by this section should be directed primarily toward providing needed child care services for children of such personnel who are serving in the Persian Gulf area or who were otherwise deployed, assigned, or ordered to active duty in connection with Operation Desert Storm.

“(b) Authorization of Appropriations.—Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated from the Defense Cooperation Account for fiscal year 1991 under section 101(a) [105 Stat. 78], $20,000,000 shall be available to carry out the provisions of this section. The costs of carrying out such provisions are incremental costs associated with Operation Desert Storm.

“(c) Supplementation of Other Public Funds.—Funds appropriated pursuant to subsection (b) that are made available to carry out this section may be used only to supplement, and not to supplant, the amount of any other Federal, State, or local government funds otherwise expended or authorized for the support of child care programs for members of the Armed Forces.”

Family Education and Support Services to Families of Members Serving on Active Duty in Operation Desert Storm

Pub. L. 102–25, title VI, §602, Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 106, as amended by Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title X, §1063(d)(2), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1476, provided that:

“(a) In General.—The Secretary of Defense may provide assistance in accordance with this section to families of members of the Armed Forces and members of the National Guard who served on active duty during the Persian Gulf conflict in order to ensure that those families receive educational assistance and family support services necessary to meet needs arising out of Operation Desert Storm.

“(b) Types of Assistance.—The assistance authorized by this section may be provided to families directly or through the awarding of grants, contracts, or other forms of financial assistance to appropriate private or public entities.

“(c) Geographic Areas Assisted.—(1) Such assistance shall be provided primarily in geographic areas—

“(A) in which a substantial number of members of the active components of the Armed Forces of the United States are permanently assigned and from which a significant number of such members are being deployed, or have been deployed, in connection with Operation Desert Storm; or

“(B) from which a significant number of members of the reserve components of the Armed Forces ordered to, or retained on, active duty pursuant to section 672(a) [now 12301(a)], 672(d) [now 12301(d)], 673 [now 12302], 673b [now 12304], or 688 of title 10, United States Code, are being deployed, or have been deployed, in connection with Operation Desert Storm.

“(2) The Secretary of Defense shall determine which areas meet the criteria set out in paragraph (1).

“(d) Educational Assistance.—Educational assistance authorized by this section may be used for the furnishing of one or more of the following forms of assistance:

“(1) Individual or group counseling for children and other members of the families of members of the Armed Forces of the United States who have been deployed in connection with, or are casualties of, Operation Desert Storm.

“(2) Training and technical assistance to better prepare teachers and other school employees to address questions and concerns of children of such members of the Armed Forces.

“(3) Other appropriate programs, services, and information designed to address the special needs of children and other members of the families of members of the Armed Forces referred to in paragraph (1) resulting from the deployment, the return from deployment, or the medical or rehabilitation needs of such members.

“(e) Family Support Assistance.—Family support assistance authorized by this section may be used for the following purposes:

“(1) Family crisis intervention.

“(2) Family counseling.

“(3) Family support groups.

“(4) Expenses for volunteer activities.

“(5) Respite care.

“(6) Housing protection and advocacy.

“(7) Food assistance.

“(8) Employment assistance.

“(9) Child care.

“(10) Benefits eligibility determination services.

“(11) Transportation assistance.

“(12) Adult day care for dependent elderly and disabled adults.

“(13) Temporary housing assistance for immediate family members visiting soldiers wounded during Operation Desert Storm and receiving medical treatment at military hospitals and facilities in the United States.

“(f) Authorization of Appropriations.—Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated from the Defense Cooperation Account for fiscal year 1991 under section 101(a) [105 Stat. 78], $30,000,000 shall be available to carry out the provisions of this section. The costs of carrying out such provisions are incremental costs of Operation Desert Storm.”

Withholding of Payments to Indirect-Hire Civilian Personnel of Nonpaying Pledging Nations

Pub. L. 102–25, title VI, §608, Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 112, provided that:

“(a) General Rule.—Effective as of the end of the six-month period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 6, 1991], the Secretary of Defense shall withhold payments to any nonpaying pledging nation that would otherwise be paid as reimbursements for expenses of indirect-hire civilian personnel of the Department of Defense in that nation.

“(b) Nonpaying Pledging Nation Defined.—For purposes of this section, the term ‘nonpaying pledging nation’ means a foreign nation that has pledged to the United States that it will make contributions to assist the United States in defraying the incremental costs of Operation Desert Shield and which has not paid to the United States the full amount so pledged.

“(c) Release of Withheld Amounts.—When a nation affected by subsection (a) has paid to the United States the full amount pledged, the Secretary of Defense shall release the amounts withheld from payment pursuant to subsection (a).

“(d) Waiver Authority.—The Secretary of Defense may waive the requirement in subsection (a) upon certification to Congress that the waiver is required in the national security interests of the United States.”

Programming Language for Department of Defense Software

Pub. L. 102–396, title IX, §9070, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1918, provided that: “Notwithstanding any other provision of law, where cost effective, all Department of Defense software shall be written in the programming language Ada, in the absence of special exemption by an official designated by the Secretary of Defense.”

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts:

Pub. L. 102–172, title VIII, §8073, Nov. 26, 1991, 105 Stat. 1188.

Pub. L. 101–511, title VIII, §8092, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1896.

Contributions by Japan to Support of United States Forces in Japan

Pub. L. 101–511, title VIII, §8105, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1902, as amended by Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title X, §1063(b), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1476, provided that:

“(a) Permanent Ceiling on United States Armed Forces in Japan.—After September 30, 1990, funds appropriated pursuant to an appropriation contained in this Act or any subsequent Act may not be used to support an end strength level of all personnel of the Armed Forces of the United States stationed in Japan at any level in excess of 50,000.

“(b) Annual Reduction in Ceiling Unless Support Furnished.—Unless the President certifies to Congress before the end of each fiscal year that Japan has agreed to offset for that fiscal year the direct costs incurred by the United States related to the presence of all United States military personnel in Japan, excluding the military personnel title costs, the end strength level for that fiscal year of all personnel of the Armed Forces of the United States stationed in Japan may not exceed the number that is 5,000 less than such end strength level for the preceding fiscal year.

“(c) Sense of Congress.—It is the sense of Congress that all those countries that share the benefits of international security and stability should share in the responsibility for that stability and security commensurate with their national capabilities. The Congress also recognizes that Japan has made a substantial pledge of financial support to the effort to support the United Nations Security Council resolutions on Iraq. The Congress also recognizes that Japan has a greater economic capability to contribute to international security and stability than any other member of the international community and wishes to encourage Japan to contribute commensurate with that capability.

“(d) Exceptions.—(1) This section shall not apply in the event of a declaration of war or an armed attack on Japan.

“(2) The President may waive the limitation in this section for any fiscal year if he declares that it is in the national interest to do so and immediately informs Congress of the waiver and the reasons for the waiver.

“(e) Effective Date.—This section shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 5, 1990].”

Section 1455 of Pub. L. 101–510 provided that:

“(a) Purpose.—It is the purpose of this section to require Japan to offset the direct costs (other than pay and allowances for United States military and civilian personnel) incurred by the United States related to the presence of United States military personnel in Japan.

“(b) Permanent Ceiling on United States Armed Forces in Japan.—Funds appropriated pursuant to an authorization contained in this Act or any subsequent Act may not be used to support an end strength level of all personnel of the Armed Forces of the United States stationed in Japan at any level in excess of 50,000.

“(c) Sense of Congress on Allied Burden Sharing.—(1) Congress recognizes that Japan has made a substantial pledge of financial support to the effort to support the United Nations Security Council resolutions on Iraq.

“(2) It is the sense of Congress that—

“(A) all countries that share the benefits of international security and stability should, commensurate with their national capabilities, share in the responsibility for maintaining that security and stability; and

“(B) given the economic capability of Japan to contribute to international security and stability, Japan should make contributions commensurate with that capability.

“(d) Negotiations.—At the earliest possible date after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 5, 1990], the President shall enter into negotiations with Japan for the purpose of achieving an agreement before September 30, 1991, under which Japan offsets all direct costs (other than pay and allowances for United States military and civilian personnel) incurred by the United States related to the presence of all United States military personnel stationed in Japan.

“(e) Exceptions.—(1) This section shall not apply in the event of a declaration of war or an armed attack on Japan.

“(2) This section may be waived by the President if the President—

“(A) declares an emergency or determines that such a waiver is required by the national security interests of the United States; and

“(B) immediately informs the Congress of the waiver and the reasons for the waiver.”

National Military Strategy Reports

Section 901 of Pub. L. 101–510 provided that:

“(a) Reports by the Secretary of Defense.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a national military strategy report during each of fiscal years 1992, 1993, and 1994. Each such report shall be submitted with the Secretary's annual report to Congress for that year under section 113(j) of title 10, United States Code.

“(b) Matters To Be Covered in Reports.—Each such report shall cover a period of at least ten years and shall address the following:

“(1) The threats facing the United States and its allies.

“(2) The degree to which military forces can contribute to the achievement of national objectives.

“(3) The strategic military plan for applying those forces to the achievement of national objectives.

“(4) The risk to the national security of the United States and its allies that ensues.

“(5) The organization and structure of military forces to implement the strategy.

“(6) The broad mission areas for various components of the forces and the broad support requirements to implement the strategy.

“(7) The functions for which each military department should organize, train, and equip forces for the combatant commands responsible for implementing the strategy.

“(8) The priorities assigned to major weapons and equipment acquisitions and to research and development programs in order to fill the needs and eliminate deficiencies of the combatant commands.

“(c) Relationship of Plans to Budget.—The strategic military plans and other matters covered by each report shall be fiscally constrained and shall relate to the current Department of Defense Multiyear Defense Plan and resource levels projected by the Secretary of Defense to be available over the period covered by the report.

“(d) Effects of Alternative Budget Levels.—Each such report shall also include an assessment of the effect on the risk and the other components of subsection (b) in the event that (1) an additional $50,000,000,000 is available in budget authority in the fiscal year which is addressed by the budget request that the report accompanies, and (2) budget authority for that fiscal year is reduced by $50,000,000,000. For these assessments the Secretary of Defense shall make appropriate assumptions about the funds available for the remainder of the period covered by the report.

“(e) Role of Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff.—In accordance with his role as principal military adviser to the Secretary of Defense, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff shall participate fully in the development of each such report. The Secretary of Defense shall provide the Chairman such additional guidance as is necessary to enable the Chairman to develop and recommend fiscally constrained strategic plans for the Secretary's consideration in accordance with section 153(a)(2) of title 10, United States Code. In accordance with additional responsibilities of the Chairman set out in section 153, the Chairman shall provide recommendations to the Secretary on the other components of paragraph (2).

“(f) Classification of Reports.—The reports submitted to Congress under subsection (a) shall be submitted in both classified and (to the extent practicable) unclassified versions.”

Annual Report on Balanced Technology Initiative

Section 211(e) of Pub. L. 101–189 provided that: “Not later than March 15 of each year, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the congressional defense committees a report on the Balanced Technology Initiative and related matters. Each such report shall include the following:

“(1) A current assessment of the extent to which advanced technologies can be used to exploit potential vulnerabilities of hostile threats to the national security of the United States.

“(2) Identification of each program, project, and activity being pursued under the Balanced Technology Initiative and, with respect to each such program, project, and activity, the amount made available pursuant to this section and the source of such amount.

“(3) For each program, project, and activity for which funds are made available pursuant to this section, a five-year funding plan that (A) provides for the allocation of sufficient resources to maintain adequate progress in research and development under such program, project, or activity, and (B) specifies the major programmatic and technical milestones and the schedule for achieving those milestones.

“(4) The status of each program, project, and activity being pursued under the Balanced Technology Initiative.

“(5) Identification of other on-going or potential research and development programs, projects, and activities not currently provided for under this section that should be considered for inclusion under the Balanced Technology Initiative in order to improve conventional defense capabilities.

“(6) Identification of the most critical technologies for the successful development of existing or potential Balanced Technology Initiative programs, projects, and activities and an assessment of the current status of those technologies.”

Military Relocation Assistance Programs

Section 661 of Pub. L. 101–189, which related to establishment by Secretary of Defense of programs to provide relocation assistance to members of Armed Forces and their families, was repealed and restated in section 1056 of this title by Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §1481(c)(1), (3), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1705.

Military Child Care

Title XV of div. A of Pub. L. 101–189 provided that:

“SEC. 1501. SHORT TITLE; DEFINITIONS

“(a) Short Title.—This title may be cited as the ‘Military Child Care Act of 1989’.

“(b) Definitions.—For purposes of this title:

“(1) The term ‘military child development center’ means a facility on a military installation (or on property under the jurisdiction of the commander of a military installation) at which child care services are provided for members of the Armed Forces or any other facility at which such child care services are provided that is operated by the Secretary of a military department.

“(2) The term ‘family home day care’ means home-based child care services that are provided for members of the Armed Forces by an individual who (A) is certified by the Secretary of the military department concerned as qualified to provide those services, and (B) provides those services on a regular basis for compensation.

“(3) The term ‘child care employee’ means a civilian employee of the Department of Defense who is employed to work in a military child development center (regardless of whether the employee is paid from appropriated funds or nonappropriated funds).

“(4) The term ‘child care fee receipts’ means those nonappropriated funds that are derived from fees paid by members of the Armed Forces for child care services provided at military child development centers.

“SEC. 1502. FUNDING FOR MILITARY CHILD CARE FOR FISCAL YEAR 1990

“(a) Fiscal Year 1990 Funding.—(1) It is the policy of Congress that the amount of appropriated funds available during fiscal year 1990 for operating expenses for military child development centers shall not be less than the amount of child care fee receipts that are estimated to be received by the Department of Defense during that fiscal year. Of the amount authorized to be appropriated for the Department of Defense for fiscal year 1990, $102,000,000 shall be available for operating expenses for military child development centers.

“(2) In addition to the amount referred to in paragraph (1), $26,000,000 shall be available for child care and child-related services of the Department other than military child development centers.

“(3) In using the funds referred to in paragraph (1), the Secretary shall give priority to—

“(A) increasing the number of child care employees who are directly involved in providing child care for members of the Armed Forces; and

“(B) expanding the availability of child care for members of the Armed Forces.

“(b) Funds Derived From Parent Fees To Be Used for Employee Compensation and Other Child Care Services.—(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), child care fee receipts may be used during fiscal year 1990 only for compensation of child care employees who are directly involved in providing child care.

“(2) If the Secretary of Defense determines that compliance with the limitation in paragraph (1) would result in an uneconomical and inefficient use of such fee receipts, the Secretary may (to the extent that such compliance would be uneconomical and inefficient) use such receipts—

“(A) first, for the purchase of consumable or disposable items for military child development centers; and

“(B) if the requirements of such centers for consumable or disposable items for fiscal year 1990 have been met, for other expenses of those centers.

“(c) Report.—(1) Not later than December 31, 1989, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives a report on how the Secretary intends to use the funds referred to in subsection (a), including how the Secretary intends to achieve the priorities specified in paragraph (3) of that subsection.

“(2) If at the time such report is submitted the Secretary proposes to use the authority provided by subsection (b)(2), the Secretary shall include in the report under paragraph (1) a description of the use proposed to be made of that authority and a statement of the reasons why the Secretary determined that compliance with the limitation in subsection (b)(1) would result in an uneconomical and inefficient use of child care fee receipts, together with supporting cost information and other information justifying the determination.

“(3) If the Secretary uses such authority after December 31, 1989, the Secretary shall promptly inform the committees of the use of the authority and of the reasons for its use.

“SEC. 1503. CHILD CARE EMPLOYEES

“(a) Required Training.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall establish, and prescribe regulations to implement, a training program for child care employees. Those regulations shall apply uniformly among the military departments. Subject to paragraph (2), satisfactory completion of the training program shall be a condition of employment of any person as a child care employee.

“(2) Under those regulations, the Secretary shall require that each child care employee complete the training program not later than six months after the date on which the employee is employed as a child care employee (except that, in the case of a child care employee hired before the date on which the training program is established, the Secretary shall require that the employee complete the program not later than six months after that date).

“(3) The training program established under this subsection shall cover, at a minimum, training in the following:

“(A) Early childhood development.

“(B) Activities and disciplinary techniques appropriate to children of different ages.

“(C) Child abuse prevention and detection.

“(D) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and other emergency medical procedures.

“(b) Training and Curriculum Specialists.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall require that at least one employee at each military child development center be a specialist in training and curriculum development. The Secretary shall ensure that such employees have appropriate credentials and experience.

“(2) The duties of such employees shall include the following:

“(A) Special teaching activities at the center.

“(B) Daily oversight and instruction of other child care employees at the center.

“(C) Daily assistance in the preparation of lesson plans.

“(D) Assistance in the center's child abuse prevention and detection program.

“(E) Advising the director of the center on the performance of other child care employees.

“(3) Each employee referred to in paragraph (1) shall be an employee in a competitive service position.

“(c) Program To Test Competitive Rates of Pay.—(1) For the purpose of improving the capability of the Department of Defense to provide military child development centers with a qualified and stable civilian workforce, the Secretary of Defense shall conduct a program as provided in this subsection to increase the compensation of child care employees. The Secretary shall begin the program not later than six months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1989]. The program shall be in effect for a period of at least two years.

“(2) The program shall apply to all child care employees who—

“(A) are directly involved in providing child care; and

“(B) are paid from nonappropriated funds.

“(3) Under the program, child care employees at a military installation who are described in paragraph (2) shall be paid—

“(A) in the case of entry-level employees, at rates of pay competitive with the rates of pay paid to other entry-level employees at that installation who are drawn from the same labor pool; and

“(B) in the case of other employees, at rates of pay substantially equivalent to the rates of pay paid to other employees at that installation with similar training, seniority, and experience.

“(d) Employment Preference Test Program for Military Spouses.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall conduct a test program under which qualified spouses of members of the Armed Forces shall be given a preference in hiring for the position of child care employee in a position paid from nonappropriated funds if the spouse is among persons determined to be best qualified for the position. A spouse who is provided a preference under this subsection at a military child development center may not be precluded from obtaining another preference, in accordance with section 806 of the Military Family Act of 1985 [Pub. L. 99–145] (10 U.S.C. 113 note), in the same geographical area as the military child development center.

“(2) The test program under this subsection shall run concurrently with the program under subsection (c).

“(e) Report on Compensation and Spouse Employment Preference Programs.—Not later than March 1, 1991, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives a report on the programs under subsections (c) and (d). The report shall include the findings of the Secretary concerning the effect of each of the programs on the quality of child care provided in military child development centers and the effect of the spouse employment preference program on employee turnover at such centers.

“(f) Additional Child Care Positions.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall make available for child care programs of the Department of Defense, not later than September 30, 1990, at least 1,000 competitive service positions in addition to the number of competitive service positions in such programs as of September 30, 1989. During fiscal year 1991, the Secretary shall make available to child care programs of the Department additional competitive service positions so that the number of competitive service positions in such programs as of September 30, 1991, is at least 3,700 greater than the number of competitive service positions in such programs as of September 30, 1989.

“(2) The Secretary may waive the increase otherwise required by the second sentence of paragraph (1) to the extent that the Secretary determines that such increase is not executable. If the Secretary issues such a waiver, the Secretary shall promptly submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives a report on the waiver. Any such report shall specify the number of such positions waived and the reasons for the waiver.

“(3) The additional positions provided for in paragraph (1), and the workyears associated with those positions, that are used outside the United States shall not be counted for purpose of applying any limitation on the total number of positions or workyears, respectively, available to the Department of Defense outside the United States (or any limitation on the availability of appropriated funds for such positions or workyears for any fiscal year).

“(g) Competitive Service Position Defined.—For purposes of this section, the term ‘competitive service position’ means a position in the competitive service, as defined in section 2102(a)(1) of title 5, United States Code.

“SEC. 1504. PARENT FEES

“The Secretary of Defense shall prescribe regulations establishing fees to be charged parents for the attendance of children at military child development centers. Those regulations shall be uniform for the military departments and shall require that, in the case of children who attend the centers on a regular basis, the fees shall be based on family income.

“SEC. 1505. CHILD ABUSE PREVENTION AND SAFETY AT FACILITIES

“(a) Child Abuse Task Force.—The Secretary of Defense shall establish and maintain a special task force to respond to allegations of widespread child abuse at a military installation. The task force shall be composed of personnel from appropriate disciplines, including, where appropriate, medicine, psychology, and childhood development. In the case of such allegations, the task force shall provide assistance to the commander of the installation, and to parents at the installation, in helping them to deal with such allegations.

“(b) National Hotline.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall establish and maintain a national telephone number for persons to use to report suspected child abuse or safety violations at a military child development center or family home day care site. The Secretary shall ensure that such reports may be made anonymously if so desired by the person making the report. The Secretary shall establish procedures for following up on complaints and information received over that number.

“(2) The Secretary shall establish such national telephone number not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1989] and shall publicize the existence of the number.

“(c) Assistance From Local Authorities.—The Secretary of Defense shall prescribe regulations requiring that, in a case of allegations of child abuse at a military child development center or family home day care site, the commander of the military installation or the head of the task force established under subsection (a) shall seek the assistance of local child protective authorities if such assistance is available.

“(d) Safety Regulations.—The Secretary of Defense shall prescribe regulations on safety and operating procedures at military child development centers. Those regulations shall apply uniformly among the military departments.

“(e) Inspections.—The Secretary of Defense shall require that each military child development center be inspected not less often than four times a year. Each such inspection shall be unannounced. At least one inspection a year shall be carried out by a representative of the installation served by the center, and one inspection a year shall be carried out by a representative of the major command under which that installation operates.

“(f) Remedies for Violations.—(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), any violation of a safety, health, or child welfare law or regulation (discovered at an inspection or otherwise) at a military child development center shall be remedied immediately.

“(2) In the case of a violation that is not life threatening, the commander of the major command under which the installation concerned operates may waive the requirement that the violation be remedied immediately for a period of up to 90 days beginning on the date of the discovery of the violation. If the violation is not remedied as of the end of that 90-day period, the military child development center shall be closed until the violation is remedied. The Secretary of the military department concerned may waive the preceding sentence and authorize the center to remain open in a case in which the violation cannot reasonably be remedied within that 90-day period or in which major facility reconstruction is required.

“(3) If a military child development center is closed under paragraph (2), the Secretary of the military department concerned shall promptly submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives [now Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and Committee on National Security of the House of Representatives] a report notifying those committees of the closing. The report shall include—

“(A) notice of the violation that resulted in the closing and the cost of remedying the violation; and

“(B) a statement of the reasons why the violation has not been remedied as of the time of the report.

“(g) Report on Cooperation With Department of Justice.—(1) The Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Attorney General, shall study matters relating to military child care that are of concern to the Department of Justice. The matters studied shall include the following:

“(A) Improving communication between the Department of Defense and the Department of Justice in investigations of child abuse in military programs and in the coordination of the conduct of such investigations.

“(B) Eliminating overlapping responsibilities between the two departments.

“(C) Making better use of government and non-government experts in child abuse investigations and prosecutions.

“(D) Improving communication with affected families by the Department of Defense, the Department of Justice, and appropriate State and local agencies.

“(2) Not later than six months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1989], the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report on the study required by paragraph (1). The report shall include recommendations on methods for improving the matters studied.

“(3) Not later than nine months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to Congress a report evaluating the findings in the report submitted under paragraph (2).

“SEC. 1506. PARENT PARTNERSHIPS WITH CHILD DEVELOPMENT CENTERS

“(a) Parent Boards.—The Secretary of Defense shall require that there be established at each military child development center a board of parents, to be composed of parents of children attending the center. The board shall meet periodically with staff of the center and the commander of the installation served by the center for the purpose of discussing problems and concerns. The board, together with the staff of the center, shall be responsible for coordinating the parent participation program described in subsection (b).

“(b) Parent Participation Programs.—The Secretary of Defense shall require the establishment of a parent participation program at each military child development center. As part of such program, the Secretary of Defense may establish fees for attendance of children at such a center, in the case of parents who participate in the parent participation program at that center, at rates lower than the rates that otherwise apply.

“SEC. 1507. REPORT ON FIVE-YEAR DEMAND FOR CHILD CARE

“(a) Report Required.—Not later than six months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1989], the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report on the expected demand for child care by military and civilian personnel of the Department of Defense during fiscal years 1991 through 1995.

“(b) Plan for Meeting Demand.—The report shall include—

“(1) a plan for meeting the expected child care demand identified in the report; and

“(2) an estimate of the cost of implementing that plan.

“(c) Monitoring of Family Day Care Providers.—The report shall also include a description of methods for monitoring family home day care programs of the military departments.

“SEC. 1508. SUBSIDIES FOR FAMILY HOME DAY CARE

“The Secretary of Defense may use appropriated funds available for military child care purposes to provide assistance to family home day care providers so that family home day care services can be provided to members of the Armed Forces at a cost comparable to the cost of services provided by military child development centers. The Secretary shall prescribe regulations for the provision of such assistance.

“SEC. 1509. EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM

“(a) Demonstration Program for Accredited Centers.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall carry out a program to demonstrate the effect on the development of preschool children of requiring that military child development centers meet standards of operation necessary for accreditation by an appropriate national early childhood programs accrediting body. To carry out such demonstration program, the Secretary shall ensure that not later than June 1, 1991, at least 50 military child development centers are accredited by such an appropriate national early childhood accrediting body.

“(2) Each military child development center so accredited shall be designated as an early childhood education demonstration project and shall serve as a program model for other military child development centers and family home day care providers at military installations.

“(b) Plan for Implementation.—Not later than April 1, 1990, the Secretary shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives a plan for carrying out the requirements of subsection (a).

“(c) Evaluation.—The Secretary shall obtain an independent evaluation of the demonstration program carried out under subsection (a) to determine the extent to which the imposition of a requirement that military child development centers meet accreditation standards effectively promotes the development of preschool children of members of the Armed Forces. The Secretary shall report the results of the evaluation to Congress, together with such comments and recommendations as the Secretary considers appropriate, not later than July 15, 1992.

“SEC. 1510. DEADLINE FOR REGULATIONS

“Regulations required to be prescribed by this title shall be prescribed not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1989].”

Lead Agency for Detection of Transit of Illegal Drugs

Section 1102 of Pub. L. 100–456, which designated the Department of Defense as the single lead agency of the Federal Government for detection and monitoring of aerial and maritime transit of illegal drugs into the United States, was repealed and restated as section 124 of this title by Pub. L. 101–189, §1202(a)(1), (b).

Annual Assessment of Security at United States Bases in Philippines

Section 1309 of Pub. L. 100–456 directed Secretary of Defense to submit to Congress annual reports assessing security at United States military facilities in Republic of Philippines, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title X, §1074, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2511.

Department of Defense Overseas Personnel; Actions Resulting in More Balanced Sharing of Defense and Foreign Assistance Spending Burdens by United States and Allies; Reports to Congress; Limitation on Active Duty Armed Forces Members in Japan and Republic of Korea

Pub. L. 100–463, title VIII, §8125, Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2270–41, as amended by Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title XVI, §1623, Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1606; Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §162(j), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 408, provided that:

“(a)(1) Not later than March 1, 1989, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report on the assignment of military missions among the member countries of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and on the prospects for the more effective assignment of such missions among such countries.

“(2) The report shall include a discussion of the following:

“(A) The current assignment of military missions among the member countries of NATO.

“(B) Military missions for which there is duplication of capability or for which there is inadequate capability within the current assignment of military missions within NATO.

“(C) Alternatives to the current assignment of military missions that would maximize the military contributions of the member countries of NATO.

“(D) Any efforts that are underway within NATO or between individual member countries of NATO at the time the report is submitted that are intended to result in a more effective assignment of military missions within NATO.

“(b) The Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State shall (1) conduct a review of the long-term strategic interests of the United States overseas and the future requirements for the assignment of members of the Armed Forces of the United States to permanent duty ashore outside the United States, and (2) determine specific actions that, if taken, would result in a more balanced sharing of defense and foreign assistance spending burdens by the United States and its allies. Not later than August 1, 1989, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State shall transmit to Congress a report containing the findings resulting from the review and their determinations.

“(c) [Repealed. Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §162(j), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 408.]

“(d) The President shall specify (separately by appropriation account) in the Department of Defense items included in each budget submitted to Congress under section 1105 of title 31, United States Code, (1) the amounts necessary for payment of all personnel, operations, maintenance, facilities, and support costs for Department of Defense overseas military units, and (2) the costs for all dependents who accompany Department of Defense personnel outside the Unied [sic] States.

“(e) Not later than May 1, 1989, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services and on Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives a report that sets forth the total costs required to support the dependents who accompany Department of Defense personnel assigned to permanent duty overseas.

“(f) As of September 30 of each fiscal year, the number of members of the Armed Forces on active duty assigned to permanent duty ashore in Japan and the Republic of Korea may not exceed 94,450 (the number of members of the Armed Forces on active duty assigned to permanent duty ashore in Japan and the Republic of Korea on September 30, 1987). The limitation in the preceding sentence may be increased if and when (1) a major reduction of United States forces in the Republic of the Philippines is required because of a loss of basing rights in that nation, and (2) the President determines and certifies to Congress that, as a consequence of such loss, an increase in United States forces stationed in Japan and the Republic of Korea is necessary.

“(g)(1) After fiscal year 1990, budget submissions to Congress under section 1105 of title 31, United States Code, shall identify funds requested for Department of Defense personnel and units in permanent duty stations ashore outside the United States that exceed the amount of such costs incurred in fiscal year 1989 and shall set forth a detailed description of (A) the types of expenditures increased, by appropriation account, activity and program; and (B) specific efforts to obtain allied host nations’ financing for these cost increases.

“(2) The Secretary of Defense shall notify in advance the Committees on Appropriations and Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives [Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives now Committee on National Security], through existing notification procedures, when costs of maintaining Department of Defense personnel and units in permanent duty stations ashore outside the United States will exceed the amounts as defined in the Department of Defense budget as enacted for that fiscal year. Such notification shall describe: (A) the type of expenditures that increased; and (B) the source of funds (including prior year unobligated balances) by appropriation account, activity and program, proposed to finance these costs.

“(3) In computing the costs incurred for maintaining Department of Defense personnel and forces in permanent duty stations ashore outside the United States compared with the amount of such costs incurred in fiscal year 1989, the Secretary shall—

“(A) exclude increased costs resulting from increases in the rates of pay provided for members of the Armed Forces and civilian employees of the United States Government and exclude any cost increases in supplies and services resulting from inflation; and

“(B) include (i) the costs of operation and maintenance and of facilities for the support of Department of Defense overseas personnel, and (ii) increased costs resulting from any decline in the foreign exchange rate of the United States dollar.

“(h) The provisions of subsections (f) and (g) shall not apply in time of war or during a national emergency declared by the President or Congress.

“(i) In this section—

“(1) the term ‘personnel’ means members of the Armed Forces of the United States and civilian employees of the Department of Defense;

“(2) the term ‘Department of Defense overseas personnel’ means those Department of Defense personnel who are assigned to permanent duty ashore outside the United States; and

“(3) the term ‘United States’ includes the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the territories and possessions of the United States.”

Annual Report on Costs of Stationing United States Troops Overseas

Pub. L. 100–202, §101(b) [title VIII, §8042], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–43, 1329–69, which required Secretary of Defense to submit annual report on full costs of stationing United States troops overseas, etc., was repealed and restated in subsec. (k) [now (j)] of this section by Pub. L. 100–370, §1(o).

Regulations Regarding Employment and Volunteer Work of Spouses of Military Personnel

Section 637 of Pub. L. 100–180 provided that: “Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 1987], the Secretary of Defense shall prescribe regulations to establish the policy that—

“(1) the decision by a spouse of a member of the Armed Forces to be employed or to voluntarily participate in activities relating to the Armed Forces should not be influenced by the preferences or requirements of the Armed Forces; and

“(2) neither such decision nor the marital status of a member of the Armed Forces should have an effect on the assignment or promotion opportunities of the member.”

Test Program for Reimbursement for Adoption Expenses

Section 638 of Pub. L. 100–180, as amended by Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title VI, §662, Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1465; Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §1484(l)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1719, provided that:

“(a) Test Program.—The Secretary of Defense shall carry out a test program under which a member of the Armed Forces under the jurisdiction of the Secretary may be reimbursed, as provided in this section, for qualifying adoption expenses incurred by the member. The Secretary of Transportation shall carry out a similar test program under which a member of the Coast Guard may be reimbursed, as provided in this section, for qualifying adoption expenses incurred by the member.

“(b) Adoptions Covered.—An adoption for which expenses may be reimbursed under this section includes an adoption by a single person, an infant adoption, an intercountry adoption, and an adoption of a child with special needs (as defined in section 473(c) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 673(c)).

“(c) Benefits Paid After Adoption is Final.—Benefits paid under this section in the case of an adoption may be paid only after the adoption is final.

“(d) Treatment of Other Benefits.—A benefit may not be paid under this section for any expense paid to or for a member of the Armed Forces under any other adoption benefits program administered by the Federal Government or under any such program administered by a State or local government.

“(e) Limitations.—(1) Not more than $2,000 may be paid to a member of the Armed Forces under this section for expenses incurred in the adoption of a child.

“(2) Not more than $5,000 may be paid to a member of the Armed Forces under this section for adoptions by such member in any calendar year.

“(f) Regulations.—The Secretary of Defense shall prescribe regulations to carry out this section with respect to members of the Armed Forces under the Secretary's jurisdiction. The Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe regulations to carry out this section with respect to members of the Coast Guard.

“(g) Definitions.—In this section:

“(1) The term ‘qualifying adoption expenses’ means reasonable and necessary expenses that are directly related to the legal adoption of a child under 18 years of age, but only if such adoption is arranged—

“(A) by a State or local government agency which has responsibility under State or local law for child placement through adoption;

“(B) by a nonprofit, voluntary adoption agency which is authorized by State or local law to place children for adoption; or

“(C) through a private placement.

“(2) The term ‘qualifying adoption expenses’ does not include any expense incurred—

“(A) for any travel performed outside the United States by an adopting parent, unless such travel—

“(i) is required by law as a condition of a legal adoption in the country of the child's origin, or is otherwise necessary for the purpose of qualifying for the adoption of a child;

“(ii) is necessary for the purpose of assessing the health and status of the child to be adopted; or

“(iii) is necessary for the purpose of escorting the child to be adopted to the United States or the place where the adopting member of the Armed Forces is stationed; or

“(B) in connection with an adoption arranged in violation of Federal, State, or local law.

“(3) The term ‘reasonable and necessary expenses’ includes—

“(A) public and private agency fees, including adoption fees charged by an agency in a foreign country;

“(B) placement fees, including fees charged adoptive parents for counseling;

“(C) legal fees, including court costs;

“(D) medical expenses, including hospital expenses of a newborn infant, for medical care furnished the adopted child before the adoption, and for physical examinations for the adopting parents;

“(E) expenses relating to pregnancy and childbirth for the biological mother, including counseling, transportation, and maternity home costs;

“(F) temporary foster care charges when payment of such charges is required to be made immediately before the child's placement; and

“(G) except as provided in paragraph (2)(A), transportation expenses relating to the adoption.

“(h) Duration of Test Program.—The test program under this section shall apply with respect to qualifying adoption expenses incurred for adoption proceedings initiated—

“(1) in the case of a member of the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps, after September 30, 1987, and before October 1, 1990; and

“(2) in the case of a member of the Coast Guard, after September 30, 1989, and before October 1, 1990.”

Counterintelligence Polygraph Program

Section 1121 of Pub. L. 100–180, provided that:

“(a) Authority for Program.—The Secretary of Defense may carry out a program for the administration of counterintelligence polygraph examinations to persons described in subsection (b). The program shall be based on Department of Defense Directive 5210.48, dated December 24, 1984.

“(b) Persons Covered.—Except as provided in subsection (d), the following persons whose duties involve access to information that has been classified at the level of top secret or designated as being within a special access program under section 4.2(a) of Executive Order 12356 [set out as a note under section 401 of Title 50, War and National Defense] (or a successor Executive order) are subject to this section:

“(1) Military and civilian personnel of the Department of Defense.

“(2) Personnel of defense contractors.

“(c) Limitation on Number of Examinations.—The number of counterintelligence polygraph examinations that may be administered under this section—

“(1) may not exceed 10,000 during each of fiscal years 1988, 1989, and 1990; and

“(2) may not exceed 5,000 during any fiscal year after fiscal year 1990 for which a specific number is not otherwise provided by law.

“(d) Exceptions From Coverage for Certain Intelligence Agencies and Functions.—This section does not apply—

“(1) to a person assigned or detailed to the Central Intelligence Agency or to an expert or consultant under a contract with the Central Intelligence Agency;

“(2) to (A) a person employed by or assigned or detailed to the National Security Agency, (B) an expert or consultant under contract to the National Security Agency, (C) an employee of a contractor of the National Security Agency, or (D) a person applying for a position in the National Security Agency;

“(3) to a person assigned to a space where sensitive cryptographic information is produced, processed, or stored; or

“(4) to a person employed by, or assigned or detailed to, an office within the Department of Defense for the collection of specialized national foreign intelligence through reconnaissance programs or a contractor of such an office.

“(e) Polygraph Research Program.—The Secretary of Defense shall carry out a continuing research program to support the polygraph activities of the Department of Defense. The program shall include—

“(1) an on-going evaluation of the validity of polygraph techniques used by the Department;

“(2) research on polygraph countermeasures and anti-countermeasures; and

“(3) developmental research on polygraph techniques, instrumentation, and analytic methods.

“(f) Annual Report on Polygraph Programs.—(1) Not later than January 15 of each year, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report on polygraph examinations administered by or for the Department of Defense during the previous fiscal year (whether administered under this section or any other authority).

“(2) Each such report shall include the following with regard to the program authorized by subsection (a):

“(A) A statement of the number of polygraph examinations administered by or for the Department of Defense during such fiscal year.

“(B) A description of the purposes and results of such examinations.

“(C) A description of the criteria used for selecting programs and persons for such examination.

“(D) A statement of the number of persons who refused to submit to such an examination and a description of the actions taken as a result of the refusals.

“(E) A statement of the number of persons for which such an examination indicated deception and the action taken as a result of the examinations.

“(F) A detailed accounting of those cases in which more than two such examinations were needed to attempt to resolve discrepancies and those cases in which the examination of a person extended over more than one day.

“(3) Each such report shall also include the following:

“(A) A description of any plans to expand the use of polygraph examinations in the Department of Defense.

“(B) A discussion of any plans of the Secretary for recruiting and training additional polygraph operators together with statistical data on the employment turnover of Department of Defense polygraph operators.

“(C) A description of the results during the preceding fiscal year of the research program under subsection (e).

“(D) A statement of the number of polygraph examinations administered to persons described in subsection (d) (which number may be set forth in a classified annex to the report).

“(g) Repeal.—Section 1221 of the Department of Defense Authorization Act, 1986 (Public Law 99–145; 99 Stat. 726) [not classified to the Code], is repealed.

“(h) Effective Date.—This section shall take effect as of October 1, 1987.”

Coordination of Permanent Change of Station Moves With School Year

Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title VI, §612, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3878, provided that: “The Secretary of each military department shall establish procedures to ensure that, to the maximum extent practicable within operational and other military requirements, permanent change of station moves for members of the Armed Forces under the jurisdiction of the Secretary who have dependents in elementary or secondary school occur at times that avoid disruption of the school schedules of such dependents.”

Comparable Budgeting for Similar Systems

Pub. L. 99–500, §101(c) [title X, §955], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–82, 1783–173, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(c) [title X, §955], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–82, 3341–173; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title IX, formerly title IV, §955, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3953, renumbered title IX, Pub. L. 100–26, §3(5), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 273, which provided that in preparing the defense budget for any fiscal year, the Secretary of Defense was to specifically identify each common procurement weapon system included in the budget, take all feasible steps to minimize variations in procurement unit costs for any such system as shown in the budget requests of the different armed forces requesting procurement funds for the system, and identify and justify in the budget all such variations in procurement unit costs for common procurement weapon systems, and that the Secretary of Defense carry out this section through the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), was repealed and restated in section 2217 of this title by Pub. L. 100–370, §1(d)(3).

Annual Report to Congress on Implementation of Joint Officer Personnel Policy

Section 405 of Pub. L. 99–433 provided that: “The Secretary of Defense shall include in the annual report of the Secretary to Congress under section 113(c) of title 10, United States Code (as redesignated by section 101(a)), for each year from 1987 through 1991 a detailed report on the implementation of this title and the amendments made by this title [enacting chapter 38 of this title, amending sections 601, 612, 615, 618, and 619 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 113, 612, 661, 663, and 664 of this title].”

Initial Report to Congress

Section 406(g) of Pub. L. 99–433 provided that: “The first report submitted by the Secretary of Defense after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 1, 1986] under section 113(c) of title 10, United States Code (as redesignated by section 101), shall contain as much of the information required by section 667 of such title (as added by section 401) as is available to the Secretary at the time of the preparation of the report.”

Security at Military Bases Abroad

Pub. L. 99–399, title XI, Aug. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 894, provided that:

“SEC. 1101. FINDINGS.

“The Congress finds that—

“(1) there is evidence that terrorists consider bases and installations of United States Armed Forces outside the United States to be targets for attack;

“(2) more attention should be given to the protection of members of the Armed Forces, and members of their families, stationed outside the United States; and

“(3) current programs to educate members of the Armed Forces, and members of their families, stationed outside of the United States to the threats of terrorist activity and how to protect themselves should be substantially expanded.

“SEC. 1102. RECOMMENDED ACTIONS BY THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE.

“It is the sense of the Congress that—

“(1) the Secretary of Defense should review the security of each base and installation of the Department of Defense outside the United States, including the family housing and support activities of each such base or installation, and take the steps the Secretary considers necessary to improve the security of such bases and installations; and

“(2) the Secretary of Defense should institute a program of training for members of the Armed Forces, and for members of their families, stationed outside the United States concerning security and antiterrorism.

“SEC. 1103. REPORT TO THE CONGRESS.

“No later than June 30, 1987, the Secretary of Defense shall report to the Congress on any actions taken by the Secretary described in section 1102.”

Surcharge for Sales by Animal Disease Prevention and Control Centers; Fee for Veterinary Services

Pub. L. 99–145, title VI, §685(a), (b), (d), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 666, provided that:

“(a) Required Surcharge.—The Secretary of Defense shall require that each time a sale is recorded at a military animal disease prevention and control center the person to whom the sale is made shall be charged a surcharge of $2.

“(b) Deposit of Receipts in Treasury.—Amounts received from surcharges under this section shall be deposited in the Treasury in accordance with section 3302 of title 31.”

“(d) Effective Date.—This section shall take effect on October 1, 1985.”

Pub. L. 98–94, title X, §1033, Sept. 24, 1983, 97 Stat. 672, as amended by Pub. L. 98–525, title VI, §656, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2553, effective Oct. 1, 1985, required payment by a member of the Armed Forces of a $10 fee for veterinary services, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 99–145, title VI, §685(c), (d), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 666, effective Oct. 1, 1985.

Military Family Policy and Programs

Pub. L. 99–145, title VIII, Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 678, as amended by Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title VI, §653, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3890; Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title VI, §635, Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1106; Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title V, §524, Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 1975, provided that:

“SEC. 801. SHORT TITLE

“This title may be cited as the ‘Military Family Act of 1985’.

“SEC. 802. OFFICE OF FAMILY POLICY

“(a) Establishment.—There is hereby established in the Office of the Secretary of Defense an Office of Family Policy (hereinafter in this section referred to as the ‘Office’). The Office shall be under the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Force Management and Personnel.

“(b) Duties.—The Office—

“(1) shall coordinate programs and activities of the military departments to the extent that they relate to military families; and

“(2) shall make recommendations to the Secretaries of the military departments with respect to programs and policies regarding military families.

“(c) Staff.—The Office shall have not less than five professional staff members.

“(d) Report.—The Secretary of Defense shall submit a report to Congress concerning the Office no later than September 30, 1986. The report shall include—

“(1) a description of the activities of the Office and the composition of its staff; and

“(2) the recommendations of the Office for legislative and administrative action to enhance the well-being of military families.

“SEC. 803. TRANSFER OF MILITARY FAMILY RESOURCE CENTER

“The Military Family Resource Center of the Department of Defense is hereby transferred from the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Force Management and Personnel.

“SEC. 804. SURVEYS OF MILITARY FAMILIES

“The Secretary of Defense may conduct surveys of members of the Armed Forces serving on active duty, members of the families of such members, and retired members of the Armed Forces to determine the effectiveness of existing Federal programs relating to military families and the need for new programs. Responses to surveys conducted under this section shall be voluntary. With respect to such surveys, family members of members of the Armed Forces and retired members of the Armed Forces shall be considered to be employees of the United States for purposes of section 3502(4)(A) of title 44, United States Code.

“SEC. 805. FAMILY MEMBERS SERVING ON ADVISORY COMMITTEES

“A committee within the Department of Defense which advises or assists the Department in the performance of any function which affects members of military families and which includes members of military families in its membership shall not be considered an advisory committee under section 3(2) of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) solely because of such membership.

“SEC. 806. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR MILITARY SPOUSES

“(a) Authority.—The President shall order such measures as the President considers necessary to increase employment opportunities for spouses of members of the Armed Forces. Such measures may include—

“(1) excepting, pursuant to section 3302 of title 5, United States Code, from the competitive service positions in the Department of Defense located outside of the United States to provide employment opportunities for qualified spouses of members of the Armed Forces in the same geographical area as the permanent duty station of the members; and

“(2) providing preference in hiring for positions in nonappropriated fund activities to qualified spouses of members of the Armed Forces stationed in the same geographical area as the nonappropriated fund activity for positions in wage grade UA–8 and below and equivalent positions and for positions paid at hourly rates.

“(b) Regulations.—The Secretary of Defense shall prescribe regulations—

“(1) to implement such measures as the President orders under subsection (a);

“(2) to provide preference to qualified spouses of members of the Armed Forces in hiring for any civilian position in the Department of Defense if the spouse is among persons determined to be best qualified for the position and if the position is located in the same geographical area as the permanent duty station of the member;

“(3) to ensure that notice of any vacant position in the Department of Defense is provided in a manner reasonably designed to reach spouses of members of the Armed Forces whose permanent duty stations are in the same geographic area as the area in which the position is located; and

“(4) to ensure that the spouse of a member of the Armed Forces who applies for a vacant position in the Department of Defense shall, to the extent practicable, be considered for any such position located in the same geographic area as the permanent duty station of the member.

“(c) Status of Preference Eligibles.—Nothing in this section shall be construed to provide a spouse of a member of the Armed Forces with preference in hiring over an individual who is a preference eligible.

[Amended Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title VI, §653, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3890.]

“SEC. 807. YOUTH SPONSORSHIP PROGRAM

“The Secretary of Defense shall direct that there be established at each military installation a youth sponsorship program to facilitate the integration of dependent children of members of the Armed Forces into new surroundings when moving to that military installation as a result of a parent's permanent change of station. Such a program shall, to the extent feasible, provide for involvement of dependent children of members presently stationed at the military installation.

“SEC. 808. DEPENDENT STUDENT TRAVEL WITHIN THE UNITED STATES

“Funds available to the Department of Defense for the travel and transportation of dependent students of members of the Armed Forces stationed overseas may be obligated for transportation allowances for travel within or between the contiguous States.

“SEC. 809. RELOCATION AND HOUSING

“(a) Relocation Assistance.—The Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report on the desirability and feasibility of providing relocation assistance to members of the uniformed services and their families through contracts entered into by the Department of Defense with firms which provide such assistance to individuals. Such report shall be submitted not later than March 1, 1986.

“(b) Amortization Period for Parking Facilities for House Trailers and Mobile Homes.—Section 403(k) of title 37, United States Code, is amended by striking out ‘15-year period’ and inserting in lieu thereof ‘25-year period’.

“(c) Cost of Unaccompanied Personnel Housing for Members of Uniformed Service.—Section 5911 of title 5, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new subsection:

“ ‘(h) A member of the uniformed service on a permanent change of duty station or temporary duty orders and occupying unaccompanied personnel housing—

“ ‘(1) is exempt from the requirement of subsection (c) to pay a rental rate or charge based on the reasonable value of the quarters and facilities provided; and

“ ‘(2) shall pay such lesser rate or charge as the Secretary of Defense establishes by regulation.’.

“SEC. 810. FOOD PROGRAMS

“(a) Food Costs for Certain Enlisted Members.—Section 1011 of title 37, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new subsection:

“ ‘(c) Spouses and dependent children of enlisted members in pay grades E–1, E–2, E–3, and E–4 may not be charged for meals sold at messes in excess of a level sufficient to cover food costs.’.

“(b) Report on Issuance of Food Stamps Coupons to Overseas Households of Members Stationed Outside the United States.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report on the feasibility of having the Department issue food stamp coupons to overseas households of members stationed outside the United States.

“(2) The report shall include—

“(A) an estimate of the cost of providing the coupons; and

“(B) legislative and administrative recommendations for providing for the issuance of the coupons.

“(3) The report shall be submitted not later than December 31, 1985.

“SEC. 811. REPORTING OF CHILD ABUSE

“(a) In General.—The Secretary of Defense shall request each State to provide for the reporting to the Secretary of any report the State receives of known or suspected instances of child abuse and neglect in which the person having care of the child is a member of the Armed Forces (or the spouse of the member).

“(b) Definition.—For purposes of this section the term ‘child abuse and neglect’ shall have the same meaning as provided in section 3(1) of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (42 U.S.C. 5102).

“SEC. 812. MISCELLANEOUS REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

“(a) Housing Availability.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report on the availability and affordability of off-base housing for members of the Armed Forces and their families.

“(2) The report shall—

“(A) examine the availability of affordable housing for each pay grade and for all geographic areas within the United States and for appropriate overseas locations; and

“(B) examine the relocation assistance provided by the Department of Defense incident to a permanent change of station by a member of the Armed Forces in locating housing at the member's new duty station and in disposing of housing at the member's old duty station.

“(3) The report shall be submitted within one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 8, 1985].

“(b) Need for Assistance to Dependents Entering New Secondary Schools.—The Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report recommending administrative and legislative action to assist families of members of the Armed Forces making a permanent change of station so that a dependent child who transfers between secondary schools with different graduation requirements is not subjected to unnecessary disruptions in education or inequitable, unduly burdensome, or duplicative education requirements. Such report shall be submitted within one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 8, 1985].

“SEC. 813. EFFECTIVE DATE

“This title shall take effect on October 1, 1985.”

Academic Institutions Eligible To Provide Educational Services; Prohibition of Certain Restrictions

Pub. L. 99–145, title XII, §1212, Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 726, as amended by Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title V, §518, Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1443, provided that:

“(a) No solicitation, contract, or agreement for the provision of off-duty postsecondary education services for members of the Armed Forces of the United States, civilian employees of the Department of Defense, or the dependents of such members or employees may discriminate against or preclude any accredited academic institution authorized to award one or more associate degrees from offering courses within its lawful scope of authority solely on the basis of such institution's lack of authority to award a baccalaureate degree.

“(b) No solicitation, contract, or agreement for the provision of off-duty postsecondary education services for members of the Armed Forces of the United States, civilian employees of the Department of Defense, or the dependents of such members or employees, other than those for services at the graduate or postgraduate level, may limit the offering of such services or any group, category, or level of courses to a single academic institution. However, nothing in this section shall prohibit such actions taken in accordance with regulations of the Secretary of Defense which are uniform for all armed services as may be necessary to avoid unnecessary duplication of offerings, consistent with the purpose of this provision of ensuring the availability of alternative offerors of such services to the maximum extent feasible.

“(c)(1) The Secretary of Defense shall conduct a study to determine the current and future needs of members of the Armed Forces, civilian employees of the Department of Defense, and the dependents of such members and employees for postsecondary education services at overseas locations. The Secretary shall determine on the basis of the results of that study whether the policies and procedures of the Department in effect on the date of the enactment of the Department of Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991 [probably means date of enactment of Pub. L. 101–189, Nov. 29, 1989] with respect to the procurement of such services are—

“(A) consistent with the provisions of subsections (a) and (b);

“(B) adequate to ensure the recipients of such services the benefit of a choice in the offering of such services; and

“(C) adequate to ensure that persons stationed at geographically isolated military installations or at installations with small complements of military personnel are adequately served.

The Secretary shall complete the study in such time as necessary to enable the Secretary to submit the report required by paragraph (2)(A) by the deadline specified in that paragraph.

“(2)(A) The Secretary shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives a report on the results of the study referred to in paragraph (1), together with a copy of any revisions in policies and procedures made as a result of such study. The report shall be submitted not later than March 1, 1990.

“(B) The Secretary shall include in the report an explanation of how determinations are made with regard to—

“(i) affording members, employees, and dependents a choice in the offering of courses of postsecondary education; and

“(ii) whether the services provided under a contract for such services should be limited to an installation, theater, or other geographic area.

“(3)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), no contract for the provision of services referred to in subsection (a) may be awarded, and no contract or agreement entered into before the date of the enactment of this paragraph [Nov. 29, 1989] may be renewed or extended on or after such date, until the end of the 60-day period beginning on the date on which the report referred to in paragraph (2)(A) is received by the committees named in that paragraph.

“(B) A contract or an agreement in effect on October 1, 1989, for the provision of postsecondary education services in the European Theater for members of the Armed Forces, civilian employees of the Department of Defense, and the dependents of such members and employees may be renewed or extended without regard to the limitation in subparagraph (A).

“(C) In the case of a contract for services with respect to which a solicitation is pending on the date of the enactment of this paragraph [Nov. 29, 1989], the contract may be awarded—

“(i) on the basis of the solicitation as issued before the date of the enactment of this paragraph;

“(ii) on the basis of the solicitation issued before the date of the enactment of this paragraph modified so as to conform to any changes in policies and procedures the Secretary determines should be made as a result of the study required under paragraph (1); or

“(iii) on the basis of a new solicitation.

“(d) Nothing in this section shall be construed to require more than one academic institution to be authorized to offer courses aboard a particular naval vessel.”

Report of Unobligated Balances

Pub. L. 99–145, title XIV, §1407, Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 745, required reports on unobligated balances, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title XIII, §1307(b), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3981. See section 2215 of this title.

Defense Industrial Base for Textile and Apparel Products

Pub. L. 99–145, title XIV, §1456, Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 762, which directed Secretary of Defense to monitor capability of domestic textile and apparel industrial base to support defense mobilization requirements and to make annual reports to Congress on status of such industrial base, was repealed and restated in section 2510 of this title by Pub. L. 101–510, §826(a)(1), (b).

Hotline Between United States and Soviet Union

Pub. L. 99–85, Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 286, as amended by Pub. L. 103–199, title IV, §404(a), Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2325, provided: “That the Secretary of Defense may provide to Russia, as provided in the Exchange of Notes Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Direct Communications Link Upgrade, concluded on July 17, 1984, such equipment and services as may be necessary to upgrade or maintain the Russian part of the Direct Communications Link agreed to in the Memorandum of Understanding between the United States and the Soviet Union signed June 20, 1963. The Secretary shall provide such equipment and services to Russia at the cost thereof to the United States.

“Sec. 2. (a) The Secretary of Defense may use any funds available to the Department of Defense for the procurement of the equipment and providing the services referred to in the first section.

“(b) Funds received from Russia as payment for such equipment and services shall be credited to the appropriate account of Department of Defense.”

[Pub. L. 103–199, title IV, §404(b), Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2325, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a)(2) [amending section 2(b) of Pub. L. 99–85, set out above] does not affect the applicability of section 2(b) of that joint resolution to funds received from the Soviet Union.”]

Consolidation of Functions of Military Transportation Commands Prohibited

Pub. L. 97–252, title XI, §1110, Sept. 8, 1982, 96 Stat. 747, provided that none of funds appropriated pursuant to an authorization of appropriations could be used for purpose of consolidating any functions being performed on Sept. 8, 1982, by Military Traffic Management Command of Army, Military Sealift Command of Navy, or Military Airlift Command of Air Force with any function being performed on such date by either or both of the other commands, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 99–433, title II, §213(a), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1018.

Reports to Congress on Recommendations With Respect to Elimination of Waste, Fraud, Abuse, and Mismanagement in Department of Defense

Pub. L. 97–86, title IX, §918, Dec. 1, 1981, 95 Stat. 1132, directed Secretary of Defense, not later than January 15, 1982 and 1983, to submit to Congress reports containing recommendations to improve efficiency and management of, and to eliminate waste, fraud, abuse, and mismanagement in, operation of Department of Defense, and to include each recommendation by Comptroller General since Jan. 1, 1979, for elimination of waste, fraud, abuse, or mismanagement in Department of Defense with a statement as to which have been adopted and, to extent practicable actual and projected cost savings from each, and which have not been adopted and, to extent practicable, projected cost savings from each and an explanation of why each such recommendation was not adopted.

Military Installations To Be Closed in United States, Guam, or Puerto Rico; Studies To Determine Potential Use

Pub. L. 94–431, title VI, §610, Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1365, authorized Secretary of Defense to conduct studies with regard to possible use of military installations being closed and to make recommendations with regard to such installations, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 97–86, title IX, §912(b), Dec. 1, 1981, 95 Stat. 1123. See section 2391 of this title.

Reports to Congressional Committees on Foreign Policy and Military Force Structure

Pub. L. 94–106, title VIII, §812, Oct. 7, 1975, 89 Stat. 540, which directed Secretary of Defense, after consultation with Secretary of State, to prepare and submit not later than January 31 of each year to Committees on Armed Services of Senate and House of Representatives a written annual report on foreign policy and military force structure of United States for next fiscal year, how such policy and force structure relate to each other, and justification for each, was repealed and restated as subsec. (e) of section 133 [now §113] of this title by Pub. L. 97–295, §§1(1), 6(b).

Report to Congress on Sale or Transfer of Defense Articles

Pub. L. 94–106, title VIII, §813, Oct. 7, 1975, 89 Stat. 540, as amended by Pub. L. 95–79, title VIII, §814, July 30, 1977, 91 Stat. 337; Pub. L. 97–252, title XI, §1104, Sept. 8, 1982, 96 Stat. 739, which directed Secretary of Defense to report to Congress on any letter proposing to transfer $50,000,000 or more of defense articles, detailing impact of such a sale on readiness, adequacy of price for replacement, and armed forces needs and supply for each article, was repealed and restated as section 133b [now §118] of this title by Pub. L. 97–295, §§1(2)(A), 6(b).

Procurement of Aircraft, Missiles, Naval Vessels, Tracked Combat Vehicles, and Other Weapons; Authorization of Appropriations for Procurement, Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation Activities; Selected Reserve of Reserve Components: Annual Authorization of Personnel Strength

Section 412 of Pub. L. 86–149, title IV, Aug. 10, 1959, 73 Stat. 322, as amended by Pub. L. 87–436, §2, Apr. 27, 1962, 76 Stat. 55; Pub. L. 88–174, title VI, §610, Nov. 7, 1963, 77 Stat. 329; Pub. L. 89–37, title III, §304, June 11, 1965, 79 Stat. 128; Pub. L. 90–168, §6, Dec. 1, 1967, 81 Stat. 526; Pub. L. 91–121, title IV, §405, Nov. 19, 1969, 83 Stat. 207; Pub. L. 91–441, title V, §§505, 509, Oct. 7, 1970, 84 Stat. 912, 913; Pub. L. 92–129, title VII, §701, Sept. 28, 1971, 85 Stat. 362; Pub. L. 92–436, title III, §302, title VI, §604, Sept. 26, 1972, 86 Stat. 736, 739, was repealed by Pub. L. 93–155, title VIII, §803(b)(1), Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 615. See sections 114 to 116 of this title.

Ex. Ord. No. 12568. Employment Opportunities for Military Spouses at Nonappropriated Fund Activities

Ex. Ord. No. 12568, Oct. 2, 1986, 51 F.R. 35497, provided:

By the authority vested in me as President by the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of Title 3 of the United States Code, it is ordered that the Secretary of Defense and, as designated by him for this purpose, any of the Secretaries, Under Secretaries, and Assistant Secretaries of the Military Departments, are hereby empowered to exercise the discretionary authority granted to the President by subsection 806(a)(2) of the Department of Defense Authorization Act of 1986, Public Law No. 99–145 [set out above], to give preference in hiring for positions in nonappropriated fund activities to qualified spouses of members of the Armed Forces stationed in the same geographical area as the nonappropriated fund activity for positions in wage grade UA–8 and below and equivalent positions and for positions paid at hourly rates.

Ronald Reagan.      

Ex. Ord. No. 12765. Delegation of Certain Defense Related Authorities of President to Secretary of Defense

Ex. Ord. No. 12765, June 11, 1991, 56 F.R. 27401, provided:

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, and my authority as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States, it is hereby ordered as follows:

Section 1. The Secretary of Defense is hereby designated and empowered, without the approval, ratification, or other action by the President, to exercise the authority vested in the President by section 749 of title 10 of the United States Code to assign the command without regard to rank in grade to any commissioned officer otherwise eligible to command when two or more commissioned officers of the same grade or corresponding grades are assigned to the same area, field command, or organization.

Sec. 2. The Secretary of Defense is hereby designated and empowered, without the approval, ratification, or other action by the President, to exercise the authority vested in the President by section 7299a(a) of title 10 of the United States Code to direct that combatant vessels and escort vessels be constructed in a Navy or private yard, as the case may be, if the requirement of the Act of March 27, 1934 (ch. 95, 48 Stat. 503) that the first and each succeeding alternate vessel of the same class be constructed in a Navy yard is inconsistent with the public interest.

Sec. 3. For vessels, and for any major component of the hull or superstructure of vessels to be constructed or repaired for any of the armed forces, the Secretary of Defense is hereby designated and empowered, without the approval, ratification, or other action by the President, to exercise the authority vested in the President by section 7309(b) of title 10 of the United States Code to authorize exceptions to the prohibition in section 7309(a) of title 10 of the United States Code. Such exceptions shall be based on a determination that it is in the national security interest of the United States to authorize an exception. The Secretary of Defense shall transmit notice of any such determination to the Congress, as required by section 7309(b).

Sec. 4. The Secretary of Defense may redelegate the authority delegated to him by this order, in accordance with applicable law.

Sec. 5. This order shall be effective immediately.

George Bush.      

Waiver of Limitation With Respect to End Strength Level of U.S. Armed Forces in Japan for Fiscal Year 1991

Memorandum of the President of the United States, May 14, 1991, 56 F.R. 23991, provided:

Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense

Consistent with section 8105(d)(2) of the Department of Defense Appropriation Act, 1991 (Public Law 101–511; 104 Stat. 1856) [set out above], I hereby waive the limitation in section 8105(b) which states that the end strength level for each fiscal year of all personnel of the Armed Forces of the United States stationed in Japan may not exceed the number that is 5,000 less than such end strength level for the preceding fiscal year, and declare that it is in the national interest to do so.

You are authorized and directed to inform the Congress of this waiver and of the reasons for the waiver contained in the attached justification, and to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.

George Bush.      

Justification Pursuant to Section 8105(d)(2) of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1991 (Public Law No. 101–511; 104 Stat. 1856)

In January of this year the Department of Defense signed a new Host Nation Support Agreement with the Government of Japan in which that government agreed to pay all utility and Japanese labor costs incrementally over the next five years (worth $1.7 billion). Because United States forward deployed forces stationed in Japan have regional missions in addition to the defense of Japan, we did not seek to have the Government of Japan offset all of the direct costs incurred by the United States related to the presence of all United States military personnel in Japan (excluding military personnel title costs).

Cross References

Annual rate of compensation of Secretary, see section 5312 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

National Security Agency employment, delegation of authority for terminating, notwithstanding subsec. (d) of this section, see section 833 of Title 50, War and National Defense.

Reports to Congressional committees, policies and procedures on recall to active duty of Ready Reserve members, see section 12302 of this title.

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in sections 667, 1762, 2220, 2501, 2506, 10504 of this title; title 22 section 2595a; title 50 sections 833, 1523; title 50 App. sections 2077, 2152.

¹ See References in Text note below.

§114. Annual authorization of appropriations

(a) No funds may be appropriated for any fiscal year to or for the use of any armed force or obligated or expended for—

(1) procurement of aircraft, missiles, or naval vessels;

(2) any research, development, test, or evaluation, or procurement or production related thereto;

(3) procurement of tracked combat vehicles;

(4) procurement of other weapons;

(5) procurement of naval torpedoes and related support equipment;

(6) military construction;

(7) the operation and maintenance of any armed force or of the activities and agencies of the Department of Defense (other than the military departments);

(8) procurement of ammunition; or

(9) other procurement by any armed force or by the activities and agencies of the Department of Defense (other than the military departments);

unless funds therefor have been specifically authorized by law.

(b) In subsection (a)(6), the term “military construction” includes any construction, development, conversion, or extension of any kind which is carried out with respect to any military facility or installation (including any Government-owned or Government-leased industrial facility used for the production of defense articles and any facility to which section 2353 of this title applies), any activity to which section 2807 of this title applies, any activity to which chapter 133 ¹ of this title applies, and advances to the Secretary of Transportation for the construction of defense access roads under section 210 of title 23. Such term does not include any activity to which section 2821 or 2854 of this title applies.

(c)(1) The size of the Special Defense Acquisition Fund established pursuant to chapter 5 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2795 et seq.) may not exceed $1,070,000,000.

(2) Notwithstanding section 37(a) of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2777(a)), amounts received by the United States pursuant to subparagraph (A) of section 21(a)(1) of that Act (22 U.S.C. 2761(a)(1))—

(A) shall be credited to the Special Defense Acquisition Fund established pursuant to chapter 5 of that Act (22 U.S.C. 2795 et seq.), as authorized by section 51(b)(1) of that Act (22 U.S.C. 2795(b)(1)), but subject to the limitation in paragraph (1) and other applicable law; and

(B) to the extent not so credited, shall be deposited in the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts as provided in section 3302(b) of title 31.

(d) Funds may be appropriated for the armed forces for use as an emergency fund for research, development, test, and evaluation, or related procurement or production, only if the appropriation of the funds is authorized by law after June 30, 1966.

(e) In each budget submitted by the President to Congress under section 1105 of title 31, amounts requested for procurement of equipment for the reserve components of the armed forces (including the National Guard) shall be set forth separately from other amounts requested for procurement for the armed forces.

(Added Pub. L. 93–155, title VIII, §803(a), Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 612, §138; amended Pub. L. 94–106, title VIII, §801(a), Oct. 7, 1975, 89 Stat. 537; Pub. L. 94–361, title III, §302, July 14, 1976, 90 Stat. 924; Pub. L. 96–107, title III, §303(b), Nov. 9, 1979, 93 Stat. 806; Pub. L. 96–342, title X, §1001(a)(1), (b)–(d)(1), Sept. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1117–1119; Pub. L. 96–513, title I, §102, title V, §511(4), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2840, 2920; Pub. L. 97–22, §2(b), July 10, 1981, 95 Stat. 124; Pub. L. 97–86, title III, §302, title IX, §§901(a), 902, 903, Dec. 1, 1981, 95 Stat. 1104, 1113, 1114; Pub. L. 97–113, title I, §108(b), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1524; Pub. L. 97–214, §4, July 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 170; Pub. L. 97–252, title IV, §402(a), title XI, §§1103, 1105, Sept. 8, 1982, 96 Stat. 725, 738, 739; Pub. L. 97–295, §1(3), (4), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1289; Pub. L. 98–525, title XIV, §1405(2), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2621; Pub. L. 99–145, title XII, §1208, title XIV, §1403, Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 723, 743; renumbered §114 and amended Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §§101(a)(2), 110(b)(1)–(9), (11), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, 1001, 1002; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title I, §105(d), title XIII, §1304(a), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3827, 3979; Pub. L. 100–26, §7(j)(1), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 282; Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XII, §1203, Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1154; Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title XVI, §1602(b), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1597; Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §1481(a)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1704.)

Historical and Revision Notes
1982 Act

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
138(c)(5)	10:138 (note).	Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–365, §502, 88 Stat. 404.
138(i)	10:135 (note).	June 11, 1965, Pub. L. 89–37, §305, 79 Stat. 128.

In subsection (c)(5), the words “It is the sense of Congress that” are omitted as unnecessary. The words “Secretary of Defense” are substituted for “Department of Defense” the first time it appears because the responsibility is in the head of the agency. The word “Therefore” is omitted as surplus. The word “complete” is substituted for “full”, and the word “personnel” is substituted for “manpower” except in the phrase “manpower requirements”, for consistency.

In subsection (i), the words “may be . . . only if” are substituted for “No . . . may be . . . unless” to use the positive voice. The words “after June 30, 1966” are substituted for “after that date” for clarity.

References in Text

Chapter 133 of this title, referred to in subsec. (b), was renumbered chapter 1803 of this title by Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI, §1664(b)(1), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 3010. A new chapter 133 (§2231) of this title was added by section 1664(b)(11) of Pub. L. 103–337.

The Arms Export Control Act, referred to in subsec. (c), is Pub. L. 90–629, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1320, as amended. Chapter 5 of the Arms Export Control Act is classified generally to subchapter V (§2795 et seq.) of chapter 39 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of Title 22 and Tables.

Prior Provisions

Provisions similar to those in subsec. (c)(2) of this section were contained in Pub. L. 101–165, title IX, §9017, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1133, which was set out as a note below, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 101–510, §1481(a)(2).

Prior similar provisions were contained in Pub. L. 86–149, title IV, §412, Aug. 10, 1959, 73 Stat. 322, as amended by Pub. L. 87–436, §2, Apr. 27, 1962, 76 Stat. 55; Pub. L. 88–174, title VI, §610, Nov. 7, 1963, 77 Stat. 329; Pub. L. 89–37, title III, §304, June 11, 1965, 79 Stat. 128; Pub. L. 90–168, §6, Dec. 1, 1967, 81 Stat. 526; Pub. L. 91–121, title IV, §405, Nov. 19, 1969, 83 Stat. 207; Pub. L. 91–441, title V, §§505, 509, Oct. 7, 1970, 84 Stat. 912, 913; Pub. L. 92–129, title VII, §701, Sept. 28, 1971, 85 Stat. 362; Pub. L. 92–436, title III, §302, title VI, §604, Sept. 26, 1972, 86 Stat. 736, 739, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 93–155, §803(b)(1).

Amendments

1990—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–510 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).

1989—Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 101–189 struck out subsecs. (f) and (g) which read as follows:

“(f) The amounts of the estimated expenditures and proposed appropriations necessary to support programs, projects, and activities of the Department of Defense included pursuant to paragraph (5) of section 1105(a) of title 31 in the budget submitted to Congress by the President under such section for any fiscal year or years and the amounts specified in all program and budget information submitted to Congress by the Department of Defense in support of such estimates and proposed appropriations shall be mutually consistent unless, in the case of each inconsistency, there is included detailed reasons for the inconsistency.

“(g) The Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress not later than April 1 of each year, the five-year defense program (including associated annexes) used by the Secretary in formulating the estimated expenditures and proposed appropriations included in such budget to support programs, projects, and activities of the Department of Defense.”

1987—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–26 redesignated subsec. (f) as (e).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 100–180 added subsec. (f).

Pub. L. 100–26, §7(j)(1), redesignated subsec. (f) as (e).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 100–180, §1203, added subsec. (g).

1986—Pub. L. 99–433, §101(a)(2), renumbered section 138 of this title as this section.

Pub. L. 99–433, §110(b)(1), struck out “and personnel strengths for the armed forces; annual manpower requirements and operations and maintenance reports” at end of section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 99–433, §110(b)(3), struck out “(as defined in subsection (f))” after “military construction”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–433, §110(b)(4), (5), (8), redesignated subsec. (f)(1) as (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated section 115(a) of this title.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–661, §1304(a), substituted “$1,070,000,000” for “$1,000,000,000”.

Pub. L. 99–433, §110(b)(4), (5), (11), redesignated subsec. (g) as (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated section 115(b) of this title.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–433, §110(b)(4), (5), (11), redesignated subsec. (i) as (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated section 115(c) of this title.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 99–433, §110(b)(6), (7), redesignated subsec. (e) as section 116(a) of this title.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 99–661, §105(d), added subsec. (f).

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 99–433, §110(b)(8), redesignated subsec. (f)(1) as (b).

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 99–433, §110(b)(9), redesignated subsec. (f)(2) as section 116(b) of this title.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 99–433, §110(b)(11), redesignated subsec. (g) as (c).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 99–433, §110(b)(2), redesignated subsec. (h) as section 113(i) of this title.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 99–433, §110(b)(11), redesignated subsec. (i) as (d).

1985—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 99–145, §1208, added par. (3).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 99–145, §1403, substituted “$1,000,000,000” for “$300,000,000 in fiscal year 1982, may not exceed $600,000,000 in fiscal year 1983, and may not exceed $900,000,000 in fiscal year 1984 or any fiscal year thereafter”.

1984—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 98–525 inserted “(22 U.S.C. 2795 et seq.)”.

1982—Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 97–252, §402(a), authorized increase in fiscal year end-strength authorizations determined by the Secretary of Defense to be in the national interest.

Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 97–295, §1(3), added par. (5).

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 97–214 substituted “, any activity to which section 2807 of this title applies, any activity to which chapter 133 of this title applies, and advances to the Secretary of Transportation for the construction of defense access roads under section 210 of title 23” for “but excludes any activity to which section 2673 or 2674, or chapter 133, of this title apply, or to which section 406(a) of Public Law 85–241 (42 U.S.C. 1594i) applies” and inserted provision that “military construction” does not include any activity to which section 2821 or 2854 of this title applies.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 97–252, §1103, limited size of Special Defense Acquisition Fund to $600,000,000 in fiscal year 1983, striking out such sum as a limit in any fiscal year thereafter, and limited size of Fund to $900,000,000 in fiscal year 1984 or any fiscal year thereafter.

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 97–252, §1105, added subsec. (h).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 97–295, §1(4), added subsec. (i).

1981—Subsec. (a)(8), (9). Pub. L. 97–86, §901(a), added pars. (8) and (9).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97–86, §902, designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted “authorize the average personnel strength” for “authorize the personnel strength”, and added par. (2).

Subsec. (c)(3)(D)(iii)(I). Pub. L. 97–22 struck out “and active military service” after “active commissioned service”.

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 97–86, §903, added par. (4).

Subsec. (e)(3), (4). Pub. L. 97–86, §302, struck out pars. (3) and (4) which required the Secretary to include in each report a projection of the combat readiness of specified military units proposed to be maintained during the next fiscal year.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 97–113 added subsec. (g).

1980—Pub. L. 96–342, §1001(d)(1), substituted “Annual authorization of appropriations and personnel strengths for the armed forces; annual manpower requirements and operations and maintenance reports” for “Secretary of Defense: Annual authorization of appropriations for armed forces” in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–342, §1001(a)(1), (b)(1), in cl. (6) substituted reference to subsec. (f) for reference to subsec. (e), and added cl. (7).

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 96–513, §102(a), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpars. (B) and (C).

Subsec. (c)(3)(D). Pub. L. 96–513, §102(b), substituted provisions relating to expanded coverage in the annual report of the Secretary of Defense for provisions under which the report had formerly covered only the estimated requirements in members on active duty during the next fiscal year, the estimated number of commissioned officers in each grade on active duty and to be promoted during the next fiscal year, and an analysis of the distribution by grade of commissioned officers on active duty at the time the report was prepared.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 96–342, §1001(b)(2), (3), added subsec. (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (f)(1).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 96–513, §511(4), substituted “(42 U.S.C. 1594i)” for “(71 Stat. 556)” in par. (1), and substituted “In subsection (e)” for “In subsection (f)” in par. (2).

Pub. L. 96–342, §1001(b)(2), (c), redesignated subsec. (e) as (f), substituted “(1) In subsection (a)(6)” for “For purposes of subsection (a)(6) of this section”, and added par. (2).

1979—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 96–107 restructured existing provisions into subpars. (A) to (C) with minor changes in phraseology and added subpar. (D).

1976—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 94–361 required the report to Congress to identify, define, and group by mission and by region the types of military bases, installations, and facilities and to provide an explanation and justification of the relationship between the base structure and the proposed military force structure together with a comprehensive identification of base operating support costs and an evaluation of possible alternatives to reduce the costs.

1975—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 94–106, §801(a)(1), added par. (6).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 94–106, §801(a)(2), added subsec. (e).

Effective Date of 1982 Amendments

Section 402(b) of Pub. L. 97–252 provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to end strengths for active-duty personnel authorized for fiscal years beginning after September 30, 1981.”

Amendment by Pub. L. 97–214 applicable with respect to funds appropriated for fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1983, see section 12(b) of Pub. L. 97–214, set out as a note under section 2801 of this title.

Effective Date of 1981 Amendment

Section 901(b) of Pub. L. 97–86 provided that: “The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to funds appropriated for fiscal years beginning after September 30, 1982.”

Effective Date of 1980 Amendments

Amendment by section 102 of Pub. L. 96–513 effective Sept. 15, 1981, but the authority to prescribe regulations under the amendment by Pub. L. 96–513 effective on Dec. 12, 1980, see section 701 of Pub. L. 96–513, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Amendment by section 511(4) of Pub. L. 96–513 effective Dec. 12, 1980, see section 701(b)(3) of Pub. L. 96–513.

Section 1001(a)(2) of Pub. L. 96–342 provided that: “The amendments made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to funds appropriated for fiscal years beginning after September 30, 1981.”

Applicability of Provisions Relating to Funds Not Heretofore Required To Be Authorized

Section 801(b) of Pub. L. 94–106 provided that: “The amendment provided by paragraph (2) of subsection (a) above [enacting subsec. (e) of this section] with respect to funds not heretofore required to be authorized shall only apply to funds authorized for appropriation for fiscal year 1977 and thereafter.”

Availability of Appropriations

Pub. L. 101–165, title IX, §9017, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1133, which prohibited funding to be used for planning or executing programs which utilized amounts credited to the Department of Defense pursuant to section 2777(a) of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, was repealed and restated in subsec. (c)(2) of this section by Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §1481(a), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1704.

The following general provisions, which had been repeated as fiscal year provisions in prior appropriation acts, were enacted as permanent law in the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1986, Pub. L. 99–190, §101(b) [title VIII, §§8005, 8006, 8009], Dec. 19, 1985, 99 Stat. 1185, 1202, 1203, 1204:

“Sec. 8005. [Authorized use of appropriated funds for expenses in connection with administration of occupied areas; payment of rewards for information leading to discovery of missing naval property or recovery thereof; payment of deficiency judgments and interests thereon arising out of condemnation proceedings; leasing of buildings and facilities; payments under contracts for maintenance of tools and facilities for twelve months; maintenance of defense access roads; purchase of milk for enlisted personnel; payments under leases for real or personal property, including maintenance; purchase of right-hand-drive vehicles not to exceed $12,000 per vehicle; payment of unusual cost overruns incident to ship overhaul, maintenance, and repair; payments from annual appropriations to industrial fund activities and/or under contract for changes in scope of ship overhaul, maintenance, and repair after expiration of such appropriations; and payments for depot maintenance contracts for twelve months; and was repealed and (except for section 8005(e)) restated in sections 2242(2), 2252, 2253(a)(2), 2389(b), 2410a, 2661(b), and 7313 of this title by Pub. L. 100–370, §1(e)(1), (h)(1), (2), (l)(3), (n)(1), (p)(3), July 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 844, 847, 849–851. Section 8005(c) was not restated in view of section 2676(e) of this title.]

“Sec. 8006. [Authorized use of appropriated funds for military courts, boards, and commissions; utility services for buildings erected at private cost and buildings on military reservations authorized by regulations to be used for welfare and recreational purposes; and exchange fees, and losses in accounts of disbursing officers or agents; and was repealed and restated in sections 2242(3), 2490, and 2781 of this title by Pub. L. 100–370, §1(e)(1), (j)(1), (m)(1), (p)(3), July 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 844, 848, 849, 851.]

“Sec. 8009. [Provided for exemption from apportionment requirement; exceptions for cost of airborne alerts and cost of increased military personnel on active duty; and for reports to Congress; and was repealed and restated in section 2201 of this title by Pub. L. 100–370, §1(d)(1), July 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 841.]”

The following general provisions, that had been repeated as fiscal year provisions in prior appropriation acts, were enacted as permanent law in the Department of Defense Appropriation Act, 1984, Pub. L. 98–212, title VII, §§705–707, 723, 728, 735, 774, Dec. 8, 1983, 97 Stat. 1437, 1438, 1443, 1444, 1452:

“Sec. 705. [Authorized use of appropriated funds for insurance of official motor vehicles in foreign countries; advance payments for investigations in foreign countries; security guard services for protection of confidential files; and other necessary expenses; and was repealed and restated in sections 2241(b), 2242(1), (4), and 2253(a)(1) of this title by Pub. L. 100–370, §1(e)(1), (p)(1), July 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 844, 851.]

“Sec. 706. [Authorized use of appropriated funds for expenses incident to maintenance, pay, and allowances of prisoners of war, other persons in Army, Navy, or Air Force custody whose status was determined by Secretary concerned to be similar to prisoners of war, and persons detained in such custody pursuant to Presidential proclamation, and was repealed by Pub. L. 98–525, title XIV, §§1403(a)(1), 1404, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2621, effective Oct. 1, 1985. See section 956(5) of this title.]

“Sec. 707. [Authorized use of appropriated funds for acquisition of certain interests in land, and was repealed and restated in sections 2673 and 2828(h) of this title by Pub. L. 100–370, §1(l)(1), (2), (p)(1), July 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 849, 851.]

“Sec. 723. [Authorized use of appropriated funds for purchase of household furnishings, and automobiles from military and civilian personnel on duty outside continental United States, for purpose of resale at cost to incoming personnel, and for providing furnishings, without charge, in other than public quarters occupied by military or civilian personnel of Department of Defense on duty outside continental United States or in Alaska, and was repealed and restated in section 2251 of this title by Pub. L. 100–370, §1(e)(1), (p)(1), July 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 844, 851.]

“Sec. 728. [Prohibited use of appropriated funds for payment of costs of advertising by any defense contractor, except advertising for which payment is made from profits, provided exemptions for advertising for personnel recruitment, procurement of scarce required items, and disposal of scrap or surplus materials, and was repealed by Pub. L. 100–370, §1(p)(1), July 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 851. See section 2324(e)(1)(H) of this title.]

“Sec. 735. [Authorized use of appropriated funds for operation and maintenance of the active forces for welfare and recreation; hire of passenger motor vehicles; repair of facilities; modification of personal property; design of vessels; industrial mobilization; installation of equipment in public and private plants; military communications facilities on merchant vessels; acquisition of services, special clothing, supplies, and equipment; and expenses for the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps and other units at educational institutions was amended by Pub. L. 98–525, title XIV, §§1403(a)(2), 1404, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2621, eff. Oct. 1, 1985, and was repealed and restated in sections 2241(a) and 2661(a) of this title by Pub. L. 100–370, §1(e)(1), (l)(3), (p)(1), July 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 844, 849, 851.]

“Sec. 774. During the current fiscal year and subsequent fiscal years, for the purposes of the appropriation ‘Foreign Currency Fluctuations, Defense’ the foreign currency exchange rates used in preparing budget submissions shall be the foreign currency exchange rates as adjusted or modified, as reflected in applicable Committee reports on this Act.”

Budget Determination by Director of OMB

Pub. L. 102–484, div. D, title XLV, §4501, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2769, provided that:

“(a) Requirement for Determination.—An amount made available under this Act [see Tables for classification] for a program described in subsection (b) may be obligated for that program only if expenditures for that program have been determined by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget to be counted against the defense category of the discretionary spending limits for fiscal year 1993 (as defined in section 601(a)(2) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 [2 U.S.C. 665(a)(2)]) for purposes of part C of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 [2 U.S.C. 900 et seq.].

“(b) Covered Programs.—The programs referred to in subsection (a) are the programs under title XLIII [enacting section 2552 of this title, amending section 2391 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2391 of this title] and subtitles D through G of title XLIV [§§4441 to 4497, enacting sections 1143a, 1151, 1598, 2410c, and 2410d of this title and section 1662d–1 of Title 29, Labor, amending sections 1142 and 1144 of this title and sections 1551, 1661, 1661c, and 1662d of Title 29, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1143, 1143a, 2410d, 2501, 2504, and 2701 of this title and section 1662d–1 of Title 29].

“(c) Effect on Appropriations for Programs Not Counted Against Defense Category.—(1) Not later than the third day after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 23, 1992], the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall make a determination as to the classification by discretionary spending limit category for purposes of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 [see Short Title note set out under section 900 of Title 2, The Congress] of amounts appropriated for fiscal year 1993 for each of the programs described in subsection (b). If the Director determines that any such amount shall not classify against the defense category, then the President shall submit to Congress a report listing all such amounts that the Director has determined will not classify against the defense category (as described in subsection (a)). Such report shall contain an explanation for each such determination.

“(2) All amounts listed in the report under paragraph (1) may be transferred only to the programs under titles XLII, XLIII, and XLIV [see Tables for classification] that are classified against the defense category by virtue of the report of the President submitted under paragraph (1) pursuant to amounts specified in appropriation Acts. Any such transfer shall be taken into account for purposes of calculating all reports under section 254 of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 [2 U.S.C. 904].”

Classified Annex

Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title X, §1003, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2834, provided that:

“(a) Status of Classified Annex.—The Classified Annex prepared by the committee of conference to accompany the bill S. 2182 of the One Hundred Third Congress [Pub. L. 103–337] and transmitted to the President is hereby incorporated into this Act [see Tables for classification].

“(b) Construction With Other Provisions of Act.—The amounts specified in the Classified Annex are not in addition to amounts authorized to be appropriated by other provisions of this Act.

“(c) Limitation on Use of Funds.—Funds appropriated pursuant to an authorization contained in this Act that are made available for a program, project, or activity referred to in the Classified Annex may only be expended for such program, project, or activity in accordance with such terms, conditions, limitations, restrictions, and requirements as are set out for that program, project, or activity in the Classified Annex.

“(d) Distribution of Classified Annex.—The President shall provide for appropriate distribution of the Classified Annex, or of appropriate portions of the annex, within the executive branch of the Government.”

Pub. L. 103–335, title VIII, §8084, Sept. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 2637, provided that: “The classified Annex prepared by the Committee on Appropriations to accompany the report on the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1995 [Pub. L. 103–335] is hereby incorporated into this Act [see Tables for classification]: Provided, That the amounts specified in the classified Annex are not in addition to amounts appropriated by other provisions of this Act: Provided further, That the President shall provide for appropriate distribution of the classified Annex, or of appropriate portions of the classified Annex, within the executive branch of the Government.”

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior authorization and appropriation acts:

Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XI, §1103, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1749.

Pub. L. 103–139, title VIII, §8108, Nov. 11, 1993, 107 Stat. 1464.

Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title X, §1006, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2482.

Pub. L. 102–396, title IX, §9126, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1931.

Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title X, §1005, Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1457.

Pub. L. 102–172, title VIII, §8124, Nov. 26, 1991, 105 Stat. 1206.

Pub. L. 101–511, title VIII, §8111, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1904.

Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §1409, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1681.

Budget Act Limitation

Section 1304(b) of Pub. L. 99–661 provided that: “New spending authority (as defined in section 401(c)(2) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 [2 U.S.C. 651(c)(2)]) provided by the amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall be effective for any fiscal year only to the extent or in such amounts as are provided in appropriation Acts.”

Limitation on Source of Funds for Nicaraguan Democratic Resistance

Section 1351 of Pub. L. 99–661 provided that:

“(a) Limitation.—Notwithstanding title II of the Military Construction Appropriations Act, 1987 [Pub. L. 99–500, §101(k) [title II], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–287, 1783–295, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(k) [title II], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–287, 3341–295], or any other provision of law, funds appropriated or otherwise made available to the Department of Defense for any fiscal year for operation and maintenance may not be used to provide assistance for the democratic resistance forces in Nicaragua. If funds appropriated or otherwise made available to the Department of Defense for any fiscal year are authorized by law to be used for such assistance, funds for such purpose may only be derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise made available to the Department for procurement (other than ammunition).

“(b) Report.—Before funds appropriated or otherwise made available to the Department of Defense are released to be used for the purpose described in subsection (a), the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report describing the specific source of such funds.”

Use of Appropriated Funds To Support Revenue Generating Activities in Large Metropolitan Areas Prohibited

Pub. L. 99–500, §101(c) [title IX, §9102], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–82, 1783–118, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(c) [title IX, §9102], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–82, 3341–118, which provided that after Sept. 30, 1987, no appropriated funds could be used to support revenue generating morale, welfare, and recreation activities in large metropolitan areas, was repealed by Pub. L. 100–202, §101(b) [title VIII, §8099], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–43, 1329–78.

Transfer of Operation and Maintenance Appropriations Unobligated Balances to Foreign Currency Fluctuations, Defense, Appropriation

Pub. L. 97–377, title I, §101(c) [title VII, §791], Dec. 21, 1982, 96 Stat. 1865, provided that: “No later than the end of the second fiscal year following the fiscal year for which appropriations for Operation and Maintenance have been made available to the Department of Defense, unobligated balances of such appropriations provided for fiscal year 1982 and thereafter may be transferred into the appropriation ‘Foreign Currency Fluctuations, Defense’ to be merged with and available for the same time period and the same purposes as the appropriation to which transferred: Provided, That any transfer made pursuant to any use of the authority provided by this provision shall be limited so that the amount in the appropriation ‘Foreign Currency Fluctuations, Defense’ does not exceed $970,000,000 at the time such a transfer is made.”

Waiver of Applicability of OMB Circular A–76 to Contracting Out of Certain Research and Development Activities

Section 802 of Pub. L. 96–107 provided that:

“(a) Except as provided in subsection (b), neither the implementing instructions for, nor the provisions of, Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76 (issued on August 30, 1967, and reissued on October 18, 1976, June 13, 1977, and March 29, 1979) shall control or be used for policy guidance for the obligation or expenditure of any funds which under section 138(a)(2) [now 114(a)(2)] of title 10, United States Code, are required to be specifically authorized by law.

“(b) Funds which under section 138(a)(2) [now 114(a)(2)] of title 10, United States Code, are required to be specifically authorized by law may be obligated or expended for operation or support of installations or equipment used for research and development (including maintenance support of laboratories, operation and maintenance of test ranges, and maintenance of test aircraft and ships) in compliance with the implementing instructions for and the provisions of such Office of Management and Budget Circular.

“(c) No law enacted after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 9, 1979] shall be held, considered, or construed as amending, superseding, or otherwise modifying any provision of this section unless such law does so by specifically and explicitly amending, repealing, or superseding this section.”

Manpower Conversion Policies; Development for Annual Manpower Authorization Requests; Justification for Conversion To Be Contained in Annual Manpower Requirements Report to Congress

Pub. L. 93–365, title V, §502, Aug. 5, 1974, 88 Stat. 404, which provided that it was the sense of Congress that the Department of Defense use the least costly form of manpower consistent with military requirements and other needs of the Department of Defense, that in developing the annual manpower authorization requests to the Congress and in carrying out manpower policies, the Secretary of Defense was to consider the advantages of converting from one form of manpower to another (military, civilian, or private contract) for the performance of a specified job, and that a full justification of any conversion from one form of manpower to another be contained in the annual manpower requirements report to the Congress required by subsec. (c)(3) of this section, was repealed and restated as subsec. (c)(5) of this section by Pub. L. 97–295, §§1(3), 6(b).

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in sections 113, 403, 2431, 2551, 2608 of this title; title 22 section 2795.

¹ See References in Text note below.

[§114a . Renumbered §221]

§115 . Personnel strengths: requirement for annual authorization

(a) Congress shall authorize personnel strength levels for each fiscal year for each of the following:

(1) The end strength for each of the armed forces (other than the Coast Guard) for (A) active-duty personnel who are to be paid from funds appropriated for active-duty personnel, and (B) active-duty personnel and full-time National Guard duty personnel who are to be paid from funds appropriated for reserve personnel.

(2) The end strength for the Selected Reserve of each reserve component of the armed forces.

(3) The average military training student loads for each of the armed forces (other than the Coast Guard).

(b) No funds may be appropriated for any fiscal year to or for—

(1) the use of active-duty personnel or full-time National Guard duty personnel of any of the armed forces (other than the Coast Guard) unless the end strength for such personnel of that armed force for that fiscal year has been authorized by law;

(2) the use of the Selected Reserve of any reserve component of the armed forces unless the end strength for the Selected Reserve of that component for that fiscal year has been authorized by law; or

(3) training military personnel in the training categories described in subsection (f) of any of the armed forces (other than the Coast Guard) unless the average student load of that armed force for that fiscal year has been authorized by law.

(c) Upon determination by the Secretary of Defense that such action is in the national interest, the Secretary may—

(1) increase the end strength authorized pursuant to subsection (a)(1)(A) for a fiscal year for any of the armed forces by a number equal to not more than 0.5 percent of that end strength; and

(2) increase the end strength authorized pursuant to subsection (a)(1)(B) for a fiscal year for any of the armed forces by a number equal to not more than 2 percent of that end strength.

(d) In counting active-duty personnel for the purpose of the end-strengths authorized pursuant to subsection (a)(1), persons in the following categories shall be excluded:

(1) Members of the Ready Reserve ordered to active duty under section 673 ¹ of this title.

(2) Members of the Selected Reserve of the Ready Reserve ordered to active duty under section 673b ¹ of this title.

(3) Members of the National Guard called into Federal service under section 3500 ¹ or 8500 ¹ of this title.

(4) Members of the militia called into Federal service under chapter 15 of this title.

(5) Members of reserve components on active duty for training.

(6) Members of reserve components on active duty for 180 days or less to perform special work.

(7) Members on full-time National Guard duty for 180 days or less.

(e) The authorized strength of the Navy under subsection (a)(1) is increased by the authorized strength of the Coast Guard during any period when the Coast Guard is operating as a service in the Navy.

(f) Authorization under subsection (a)(3) is not required for unit or crew training student loads, but is required for student loads for the following individual training categories:

(1) Recruit and specialized training.

(2) Flight training.

(3) Professional training in military and civilian institutions.

(4) Officer acquisition training.

(Added Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §1483(a), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1710; amended Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title III, §312(a), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1335.)

References in Text

Sections 673 and 673b of this title, referred to in subsec. (d)(1), (2), were renumbered sections 12302 and 12304 of this title, respectively, by Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI, §1662(e)(2), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2992.

Sections 3500 and 8500 of this title, referred to in subsec. (d)(3), were repealed by Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI, §1662(f)(2), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2994, and reenacted by section 1662(f)(1) thereof as section 12406 of this title.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 115, added Pub. L. 93–155, title VIII, §803(a), Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 612, §138(b)–(d); amended Pub. L. 94–361, title III, §302, July 14, 1976, 90 Stat. 924; Pub. L. 96–107, title III, §303(b), Nov. 9, 1979, 93 Stat. 806; Pub. L. 96–513, title I, §102, Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2840; Pub. L. 97–22, §2(b), July 10, 1981, 95 Stat. 124; Pub. L. 97–86, title IX, §§902, 903, Dec. 1, 1981, 95 Stat. 1113, 1114; Pub. L. 97–252, title IV, §402(a), Sept. 8, 1982, 96 Stat. 725; Pub. L. 97–295, §1(3), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1289; Pub. L. 99–145, title XII, §1208, Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 723; renumbered §115 Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §§101(a)(2), 110(b)(4), (5), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, 1002; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title IV, §§411(c) [(d)], 413, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3861, 3862; Pub. L. 100–26, §7(j)(2), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 283; Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title VI, §641, Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 1987, related to annual authorization of personnel strengths and annual manpower requirements reports, prior to repeal and reenactment as sections 115, 115a, 115b [now 10541], 123a, and 129a of this title by Pub. L. 101–510, §1483(a), (b).

Amendments

1991—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 102–190, §312(a)(1), struck out par. (4) which read as follows: “The end strength for civilian personnel for each component of the Department of Defense.”

Subsec. (b)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 102–190, §312(a)(2), inserted “or” at end of par. (2), substituted a period for “; or” at end of par. (3), and struck out par. (4) which read as follows: “the use of the civilian personnel of any component of the Department of Defense unless the end strength for civilian personnel of that component for that fiscal year has been authorized by law.”

Effect of Reserve Component on Computation of End Strength Limitation for Active Forces for Fiscal Year 1995

Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XIII, §1316(c), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2899, provided that:

“(1) A member of a reserve component described in paragraph (2) shall not be counted (under section 115(a)(1) of title 10, United States Code) against the applicable end strength limitation for members of the Armed Forces on active duty for fiscal year 1995 prescribed in section 401 [set out below].

“(2) Paragraph (1) applies in the case of a member of a reserve component who is on active duty under a call or order to active duty for 180 days or more for activities under section 168 of title 10, United States Code, as added by subsection (a).”

End Strengths for Active Forces

Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title IV, §401, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2743, provided that: “The Armed Forces are authorized strengths for active duty personnel as of September 30, 1995, as follows:

“(1) The Army, 510,000.

“(2) The Navy, 441,641.

“(3) The Marine Corps, 174,000.

“(4) The Air Force, 400,051.”

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior authorization acts:

Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title IV, §§401, 403, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1639, 1640.

Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title IV, §§401, 402, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2397.

Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title IV, §401, title VI, §664, Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1349, 1399.

Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title IV, §§401, 402, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1543, 1544; Pub. L. 102–25, title II, §§201(a), 202, 205(a), Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 79, 80.

Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title IV, §401, Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1431, as amended by Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title IV, §401(d), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1544.

Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title IV, §401, Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 1963.

Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title IV, §401, Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1081.

Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title IV, §401, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3859.

Pub. L. 99–145, title IV, §401, Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 618.

Pub. L. 98–525, title IV, §401, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2516.

Pub. L. 98–94, title IV, §401, Sept. 24, 1983, 97 Stat. 629.

Pub. L. 97–252, title IV, §401, Sept. 8, 1982, 96 Stat. 725.

Pub. L. 97–86, title IV, §401, Dec. 1, 1981, 95 Stat. 1104, as amended by Pub. L. 97–252, title IX, §903, Sept. 8, 1982, 96 Stat. 729.

Pub. L. 96–342, title III, §301, Sept. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1082, as amended by Pub. L. 97–39, title III, §301, Aug. 14, 1981, 95 Stat. 940.

Pub. L. 96–107, title III, §301, Nov. 9, 1979, 93 Stat. 806.

Pub. L. 95–485, title III, §301, Oct. 20, 1978, 92 Stat. 1613.

Pub. L. 95–79, title III, §301, July 30, 1977, 91 Stat. 326.

Pub. L. 94–361, title III, §301, July 14, 1976, 90 Stat. 924.

Pub. L. 94–106, title III, §301, Oct. 7, 1975, 89 Stat. 532.

Pub. L. 93–365, title III, §301, Aug. 5, 1974, 88 Stat. 401.

Pub. L. 93–155, title III, §301, Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 607.

Pub. L. 92–436, title III, §301, Sept. 26, 1972, 86 Stat. 735.

Minimum Number of Navy Health Professions Officers

Section 718(b) of Pub. L. 102–190 provided that: “Of the total number of officers authorized to be serving on active duty in the Navy on the last day of a fiscal year, 12,510 shall be available only for assignment to duties in health profession specialties.”

Limitations on Reductions in Medical Personnel

Section 711 of Pub. L. 101–510, as amended by Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title VII, §718(a), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1404, provided that:

“(a) Limitation on Reduction.—The Secretary of Defense may not reduce the number of medical personnel of the Department of Defense below the baseline number unless the Secretary of Defense—

“(1) certifies to the Congress that—

“(A) the number of such personnel being reduced is excess to the current and projected needs of the military departments; and

“(B) such reduction will not result in an increase in the cost of health care services provided under the Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services; and

“(2) in the case of military medical personnel, includes in the certification the information specified in subsection (b).

“(b) Information Required.—A certification made by the Secretary of Defense in compliance with subsection (a)(2) shall include the following:

“(1) The strength levels for the individual category of medical personnel involved in the reduction as of September 30, 1989.

“(2) The projected requirements of the Department of Defense over the five-fiscal year period following the fiscal year in which the certification is submitted for medical personnel in the category of medical personnel involved in the reduction.

“(3) The strength level recommended for each component of the Armed Forces for the most recent fiscal year for which the Secretary submitted recommendations pursuant to section 115a(g)(1) of title 10, United States Code (as added by section 1483), for personnel in the category of medical personnel involved in the reduction.

“(c) Definitions.—For purposes of this section:

“(1) The term ‘medical personnel’ has the meaning given that term in section 115a(g)(2) of title 10, United States Code (as added by section 1483), except that such term includes civilian personnel of the Department of Defense assigned to military medical facilities.

“(2) The term ‘category of medical personnel’ means—

“(A) each corps referred to in subparagraphs (A) and (C) of section 115a(g)(2) of such title (as added by section 1483);

“(B) each designation referred to in subparagraph (B) of such section;

“(C) the enlisted personnel referred to in subparagraph (D) of such section; and

“(D) other medical personnel designated as medical personnel by the Secretary pursuant to subparagraph (E) of such section, if any.

“(3) The term ‘baseline number’ means the number equal to the sum of 12,510 and the number of medical personnel of the Department of Defense serving on September 30, 1989, excluding commissioned officers of the Navy.”

Operation Desert Shield Increase in End Strengths of Active Duty Personnel; Authority; Certification

Section 1117 of Pub. L. 101–510, which authorized Secretary of Defense, after determining that operational requirements of Operation Desert Shield so require, to increase the end strengths of active duty personnel for fiscal year 1991 by an amount not greater than 0.5 percent of the total end strengths authorized by section 401 of Pub. L. 101–510, set out above, and required certification by Secretary to Committees on Armed Services of Senate and House of Representatives of necessity of such increase, was repealed by Pub. L. 102–25, title II, §204, Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 80.

Cross References

Reserve components named, see section 10101 of this title.

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in sections 8062, 16132 of this title.

¹ See References in Text note below.

§115a . Annual manpower requirements report

(a) The Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress, not later than February 15 of each fiscal year, an annual manpower requirements report. The report shall be in writing and shall contain the Secretary's recommendations for—

(1) the annual active-duty end-strength level for each component of the armed forces for the next fiscal year; and

(2) the annual civilian personnel end-strength level for each component of the Department of Defense for the next fiscal year.

(b)(1) The Secretary shall include in each report under subsection (a) justification for the strength levels recommended and an explanation of the relationship between the personnel strength levels recommended for that fiscal year and the national security policies of the United States in effect at the time.

(2) The justification and explanation shall specify in detail for all major military force units (including each land force division, carrier and other major combatant vessel, air wing, and other comparable unit) the following:

(A) Unit mission and capability.

(B) Strategy which the unit supports.

(C) Area of deployment and illustrative areas of potential deployment, including a description of any United States commitment to defend such areas.

(3) The justification and explanation shall also specify in detail the manpower required to perform the medical missions of each of the armed forces and of the Department of Defense.

(c) The Secretary shall include in each report under subsection (a) a detailed discussion of the following:

(1) The manpower required for support and overhead functions within the armed forces and the Department of Defense.

(2) The relationship of the manpower required for support and overhead functions to the primary combat missions and support policies.

(3) The manpower required to be stationed or assigned to duty in foreign countries and aboard vessels located outside the territorial limits of the United States, its territories, and possessions.

(d) In each such report, the Secretary shall also—

(1) identify, define, and group by mission and by region the types of military bases, installations, and facilities;

(2) provide an explanation and justification of the relationship between this base structure and the proposed military force structure; and

(3) provide a comprehensive identification of base operating support costs and an evaluation of possible alternatives to reduce those costs.

(e) The Secretary shall also include in each such report, with respect to each armed force under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of a military department, the following:

(1) The number of positions that require warrant officers or commissioned officers serving on active duty in each of the officer grades during the current fiscal year and the estimated number of such positions for each of the next five fiscal years.

(2) The estimated number of officers that will be serving on active duty in each grade on the last day of the current fiscal year and the estimated numbers of officers that will be needed on active duty on the last day of each of the next five fiscal years.

(3) An estimate and analysis for the current fiscal year and for each of the next five fiscal years of gains to and losses from the number of members on active duty in each officer grade, including a tabulation of—

(A) retirements displayed by year of active commissioned service;

(B) discharges;

(C) other separations;

(D) deaths;

(E) promotions; and

(F) reserve and regular officers ordered to active duty.

(4) An analysis of the distribution of each of the following categories of officers serving on active duty on the last day of the preceding fiscal year by grade in which serving and years of active commissioned service:

(A) Regular officers.

(B) Reserve officers on the active-duty list.

(C) Reserve officers described in clauses (B) and (C) of section 523(b)(1) of this title.

(D) Officers other than those specified in subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) serving in a temporary grade.

(5) An analysis of the number of officers and enlisted members serving on active duty for training as of the last day of the preceding fiscal year under orders specifying an aggregate period in excess of 180 days and an estimate for the current fiscal year of the number that will be ordered to such duty, tabulated by—

(A) recruit and specialized training;

(B) flight training;

(C) professional training in military and civilian institutions; and

(D) officer acquisition training.

(f) In each such report, the Secretary shall also include recommendations for the average student load for each category of training for each component of the armed forces for the next three fiscal years. The Secretary shall include in the report justification for, and explanation of, the average student loads recommended.

(g)(1) In each such report, the Secretary shall also include recommendations for the end-strength levels for medical personnel for each component of the armed forces as of the end of the next fiscal year.

(2) For purposes of this subsection, the term “medical personnel” includes—

(A) in the case of the Army, members of the Medical Corps, Dental Corps, Nurse Corps, Medical Service Corps, Veterinary Corps, and Army Medical Specialist Corps;

(B) in the case of the Navy, members of the Medical Corps, Dental Corps, Nurse Corps, and Medical Service Corps;

(C) in the case of the Air Force, members designated as medical officers, dental officers, Air Force nurses, medical service officers, and biomedical science officers;

(D) enlisted members engaged in or supporting medically related activities; and

(E) such other personnel as the Secretary considers appropriate.

(Added Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §1483(a), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1711; amended Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title X, §1061(a)(1), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1472.)

Prior Provisions

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 115(b)(1)(D), (3), (c)(2) of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 101–510, §1483(a).

Amendments

1991—Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 102–190 inserted “provide” before “a comprehensive”.

Assessment of Structure and Mix of Active and Reserve Forces

Section 402 of Pub. L. 102–190, as amended by Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title V, §513(b), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2406, required Secretary of Defense to submit to Congress a report containing an assessment of alternatives relating to structure and mix of active and reserve forces appropriate for carrying out assigned missions in mid- to late-1990s and an evaluation and recommendations of Secretary and Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff as to mix or mixes of reserve and active forces considered acceptable to carry out expected future missions, and further provided for matters to be included in report and evaluation, commencement of assessment, submission of interim and final reports, and funding for assessment.

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in section 129a of this title.

[§115b . Renumbered §10541]

§116 . Annual operations and maintenance report

(a)(1) The Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a written report, not later than February 15 of each fiscal year, with respect to the operations and maintenance of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps for the next fiscal year. The Secretary shall include in each such report recommendations for—

(A) the number of aircraft flying hours for the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps for the next fiscal year, the number of ship steaming hours for the Navy for the next fiscal year, and the number of field training days for the combat arms battalions of the Army and Marine Corps for the next fiscal year;

(B) the number of ships over 3,000 tons (full load displacement) in each Navy ship classification on which major repair work should be performed during the next fiscal year; and

(C) the number of airframe reworks, aircraft engine reworks, and vehicle overhauls which should be performed by the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps during the next fiscal year.

(2) The Secretary shall also include in each such report the justification for and an explanation of the level of funding recommended in the Budget of the President for the next fiscal year for aircraft flying hours, ship steaming hours, field training days for the combat arms battalions, major repair work to be performed on ships of the Navy, airframe reworks, aircraft engine reworks, and vehicle overhauls.

(b) In this section:

(1) The term “combat arms battalions” means, armor, infantry, mechanized infantry, air assault infantry, airborne infantry, ranger, artillery, and combat engineer battalions and armored cavalry and air cavalry squadrons.

(2) The term “major repair work” means, in the case of any ship to which such subsection is applicable, any overhaul, modification, alteration, or conversion work which will result in a total cost to the United States of more than $10,000,000.

(Added Pub. L. 96–342, title X, §1001(b)(3), (c)(2), Sept. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1118, 1119, §138(e), (f)(2); amended Pub. L. 96–513, title V, §511(4)(B), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2920; Pub. L. 97–86, title III, §302, Dec. 1, 1981, 95 Stat. 1104; renumbered §116 and amended Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §§101(a)(2), 110(b)(6), (7), (9), (10), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, 1002.)

Amendments

1986—Pub. L. 99–433 successively redesignated subsecs. (e) and (f)(2) of section 138 of this title as subsecs. (e) and (f)(2) of section 114 of this title and then as subsecs. (a) and (b), respectively, of this section, added section catchline, and made minor conforming changes in text.

1981—Subsec. (a)(3), (4), formerly §138(e)(3), (4). Pub. L. 97–86 struck out pars. (3) and (4) which required the Secretary to include in each report a projection of the combat readiness of specified military units proposed to be maintained during the next fiscal year.

1980—Subsec. (b), formerly §138(f)(2). Pub. L. 96–513 substituted “In subsection (e)” for “In subsection (f)”.

Effective Date of 1980 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–513 effective Dec. 12, 1980, see section 701(b)(3) of Pub. L. 96–513.

[§§117, 118 . Repealed. Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIII, §1301(1), (2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1668]

Section 117, added Pub. L. 97–295, §1(2)(A), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1287, §133a; renumbered §117 and amended Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §§101(a)(2), 110(d)(3), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, 1002, required annual report on North Atlantic Treaty Organization readiness.

Section 118, added Pub. L. 97–295, §1(2)(A), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1288, §133b; renumbered §118, Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §101(a)(2), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, required reports to Congress on sales or transfers of defense articles.

§119 . Special access programs: congressional oversight

(a)(1) Not later than February 1 of each year, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the defense committees a report on special access programs.

(2) Each such report shall set forth—

(A) the total amount requested for special access programs of the Department of Defense in the President's budget for the next fiscal year submitted under section 1105 of title 31; and

(B) for each program in that budget that is a special access program—

(i) a brief description of the program;

(ii) a brief discussion of the major milestones established for the program;

(iii) the actual cost of the program for each fiscal year during which the program has been conducted before the fiscal year during which that budget is submitted; and

(iv) the estimated total cost of the program and the estimated cost of the program for (I) the current fiscal year, (II) the fiscal year for which the budget is submitted, and (III) each of the four succeeding fiscal years during which the program is expected to be conducted.

(3) In the case of a report under paragraph (1) submitted in a year during which the President's budget for the next fiscal year, because of multiyear budgeting for the Department of Defense, does not include a full budget request for the Department of Defense, the report required by paragraph (1) shall set forth—

(A) the total amount already appropriated for the next fiscal year for special access programs of the Department of Defense and any additional amount requested in that budget for such programs for such fiscal year; and

(B) for each program of the Department of Defense that is a special access program, the information specified in paragraph (2)(B).

(b)(1) Not later than February 1 of each year, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the defense committees a report that, with respect to each new special access program, provides—

(A) notice of the designation of the program as a special access program; and

(B) justification for such designation.

(2) A report under paragraph (1) with respect to a program shall include—

(A) the current estimate of the total program cost for the program; and

(B) an identification of existing programs or technologies that are similar to the technology, or that have a mission similar to the mission, of the program that is the subject of the notice.

(3) In this subsection, the term “new special access program” means a special access program that has not previously been covered in a notice and justification under this subsection.

(c)(1) Whenever a change in the classification of a special access program of the Department of Defense is planned to be made or whenever classified information concerning a special access program of the Department of Defense is to be declassified and made public, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the defense committees a report containing a description of the proposed change, the reasons for the proposed change, and notice of any public announcement planned to be made with respect to the proposed change.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph (3), any report referred to in paragraph (1) shall be submitted not less than 14 days before the date on which the proposed change or public announcement is to occur.

(3) If the Secretary determines that because of exceptional circumstances the requirement of paragraph (2) cannot be met with respect to a proposed change or public announcement concerning a special access program of the Department of Defense, the Secretary may submit the report required by paragraph (1) regarding the proposed change or public announcement at any time before the proposed change or public announcement is made and shall include in the report an explanation of the exceptional circumstances.

(d) Whenever there is a modification or termination of the policy and criteria used for designating a program of the Department of Defense as a special access program, the Secretary of Defense shall promptly notify the defense committees of such modification or termination. Any such notification shall contain the reasons for the modification or termination and, in the case of a modification, the provisions of the policy as modified.

(e)(1) The Secretary of Defense may waive any requirement under subsection (a), (b), or (c) that certain information be included in a report under that subsection if the Secretary determines that inclusion of that information in the report would adversely affect the national security. Any such waiver shall be made on a case-by-case basis.

(2) If the Secretary exercises the authority provided under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall provide the information described in that subsection with respect to the special access program concerned, and the justification for the waiver, jointly to the chairman and ranking minority member of each of the defense committees.

(f) A special access program may not be initiated until—

(1) the defense committees are notified of the program; and

(2) a period of 30 days elapses after such notification is received.

(g) In this section, the term “defense committees” means—

(1) the Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and House of Representatives; and

(2) the Defense Subcommittees of the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and House of Representatives.

(Added Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XI, §1132(a)(1), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1151; amended Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §§1461, 1482(a), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1698, 1709.)

Amendments

1990—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–510, §1461(a), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) read as follows: “Whenever a change is made in the status of a program of the Department of Defense as a special access program, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the defense committees a report describing the change. Any such report shall be submitted not later than 30 days after the date on which the change takes effect.”

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 101–510, §1482(a)(2), added subsec. (f). Former subsec. (f) redesignated (g).

Pub. L. 101–510, §1461(b), inserted “and Appropriations” after “Armed Services” in par. (1).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 101–510, §1482(a)(1), redesignated subsec. (f) as (g).

Change of Name

Committee on Armed Services of House of Representatives changed to Committee on National Security of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Jan. 4, 1995.

Effective Date of 1990 Amendment

Section 1482(d) of Pub. L. 101–510 provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting section 2214 of this title and amending this section and section 1584 of this title] shall take effect on October 1, 1991.”

Initial Reports on Special Access Programs

Section 1132(b), (c) of Pub. L. 100–180 provided that:

“(b) Five-Year Reference Amounts.—The first report under subsection (a) of section 119 of title 10, United States Code (as added by subsection (a)), shall set forth—

“(1) the total amount requested in the President's budget for each of the five previous fiscal years for special access programs of the Department of Defense that were included in the budget; and

“(2) the total amount appropriated for each such year for such programs.

“(c) Initial Report on Special Access Program Designations.—The first report under subsection (b) of section 119 of title 10, United States Code (as added by subsection (a)), shall cover each existing special access program.”

CHAPTER 3—GENERAL POWERS AND FUNCTIONS

        

Amendment of Analysis

Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI, §§1671(b)(2), 1691(b)(1), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 3013, 3026, provided for amendment of analysis effective Oct. 1, 1996, by striking out item 123 and inserting in lieu thereof “123. Authority to suspend officer personnel laws during war or national emergency.”

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XIII, §1312(a)(2), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2894, which directed amendment of table of sections by adding item 123b at end, was executed by adding item 123b after item 123a to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

1993—Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XI, §1108(a)(2), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1752, added item 127a.

1990—Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §§1481(b)(2), 1483(c)(2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1705, 1715, added items 123a, 129a, and 129b.

1989—Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title XII, §1202(a)(2), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1563, added item 124.

1987—Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XI, §1123(b), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1150, added item 128.

Pub. L. 100–26, §9(b)(1), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 287, struck out item 128 “Funds transfers for foreign cryptologic support”.

1986—Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §110(c)(2), (e)(1), title II, §211(c)(2), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1002, 1003, 1017, inserted “and Functions” after “General Powers” in chapter heading, struck out item 124 “Combatant commands: establishment; composition; functions; administration and support”, and added items 127 to 130.

1962—Pub. L. 87–651, title II, §201(b), Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 517, added items 124 to 126.

1958—Pub. L. 85–861, §1(2)(B), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1437, added items 122 and 123.

§121 . Regulations

The President may prescribe regulations to carry out his functions, powers, and duties under this title.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 6.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
121	[No source].	[No source].

The revised section is inserted to make express the President's general authority to issue regulations, which has been expressly reflected in many laws and left to inference in the remainder.

Cross References

Authority and direction of President—

Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff, see section 152 of this title.

Joint Chiefs of Staff, see section 151 of this title.

Imperative regulations—

Annuities based on retired or retainer pay, see section 1444 of this title.

Organization, discipline, and government of National Guard, see section 110 of Title 32, National Guard.

Permissive regulations—

Commanding officer's non-judicial punishment, see section 815 of this title.

Discipline of Marine Corps, see section 6012 of this title.

Government of the Army or Air Force, see sections 3061, 8061 of this title.

Uniform Code of Military Justice, see section 836 of this title.

Uniform Code of Military Justice, delegation of authority vested in President, see section 940 of this title.

§122 . Official registers

The Secretary of a military department may have published, annually or at such other times as he may designate, official registers containing the names of, and other pertinent information about, such regular and reserve officers of the armed forces under his jurisdiction as he considers appropriate. The register may also contain any other list that the Secretary considers appropriate.

(Added Pub. L. 85–861, §1(2)(A), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1437.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
122	10 App.:20b. 34 App.:609.	July 24, 1956, ch. 677, §1, 70 Stat. 623.

§123 . Suspension of certain provisions of law relating to reserve commissioned officers

(a) In time of war, or of national emergency declared by Congress, the President may suspend the operation of any provision of the following sections ¹ of this title with respect to any armed force: 281, 592, 1002, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1374, 3217, 3218, 3219, 3220, 3352(a) (last sentence), 3353, 3354, 3359, 3360, 3362, 3363, 3364, 3365, 3366, 3367, 3368, 3369, 3370, 3371, 3375, 3378, 3380, 3382, 3383, 3384, 3385, 3386, 3388, 3389, 3390, 3392, 3393, 3819, 3820(c), 3843, 3844, 3845, 3846, 3848, 3850, 3851, 3852, 3853, 3854, 3855, 5414, 5457, 5458, 5506, 5600, 5665, 5891, 5892, 5893, 5894, 5895, 5896, 5897, 5898, 5899, 5900, 5901, 5902, 5903, 5904, 5905, 5906, 5908, 5909, 5910, 5911, 6389, 6391, 6397, 6403, 6410, 8217, 8218, 8219, 8353, 8354, 8358, 8359, 8360, 8361, 8362, 8363, 8365, 8366, 8367, 8368, 8371, 8372, 8373, 8374, 8375, 8376, 8377, 8378, 8379, 8380, 8381, 8392, 8393, 8819, 8843, 8844, 8845, 8846, 8848, 8850, 8851, 8852, 8853, and 8855.

(b) If a provision is so suspended, the Secretary of Defense shall, before the end of that suspension, recommend to Congress legislation necessary to adjust the grades of reserve commissioned officers other than commissioned warrant officers. So far as practicable, this legislation shall be the same as that recommended for adjusting the grades of officers of the regular component of the armed force concerned.

(Added Pub. L. 85–861, §1(2)(A), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1437; amended Pub. L. 86–559, §1(1), June 30, 1960, 74 Stat. 264; Pub. L. 89–718, §1, Nov. 2, 1966, 80 Stat. 1115; Pub. L. 90–130, §1(1), Nov. 8, 1967, 81 Stat. 374; Pub. L. 96–513, title V, §§501(3), 511(1), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2907, 2920; Pub. L. 97–22, §10(b)(1), July 10, 1981, 95 Stat. 137; Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI, §1622(a), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2961.)

Amendment of Section

Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI, §§1622(a), 1691(b)(1), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2961, 3026, provided that, effective Oct. 1, 1996, this section is amended to read as follows:

§123. Authority to suspend officer personnel laws during war or national emergency

(a) In time of war, or of national emergency declared by Congress or the President after November 30, 1980, the President may suspend the operation of any provision of law relating to the promotion, involuntary retirement, or separation of commissioned officers of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard Reserve. So long as such war or national emergency continues, any such suspension may be extended by the President.

(b) Any such suspension shall, if not sooner ended, end on the last day of the two-year period beginning on the date on which the suspension (or the last extension thereof) takes effect or on the last day of the one-year period beginning on the date of the termination of the war or national emergency, whichever occurs first. With respect to the end of any such suspension, the preceding sentence supersedes the provisions of title II of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1621–1622) which provide that powers or authorities exercised by reason of a national emergency shall cease to be exercised after the date of the termination of the emergency.

(c) If a provision of law pertaining to the promotion of reserve officers is suspended under this section and if the Secretary of Defense submits to Congress proposed legislation to adjust the grades and dates of rank of reserve commissioned officers other than commissioned warrant officers, such proposed legislation shall, so far as practicable, be the same as that recommended for adjusting the grades and dates of rank of officers of the regular component of the armed force concerned.

Historical and Revision Notes

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
123	50:1199 (less applicability to National Guard).	Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1257, §209 (less applicability to National Guard), 68 Stat. 1152.

In subsection (b), the words “the same as” are substituted for the word “comparable”, since any necessary differences in the recommended legislation between Reserves and Regulars are fully taken account of in the words “So far as practicable”.

References in Text

Section 281 of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was repealed by Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI, §1661(a)(2)(A), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2979. See section 10214 of this title.

Section 592 of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was renumbered section 12202 of this title by Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI, §1662(c)(2), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2990.

Sections 1002, 1005, 1006, and 1007 of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), were renumbered sections 12642, 12645, 12646, and 12647 of this title, respectively, by Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI, §1662(h)(2), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2996.

Section 1374 of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was repealed by Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI, §1662(k)(2), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 3006. See sections 12771, 12772, and 12773 of this title.

Sections 3217, 3218, 3219, 3220, 5414, 5457, 5458, 8217, 8218, and 8219 of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), were repealed by Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI, §1662(a)(3), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2988. See sections 12003 to 12005 and 12007 of this title.

Section 3352 of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was renumbered section 12213 of this title by Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI, §1662(c)(3), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2990.

Section 5506 of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was repealed by Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI, §1673(d)(1), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 3016.

Amendments

1981—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–22 struck out references to sections 3494 and 8494.

1980—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–513 struck out references to sections 3571, 3847, 5867, 8370, 8571, and 8847.

1967—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 90–130 struck out reference to section 3391.

1966—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89–718 struck out reference to section 5907.

1960—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 86–559 inserted references to sections 281, 3855, and 8855 and struck out references to sections 3841, 3842, 3849, 8841, 8842, and 8849.

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–337 effective Oct. 1, 1996, see section 1691(b)(1) of Pub. L. 103–337, set out as an Effective Date note under section 10001 of this title.

Effective Date of 1981 Amendment

Section 10(b) of Pub. L. 97–22 provided that the amendment made by that section is effective Sept. 15, 1981.

Effective Date of 1980 Amendment

Amendment by section 501(3) of Pub. L. 96–513, striking out references to sections 3571, 5867, and 8571, effective Sept. 15, 1981, and amendment by section 511(1) of Pub. L. 96–513, striking out references to sections 3847, 8370, and 8847, effective Dec. 12, 1980, see section 701 of Pub. L. 96–513, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Delegation of Functions

Functions of President under this section delegated to Secretary of Defense, see section 1(11) of Ex. Ord. No. 11390, Jan. 22, 1968, 33 F.R. 841, set out as a note under section 301 of Title 3, The President.

¹ See References in Text note below.

§123a . Suspension of end-strength limitations in time of war or national emergency

If at the end of any fiscal year there is in effect a war or national emergency, the President may defer the effectiveness of any end-strength limitation with respect to that fiscal year prescribed by law for any military or civilian component of the armed forces or of the Department of Defense. Any such deferral may not extend beyond November 30 of the following fiscal year.

(Added Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §1483(b)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1715.)

Prior Provisions

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 115(b)(4) of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 101–510, §1483(a).

§123b . Forces stationed abroad: limitation on number

(a) End-Strength Limitation.—No funds appropriated to the Department of Defense may be used to support a strength level of members of the armed forces assigned to permanent duty ashore in nations outside the United States at the end of any fiscal year at a level in excess of 203,000.

(b) Exception for Wartime.—Subsection (a) does not apply in the event of a declaration of war or an armed attack on any member nation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Japan, the Republic of Korea, or any other ally of the United States.

(c) Presidential Waiver.—The President may waive the operation of subsection (a) if the President declares an emergency. The President shall immediately notify Congress of any such waiver.

(Added Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XIII, §1312(a)(1), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2894.)

Prior Provisions

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title XIII, §1302, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2545, which was set out as a note under section 113 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–337, §1312(c).

Effective Date

Section 1312(b) of Pub. L. 103–337 provided that: “Section 123b of title 10, United States Code, as added by subsection (a), does not apply with respect to a fiscal year before fiscal year 1996.”

§124 . Detection and monitoring of aerial and maritime transit of illegal drugs: Department of Defense to be lead agency

(a) Lead Agency.—(1) The Department of Defense shall serve as the single lead agency of the Federal Government for the detection and monitoring of aerial and maritime transit of illegal drugs into the United States.

(2) The responsibility conferred by paragraph (1) shall be carried out in support of the counter-drug activities of Federal, State, local, and foreign law enforcement agencies.

(b) Performance of Detection and Monitoring Function.—(1) To carry out subsection (a), Department of Defense personnel may operate equipment of the Department to intercept a vessel or an aircraft detected outside the land area of the United States for the purposes of—

(A) identifying and communicating with that vessel or aircraft; and

(B) directing that vessel or aircraft to go to a location designated by appropriate civilian officials.

(2) In cases in which a vessel or an aircraft is detected outside the land area of the United States, Department of Defense personnel may begin or continue pursuit of that vessel or aircraft over the land area of the United States.

(c) United States Defined.—In this section, the term “United States” means the land area of the several States and any territory, commonwealth, or possession of the United States.

(Added Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title XII, §1202(a)(1), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1563; amended Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title X, §1088(b), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1485.)

Prior Provisions

A prior section 124, added Pub. L. 87–651, title II, §201(a), Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 514; amended Pub. L. 98–525, title XIII, §1301(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2611; Pub. L. 99–145, title XIII, §1303(a)(1), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 738, related to establishment, composition, and functions of combatant commands, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 99–433, §211(c)(1). See section 161 et seq. of this title.

Similar provisions were contained in Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title XI, §1102, Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2042, which was set out as a note under section 113 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 101–189, §1202(b).

Amendments

1991—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–190 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).

Counter-Drug Detection and Monitoring Systems Plan

Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title X, §1043, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2492, provided that:

“(a) Requirements of Detection and Monitoring Systems.—The Secretary of Defense shall establish requirements for counter-drug detection and monitoring systems to be used by the Department of Defense in the performance of its mission under section 124(a) of title 10, United States Code, as lead agency of the Federal Government for the detection and monitoring of the transit of illegal drugs into the United States. Such requirements shall be designed—

“(1) to minimize unnecessary redundancy between counter-drug detection and monitoring systems;

“(2) to grant priority to assets and technologies of the Department of Defense that are already in existence or that would require little additional development to be available for use in the performance of such mission;

“(3) to promote commonality and interoperability between counter-drug detection and monitoring systems in a cost-effective manner; and

“(4) to maximize the potential of using counter-drug detection and monitoring systems for other defense missions whenever practicable.

“(b) Evaluation of Systems.—The Secretary of Defense shall identify and evaluate existing and proposed counter-drug detection and monitoring systems in light of the requirements established under subsection (a). In carrying out such evaluation, the Secretary shall—

“(1) assess the capabilities, strengths, and weaknesses of counter-drug detection and monitoring systems; and

“(2) determine the optimal and most cost-effective combination of use of counter-drug detection and monitoring systems to carry out activities relating to the reconnaissance, detection, and monitoring of drug traffic.

“(c) Systems Plan.—Based on the results of the evaluation under subsection (b), the Secretary of Defense shall prepare a plan for the development, acquisition, and use of improved counter-drug detection and monitoring systems by the Armed Forces. In developing the plan, the Secretary shall also make every effort to determine which counter-drug detection and monitoring systems should be eliminated from the counter-drug program based on the results of such evaluation. The plan shall include an estimate by the Secretary of the full cost to implement the plan, including the cost to develop, procure, operate, and maintain equipment used in counter-drug detection and monitoring activities performed under the plan and training and personnel costs associated with such activities.

“(d) Report.—Not later than six months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 23, 1992], the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report on the requirements established under subsection (a) and the results of the evaluation conducted under subsection (b). The report shall include the plan prepared under subsection (c).

“(e) Limitation on Obligation of Funds.—(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), none of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available for the Department of Defense for fiscal year 1993 pursuant to an authorization of appropriations in this Act [see Tables for classification] may be obligated or expended for the procurement or upgrading of a counter-drug detection and monitoring system, for research and development with respect to such a system, or for the lease or rental of such a system until after the date on which the Secretary of Defense submits to Congress the report required under subsection (d).

“(2) Paragraph (1) shall not prohibit obligations or expenditures of funds for—

“(A) any procurement, upgrading, research and development, or lease of a counter-drug detection and monitoring system that is necessary to carry out the evaluation required under subsection (b); or

“(B) the operation and maintenance of counter-drug detection and monitoring systems used by the Department of Defense as of the date of the enactment of this Act.

“(f) Definition.—For purposes of this section, the term ‘counter-drug detection and monitoring systems’ means land-, air-, and sea-based detection and monitoring systems suitable for use by the Department of Defense in the performance of its mission—

“(1) under section 124(a) of title 10, United States Code, as lead agency of the Federal Government for the detection and monitoring of the aerial and maritime transit of illegal drugs into the United States; and

“(2) to provide support to law enforcement agencies in the detection, monitoring, and communication of the movement of traffic at, near, and outside the geographic boundaries of the United States.”

Integration of Communications Network

Section 1204(a) of Pub. L. 101–189 provided that:

“(1) The Secretary of Defense shall integrate into an effective communications network the command, control, communications, and technical intelligence assets of the United States that are dedicated (in whole or in part) to the interdiction of illegal drugs into the United States.

“(2) The Secretary shall carry out this subsection in consultation with the Director of National Drug Control Policy.”

Research and Development

Section 1205 of Pub. L. 101–189 provided that: “The Secretary of Defense shall ensure that adequate research and development activities of the Department of Defense, including research and development activities of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, are devoted to technologies designed to improve—

“(1) the ability of the Department to carry out the detection and monitoring function of the Department under section 124 of title 10, United States Code, as added by section 1202; and

“(2) the ability to detect illicit drugs and other dangerous and illegal substances that are concealed in containers.”

Training Exercises in Drug-Interdiction Areas

Section 1206 of Pub. L. 101–189 provided that:

“(a) Exercises Required.—The Secretary of Defense shall direct that the armed forces, to the maximum extent practicable, shall conduct military training exercises (including training exercises conducted by the reserve components) in drug-interdiction areas.

“(b) Report.—(1) Not later than February 1 of 1991 and 1992, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report on the implementation of subsection (a) during the preceding fiscal year.

“(2) The report shall include—

“(A) a description of the exercises conducted in drug-interdiction areas and the effectiveness of those exercises in the national counter-drug effort; and

“(B) a description of those additional actions that could be taken (and an assessment of the results of those actions) if additional funds were made available to the Department of Defense for additional military training exercises in drug-interdiction areas for the purpose of enhancing interdiction and deterrence of drug smuggling.

“(c) Drug-Interdiction Areas Defined.—For purposes of this section, the term ‘drug-interdiction areas’ includes land and sea areas in which, as determined by the Secretary, the smuggling of drugs into the United States occurs or is believed by the Secretary to have occurred.”

§125 . Functions, powers, and duties: transfer, reassignment, consolidation, or abolition

(a) Subject to section 2 of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 401), the Secretary of Defense shall take appropriate action (including the transfer, reassignment, consolidation, or abolition of any function, power, or duty) to provide more effective, efficient, and economical administration and operation, and to eliminate duplication, in the Department of Defense. However, except as provided by subsections (b) and (c), a function, power, or duty vested in the Department of Defense, or an officer, official, or agency thereof, by law may not be substantially transferred, reassigned, consolidated, or abolished.

(b) Notwithstanding subsection (a), if the President determines it to be necessary because of hostilities or an imminent threat of hostilities, any function, power, or duty vested by law in the Department of Defense, or an officer, official, or agency thereof, including one assigned to the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps by section 3062(b), 5062, 5063, or 8062(c) of this title, may be transferred, reassigned, or consolidated. The transfer, reassignment, or consolidation remains in effect until the President determines that hostilities have terminated or that there is no longer an imminent threat of hostilities, as the case may be.

(c) Notwithstanding subsection (a), the Secretary of Defense may assign or reassign the development and operational use of new weapons or weapons systems to one or more of the military departments or one or more of the armed forces.

(Added Pub. L. 87–651, title II, §201(a), Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 515; amended Pub. L. 89–501, title IV, §401, July 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 278; Pub. L. 98–525, title XIV, §1405(1), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2621; Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §103, title III, §301(b)(1), title V, §514(c)(1), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 996, 1022, 1055; Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIII, §1301(3), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1668.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
125(a) 125(b) 125(c) 125(d)	5:171a(c)(1), (2). 5:171n(a) (as applicable to 5:171a(c)(1)). 5:171a(c)(5). 5:171n(a) (as applicable to 5:171a(c)(5)). 5:171a(c)(4). 5:171a(c)(6). 5:171n(a) (as applicable to 5:171a(c)(6)).	July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §202(c)(1), (2), (4), (5), (6); added Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §5(3d, 4th, 6th, 7th, and 8th pars.); restated Aug. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85–599, §3(a), (1st, 2d, 5th, 6th, and 7th pars.), 72 Stat. 514, 515.
		July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §308(a) (as applicable to §202(c)(1), (5), (6)), 61 Stat. 509.

In subsection (a), the following substitutions are made: “Except as provided by subsections (b) and (c)” for “except as otherwise provided in this subsection”; “vested . . . by law” for “established by law to be performed by”; “recommending” for “stating”; “proposes” for “contemplates”; and “the period” for “the thirty-day period or the forty-day period”. The words “on the first day after” are inserted for clarity. The words “if carried out” are omitted as surplusage.

In subsection (b), the words “Notwithstanding subsection (a)” are substituted for the words “Notwithstanding other provisions of this subsection”; and “Unless the President determines otherwise” for “subject to the determination of the President”.

In subsection (c), the following substitutions are made: “Notwithstanding subsection (a)” for “Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) hereof”; and “armed forces” for “services”.

In subsection (d), the following substitutions are made: “In subsection (a) (1)” for “within the meaning of paragraph (1) hereof”; and “considers” for “deems”. The words “advantageous to the Government in terms of” are omitted as surplusage.

Amendments

1990—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–510 struck out at end “However, notwithstanding any other provision of this title or any other law, the Secretary of Defense shall not direct or approve a plan to initiate or effect a substantial reduction or elimination of a major weapons system until the Secretary of Defense has reported all the pertinent details of the proposed action to the Congress of the United States while the Congress is in session.”

1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–433, §103(1), struck out provision under which the Secretary of Defense could substantially transfer, reassign, consolidate, or abolish functions, powers, or duties vested in the Department of Defense by law if the Secretary reported the details of the proposed transfer, reassignment, consolidation, or abolition to Congress and if Congress did not affirmatively reject the proposal.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–433, §§103(2), 514(c)(1), inserted “vested by law in the Department of Defense, or an officer, official, or agency thereof” and substituted “5062, 5063” for “5012, 5013”.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–433, §301(b)(1), struck out subsec. (d) which read as follows: “In subsection (a)(1), ‘major combatant function, power, or duty’ does not include a supply or service activity common to more than one military department. The Secretary of Defense shall, whenever he determines it will be more effective, economical, or efficient, provide for the performance of such an activity by one agency or such other organizations as he considers appropriate.”

1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–525 substituted “section 2 of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 401)” for “section 401 of title 50”.

1966—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 89–501 required the Secretary of Defense to report to the Congress all the pertinent details regarding any substantial reduction or elimination of a major weapons system before action could be initiated or effected by the Department of Defense.

Resolutions Relating to Transfers, Reassignments, Consolidations, or Abolitions of Combatant Functions

Section 303 of Pub. L. 87–651 provided that:

“(a) For the purposes of this section, any resolution reported to the Senate or the House of Representatives pursuant to the provisions of section 125 of title 10, United States Code, shall be treated for the purpose of consideration by either House, in the same manner as a resolution with respect to a reorganization plan reported by a committee within the meaning of the Reorganization Act of 1949 as in effect on July 1, 1958 (5 U.S.C. 133z and the following) [63 Stat. 203; 71 Stat. 611], and shall be governed by the provisions applicable to the consideration of any such resolution by either House of the Congress as provided by sections 205 and 206 of that Act [63 Stat. 207].

“(b) The provisions of this section are enacted by the Congress—

“(1) as an exercise of the rule-making power of the Senate and the House of Representatives, respectively, and as such they shall be considered as part of the rules of each House, respectively, and supersede other rules only to the extent that they are inconsistent therewith; and

“(2) with full recognition of the constitutional right of either House to change the rules (as far as relating to the procedure in that House) at any time, in the same manner and to the same extent as in the case of any other rule of that House.”

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in sections 101, 113, 191 of this title.

§126. Transfer of funds and employees

(a) When a function, power, or duty or an activity of a department or agency of the Department of Defense is transferred or assigned to another department or agency of that department, balances of appropriations that the Secretary of Defense determines are available and needed to finance or discharge that function, power, duty, or activity, as the case may be, may, with the approval of the President, be transferred to the department or agency to which that function, power, duty or activity, as the case may be, is transferred, and used for any purpose for which those appropriations were originally available. Balances of appropriations so transferred shall—

(1) be credited to any applicable appropriation account of the receiving department or agency; or

(2) be credited to a new account that may be established on the books of the Department of the Treasury;

and be merged with the funds already credited to that account and accounted for as one fund. Balances of appropriations credited to an account under clause (1) are subject only to such limitations as are specifically applicable to that account. Balances of appropriations credited to an account under clause (2) are subject only to such limitations as are applicable to the appropriations from which they are transferred.

(b) When a function, power, or duty or an activity of a department or agency of the Department of Defense is transferred to another department or agency of that department, those civilian employees of the department or agency from which the transfer is made that the Secretary of Defense determines are needed to perform that function, power, or duty, or for that activity, as the case may be, may, with the approval of the President, be transferred to the department or agency to which that function, power, duty, or activity, as the case may be, is transferred. The authorized strength in civilian employees of a department or agency from which employees are transferred under this section is reduced by the number of employees so transferred. The authorized strength in civilian employees of a department or agency to which employees are transferred under this section is increased by the number of employees so transferred.

(Added Pub. L. 87–651, title II, §201(a), Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 516; amended Pub. L. 96–513, title V, §511(2), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2920.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
126(a) 126(b)	5:172f(a). 5:171n(a) (as applicable to 5:172f(a)). 5:172f (less (a)).	July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §407; added Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §11 (21st and 22d pars.), 63 Stat. 589.
		July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §308(a) (as applicable to §407), 61 Stat. 509.

In subsection (a), the words “under authority of law” are omitted as surplusage. The following substitutions are made: “needed” for “necessary”; “used” for “be available for use by”; and “those appropriations” for “said funds”.

In subsection (b), 5 U.S.C. 172f(b) is restated to reflect more clearly its purpose to authorize “transfers of personnel” (Senate Report No. 366, 81st Congress, p. 23).

Amendments

1980—Subsec. (b) Pub. L. 96–513 substituted “President” for “Director of the Bureau of the Budget”.

Effective Date of 1980 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–513 effective Dec. 12, 1980, see section 701(b)(3) of Pub. L. 96–513, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Delegation of Functions

Authority of President under subsec. (a) of this section to approve transfers of balances of appropriations provided for therein delegated to Director of Office of Management and Budget, see section 9(2) of Ex. Ord. No. 11609, July 22, 1971, 36 F.R. 13747, set out as a note under section 301 of Title 3, The President.

§127. Emergency and extraordinary expenses

(a) Subject to the limitations of subsection (c), and within the limitation of appropriations made for the purpose, the Secretary of Defense, the Inspector General of the Department of Defense, and the Secretary of a military department within his department, may provide for any emergency or extraordinary expense which cannot be anticipated or classified. When it is so provided in such an appropriation, the funds may be spent on approval or authority of the Secretary concerned or the Inspector General for any purpose he determines to be proper, and such a determination is final and conclusive upon the accounting officers of the United States. The Secretary concerned or the Inspector General may certify the amount of any such expenditure authorized by him that he considers advisable not to specify, and his certificate is sufficient voucher for the expenditure of that amount.

(b) The authority conferred by this section may be delegated by the Secretary of Defense to any person in the Department of Defense, by the Inspector General to any person in the Office of the Inspector General, or by the Secretary of a military department to any person within his department, with or without the authority to make successive redelegations.

(c) In any case in which funds are expended under the authority of subsections (a) and (b), the Secretary of Defense shall submit a report of such expenditures on a quarterly basis to the Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

(Added Pub. L. 94–106, title VIII, §804(a), Oct. 7, 1975, 89 Stat. 538, §140; amended Pub. L. 98–94, title XII, §1268(2), Sept. 24, 1983, 97 Stat. 705; renumbered §127 and amended Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §§101(a)(3), 110(d)(4), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, 1002; Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title III, §361, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1627; Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title III, §378, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2737.)

Amendments

1994—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–337 struck out par. (1) designation before “In any case” and struck out par. (2) which read as follows: “The amount of funds expended by the Inspector General of the Department of Defense under subsections (a) and (b) during a fiscal year may not exceed $400,000.”

1993—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–160, §361(1), inserted “, the Inspector General of the Department of Defense,” after “the Secretary of Defense” and “or the Inspector General” after “the Secretary concerned” and after “The Secretary concerned”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–160, §361(2), inserted “, by the Inspector General to any person in the Office of the Inspector General,” after “the Department of Defense”.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–160, §361(3), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).

1986—Pub. L. 99–433 renumbered section 140 of this title as this section and substituted “Emergency” for “Emergencies” in section catchline.

1983—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–94 struck out “of this section” after “subsection (c)”.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–94 struck out “of this section” after “subsections (a) and (b)”.

Change of Name

Committee on Armed Services of House of Representatives changed to Committee on National Security of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Jan. 4, 1995.

Construction Authority of Secretary of Defense Under Declaration of War or National Emergency

Pub. L. 97–99, title IX, §903, Dec. 23, 1981, 95 Stat. 1382, which authorized the Secretary of Defense, in the event of a declaration of war or the declaration of a national emergency by the President, to undertake military construction without regard to any other provisions of law, was repealed and restated as section 2808 of this title by Pub. L. 97–214, §§2(a), 7(18), July 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 157, 174, effective Oct. 1, 1982.

§127a. Expenses for contingency operations

(a) Designation of National Contingency Operations.—The funding procedures prescribed by this section apply with respect to any operation involving the armed forces that is designated by the Secretary of Defense as a National Contingency Operation. Whenever the Secretary designates an operation as a National Contingency Operation, the Secretary shall promptly transmit notice of that designation in writing to Congress. This section does not provide authority for the President or the Secretary of Defense to carry out an operation, but applies to the Department of Defense mechanisms by which funds are provided for operations that the armed forces are required to carry out under some other authority.

(b) Waiver of Requirement To Reimburse Support Units.—(1) When an operating unit of the armed forces participating in a National Contingency Operation receives support services from a support unit of the armed forces that operates through the Defense Business Operations Fund (or a successor fund), that operating unit need not reimburse that support unit for the incremental costs incurred by the support unit in providing such support, notwithstanding any other provision of law or Government accounting practice.

(2) The amounts which but for paragraph (1) would be required to be reimbursed to a support unit shall be recorded as an expense attributable to the operation and shall be accounted for separately.

(3) The total of the unreimbursed sums for all National Contingency Operations may not exceed $300,000,000 at any one time.

(c) Financial Plan for Contingency Operations.—(1) Within two months of the beginning of any National Contingency Operation, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a financial plan for the operation that sets forth the manner by which the Secretary proposes to obtain funds for the full cost to the United States of the operation.

(2) The plan shall specify in detail how the Secretary proposes to make the Defense Business Operations Fund (or a successor fund) whole again.

(d) Incremental Costs.—For purposes of this section, incremental costs of the Department of Defense with respect to an operation are the costs that are directly attributable to the operation and that are otherwise chargeable to accounts available for operation and maintenance or for military personnel. Any costs which are otherwise chargeable to accounts available for procurement may not be considered to be incremental costs for purposes of this section.

(e) Incremental Personnel Costs Account.—There is hereby established in the Department of Defense a reserve fund to be known as the “National Contingency Operation Personnel Fund”. Amounts in the fund shall be available for incremental military personnel costs attributable to a National Contingency Operation. Amounts in the fund remain available until expended.

(f) Coordination With War Powers Resolution.—This section may not be construed as altering or superseding the War Powers Resolution. This section does not provide authority to conduct a National Contingency Operation or any other operation.

(g) GAO Compliance Reviews.—The Comptroller General of the United States shall from time to time, and when requested by a committee of Congress, conduct a review of the defense contingency funding structure under this section to determine whether the Department of Defense is complying with the requirements and limitations of this section.

(h) Definition.—In this section, the term “National Contingency Operation” means a military operation that is designated by the Secretary of Defense as an operation the cost of which, when considered with the cost of other ongoing or potential military operations, is expected to have a negative effect on training and readiness.

(Added Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XI, §1108(a)(1), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1751.)

References in Text

The War Powers Resolution, referred to in subsec. (f), is Pub. L. 93–148, Nov. 7, 1973, 87 Stat. 555, which is classified generally to chapter 33 (§1541 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Resolution to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1541 of Title 50 and Tables.

§128. Physical protection of special nuclear material: limitation on dissemination of unclassified information

(a)(1) In addition to any other authority or requirement regarding protection from dissemination of information, and subject to section 552(b)(3) of title 5, the Secretary of Defense, with respect to special nuclear materials, shall prescribe such regulations, after notice and opportunity for public comment thereon, or issue such orders as may be necessary to prohibit the unauthorized dissemination of unclassified information pertaining to security measures, including security plans, procedures, and equipment for the physical protection of special nuclear material.

(2) The Secretary may prescribe regulations or issue orders under paragraph (1) to prohibit the dissemination of any information described in such paragraph only if and to the extent that the Secretary determines that the unauthorized dissemination of such information could reasonably be expected to have a significant adverse effect on the health and safety of the public or the common defense and security by significantly increasing the likelihood of—

(A) illegal production of nuclear weapons, or

(B) theft, diversion, or sabotage of special nuclear materials, equipment, or facilities.

(3) In making a determination under paragraph (2), the Secretary may consider what the likelihood of an illegal production, theft, diversion, or sabotage referred to in such paragraph would be if the information proposed to be prohibited from dissemination under this section were at no time available for dissemination.

(4) The Secretary shall exercise his authority under this subsection to prohibit the dissemination of any information described in paragraph (1)—

(A) so as to apply the minimum restrictions needed to protect the health and safety of the public or the common defense and security; and

(B) upon a determination that the unauthorized dissemination of such information could reasonably be expected to result in a significant adverse effect on the health and safety of the public or the common defense and security by significantly increasing the likelihood of—

(i) illegal production of nuclear weapons, or

(ii) theft, diversion, or sabotage of nuclear materials, equipment, or facilities.

(b) Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize the Secretary to withhold, or to authorize the withholding of, information from the appropriate committees of the Congress.

(c) Any determination by the Secretary concerning the applicability of this section shall be subject to judicial review pursuant to section 552(a)(4)(B) of title 5.

(d) The Secretary shall prepare on an annual basis a report to be made available upon the request of any interested person, detailing the Secretary's application during that period of each regulation or order prescribed or issued under this section. In particular, such report shall—

(1) identify any information protected from disclosure pursuant to such regulation or order;

(2) specifically state the Secretary's justification for determining that unauthorized dissemination of the information protected from disclosure under such regulation or order could reasonably be expected to have a significant adverse effect on the health and safety of the public or the common defense and security by significantly increasing the likelihood of illegal production of nuclear weapons or the theft, diversion, or sabotage of special nuclear materials, equipment, or facilities, as specified under subsection (a); and

(3) provide justification that the Secretary has applied such regulation or order so as to protect from disclosure only the minimum amount of information necessary to protect the health and safety of the public or the common defense and security.

(Added Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XI, §1123(a), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1149; amended Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIII, §1311(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1669.)

Prior Provisions

A prior section 128 was renumbered section 421 of this title.

Amendments

1990—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101–510 substituted “on an annual basis” for “on a quarterly basis”.

§129. Prohibition of certain civilian personnel management constraints

(a) The civilian personnel of the Department of Defense shall be managed each fiscal year solely on the basis of and consistent with (1) the workload required to carry out the functions and activities of the department and (2) the funds made available to the department for such fiscal year. The management of such personnel in any fiscal year shall not be subject to any man-year constraint or limitation.

(b) The number of, and the amount of funds available to be paid to, indirectly funded Government employees of the Department of Defense may not be—

(1) subject to any constraint or limitation on the number of such personnel who may be employed on the last day of a fiscal year;

(2) managed on the basis of any end-strength; or

(3) controlled under any policy of the Secretary of a military department for control of civilian manpower resources.

(c) In this section, the term “indirectly funded Government employees” means civilian employees of the Department of Defense—

(1) who are employed by industrial-type activities or commercial-type activities described in section 2208 of this title; and

(2) whose salaries and benefits are funded from sources other than appropriated funds.

(Added Pub. L. 97–86, title IX, §904(a), Dec. 1, 1981, 95 Stat. 1114, §140b; renumbered §129, Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §101(a)(3), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994; amended Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title V, §533, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3873; Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title III, §312(b), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1335.)

Amendments

1991—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–190 substituted “department and (2)” for “department, (2)” and struck out “, and (3) the authorized end strength for the civilian personnel of the department for such fiscal year” at end of first sentence.

1986—Pub. L. 99–661 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsecs. (b) and (c).

Pub. L. 99–433 renumbered section 140b of this title as this section.

§129a. General personnel policy

The Secretary of Defense shall use the least costly form of personnel consistent with military requirements and other needs of the Department. In developing the annual personnel authorization requests to Congress and in carrying out personnel policies, the Secretary shall—

(1) consider particularly the advantages of converting from one form of personnel (military, civilian, or private contract) to another for the performance of a specified job; and

(2) include in each manpower requirements report submitted under section 115a of this title a complete justification for converting from one form of personnel to another.

(Added Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §1483(b)(2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1715.)

Prior Provisions

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 115(b)(5) of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 101–510, §1483(a).

§129b. Experts and consultants: authority to procure services of

(a) Authority.—Subject to subsection (b), the Secretary of Defense and the Secretaries of the military departments may—

(1) procure the services of experts or consultants (or of organizations of experts or consultants) in accordance with section 3109 of title 5; and

(2) pay in connection with such services travel expenses of individuals, including transportation and per diem in lieu of subsistence while such individuals are traveling from their homes or places of business to official duty stations and return as may be authorized by law.

(b) Conditions.—The services of experts or consultants (or organizations thereof) may be procured under subsection (a) only if the Secretary of Defense or the Secretary of the military department concerned, as the case may be, determines that—

(1) the procurement of such services is advantageous to the United States; and

(2) such services cannot adequately be provided by the Department of Defense.

(c) Regulations.—Procurement of the services of experts and consultants (or organizations thereof) under subsection (a) shall be carried out under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense.

(Added Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §1481(b)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1704; amended Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title X, §1061(a)(2), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1472.)

Prior Provisions

Similar provisions were contained in Pub. L. 101–165, title IX, §9002, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1129, which was set out as a note under section 2241 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 101–510, §1481(b)(3).

Amendments

1991—Pub. L. 102–190 inserted “of” after “services” in section catchline.

§130. Authority to withhold from public disclosure certain technical data

(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary of Defense may withhold from public disclosure any technical data with military or space application in the possession of, or under the control of, the Department of Defense, if such data may not be exported lawfully outside the United States without an approval, authorization, or license under the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2401–2420) or the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.). However, technical data may not be withheld under this section if regulations promulgated under either such Act authorize the export of such data pursuant to a general, unrestricted license or exemption in such regulations.

(b) Regulations under this section shall be published in the Federal Register for a period of no less than 30 days for public comment before promulgation. Such regulations shall address, where appropriate, releases of technical data to allies of the United States and to qualified United States contractors, including United States contractors that are small business concerns, for use in performing United States Government contracts.

(c) In this section, the term “technical data with military or space application” means any blueprints, drawings, plans, instructions, computer software and documentation, or other technical information that can be used, or be adapted for use, to design, engineer, produce, manufacture, operate, repair, overhaul, or reproduce any military or space equipment or technology concerning such equipment.

(Added Pub. L. 98–94, title XII, §1217(a), Sept. 24, 1983, 97 Stat. 690, §140c; amended Pub. L. 99–145, title XIII, §1303(a)(3), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 738; renumbered §130 and amended Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §§101(a)(3), 110(d)(6), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, 1003; Pub. L. 100–26, §7(k)(3), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 284; Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §1484(b)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1715.)

References in Text

The Export Administration Act of 1979, referred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 96–72, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 503, as amended, which is classified principally to section 2401 et seq. of the Appendix to Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2401 of the Appendix to Title 50 and Tables.

The Arms Export Control Act, referred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 90–629, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1320, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 39 (§2751 et seq.) of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of Title 22 and Tables.

Amendments

1990—Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 101–510 substituted “Regulations under this section” for “(1) Within 90 days after September 24, 1983, the Secretary of Defense shall propose regulations to implement this section. Such regulations” in subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsec. (b)(2) as subsec. (c).

1987—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 100–26 inserted “the term” after “In this section,”.

1986—Pub. L. 99–433 renumbered section 140c of this title as this section and substituted “Authority” for “Secretary of Defense: authority” in section catchline.

1985—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 99–145 substituted “September 24, 1983” for “enactment of this section”.

CHAPTER 4—OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE

        

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title IX, §903(a)(3), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2823, substituted “Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)” for “Comptroller” in item 135.

1993—Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title IX, §906(b), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1729, amended table of sections generally, inserting “and Technology” after “Acquisition” in items 133 and 133a, adding item 136, and redesignating former items 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, and 141 as 137, 138, 135, 139, 140, 141, and 142, respectively.

1991—Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title IX, §901(a)(2), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1450, added item 134a.

1987—Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XII, §1245(a)(2), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1165, added item 141.

Pub. L. 100–26, §9(b)(2), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 287, struck out item 140a “Counterintelligence official reception and representation expenses” and item 140b “Authority to use proceeds from counterintelligence operations of the military departments”.

1986—Pub. L. 99–500, §101(c) [title X, §902(a)(2)], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–82, 1783–131, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(c) [title X, §902(a)(2)], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–82, 3341–131; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title IX, formerly title IV, §902(a)(2), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3911, renumbered title IX, Pub. L. 100–26, §3(5), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 273, amended analysis identically adding item 133a.

Pub. L. 99–569, title IV, §§401(d), 403(b), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3196, 3197, added items 140a and 140b.

Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §§101(a)(6), 110(e)(2), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 995, 1003, substituted “Office of the Secretary of Defense” for “Department of Defense” in chapter heading, and amended analysis generally, substituting items 131 to 140 for former items 131 “Executive department”, 132 “Seal”, 133 “Secretary of Defense: appointment; powers and duties; delegation by”, 133a “Secretary of Defense: annual report on North Atlantic Treaty Organization readiness”, 133b “Sale or transfer of defense articles: reports to Congress”, 134 “Deputy Secretary of Defense: appointment; powers and duties; precedence”, 134a “Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition: appointment”, 135 “Under Secretary of Defense for Policy; Director of Defense Research and Engineering: appointments; powers and duties; precedence”, 136 “Assistant Secretaries of Defense: appointment; powers and duties; precedence”, 136a “Director of Operational Test and Evaluation: appointment, powers and duties”, 137 “General Counsel: appointment; powers and duties”, 138 “Annual authorization of appropriations and personnel strengths for the armed forces; annual manpower requirements and operations and maintenance reports”, 139 “Secretary of Defense: weapons development and procurement schedules for armed forces; reports; supplemental reports”, 139a “Oversight of cost growth in major programs: Selected Acquisition Reports”, 139b “Oversight of cost growth in major programs: unit cost reports”, 139c “Major defense acquisition programs: independent cost estimates”, 140 “Emergencies and extraordinary expenses”, 140a “Secretary of Defense: funds transfers for foreign cryptologic support”, 140b “Prohibition of certain civilian personnel management constraints”, and 140c “Secretary of Defense: authority to withhold from public disclosure certain technical data”.

Pub. L. 99–348, title V, §501(e)(2), July 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 708, added item 134a and substituted “Under Secretary of Defense for Policy; Director of Defense Research and Engineering: appointments” for “Under Secretaries of Defense: appointment” in item 135.

1983—Pub. L. 98–94, title XII, §§1203(a)(2), 1211(a)(2), 1217(b), Sept. 24, 1983, 97 Stat. 683, 686, 690, added items 136a, 139c, and 140c.

1982—Pub. L. 97–295, §1(2)(B), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1288, added items 133a and 133b.

Pub. L. 97–252, title XI, §1107(a)(2), Sept. 8, 1982, 96 Stat. 745, added items 139a and 139b.

1981—Pub. L. 97–86, title IX, §904(b), Dec. 1, 1981, 95 Stat. 1114, added item 140b.

1980—Pub. L. 96–450, title IV, §401(b), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1977, added item 140a.

Pub. L. 96–342, title X, §1001(d)(2), Sept. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1119, substituted “Annual authorization of appropriations and personnel strengths for the armed forces; annual manpower requirements and operations and maintenance reports” for “Secretary of Defense: Annual authorization of appropriations for armed forces” in item 138.

1977—Pub. L. 95–140, §§1(b), 2(b), Oct. 21, 1977, 91 Stat. 1172, 1173, substituted “Deputy Secretary” for “Deputy Secretaries” in item 134 and “Under Secretaries of Defense” for “Director of Defense Research and Engineering” in item 135.

1975—Pub. L. 94–106, title VIII, §804(a), Oct. 7, 1975, 89 Stat. 538, added item 140.

1973—Pub. L. 93–155, title VIII, §803(a), Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 612, added items 138 and 139.

1972—Pub. L. 92–596, §4(3), Oct. 27, 1972, 86 Stat. 1318, substituted “Deputy Secretaries” for “Deputy Secretary” in item 134.

Chapter Referred to in Other Sections

This chapter is referred to in title 41 section 421.

§131. Office of the Secretary of Defense

(a) There is in the Department of Defense an Office of the Secretary of Defense. The function of the Office is to assist the Secretary of Defense in carrying out his duties and responsibilities and to carry out such other duties as may be prescribed by law.

(b) The Office of the Secretary of Defense is composed of the following:

(1) The Deputy Secretary of Defense.

(2) The Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology.

(3) The Under Secretary of Defense for Policy.

(4) The Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller).

(5) The Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness.

(6) The Director of Defense Research and Engineering.

(7) The Assistant Secretaries of Defense.

(8) The Director of Operational Test and Evaluation.

(9) The General Counsel of the Department of Defense.

(10) The Inspector General of the Department of Defense.

(11) Such other offices and officials as may be established by law or the Secretary of Defense may establish or designate in the Office.

(c) Officers of the armed forces may be assigned or detailed to permanent duty in the Office of the Secretary of Defense. However, the Secretary may not establish a military staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense.

(d) The Secretary of each military department, and the civilian employees and members of the armed forces under the jurisdiction of the Secretary, shall cooperate fully with personnel of the Office of the Secretary of Defense to achieve efficient administration of the Department of Defense and to carry out effectively the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense.

(Added Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §104, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 996; amended Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title IX, §906(a), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1729; Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title IX, §903(b)(1), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2823.)

Prior Provisions

A prior section 131 was renumbered section 111 of this title.

Amendments

1994—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 103–337 substituted “Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)” for “Comptroller”.

1993—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–160 amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) read as follows: “The Office of the Secretary of Defense is composed of the following:

“(1) The Deputy Secretary of Defense.

“(2) The Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition.

“(3) The Under Secretary of Defense for Policy.

“(4) The Director of Defense Research and Engineering.

“(5) The Assistant Secretaries of Defense.

“(6) The Comptroller of the Department of Defense.

“(7) The Director of Operational Test and Evaluation.

“(8) The General Counsel of the Department of Defense.

“(9) The Inspector General of the Department of Defense.

“(10) Such other offices and officials as may be established by law or the Secretary of Defense may establish or designate in the Office.”

Management Studies of Office of Secretary of Defense

Section 109 of Pub. L. 99–433 provided that:

“(a) Secretary of Defense Study.—The Secretary of Defense shall conduct a study of the functions and organization of the Office of the Secretary of Defense. The study shall consider whether the present allocation of functions to, and the organizational structure of, the Office constitute the most effective, efficient, and economical allocation and structure of the Office to assist the Secretary in carrying out his duties and responsibilities. The study shall include consideration of each of the matters specified in subsection (d).

“(b) Service Secretaries Joint Study.—(1) The Secretaries of the military departments shall conduct a joint study of the functions and organization of the Office of the Secretary of Defense. The study shall be conducted independently of the study conducted by the Secretary of Defense under subsection (a). The Secretaries shall submit a joint report to the Secretary of Defense on such study at a time specified by the Secretary. Except as provided in paragraph (2), the report shall include a discussion of and recommendations concerning each of the matters specified in subsection (d).

“(2) The Secretary of Defense shall determine the extent to which, and prescribe the procedures under which, the Secretaries of the military departments shall study the matters specified in subsection (d)(1)(A) relating to contingency planning and military operations.

“(c) Chairman of JCS Study.—The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff shall conduct a study of the functions and organization of the Office of the Secretary of Defense. The study shall be conducted independently of the study conducted by the Secretary of Defense under subsection (a). The Chairman shall submit a report to the Secretary of Defense on such study at a time specified by the Secretary. The report shall include a discussion of and recommendations concerning the matters specified in paragraphs (1)(C), (1)(D), (2), (3), (5), and (6) of subsection (d).

“(d) Matters To Be Included.—The study required by subsection (a) shall include consideration of the following:

“(1) Whether the present organization of the Office—

“(A) is optimally structured to assist the Secretary of Defense in the effective exercise of civilian control of the Department of Defense, including civilian control of—

“(i) defense policy development and strategic planning;

“(ii) program and budget development;

“(iii) policy, program, and budget execution;

“(iv) contingency planning; and

“(v) military operations;

“(B) is the most effective and efficient organization for the initiation, development, and articulation of defense policy;

“(C) ensures that strategic planning and contingency planning are linked to, and derived from, national security strategy, policies, and objectives; and

“(D) inhibits integration of the capabilities of the Armed Forces along mission lines.

“(2) Whether the planning, programming, and budgeting system of the Department of Defense (including the role of the Office in such system) needs to be revised—

“(A) to strengthen strategic planning and policy direction;

“(B) to ensure that strategic planning is consistent with national security strategy, policies, and objectives;

“(C) to ensure that there is a sufficient relationship between strategic planning and the resource levels projected to be available for the period for which the planning is to be effective;

“(D) to ensure that strategic planning and program development give sufficient attention to alliances with other nations;

“(E) to provide for more effective oversight, control, and evaluation of policy, program, and budget execution; and

“(F) to ensure that past program and budget decisions are effectively evaluated, that such evaluations are supported by consistent, complete, and timely financial and performance data, and that such evaluations are fully considered in the next planning, programming, and budgeting cycle.

“(3) Whether the major force program categories of the Five-Year Defense Plan could be restructured to better assist decisionmaking and management control.

“(4) Means to improve and strengthen the oversight function within each element of the Office in policy areas not addressed by the planning, programming, and budgeting system.

“(5) Factors inhibiting efficient and effective execution of the functions of the Office, including factors relating to—

“(A) duplication of functions (both within the Office and between the Office and other elements of the Department);

“(B) insufficient information; and

“(C) insufficient resources (including personnel).

“(6) Alternative allocations of authorities and functions of the Office and other reorganization proposals for the Office, including the desirability of—

“(A) establishing Under Secretaries of Defense for mission-oriented areas of responsibility;

“(B) decentralizing functions of the Office;

“(C) reducing the number of officials reporting directly to the Secretary of Defense; and

“(D) changing the ratio of members of the Armed Forces to civilian employees in the Office.

“(7) Whether political appointees in the Office of the Secretary of Defense have sufficient experience and expertise, upon appointment, to be capable of contributing immediately to effective policy formulation and management.

“(e) Analysis of Civilian Control.—(1) The Secretary of Defense, in considering under subsection (d)(1)(A) whether effective civilian control of the Department of Defense is best assisted by the current structure of the Office, shall examine the functions performed in the Office by—

“(A) members of the Armed Forces on the active-duty list; and

“(B) members of the Armed Forces in a retired status and members of the reserve components who are employed in a civilian capacity.

“(2) Such examination shall include a determination of the total number of positions in the Office of the Secretary of Defense above grade GS–8 and the military equivalent (as determined by the Secretary of Defense), and of such number—

“(A) the number of positions held by members of the Armed Forces on the active-duty list, shown for the military equivalent of each civilian pay grade by number and as a percentage of the total number of positions in the Office in the civilian pay grade concerned and in the military equivalent of such civilian pay grade;

“(B) the number of such positions held by members of the Armed Forces in a retired status who are serving in a civilian capacity, shown for each civilian pay grade in the same manner as provided under clause (A); and

“(C) the number of such positions held by members of the reserve components who are serving in a civilian capacity, shown for each civilian pay grade in the same manner as provided under clause (A).

“(3) In determining the total number of positions in the Office of the Secretary of Defense in grades above GS–8, the Secretary shall exclude positions which are primarily clerical or secretarial.

“(f) Independent Contractor Study.—The Secretary shall provide for an independent study to be carried out by a contractor to consider the same matters required to be considered by the Secretary under subsection (d). The Secretary shall ensure that the contractor has full access to such information as the contractor requires and that the contractor otherwise receives full cooperation from all officials and entities of the Department of Defense.

“(g) Report to Congress.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report on the Secretary's study under subsection (a). The report shall include—

“(A) the findings and conclusions of the Secretary with respect to each of the matters set forth in subsection (d);

“(B) the findings and statistical determinations required under subsection (e); and

“(C) any recommendations of the Secretary for organizational changes in the Office of the Secretary of Defense and a description of the means for implementing each recommendation.

“(2) The Secretary shall include with the report a copy of the reports to the Secretary under subsections (b) and (c) and a copy of the report of the independent contractor under subsection (f), together with such comments on each such report as the Secretary considers appropriate.

“(3) The report under this subsection shall be submitted not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 1, 1986].”

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in section 192 of this title.

§132 . Deputy Secretary of Defense

(a) There is a Deputy Secretary of Defense, appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. A person may not be appointed as Deputy Secretary of Defense within ten years after relief from active duty as a commissioned officer of a regular component of an armed force.

(b) The Deputy Secretary shall perform such duties and exercise such powers as the Secretary of Defense may prescribe. The Deputy Secretary shall act for, and exercise the powers of, the Secretary when the Secretary is disabled or there is no Secretary of Defense.

(c) The Deputy Secretary takes precedence in the Department of Defense immediately after the Secretary.

(Added Pub. L. 87–651, title II, §202, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 518, §134; amended Pub. L. 92–596, §4(1), Oct. 27, 1972, 86 Stat. 1318; Pub. L. 95–140, §1(a), Oct. 21, 1977, 91 Stat. 1172; renumbered §132 and amended Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §§101(a)(7), 110(d)(7), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 995, 1003.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
134(a) 134(b)	5:171c(a) (1st sentence). 5:171c(a) (less 1st sentence and last 15 words of 2d sentence).	July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §203(a); added Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §6(a) (1st par.), 63 Stat. 581.
134(c)	5:171c(a) (last 15 words of 2d sentence).

In subsection (a), the last sentence is substituted for 5 U.S.C. 171c(a) (proviso).

Prior Provisions

A prior section 132 was renumbered section 112 of this title.

Amendments

1986—Pub. L. 99–433 renumbered section 134 of this title as this section and struck out “: appointment; powers and duties; precedence” at end of section catchline.

1977—Pub. L. 95–140, §1(a)(4), substituted “Deputy Secretary” for “Deputy Secretaries” in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–140, §1(a)(1), substituted “There is a Deputy Secretary” for “There are two Deputy Secretaries” and struck out “a” before “Deputy Secretary”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–140, §1(a)(2), substituted “Deputy Secretary” for “Deputy Secretaries” and “Deputy Secretary” for “Deputy Secretaries, in the order of precedence, designated by the President”.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–140, §1(a)(3), substituted “The Deputy Secretary takes” for “The Deputy Secretaries take”.

1972—Pub. L. 92–596 substituted “Deputy Secretaries” for “Deputy Secretary” in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 92–596 substituted “There are two Deputy Secretaries of Defense” for “There is a Deputy Secretary of Defense”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 92–596 provided for the exercise of powers and duties consequent to the creation of a second Deputy Secretary.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 92–596 substituted “The Deputy Secretaries take” for “The Deputy Secretary takes”.

Order of Succession

For order of succession in event of death, disability, or resignation of Secretary, see Ex. Ord. No. 12787, Dec. 31, 1991, 57 F.R. 517, set out as a note under section 3347 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

§133 . Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology

(a) There is an Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology, appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Under Secretary shall be appointed from among persons who have an extensive management background in the private sector.

(b) Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense, the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology shall perform such duties and exercise such powers relating to acquisition as the Secretary of Defense may prescribe, including—

(1) supervising Department of Defense acquisition;

(2) establishing policies for acquisition (including procurement, research and development, logistics, developmental testing, and contract administration) for all elements of the Department of Defense;

(3) establishing policies of the Department of Defense for maintenance of the defense industrial base of the United States; and

(4) the authority to direct the Secretaries of the military departments and the heads of all other elements of the Department of Defense with regard to matters for which the Under Secretary has responsibility.

(c) The Under Secretary—

(1) is the senior procurement executive for the Department of Defense for the purposes of section 16(3) of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41 U.S.C. 414(3));

(2) is the Defense Acquisition Executive for purposes of regulations and procedures of the Department providing for a Defense Acquisition Executive; and

(3) to the extent directed by the Secretary, exercises overall supervision of all personnel (civilian and military) in the Office of the Secretary of Defense with regard to matters for which the Under Secretary has responsibility, unless otherwise provided by law.

(d)(1) The Under Secretary shall prescribe policies to ensure that audit and oversight of contractor activities are coordinated and carried out in a manner to prevent duplication by different elements of the Department. Such policies shall provide for coordination of the annual plans developed by each such element for the conduct of audit and oversight functions within each contracting activity.

(2) In carrying out this subsection, the Under Secretary shall consult with the Inspector General of the Department of Defense.

(3) Nothing in this subsection shall affect the authority of the Inspector General of the Department of Defense to establish audit policy for the Department of Defense under the Inspector General Act of 1978 and otherwise to carry out the functions of the Inspector General under that Act.

(e)(1) With regard to all matters for which he has responsibility by law or by direction of the Secretary of Defense, the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology takes precedence in the Department of Defense after the Secretary of Defense and the Deputy Secretary of Defense.

(2) With regard to all matters other than matters for which he has responsibility by law or by direction of the Secretary of Defense, the Under Secretary takes precedence in the Department of Defense after the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and the Secretaries of the military departments.

(Added Pub. L. 99–348, title V, §501(a), July 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 707, §134a; renumbered §133 and amended Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §§101(a)(7), 110(c)(1), (d)(8), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 995, 1002, 1003; Pub. L. 99–500, §101(c) [title X, §901], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–82, 1783–130, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(c) [title X, §901], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–82, 3341–130; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title IX, formerly title IV, §901, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3910, renumbered title IX, Pub. L. 100–26, §3(5), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 273; Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title VIII, §809(d), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2013; Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title IX, §904(b), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1728.)

References in Text

The Inspector General Act of 1978, referred to in subsec. (d)(3), is Pub. L. 95–452, Oct. 12, 1978, 92 Stat. 1101, as amended, which is set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Codification

Pub. L. 99–591 is a corrected version of Pub. L. 99–500.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 133 was renumbered section 113 of this title.

Amendments

1993—Pub. L. 103–160 substituted “Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology” for “Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition” in section catchline and in subsecs. (a), (b), and (e)(1).

1988—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 100–456 inserted provision that policies provide for coordination of annual plans developed by each such element for the conduct of audit and oversight functions within each contracting activity.

1986—Pub. L. 99–500, Pub. L. 99–591, and Pub. L. 99–661 generally amended section identically. Prior to amendment, section read as follows:

“(a) There is an Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

“(b) The Under Secretary shall perform such duties and exercise such powers as the Secretary of Defense may prescribe, except as otherwise provided by law.”

Pub. L. 99–433 renumbered section 134a of this title as this section, struck out “: appointment” at end of section catchline, and inserted “of Defense” after “Under Secretary” in subsec. (a).

Change of Name

Section 904(a), (f) of Pub. L. 103–160 provided that:

“(a) Redesignations.—The office of Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition in the Department of Defense is hereby redesignated as Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology. The office of Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition in the Department of Defense is hereby redesignated as Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology.

“(f) References in Other Laws.—Any reference to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition or the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition in any provision of law other than title 10, United States Code, or in any rule, regulation, or other paper of the United States shall be treated as referring to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology or the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology, respectively.”

Improvement in Defense Research and Procurement Liaison With Israel

Section 1006 of Pub. L. 100–456, as amended by Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title IX, §904(f), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1729, provided that: “The Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology, shall designate for duty in Israel an individual or individuals to serve as the primary liaison between the procurement and research and development activities of the United States Armed Forces and those of the State of Israel.”

§133a . Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology

(a) There is a Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology, appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

(b) The Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology shall assist the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology in the performance of his duties. The Deputy Under Secretary shall act for, and exercise the powers of, the Under Secretary when the Under Secretary is absent or disabled.

(Added Pub. L. 99–500, §101(c) [title X, §902(a)(1)], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–82, 1783–131, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(c) [title X, §902(a)(1)], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–82, 3341–131; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title IX, formerly title IV, §902(a)(1), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3911, renumbered title IX, Pub. L. 100–26, §3(5), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 273; Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title IX, §904(c), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1728; Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title X, §1070(a)(2), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2855.)

Codification

Pub. L. 99–591 is a corrected version of Pub. L. 99–500.

Pub. L. 99–500 and Pub. L. 99–661 added identical sections.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 133a was renumbered section 117 of this title.

Amendments

1994—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–337 inserted “and Technology” before “in the performance of”.

1993—Pub. L. 103–160 substituted “Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology” for “Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition” as section catchline and in subsecs. (a) and (b).

[§133b . Renumbered §118]

§134 . Under Secretary of Defense for Policy

(a) There is an Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. A person may not be appointed as Under Secretary within 10 years after relief from active duty as a commissioned officer of a regular component of an armed force.

(b)(1) The Under Secretary shall perform such duties and exercise such powers as the Secretary of Defense may prescribe.

(2) The Under Secretary shall assist the Secretary of Defense—

(A) in preparing written policy guidance for the preparation and review of contingency plans; and

(B) in reviewing such plans.

(c) The Under Secretary takes precedence in the Department of Defense after the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology, and the Secretaries of the military departments.

(Added Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §105(1), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 997; amended Pub. L. 99–500, §101(c) [title X, §903(a)], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–82, 1783–132, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(c) [title X, §903(a)], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–82, 3341–132; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title IX, formerly title IV, §903(a), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3911, renumbered title IX, Pub. L. 100–26, §3(5), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 273; Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title IX, §904(d)(1), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1728.)

Codification

Pub. L. 99–591 is a corrected version of Pub. L. 99–500.

Prior Provisions

Provisions of this section were contained in section 135 of this title prior to amendment by Pub. L. 99–433.

A prior section 134 was renumbered section 132 of this title.

Amendments

1993—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–160 substituted “Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology” for “Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition”.

1986—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–500, Pub. L. 99–591, and Pub. L. 99–661 amended subsec. (c) identically, inserting “the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition,”.

Order of Succession

For order of succession in event of death, disability, or resignation of Secretary, see Ex. Ord. No. 12787, Dec. 31, 1991, 57 F.R. 517, set out as a note under section 3347 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

§134a . Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy

(a) There is a Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

(b) The Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy shall assist the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy in the performance of his duties. The Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy shall act for, and exercise the powers of, the Under Secretary when the Under Secretary is absent or disabled.

(Added Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title IX, §901(a)(1), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1450.)

Prior Provisions

A prior section 134a was renumbered section 133 of this title.

§135 . Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)

(a) There is an Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

(b) The Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) is the agency Chief Financial Officer of the Department of Defense for the purposes of chapter 9 of title 31. The Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) shall perform such additional duties and exercise such powers as the Secretary of Defense may prescribe.

(c) The Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) shall advise and assist the Secretary of Defense—

(1) in performing such budgetary and fiscal functions and duties, and in exercising such budgetary and fiscal powers, as are needed to carry out the powers of the Secretary;

(2) in supervising and directing the preparation of budget estimates of the Department of Defense;

(3) in establishing and supervising the execution of principles, policies, and procedures to be followed in connection with organizational and administrative matters relating to—

(A) the preparation and execution of budgets;

(B) fiscal, cost, operating, and capital property accounting; and

(C) progress and statistical reporting;

(4) in establishing and supervising the execution of policies and procedures relating to the expenditure and collection of funds administered by the Department of Defense; and

(5) in establishing uniform terminologies, classifications, and procedures concerning matters covered by clauses (1) through (4).

(d) The Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) takes precedence in the Department of Defense after the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy.

(e) The Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) shall ensure that the Committees on Armed Services and the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and House of Representatives are each informed, in a timely manner, regarding all matters relating to the budgetary, fiscal, and analytic activities of the Department of Defense that are under the supervision of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller).

(Added Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §107, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 998, §137; renumbered §135 and amended Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title IX, §§901(a)(2), 902(a)(1), (b), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1726, 1727; Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title IX, §903(a)(1), (2), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2823.)

Prior Provisions

A prior section 135 was renumbered section 137 of this title.

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–337, §903(a)(2), substituted “Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)” for “Comptroller” as section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–337, §903(a)(1)(A), substituted “an Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)” for “a Comptroller of the Department of Defense”.

Subsecs. (b) to (e). Pub. L. 103–337, §903(a)(1)(B), substituted “Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)” for “Comptroller” wherever appearing.

1993—Pub. L. 103–160, §901(a)(2), renumbered section 137 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–160, §902(a)(1), inserted “The Comptroller is the agency Chief Financial Officer of the Department of Defense for the purposes of chapter 9 of title 31.” after “(b)” and “additional” after “shall perform such”.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–160, §901(a)(2), added subsec. (d).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–160, §902(b), added subsec. (e).

Change of Name

Section 903(d) of Pub. L. 103–337 provided that: “Any reference to the Comptroller of the Department of Defense in any provision of law other than title 10, United States Code, or in any rule, regulation, or other paper of the United States shall be treated as referring to the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller).”

Committee on Armed Services of House of Representatives changed to Committee on National Security of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Jan. 4, 1995.

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in sections 3022, 5025, 8022 of this title.

§136 . Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness

(a) There is an Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the consent of the Senate.

(b) Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense, the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness shall perform such duties and exercise such powers as the Secretary of Defense may prescribe in the areas of military readiness, total force management, military and civilian personnel requirements, military and civilian personnel training, military and civilian family matters, exchange, commissary, and nonappropriated fund activities, personnel requirements for weapons support, National Guard and reserve components, and health affairs.

(c) The Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness takes precedence in the Department of Defense after the Comptroller.¹

(Added Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title IX, §903(a), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1727.)

Prior Provisions

A prior section 136 was renumbered section 138 of this title.

¹ So in original. Probably should be “Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller).”

[§136a . Renumbered §139]

§137 . Director of Defense Research and Engineering

(a) There is a Director of Defense Research and Engineering, appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

(b) Except as otherwise prescribed by the Secretary of Defense, the Director of Defense Research and Engineering shall perform such duties relating to research and engineering as the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology may prescribe.

(Added Pub. L. 87–651, title II, §202, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 518, §135; amended Pub. L. 92–596, §4(2), Oct. 27, 1972, 86 Stat. 1318; Pub. L. 95–140, §2(a), Oct. 21, 1977, 91 Stat. 1172; Pub. L. 99–348, title V, §501(b)(1), (2), (e)(1), July 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 707, 708; Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §105, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 997; Pub. L. 99–500, §101(c) [title X, §903(b)(1)], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–82, 1783–132, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(c) [title X, §903(b)(1)], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–82, 3341–132; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title IX, formerly title IV, §903(b)(1), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3911, renumbered title IX, Pub. L. 100–26, §3(5), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 273; renumbered §137 and amended Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title IX, §§901(a)(1), 904(d)(1), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1726, 1728.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
135(a) 135(b) 135(c)	5:171c(b)(1) (1st 30 words of 1st sentence). 5:171c(b)(1) (2d sentence). 5:171c(b)(1) (1st sentence, less 1st 30 words).	July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §203(b)(1) (less last sentence); added Aug. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85–599, §9(a) (2d par., less last sentence), 72 Stat. 520.

Codification

Pub. L. 99–591 is a corrected version of Pub. L. 99–500.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 137 was renumbered section 135 of this title.

Another prior section 137 was renumbered section 140 of this title.

Amendments

1993—Pub. L. 103–160, §901(a)(1), renumbered section 135 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–160, §904(d)(1), substituted “Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology” for “Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition”.

1986—Pub. L. 99–433, §105(1), amended section catchline generally, substituting “Director of Defense Research and Engineering” for “Under Secretary of Defense for Policy; Director of Defense Research and Engineering: appointments; powers and duties; precedence”.

Pub. L. 99–348, §501(e)(1), substituted “Under Secretary of Defense for Policy; Director of Defense Research and Engineering: appointments” for “Under Secretaries of Defense: appointment” in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–433, §105(1), substituted a new subsec. (a) for former provisions establishing the positions of Under Secretary of Defense for Policy and Director of Defense for Research and Engineering to be appointed from civilian life by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate and prohibiting the appointment as Under Secretary of Defense for Policy of a person within ten years after relief from active duty as a commissioned officer of a regular component of an armed force. See section 134 of this title.

Pub. L. 99–348, §501(b)(1), substituted “is an Under Secretary of Defense for Policy and a Director of Defense Research and Engineering” for “are two Under Secretaries of Defense, one of whom shall be the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy and one of whom shall be the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering” and “They shall” for “The Under Secretaries of Defense shall”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–500, Pub. L. 99–591, and Pub. L. 99–661 amended section identically adding subsec. (b) and striking out former subsec. (b) which read as follows: “The Director of Defense Research and Engineering shall perform such duties relating to research and engineering as the Secretary of Defense may prescribe, including—

“(1) being the principal adviser to the Secretary on scientific and technical matters;

“(2) supervising all research and engineering activities in the Department of Defense; and

“(3) directing, controlling, assigning, and reassigning research and engineering activities that the Secretary considers need centralized management.”

Pub. L. 99–433, §105(2), struck out provisions that the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy would perform duties and exercise powers as the Secretary of Defense might prescribe.

Pub. L. 99–348, §501(b)(2), substituted “Director of Defense Research and Engineering” for “Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering”.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–500, Pub. L. 99–591, and Pub. L. 99–661 amended section identically striking out subsec. (c) which read as follows: “The Director of Defense Research and Engineering takes precedence in the Department of Defense immediately after the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy.”

Pub. L. 99–433, §105(2), struck out provisions that the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy would take precedence in the Department of Defense after Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and the Secretaries of the military departments.

Pub. L. 99–348, §501(b)(2), substituted “Director of Defense Research and Engineering” for “Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering”.

1977—Pub. L. 95–140, §2(a)(4), substituted “Under Secretaries of Defense” for “Director of Defense Research and Engineering” in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–140, §2(a)(1), substituted provisions relating to the appointment of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy and the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering for provisions relating to the appointment of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering and inserted provisions relating to the prohibition of the appointment of a person as Under Secretary of Defense for policy within ten years after relief from active duty as a commissioned officer of an armed force.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–140, §2(a)(2), substituted “The Under Secretary of Defense for Policy shall perform such duties and exercise such powers as the Secretary of Defense may prescribe. The Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering shall perform” for “The Director performs”.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–140, §2(a)(3), substituted “Under Secretary of Defense for Policy” for “Director” and “Deputy Secretary” for “Deputy Secretaries” and inserted provision that the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering takes precedence in the Department of Defense immediately after the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy.

1972—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 92–596 substituted “Deputy Secretaries” for “Deputy Secretary”.

Order of Succession

For order of succession in event of death, disability, or resignation of Secretary, see Ex. Ord. No. 12787, Dec. 31, 1991, 57 F.R. 517, set out as a note under section 3347 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Redesignation of Position of Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering; Effect on Individual Holding Position

Section 501(b)(3) of Pub. L. 99–348 provided that: “The redesignation by paragraph (1) [amending this section] of the position of Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering as Director of Defense Research and Engineering does not affect the appointment to such position of the individual holding such position on the date of the enactment of this Act [July 1, 1986].”

Emergency Fund for Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation

Pub. L. 89–37, title III, §305, June 11, 1965, 79 Stat. 128, which provided that no funds were to be appropriated after June 30, 1966, to or for the use of any armed force of the United States for use as an emergency fund for research, development, test, and evaluation, or procurement or production related thereto unless the appropriation of such funds has been authorized by legislation enacted after that date, was repealed and restated as subsec. (i) of section 138 [now §114(d)] of this title by Pub. L. 97–295, §§1(4), 6(b), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1289, 1314.

§138 . Assistant Secretaries of Defense

(a) There are eleven Assistant Secretaries of Defense, appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

(b)(1) The Assistant Secretaries shall perform such duties and exercise such powers as the Secretary of Defense may prescribe.

(2) One of the Assistant Secretaries shall be the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs. He shall have as his principal duty the overall supervision of reserve component affairs of the Department of Defense.

(3)(A) One of the Assistant Secretaries shall be the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence. He shall have as his principal duty the overall supervision of command, control, communications, and intelligence affairs of the Department of Defense.

(B) Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), one of the Assistant Secretaries established by the Secretary of Defense may be an Assistant Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, who shall have as his principal duty the overall supervision of intelligence affairs of the Department of Defense.

(C) If the Secretary of Defense establishes an Assistant Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, the Assistant Secretary provided for under subparagraph (A) shall be the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command, Control, and Communications and shall have as his principal duty the overall supervision of command, control, and communications affairs of the Department of Defense.

(4) One of the Assistant Secretaries shall be the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict. He shall have as his principal duty the overall supervision (including oversight of policy and resources) of special operations activities (as defined in section 167(j) of this title) and low intensity conflict activities of the Department of Defense. The Assistant Secretary is the principal civilian adviser to the Secretary of Defense on special operations and low intensity conflict matters and (after the Secretary and Deputy Secretary) is the principal special operations and low intensity conflict official within the senior management of the Department of Defense.

(5) One of the Assistant Secretaries shall be the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Legislative Affairs. He shall have as his principal duty the overall supervision of legislative affairs of the Department of Defense.

(c) Except as otherwise specifically provided by law, an Assistant Secretary may not issue an order to a military department unless—

(1) the Secretary of Defense has specifically delegated that authority to the Assistant Secretary in writing; and

(2) the order is issued through the Secretary of the military department concerned.

(d) The Assistant Secretaries take precedence in the Department of Defense after the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the Secretaries of the military departments, the Under Secretaries of Defense, and the Director of Defense Research and Engineering. The Assistant Secretaries take precedence among themselves in the order prescribed by the Secretary of Defense.

(Added Pub. L. 87–651, title II, §202, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 518, §136; amended Pub. L. 90–168, §2(1), (2), Dec. 1, 1967, 81 Stat. 521; Pub. L. 91–121, title IV, §404(a), Nov. 19, 1969, 83 Stat. 207; Pub. L. 92–215, §1, Dec. 22, 1971, 85 Stat. 777; Pub. L. 92–596, §4(2), Oct. 27, 1972, 86 Stat. 1318; Pub. L. 95–140, §3(a), Oct. 21, 1977, 91 Stat. 1173; Pub. L. 96–107, title VIII, §820(a), Nov. 9, 1979, 93 Stat. 819; Pub. L. 98–94, title XII, §1212(a), Sept. 24, 1983, 97 Stat. 686; Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §§106, 110(d)(9), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 997, 1003; Pub. L. 99–500, §101(c) [title IX, §9115(a)], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–82, 1783–122, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(c) [title IX, §9115(a)], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–82, 3341–122; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title XIII, §1311(a), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3983; Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XII, §1211(a)(1), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1154; Pub. L. 100–453, title VII, §702, Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 1912; Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title VII, §701, Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 1992; renumbered §138 and amended Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title IX, §§901(a)(1), (c), 903(c)(1), 905, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1726, 1727, 1729; Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title IX, §§901(a), 903(b)(2), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2822, 2823.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
136(a) 136(b) 136(c) 136(d) 136(e)	5:171c(c) (1st sentence). 5:171c(c) (1st 18 words of 2d sentence). 5:171c–2 (less 1st sentence). 5:171n(a) (as applicable to 5:172). 5:172. 5:171a(c)(7) (3rd sentence). 5:171a(c)(7) (less 1st 3 sentences). 5:171c(c) (less 1st sentence and less 1st 18 words of 2d sentence).	July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §202(c)(7) (less 1st 2 sentences); added Aug. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85–599, §3(a) (8th par., less 1st 2 sentences), 72 Stat. 516. July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §203(c); added Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §6(a), (2d par.), 63 Stat. 581; redesignated Aug. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85–599, §§9(a) (1st par., as applicable to §203(c)), 10(a), 72 Stat. 520, 521.
		July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §302 (less 1st sentence); restated Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §10(b) (less 1st sentence) restated Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, §21 (less 1st sentence), 70A Stat. 629.
		July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §308(a) (as applicable to §401), 61 Stat. 509.
		July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §401; added Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §11 (1st 2 pars.), 63 Stat. 585.

In subsection (b)(1), 5 U.S.C. 172(b) (last 13 words of 1st sentence) is omitted as surplusage, since they are only a general description of the powers of the Secretary of Defense under this title. 5 U.S.C. 171c–2 (less 1st sentence) is omitted as covered by 5 U.S.C. 171c(c) (1st 18 words of 2d sentence).

In subsection (d), the following substitutions are made: “In carrying out subsection (c) and sections 3010, 3012(b) (last two sentences), 5011 (first two sentences), 5031(a) (last two sentences), 8010, and 8012(b) last two sentences of this title,” for “In implementation of this paragraph”; and “members of the armed forces under the jurisdiction of his department” for “the military personnel in such department”. The words “in a continuous effort” are omitted as surplusage.

Codification

Pub. L. 99–591 is a corrected version of Pub. L. 99–500.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 138 was renumbered section 139 of this title.

Another prior section 138 was renumbered by Pub. L. 99–433 as follows:

Section 138(a) was renumbered section 114(a) of this title.

Section 138(b) was renumbered successively as section 114(b) and section 115(a) of this title.

Section 138(c) was renumbered successively as section 114(c) and section 115(b) of this title.

Section 138(d) was renumbered successively as section 114(d) and section 115(c) of this title.

Section 138(e) was renumbered successively as section 114(e) and section 116(a) of this title.

Section 138(f)(1) was renumbered successively as section 114(f)(1) and section 114(b) of this title.

Section 138(f)(2) was renumbered successively as section 114(f)(2) and section 116(b) of this title.

Section 138(g) was renumbered successively as section 114(g) and section 114(c) of this title.

Section 138(h) was renumbered successively as section 114(h) and section 113(i) of this title.

Section 138(i) was renumbered successively as section 114(i) and section 114(d) of this title.

Amendments

1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–337, §901(a), substituted “eleven” for “ten”.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–337, §903(b)(2), struck out “and Comptroller” after “Under Secretaries of Defense”.

1993—Pub. L. 103–160, §901(a)(1), renumbered section 136 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–160, §903(c)(1), substituted “ten” for “eleven”.

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 103–160, §905, added par. (5).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–160, §901(c), inserted “and Comptroller” after “Under Secretaries of Defense”.

1988—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 100–453 and Pub. L. 100–456 generally amended par. (3) identically. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: “One of the Assistant Secretaries shall be the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence. He shall have as his principal duty the overall supervision of command, control, communications, and intelligence affairs of the Department of Defense.”

1987—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 100–180 inserted at end “The Assistant Secretary is the principal civilian adviser to the Secretary of Defense on special operations and low intensity conflict matters and (after the Secretary and Deputy Secretary) is the principal special operations and low intensity conflict official within the senior management of the Department of Defense.”

1986—Pub. L. 99–433, §110(d)(9), struck out “: appointment; powers and duties; precedence” at end of section catchline.

Subsec. (b)(2), (3). Pub. L. 99–433, §106(a)(1), (2), redesignated pars. (4) and (5) as pars. (2) and (3), respectively, and struck out former par. (2) relating to the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs and former par. (3) relating to the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower and Logistics.

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 99–500, Pub. L. 99–591, and Pub. L. 99–661, amended subsec. (b) identically, adding par. (4).

Pub. L. 99–433, §106(a)(2), redesignated par. (4) as (2).

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 99–433, §106(a)(2), redesignated par. (5) as (3).

Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 99–433, §106(a)(3), struck out par. (6) relating to Comptroller of Department of Defense. See section 135 of this title.

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 99–433, §106(c)(1)(A), substituted “the Assistant Secretary” for “him”.

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 99–433, §106(c)(1)(B), struck out “, or his designee” after “concerned”.

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 99–433, §106(b), (c)(2), (3), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d), substituted “the Under Secretaries of Defense, and the Director of Defense Research and Engineering” for “and the Under Secretaries of Defense”, inserted sentence directing that the Assistant Secretaries take precedence among themselves in the order prescribed by the Secretary of Defense, and struck out former subsec. (d) which directed the Secretary of each military department, his civilian assistants, and members of the armed forces under the jurisdiction of his department to cooperate fully with personnel of the Office of the Secretary of Defense to achieve efficient administration of the Department of Defense and to carry out effectively the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense.

1983—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–94, §1212(a)(1), substituted “eleven” for “seven”.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 98–94, §1212(a)(2)(A), designated existing first sentence as par. (1).

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 98–94, §1212(a)(2)(B), designated existing second and third sentences as par. (2).

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 98–94, §1212(a)(2)(C), (D), designated existing fourth and fifth sentences as par. (3) and substituted “Logistics” for “Reserve Affairs” and “logistics” for “reserve component”.

Subsec. (b)(4), (5). Pub. L. 98–94, §1212(a)(2)(E), added pars. (4) and (5).

Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 98–94, §1212(a)(2)(F), designated existing sixth sentence as par. (6), substituted “One of the Assistant Secretaries” for “In addition, one of the Assistant Secretaries”, redesignated pars. (1) to (5) as subpars. (A) to (E), respectively, redesignated former subpars. (A) to (D) as cls. (1) to (4), respectively, and in subpar. (E) substituted “clauses (A) through (D)” for “clauses (1)–(4)”.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 98–94, §1212(a)(3), struck out subsec. (f) which provided for appointment of a Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs within the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower and Reserve Affairs. See subsec. (b)(4) of this section.

1979—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–107 substituted “seven” for “nine”.

1977—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95–140 inserted “of Defense” after “Secretary” and substituted “Secretary of Defense” for “Secretaries of Defense” and “, and the Under Secretaries of Defense” for “, and the Director of Defense Research and Engineering”.

1972—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 92–596 substituted “Deputy Secretaries” for “Deputy Secretary”.

1971—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 92–215 substituted “nine” for “eight”.

1969—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–121, §404(a)(1), substituted “eight” for “seven”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91–121, §404(a)(2), provided for an Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs having as his principal duty the overall supervision of health affairs of Department of Defense.

1967—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 90–168, §2(1), inserted provisions for an Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower and Reserve Affairs with principal duty of overall supervision of manpower and reserve component affairs of Department of Defense.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 90–168, §2(2), added subsec. (f).

Effective Date of 1983 Amendment

Section 1212(e) of Pub. L. 98–94 provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section, sections 175, 3013, and 5034 of this title, and section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees] shall take effect on October 1, 1983.”

Effective Date of 1967 Amendment

Section 7 of Pub. L. 90–168 provided that: “The provisions of this Act [see Short Title of 1967 Amendment note below] shall become effective on the first day of the first calendar month following the date of enactment [Dec. 1, 1967].”

Short Title of 1967 Amendment

Section 1 of Pub. L. 90–168 provided: “That this Act [amending this section, sections 175, 262, 264, 268, 269, 270, 511 [now 12103], 3014, 5034, 8014, and 8850 of this title, section 502 of Title 32, National Guard, and section 404 of Title 37, Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services, enacting sections 3021 [now 10302], 3038, 8021 [now 10305], and 8038 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 8212 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 113 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Reserve Forces Bill of Rights and Vitalization Act’.”

Order of Succession

For order of succession in event of death, disability, or resignation of Secretary, see Ex. Ord. No. 12787, Dec. 31, 1991, 57 F.R. 517, set out as a note under section 3347 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Charter of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict

Section 1211(a)(2)–(5) of Pub. L. 100–180 provided that:

“(2) The Secretary of Defense shall publish a directive setting forth the charter of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 1987]. The directive shall set forth—

“(A) the duties and responsibilities of the Assistant Secretary;

“(B) the relationships between the Assistant Secretary and other Department of Defense officials;

“(C) any delegation of authority from the Secretary of Defense to the Assistant Secretary; and

“(D) such other matters as the Secretary considers appropriate.

“(3) On the date that such directive is published, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives—

“(A) a copy of the directive; and

“(B) a report explaining how the charter of the Assistant Secretary fulfills the provisions of section 136(b)(4) [now 138(b)(4)] of title 10, United States Code (as amended by paragraph (1)), that provide that the Assistant Secretary—

“(i) exercises overall supervision of special operations activities and low intensity conflict activities of the Department of Defense;

“(ii) is the principal civilian adviser to the Secretary of Defense on special operations and low intensity conflict matters; and

“(iii) is the principal special operations and low intensity conflict official (after the Secretary and Deputy Secretary) within the senior management of the Department of Defense.

“(4)(A) Until the office of Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict is filled for the first time by a person appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, the Secretary of the Army shall carry out the duties and responsibilities of that office.

“(B) Throughout the period of time during which the Secretary of the Army is carrying out the duties and responsibilities of that office, he shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives a monthly report on the administrative actions that he has taken and the policy guidance that he has issued to carry out such duties and responsibilities. Each such report shall also describe the actions that he intends to take and the guidance that he intends to issue to fulfill the provisions of section 136(b)(4) [now 138(b)(4)] of title 10, United States Code (as amended by paragraph (1)), along with a timetable for completion of such actions and issuance of such guidance. The first such report shall be submitted not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 1987].

“(5) Until the first individual appointed to the position of Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, leaves that office, that Assistant Secretary (and the Secretary of the Army when carrying out the duties and responsibilities of the Assistant Secretary) shall, with respect to the duties and responsibilities of that office, report directly, without intervening review or approval, to the Secretary of Defense personally or, as designated by the Secretary, to the Deputy Secretary of Defense personally.”

Temporary Increase in Number of Assistant Secretaries of Defense

Section 1311 of Pub. L. 100–180 provided that until Jan. 20, 1989, the number of Assistant Secretaries of Defense authorized under subsec. (a) of this section and the number of positions at level IV of the Executive Schedule are each increased by one (to a total of 12).

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in section 10201 of this title.

§139 . Director of Operational Test and Evaluation

(a)(1) There is a Director of Operational Test and Evaluation in the Department of Defense, appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Director shall be appointed without regard to political affiliation and solely on the basis of fitness to perform the duties of the office of Director. The Director may be removed from office by the President. The President shall communicate the reasons for any such removal to both Houses of Congress.

(2) In this section:

(A) The term “operational test and evaluation” means—

(i) the field test, under realistic combat conditions, of any item of (or key component of) weapons, equipment, or munitions for the purpose of determining the effectiveness and suitability of the weapons, equipment, or munitions for use in combat by typical military users; and

(ii) the evaluation of the results of such test.

(B) The term “major defense acquisition program” means a Department of Defense acquisition program that is a major defense acquisition program for purposes of section 2430 of this title or that is designated as such a program by the Director for purposes of this section.

(b) The Director is the principal adviser to the Secretary of Defense and the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology on operational test and evaluation in the Department of Defense and the principal operational test and evaluation official within the senior management of the Department of Defense. The Director shall—

(1) prescribe, by authority of the Secretary of Defense, policies and procedures for the conduct of operational test and evaluation in the Department of Defense;

(2) provide guidance to and consult with the Secretary of Defense and the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology and the Secretaries of the military departments with respect to operational test and evaluation in the Department of Defense in general and with respect to specific operational test and evaluation to be conducted in connection with a major defense acquisition program;

(3) monitor and review all operational test and evaluation in the Department of Defense;

(4) coordinate operational testing conducted jointly by more than one military department or defense agency;

(5) review and make recommendations to the Secretary of Defense on all budgetary and financial matters relating to operational test and evaluation, including operational test facilities and equipment, in the Department of Defense; and

(6) monitor and review the live fire testing activities of the Department of Defense provided for under section 2366 of this title.

(c) The Director may communicate views on matters within the responsibility of the Director directly to the Secretary of Defense and the Deputy Secretary of Defense without obtaining the approval or concurrence of any other official within the Department of Defense. The Director shall consult closely with, but the Director and the Director's staff are independent of, the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology and all other officers and entities of the Department of Defense responsible for acquisition.

(d) The Director may not be assigned any responsibility for developmental test and evaluation, other than the provision of advice to officials responsible for such testing.

(e)(1) The Secretary of a military department shall report promptly to the Director the results of all operational test and evaluation conducted by the military department and of all studies conducted by the military department in connection with operational test and evaluation in the military department.

(2) The Director may require that such observers as he designates be present during the preparation for and the conduct of the test part of any operational test and evaluation conducted in the Department of Defense.

(3) The Director shall have access to all records and data in the Department of Defense (including the records and data of each military department) that the Director considers necessary to review in order to carry out his duties under this section.

(f) The Director shall prepare an annual report summarizing the operational test and evaluation activities (including live fire testing activities) of the Department of Defense during the preceding fiscal year. Each such report shall be submitted concurrently to the Secretary of Defense, the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology, and the Congress not later than 10 days after the transmission of the budget for the next fiscal year under section 1105 of title 31. If the Director submits the report to Congress in a classified form, the Director shall concurrently submit an unclassified version of the report to Congress. The report shall include such comments and recommendations as the Director considers appropriate, including comments and recommendations on resources and facilities available for operational test and evaluation and levels of funding made available for operational test and evaluation activities. The Secretary may comment on any report of the Director to Congress under this subsection.

(g) The Director shall comply with requests from Congress (or any committee of either House of Congress) for information relating to operational test and evaluation in the Department of Defense.

(h) The President shall include in the Budget transmitted to Congress pursuant to section 1105 of title 31 for each fiscal year a separate statement of estimated expenditures and proposed appropriations for that fiscal year for the activities of the Director of Operational Test and Evaluation in carrying out the duties and responsibilities of the Director under this section.

(i) The Director shall have sufficient professional staff of military and civilian personnel to enable the Director to carry out the duties and responsibilities of the Director prescribed by law.

(Added Pub. L. 98–94, title XII, §1211(a)(1), Sept. 24, 1983, 97 Stat. 684, §136a; amended Pub. L. 99–348, title V, §501(c), July 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 708; renumbered §138 and amended Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §§101(a)(7), 110(d)(10), (g)(1), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 995, 1003, 1004; Pub. L. 99–500, §101(c) [title X, §§903(c), 910(c)], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–82, 1783–132, 1783–145, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(c) [title X, §§903(c), 910(c)], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–82, 3341–132, 3341–145; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title IX, formerly title IV, §§903(c), 910(c), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3912, 3924, renumbered title IX, Pub. L. 100–26, §3(5), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 273; Pub. L. 100–26, §7(a)(1), (c)(2), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 275, 280; Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title VIII, §801, Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1123; Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title VIII, §802(b), title XVI, §1622(e)(1), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1486, 1605; Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §1484(k)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1719; renumbered §139 and amended Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title IX, §§901(a)(1), 904(d)(1), 907, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1726, 1728, 1730; Pub. L. 103–355, title III, §§3011–3013, Oct. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 3331, 3332.)

Codification

Pub. L. 99–591 is a corrected version of Pub. L. 99–500.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 139 was renumbered section 140 of this title.

Another prior section 139 was renumbered section 2431 of this title.

Amendments

1994—Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 103–355, §3012(a), added par. (6).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–355, §3011, inserted “The Director may communicate views on matters within the responsibility of the Director directly to the Secretary of Defense and the Deputy Secretary of Defense without obtaining the approval or concurrence of any other official within the Department of Defense.” after “(c)”.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 103–355, §§3012(b), 3013, in first sentence inserted “(including live fire testing activities)” after “operational test and evaluation activities” and after second sentence inserted “If the Director submits the report to Congress in a classified form, the Director shall concurrently submit an unclassified version of the report to Congress.”

1993—Pub. L. 103–160, §901(a)(1), renumbered section 138 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–160, §904(d)(1), substituted “Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology” for “Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition” in introductory provisions and in par. (2).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–160, §907, struck out “The Director reports directly, without intervening review or approval, to the Secretary of Defense personally.” after “(c)” and substituted “Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology” for “Director of Defense Research and Engineering” and “responsible for acquisition” for “responsible for research and development”.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 103–160, §904(d)(1), substituted “Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology” for “Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition”.

1990—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 101–510, §1484(k)(1)(A), substituted “(A) The term ‘operational test and evaluation” for “(A) ‘Operational test and evaluation”.

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 101–510, §1484(k)(1)(B), substituted “(B) The term ‘major defense acquisition program” for “(B) ‘Major defense acquisition program”.

1989—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 101–189, §1622(e)(1)(A), which directed amendment of subpar. (A) by substituting “(A) The term ‘operational’ ” for “(A) ‘Operational’ ”, could not be executed because a closing quotation mark did not follow “Operational”.

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 101–189, §1622(e)(1)(B), which directed amendment of subpar. (B) by substituting “(B) The term ‘major’ ” for “(B) ‘Major’ ”, could not be executed because a closing quotation mark did not follow “Major”.

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 101–189, §802(b)(1)(A), inserted “and” after “defense agency;”.

Subsec. (b)(5), (6). Pub. L. 101–189, §802(b)(1)(B), (C), redesignated par. (6) as (5) and struck out former par. (5) which read as follows: “analyze the results of the operational test and evaluation conducted for each major defense acquisition program and, at the conclusion of such operational test and evaluation, report to the Secretary of Defense, to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, and to the Committees on Armed Services and on Appropriations of the Senate and House of Representatives as provided in subsection (c) on—

“(A) whether the test and evaluation performed was adequate; and

“(B) whether the test and evaluation results confirm that the items or components actually tested are effective and suitable for combat; and”.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–189, §802(b)(2), (3), redesignated subsec. (d)(1) as (c) and struck out former subsec. (c) which read as follows: “Each report of the Director required under subsection (b)(5) shall be submitted to the committees specified in that subsection in precisely the same form and with precisely the same content as the report originally was submitted to the Secretary of Defense and the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and shall be accompanied by such comments as the Secretary may wish to make on the report.”

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101–189, §802(b)(4), redesignated former par. (2) of subsec. (d) as entire subsec. Former par. (1) of subsec. (d) redesignated subsec. (c).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 101–189, §802(b)(5)–(7), redesignated subsec. (g)(1) as (f), substituted “this subsection” for “this paragraph”, and struck out former subsec. (f) which read as follows:

“(1) Operational testing of a major defense acquisition program may not be conducted until the Director has approved in writing the adequacy of the plans (including the adequacy of projected levels of funding) for operational test and evaluation to be conducted in connection with that program.

“(2) A final decision within the Department of Defense to proceed with a major defense acquisition program beyond low-rate initial production may not be made until the Director has submitted to the Secretary of Defense the report with respect to that program required by subsection (b)(5) and the Committees on Armed Services and on Appropriations of the Senate and House of Representatives have received that report.”

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 101–189, §802(b)(6), (8), redesignated former par. (2) of subsec. (g) as entire subsec. (g), and redesignated former par. (1) of subsec. (g) as subsec. (f).

1987—Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 100–26, §7(c)(2), substituted “section 2430” for “section 2432(a)(1)”.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–26, §7(a)(1), substituted “to the Secretary of Defense and the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and shall be accompanied by such comments as the Secretary may wish to make on the report.” for “to the Secretary, to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, and shall be accompanied by such comments as the Secretary of Defense may wish to make on such report.”

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–180 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).

1986—Pub. L. 99–433, §§101(a)(7), 110(d)(10), renumbered section 136a of this title as this section, and struck out “: appointment; powers and duties” at end of section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 99–433, §110(g)(1), substituted “section 2432(a)(1)” for “section 139a(a)(1)”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–500 and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(c) [§903(c)(1)–(3)] and Pub. L. 99–661, §903(c)(1)–(3), amended subsec. (b) identically, in provisions preceding par. (1) and in par. (2), inserting “and the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition” and, in par. (5), inserting “, to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition,”.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–500 and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(c) [§903(c)(4)], and Pub. L. 99–661, §903(c)(4), amended subsec. (c) identically by directing the insertion of “, to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition,” after “Secretary of Defense” the first place it appears which was executed by making the insertion after “the Secretary” the first place it appears as the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–500 and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(c) [§903(c)(5)], and Pub. L. 99–661, §903(c)(5), amended subsec. (d) identically inserting “personally” after “Secretary of Defense”.

Pub. L. 99–348 substituted “Director of Defense Research and Engineering” for “Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering”.

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 99–500 and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(c) [§§903(c)(6), 910(c)], and Pub. L. 99–661, §§903(c)(6), 910(c), amended par. (1) identically, inserting “, the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition,” and substituting “10 days after transmission of the budget for the next fiscal year under section 1105 of title 31” for “January 15 immediately following the end of the fiscal year for which the report is prepared”.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 99–500 and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(c) [§903(c)(7)], and Pub. L. 99–661, §903(c)(7), amended section identically adding subsec. (i).

Effective Date

Section 1211(c) of Pub. L. 98–94 provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and amending section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees] shall take effect on November 1, 1983.”

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in section 2399 of this title.

[§139a . Renumbered §2432]

[§139b . Renumbered §2433]

[§139c . Renumbered §2434]

§140 . General Counsel

(a) There is a General Counsel of the Department of Defense, appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

(b) The General Counsel is the chief legal officer of the Department of Defense. He shall perform such functions as the Secretary of Defense may prescribe.

(Added Pub. L. 87–651, title II, §202, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 519, §137; amended Pub. L. 88–426, title III, §305(9), Aug. 14, 1964, 78 Stat. 423; renumbered §139 and amended Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §§101(a)(7), 110(d)(11), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 995, 1003; renumbered §140, Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title IX, §901(a)(1), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1726.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
137(a)	[Uncodified: 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 6, eff. June 30, 1953, §4 (1st 25 words of 1st sentence), 67 Stat. 639].	1953 Reorg. Plan No. 6, eff. June 30, 1953, §4, 67 Stat. 639.
137(b)	[Uncodified: 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 6, eff. June 30, 1953, §4 (1st sentence, less 1st 25 words), 67 Stat. 639].
137(c)	[Uncodified: 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 6, eff. June 30, 1953, §4 (2d sentence), 67 Stat. 639].

In subsection (b), the words “from time to time” are omitted as surplusage.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 140 was renumbered section 141 of this title.

Another prior section 140 was renumbered section 127 of this title.

Amendments

1993—Pub. L. 103–160 renumbered section 139 of this title as this section.

1986—Pub. L. 99–433, §§101(a)(7), 110(d)(11), renumbered section 137 of this title as this section, and struck out “: powers and duties” at end of section catchline.

1964—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 88–426 repealed subsec. (c) which related to compensation of General Counsel. See section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Effective Date of 1964 Amendment

For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 88–426, see section 501 of Pub. L. 88–426.

Order of Succession

For order of succession in event of death, disability, or resignation of Secretary, see Ex. Ord. No. 12787, Dec. 31, 1991, 57 F.R. 517, set out as a note under section 3347 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Cross References

Compensation of General Counsel, see section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

[§140a . Renumbered §422]

Prior Provisions

A prior section 140a was renumbered section 421 of this title.

[§140b . Renumbered §423]

Prior Provisions

A prior section 140b was renumbered section 129 of this title.

[§140c . Renumbered §130]

§141 . Inspector General

(a) There is an Inspector General of the Department of Defense, who is appointed as provided in section 3 of the Inspector General Act of 1978 (Public Law 95–452; 5 U.S.C. App. 3).

(b) The Inspector General performs the duties, has the responsibilities, and exercises the powers specified in the Inspector General Act of 1978.

(Added Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §108, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 998, §140; renumbered §141, Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title IX, §901(a)(1), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1726.)

References in Text

The Inspector General Act of 1978, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 95–452, Oct. 12, 1978, 92 Stat. 1101, as amended, which is set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 141 was renumbered section 142 of this title.

Another prior section 141 of this title was contained in chapter 5 of this title, prior to amendment by Pub. L. 99–433. See note preceding section 151 of this title.

Amendments

1993—Pub. L. 103–160 renumbered section 140 of this title as this section.

§142 . Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Atomic Energy

(a) There is an Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Atomic Energy, appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

(b) The Assistant to the Secretary shall advise the Secretary of Defense and the Nuclear Weapons Council on nuclear energy and nuclear weapons matters.

(Added Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XII, §1245(a)(1), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1165, §141; renumbered §142, Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title IX, §901(a)(1), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1726.)

Prior Provisions

A prior section 142 of this title was contained in chapter 5 of this title, prior to amendment by Pub. L. 99–433. See note preceding section 151 of this title.

Amendments

1993—Pub. L. 103–160 renumbered section 141 of this title as this section.

Exception to Senate Confirmation Requirement

Section 1245(b) of Pub. L. 100–180 provided that: “The person serving as Chairman of the Military Liaison Committee, Department of Defense, under section 27 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 (42 U.S.C. 2037) on October 16, 1986, may be appointed as the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Atomic Energy under section 141 [now 142] of title 10, United States Code (as added by subsection (a)), without the advice and consent of the Senate.”

CHAPTER 5—JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF

        

Prior Provisions

A prior chapter 5 related to Joint Chiefs of Staff, prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 99–433, title II, §201, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1004, consisted of sections 141 to 143 as follows:

Section 141, acts Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 6; Aug. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85–599, §7, 72 Stat. 519; Sept. 7, 1962, Pub. L. 87–651, title II, §204, 76 Stat. 519; Oct. 20, 1978, Pub. L. 95–485, title VIII, §807, 92 Stat. 1622, provided for composition and functions of Joint Chiefs. See section 151 of this title.

Section 142, acts Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 7; Sept. 7, 1962, Pub. L. 87–649, §14c(1), 76 Stat. 501; Oct. 19, 1984, Pub. L. 98–525, title XIII, §1301(b), 98 Stat. 2611, provided for appointment and duties of Chairman of Joint Chiefs. See sections 152 and 153 of this title.

Section 143, acts Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 7; Aug. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85–599, §5(a), 72 Stat. 517; Oct. 19, 1984, Pub. L. 98–525, title XIII, §1301(c), 98 Stat. 2611, provided for a Joint Staff. See section 155 of this title.

Amendments

1987—Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XIII, §1314(b)(1)(B), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1175, substituted “grade and rank” for “rank” in item 152.

1986—Pub. L. 99–433, title II, §201, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1005, amended chapter 5 heading and analysis generally, substituting items 151–155 for items 141–143.

§151 . Joint Chiefs of Staff: composition; functions

(a) Composition.—There are in the Department of Defense the Joint Chiefs of Staff, headed by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Joint Chiefs of Staff consist of the following:

(1) The Chairman.

(2) The Vice Chairman.

(3) The Chief of Staff of the Army.

(4) The Chief of Naval Operations.

(5) The Chief of Staff of the Air Force.

(6) The Commandant of the Marine Corps.

(b) Function as Military Advisers.—The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the principal military adviser to the President, the National Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense.

(2) The other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are military advisers to the President, the National Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense as specified in subsections (d) and (e).

(c) Consultation by Chairman.—(1) In carrying out his functions, duties, and responsibilities, the Chairman shall, as he considers appropriate, consult with and seek the advice of—

(A) the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; and

(B) the commanders of the unified and specified combatant commands.

(2) Subject to subsection (d), in presenting advice with respect to any matter to the President, the National Security Council, or the Secretary of Defense, the Chairman shall, as he considers appropriate, inform the President, the National Security Council, or the Secretary of Defense, as the case may be, of the range of military advice and opinion with respect to that matter.

(d) Advice and Opinions of Members Other Than Chairman.—(1) A member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (other than the Chairman) may submit to the Chairman advice or an opinion in disagreement with, or advice or an opinion in addition to, the advice presented by the Chairman to the President, the National Security Council, or the Secretary of Defense. If a member submits such advice or opinion, the Chairman shall present the advice or opinion of such member at the same time he presents his own advice to the President, the National Security Council, or the Secretary of Defense, as the case may be.

(2) The Chairman shall establish procedures to ensure that the presentation of his own advice to the President, the National Security Council, or the Secretary of Defense is not unduly delayed by reason of the submission of the individual advice or opinion of another member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

(e) Advice on Request.—The members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, individually or collectively, in their capacity as military advisers, shall provide advice to the President, the National Security Council, or the Secretary of Defense on a particular matter when the President, the National Security Council, or the Secretary requests such advice.

(f) Recommendations to Congress.—After first informing the Secretary of Defense, a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff may make such recommendations to Congress relating to the Department of Defense as he considers appropriate.

(g) Meetings of JCS.—(1) The Chairman shall convene regular meetings of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

(2) Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the President and the Secretary of Defense, the Chairman shall—

(A) preside over the Joint Chiefs of Staff;

(B) provide agenda for the meetings of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (including, as the Chairman considers appropriate, any subject for the agenda recommended by any other member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff);

(C) assist the Joint Chiefs of Staff in carrying on their business as promptly as practicable; and

(D) determine when issues under consideration by the Joint Chiefs of Staff shall be decided.

(Added Pub. L. 99–433, title II, §201, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1005; amended Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title IX, §911(a), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2473.)

Amendments

1992—Subsec. (a)(2) to (6). Pub. L. 102–484 added par. (2) and redesignated former pars. (2) to (5) as (3) to (6), respectively.

Cross References

Chief of Naval Operations, generally, see section 5031 et seq. of this title.

Chief of Staff of the Army or Air Force, appointment and duties, see sections 3033, 8033 of this title.

Commandant of the Marine Corps, appointment, term and emoluments, see section 5043 of this title.

Detail or assignment of officers to Office of the Secretary of Defense, see section 131 of this title.

National Security Council, establishment and functions, see section 402 of Title 50, War and National Defense.

Selection of Director of the Joint Staff, see section 155 of this title.

United Nations Organization—

Personal money allowance of officers serving as members of Military Staff Committee, see section 414 of Title 37, Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services.

Representation, see section 287 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in sections 3033, 5033, 5043, 8033 of this title.

§152 . Chairman: appointment; grade and rank

(a) Appointment; Term of Office.—(1) There is a Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, from the officers of the regular components of the armed forces. The Chairman serves at the pleasure of the President for a term of two years, beginning on October 1 of odd-numbered years. Subject to paragraph (3), an officer serving as Chairman may be reappointed in the same manner for two additional terms. However, in time of war there is no limit on the number of reappointments.

(2) In the event of the death, retirement, resignation, or reassignment of the officer serving as Chairman before the end of the term for which the officer was appointed, an officer appointed to fill the vacancy shall serve as Chairman only for the remainder of the original term, but may be reappointed as provided in paragraph (1).

(3) An officer may not serve as Chairman or Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff if the combined period of service of such officer in such positions exceeds six years. However, the President may extend to eight years the combined period of service an officer may serve in such positions if he determines such action is in the national interest. The limitations of this paragraph do not apply in time of war.

(b) Requirement for Appointment.—(1) The President may appoint an officer as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff only if the officer has served as—

(A) the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff;

(B) the Chief of Staff of the Army, the Chief of Naval Operations, the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, or the Commandant of the Marine Corps; or

(C) the commander of a unified or specified combatant command.

(2) The President may waive paragraph (1) in the case of an officer if the President determines such action is necessary in the national interest.

(c) Grade and Rank.—The Chairman, while so serving, holds the grade of general or, in the case of an officer of the Navy, admiral and outranks all other officers of the armed forces. However, he may not exercise military command over the Joint Chiefs of Staff or any of the armed forces.

(Added Pub. L. 99–433, title II, §201, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1006; amended Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XIII, §1314(b)(1)(A), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1175.)

Amendments

1987—Pub. L. 100–180 substituted “grade and rank” for “rank” in section catchline.

Cross References

Armed Forces Policy Council, member of, see section 171 of this title.

Management of Joint Staff and its director, see section 155 of this title.

Pay and allowances—

Chairman, see section 203 of Title 37, Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services.

Grade of general or admiral, see sections 3033, 5033, 5043, and 8033 of this title; sections 203, 402, 403, and 1009 of Title 37.

Personal money allowance, see section 414 of Title 37.

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in section 163 of this title.

§153 . Chairman: functions

(a) Planning; Advice; Policy Formulation.—Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the President and the Secretary of Defense, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff shall be responsible for the following:

(1) Strategic Direction.—Assisting the President and the Secretary of Defense in providing for the strategic direction of the armed forces.

(2) Strategic Planning.—(A) Preparing strategic plans, including plans which conform with resource levels projected by the Secretary of Defense to be available for the period of time for which the plans are to be effective.

(B) Preparing joint logistic and mobility plans to support those strategic plans and recommending the assignment of logistic and mobility responsibilities to the armed forces in accordance with those logistic and mobility plans.

(C) Performing net assessments to determine the capabilities of the armed forces of the United States and its allies as compared with those of their potential adversaries.

(3) Contingency Planning; Preparedness.—(A) Providing for the preparation and review of contingency plans which conform to policy guidance from the President and the Secretary of Defense.

(B) Preparing joint logistic and mobility plans to support those contingency plans and recommending the assignment of logistic and mobility responsibilities to the armed forces in accordance with those logistic and mobility plans.

(C) Advising the Secretary on critical deficiencies and strengths in force capabilities (including manpower, logistic, and mobility support) identified during the preparation and review of contingency plans and assessing the effect of such deficiencies and strengths on meeting national security objectives and policy and on strategic plans.

(D) Establishing and maintaining, after consultation with the commanders of the unified and specified combatant commands, a uniform system of evaluating the preparedness of each such command to carry out missions assigned to the command.

(4) Advice on Requirements, Programs, and Budget.—(A) Advising the Secretary, under section 163(b)(2) of this title, on the priorities of the requirements identified by the commanders of the unified and specified combatant commands.

(B) Advising the Secretary on the extent to which the program recommendations and budget proposals of the military departments and other components of the Department of Defense for a fiscal year conform with the priorities established in strategic plans and with the priorities established for the requirements of the unified and specified combatant commands.

(C) Submitting to the Secretary alternative program recommendations and budget proposals, within projected resource levels and guidance provided by the Secretary, in order to achieve greater conformance with the priorities referred to in clause (B).

(D) Recommending to the Secretary, in accordance with section 166 of this title, a budget proposal for activities of each unified and specified combatant command.

(E) Advising the Secretary on the extent to which the major programs and policies of the armed forces in the area of manpower conform with strategic plans.

(F) Assessing military requirements for defense acquisition programs.

(5) Doctrine, Training, and Education.—(A) Developing doctrine for the joint employment of the armed forces.

(B) Formulating policies for the joint training of the armed forces.

(C) Formulating policies for coordinating the military education and training of members of the armed forces.

(6) Other Matters.—(A) Providing for representation of the United States on the Military Staff Committee of the United Nations in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.

(B) Performing such other duties as may be prescribed by law or by the President or the Secretary of Defense.

(b) Report on Assignment of Roles and Missions.—(1) Not less than once every three years, or upon the request of the President or the Secretary of Defense, the Chairman shall submit to the Secretary of Defense a report containing such recommendations for changes in the assignment of functions (or roles and missions) to the armed forces as the Chairman considers necessary to achieve maximum effectiveness of the armed forces. In preparing each such report, the Chairman shall consider (among other matters) the following:

(A) Changes in the nature of the threats faced by the United States.

(B) Unnecessary duplication of effort among the armed forces.

(C) Changes in technology that can be applied effectively to warfare.

(2) The Chairman shall include in each such report recommendations for such changes in policies, directives, regulations, and legislation as may be necessary to achieve the changes in the assignment of functions recommended by the Chairman.

(Added Pub. L. 99–433, title II, §201, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1007.)

Annual Assessment of Force Readiness

Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title III, §376, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1637, provided that:

“(a) Annual Assessment Required.—Not later than March 1 of each of 1994, 1995, and 1996, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff shall submit to the Congress an assessment of—

“(1) the readiness and capability of the Armed Forces to carry out the full range of the missions assigned to the Armed Forces; and

“(2) the associated level or degree of risk for the Armed Forces in responding to current and anticipated threats to national security interests of the United States.

“(b) Content of Assessment.—Each assessment shall include, for the five-year period described in subsection (c), the following matters:

“(1) An unclassified description of the current and projected readiness and capability of the Armed Forces taking into consideration each of the following areas:

“(A) Personnel.

“(B) Training and exercises.

“(C) Logistics, including equipment maintenance and supply availability.

“(D) Equipment modernization.

“(E) Installations, real property, and facilities.

“(F) Munitions.

“(G) Mobility.

“(H) Wartime sustainability.

“(2) The personal assessment of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff regarding the readiness and capabilities of the Armed Forces, together with the Chairman's personal judgment on whether there are significant problems or risks regarding the readiness and capabilities of the Armed Forces.

“(3) Any factors that the Chairman or any other member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff believes may lead to a decrease in force readiness or a degradation in the overall capability of the Armed Forces.

“(4) Any recommended actions that the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff considers appropriate.

“(5) Any classified annexes that the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff considers appropriate.

“(c) Period Assessed.—The assessment shall include information for the fiscal year in which the assessment is submitted, the three preceding fiscal years, and projections for the subsequent fiscal year.

“(d) Interim Assessments.—If, at any time between submissions of assessments to the Congress under subsection (a), the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff determines that there is a significant change in the projected readiness or capability of the Armed Forces from the readiness or capability projected in the most recent annual assessment, the Chairman shall submit to the Congress a revised assessment that reflects each such significant change.”

Annual Assessment of Force Readiness

Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title III, §376, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1637, provided that:

“(a) Annual Assessment Required.—Not later than March 1 of each of 1994, 1995, and 1996, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff shall submit to the Congress an assessment of—

“(1) the readiness and capability of the Armed Forces to carry out the full range of the missions assigned to the Armed Forces; and

“(2) the associated level or degree of risk for the Armed Forces in responding to current and anticipated threats to national security interests of the United States.

“(b) Content of Assessment.—Each assessment shall include, for the five-year period described in subsection (c), the following matters:

“(1) An unclassified description of the current and projected readiness and capability of the Armed Forces taking into consideration each of the following areas:

“(A) Personnel.

“(B) Training and exercises.

“(C) Logistics, including equipment maintenance and supply availability.

“(D) Equipment modernization.

“(E) Installations, real property, and facilities.

“(F) Munitions.

“(G) Mobility.

“(H) Wartime sustainability.

“(2) The personal assessment of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff regarding the readiness and capabilities of the Armed Forces, together with the Chairman's personal judgment on whether there are significant problems or risks regarding the readiness and capabilities of the Armed Forces.

“(3) Any factors that the Chairman or any other member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff believes may lead to a decrease in force readiness or a degradation in the overall capability of the Armed Forces.

“(4) Any recommended actions that the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff considers appropriate.

“(5) Any classified annexes that the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff considers appropriate.

“(c) Period Assessed.—The assessment shall include information for the fiscal year in which the assessment is submitted, the three preceding fiscal years, and projections for the subsequent fiscal year.

“(d) Interim Assessments.—If, at any time between submissions of assessments to the Congress under subsection (a), the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff determines that there is a significant change in the projected readiness or capability of the Armed Forces from the readiness or capability projected in the most recent annual assessment, the Chairman shall submit to the Congress a revised assessment that reflects each such significant change.”

Report of Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff on Roles and Missions of Armed Forces

Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title IX, §901, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2469, provided that:

“(a) Report.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall transmit to Congress a copy of the first report relating to the roles and missions of the Armed Forces that is submitted to the Secretary by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under section 153(b) of title 10, United States Code, after January 1, 1992.

“(2) The Secretary shall transmit the report, together with his views on the report, within 30 days after receiving the report.

“(b) Additional Matters.—In addition to the matters required under such section 153(b), the Chairman shall include in the report referred to in subsection (a) the Chairman's comments and recommendations regarding the following matters:

“(1) Reassessing the roles and missions assigned to each of the Armed Forces (under the Key West agreement of 1947 and subsequent actions by the various Secretaries of Defense and the Congress) in light of the new national security environment resulting from the end of the Cold War.

“(2) The extent to which the efficiency of the Armed Forces in carrying out their roles and missions can be enhanced by—

“(A) the elimination or reduction of duplication in the capabilities of the military departments and Defense Agencies without an undue diminution in their effectiveness; and

“(B) the consolidation or streamlining of organizations and activities within the military departments and Defense Agencies.

“(3) Changes in the operational tempo of forces stationed in the continental United States and changes in deployment patterns and operational tempo of forces deployed outside the United States.

“(4) Changes in the readiness status of units based upon time-phased force deployment plans.

“(5) Transfers of functions from the active components of the Armed Forces to the reserve components of the Armed Forces.”

Transition Provisions

Section 204(a), (b) of Pub. L. 99–433 provided that:

“(a) Preparedness Evaluation System.—The uniform system of evaluating the preparedness of each unified and specified combatant command required to be established by paragraph (3)(D) of section 153(a) of title 10, United States Code, as added by section 201 of this Act, shall be established not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 1, 1986].

“(b) Date for First Report.—The first report under section 153(b) of title 10, United States Code, as added by section 201 of this Act, shall be submitted by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff not later than two years after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 1, 1986].”

§154. Vice Chairman

(a) Appointment.—(1) There is a Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, from the officers of the regular components of the armed forces.

(2) The Chairman and Vice Chairman may not be members of the same armed force. However, the President may waive the restriction in the preceding sentence for a limited period of time in order to provide for the orderly transition of officers appointed to serve in the positions of Chairman and Vice Chairman.

(3) The Vice Chairman serves at the pleasure of the President for a term of two years and may be reappointed in the same manner for two additional terms. However, in time of war there is no limit on the number of reappointments.

(b) Requirement for Appointment.—(1) The President may appoint an officer as Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff only if the officer—

(A) has the joint specialty under section 661 of this title; and

(B) has completed a full tour of duty in a joint duty assignment (as defined in section 664(f) of this title) as a general or flag officer.

(2) The President may waive paragraph (1) in the case of an officer if the President determines such action is necessary in the national interest.

(c) Duties.—The Vice Chairman performs the duties prescribed for him as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and such other duties as may be prescribed by the Chairman with the approval of the Secretary of Defense.

(d) Function as Acting Chairman.—When there is a vacancy in the office of Chairman or in the absence or disability of the Chairman, the Vice Chairman acts as Chairman and performs the duties of the Chairman until a successor is appointed or the absence or disability ceases.

(e) Succession After Chairman and Vice Chairman.—When there is a vacancy in the offices of both Chairman and Vice Chairman or in the absence or disability of both the Chairman and the Vice Chairman, or when there is a vacancy in one such office and in the absence or disability of the officer holding the other, the President shall designate a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to act as and perform the duties of the Chairman until a successor to the Chairman or Vice Chairman is appointed or the absence or disability of the Chairman or Vice Chairman ceases.

(f) Grade and Rank.—The Vice Chairman, while so serving, holds the grade of general or, in the case of an officer of the Navy, admiral and outranks all other officers of the armed forces except the Chairman. The Vice Chairman may not exercise military command over the Joint Chiefs of Staff or any of the armed forces.

(Added Pub. L. 99–433, title II, §201, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1008; amended Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title V, §519(a)(1), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 1972; Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title IX, §911(b)(1), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2473.)

Amendments

1992—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–484, §911(b)(1)(A), substituted “the duties prescribed for him as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and such other” for “such”.

Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 102–484, §911(b)(1)(B), (C), redesignated subsec. (g) as (f) and struck out former subsec. (f) which read as follows: “Participation in JCS Meetings.—The Vice Chairman may participate in all meetings of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, but may not vote on a matter before the Joint Chiefs of Staff except when acting as Chairman.”

1988—Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 100–456 substituted “completed a full tour of duty in a joint duty assignment (as defined in section 664(f) of this title)” for “served in at least one joint duty assignment (as defined under section 668(b) of this title)”.

Extension of Term of Office of Vice Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff

Pub. L. 100–526, title I, §107, Oct. 24, 1988, 102 Stat. 2625, authorized President to extend until June 1, 1989, term of office of officer serving as Vice Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff for term which began on Feb. 6, 1987.

Waiver of Qualifications for Appointment as Vice Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff

Section 204(c) of Pub. L. 99–433 authorized President, until Oct. 1, 1990, to waive certain requirements otherwise applicable for appointment of an officer as Vice Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff.

§155. Joint Staff

(a) Appointment of Officers to Joint Staff.—(1) There is a Joint Staff under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Joint Staff assists the Chairman and, subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Chairman, the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in carrying out their responsibilities.

(2) Officers of the armed forces (other than the Coast Guard) assigned to serve on the Joint Staff shall be selected by the Chairman in approximately equal numbers from—

(A) the Army;

(B) the Navy and the Marine Corps; and

(C) the Air Force.

(3) Selection of officers of an armed force to serve on the Joint Staff shall be made by the Chairman from a list of officers submitted by the Secretary of the military department having jurisdiction over that armed force. Each officer whose name is submitted shall be among those officers considered to be the most outstanding officers of that armed force. The Chairman may specify the number of officers to be included on any such list.

(b) Director.—The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, after consultation with the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and with the approval of the Secretary of Defense, may select an officer to serve as Director of the Joint Staff.

(c) Management of Joint Staff.—The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff manages the Joint Staff and the Director of the Joint Staff. The Joint Staff shall perform such duties as the Chairman prescribes and shall perform such duties under such procedures as the Chairman prescribes.

(d) Operation of Joint Staff.—The Secretary of Defense shall ensure that the Joint Staff is independently organized and operated so that the Joint Staff supports the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in meeting the congressional purpose set forth in the last clause of section 2 of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 401) to provide—

(1) for the unified strategic direction of the combatant forces;

(2) for their operation under unified command; and

(3) for their integration into an efficient team of land, naval, and air forces.

(e) Prohibition of Function as Armed Forces General Staff.—The Joint Staff shall not operate or be organized as an overall Armed Forces General Staff and shall have no executive authority. The Joint Staff may be organized and may operate along conventional staff lines.

(f) Tour of Duty of Joint Staff Officers.—(1) An officer who is assigned or detailed to permanent duty on the Joint Staff may not serve for a tour of duty of more than four years. However, such a tour of duty may be extended with the approval of the Secretary of Defense.

(2) In accordance with procedures established by the Secretary of Defense, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff may suspend from duty and recommend the reassignment of any officer assigned to the Joint Staff. Upon receipt of such a recommendation, the Secretary concerned shall promptly reassign the officer.

(3) An officer completing a tour of duty with the Joint Staff may not be assigned or detailed to permanent duty on the Joint Staff within two years after relief from that duty except with the approval of the Secretary.

(4) Paragraphs (1) and (3) do not apply—

(A) in time of war; or

(B) during a national emergency declared by the President or Congress.

(g) Composition of Joint Staff.—(1) The Joint Staff is composed of all members of the armed forces and civilian employees assigned or detailed to permanent duty in the executive part of the Department of Defense to perform the functions and duties prescribed under subsections (a) and (c).

(2) The Joint Staff does not include members of the armed forces or civilian employees assigned or detailed to permanent duty in a military department.

(Added Pub. L. 99–433, title II, §201, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1009; amended Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XIII, §1314(b)(2), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1175; Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title IX, §902, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1620; Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title IX, §911(b)(2), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2473; Pub. L. 103–35, title II, §202(a)(8), May 31, 1993, 107 Stat. 101.)

Amendments

1993—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–35 made technical amendment to directory language of Pub. L. 102–484. See 1992 Amendment note below.

1992—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 102–484, as amended by Pub. L. 103–35, struck out “and the Vice Chairman” before “in carrying out”.

1990—Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 101–510 redesignated subsec. (h) as (g) and struck out former subsec. (g) which read as follows: “Limitation on Size of Joint Staff.—(1) Effective on October 1, 1988, the total number of members of the armed forces and civilian personnel assigned or detailed to permanent duty on the Joint Staff may not exceed 1,627.

“(2) Paragraph (1) does not apply—

“(A) in time of war; or

“(B) during a national emergency declared by the President or Congress.”

1987—Subsec. (f)(4)(B). Pub. L. 100–180, §1314(b)(2)(A), inserted “or Congress” after “by the President”.

Subsec. (g)(2)(B). Pub. L. 100–180, §1314(b)(2)(B), inserted “the President or” after “declared by”.

Effective Date of 1993 Amendment

Section 202(b) of Pub. L. 103–35 provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section, sections 1079, 1086a, 1174a, 1463, 2323, 2347, 2391, and 2410d of this title, and sections 5013 and 5113 of Title 36, Patriotic Societies and Observances, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 664, 2350a, 2431, 2501, 2505, 10105, and 12681 of this title and section 5611 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade] shall apply as if included in the enactment of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993 (Public Law 102–484).”

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in sections 525, 664 of this title.

CHAPTER 6—COMBATANT COMMANDS

        

Prior Provisions

Prior to enactment of this chapter by Pub. L. 99–433, provisions relating to combat commands were contained in section 124 of this title.

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XIII, §1316(a)(2), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2899, added item 168.

1991—Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title IX, §902(b), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1451, added item 166a.

1986—Pub. L. 99–500, §101(c) [title IX, §9115(b)(2)], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–82, 1783–124, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(c) [title IX, §9115(b)(2)], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–82, 3341–124; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title XIII, §1311(b)(2), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3985, amended analysis identically adding item 167.

Pub. L. 99–433, title II, §211(a), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1012, added chapter 6 heading and analysis.

Chapter Referred to in Other Sections

This chapter is referred to in sections 3013, 3033, 5013, 5033, 5043, 8013, 8033 of this title.

§161. Combatant commands: establishment

(a) Unified and Specified Combatant Commands.—With the advice and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the President, through the Secretary of Defense, shall—

(1) establish unified combatant commands and specified combatant commands to perform military missions; and

(2) prescribe the force structure of those commands.

(b) Periodic Review.—(1) The Chairman periodically (and not less often than every two years) shall—

(A) review the missions, responsibilities (including geographic boundaries), and force structure of each combatant command; and

(B) recommend to the President, through the Secretary of Defense, any changes to such missions, responsibilities, and force structures as may be necessary.

(2) Except during time of hostilities or imminent threat of hostilities, the President shall notify Congress not more than 60 days after—

(A) establishing a new combatant command; or

(B) significantly revising the missions, responsibilities, or force structure of an existing combatant command.

(c) Definitions.—In this chapter:

(1) The term “unified combatant command” means a military command which has broad, continuing missions and which is composed of forces from two or more military departments.

(2) The term “specified combatant command” means a military command which has broad, continuing missions and which is normally composed of forces from a single military department.

(3) The term “combatant command” means a unified combatant command or a specified combatant command.

(Added Pub. L. 99–433, title II, §211(a), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1012.)

Initial Review of Combatant Commands

Section 212 of Pub. L. 99–433 set out 10 areas to be covered in first review of missions, responsibilities, and force structure of unified combatant commands under subsec. (b) of this section, and directed that first report to President be made not later than Oct. 1, 1987.

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in sections 167, 1051 of this title.

§162. Combatant commands: assigned forces; chain of command

(a) Assignment of Forces.—(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Secretaries of the military departments shall assign all forces under their jurisdiction to unified and specified combatant commands or to the United States element of the North American Air Defense Command to perform missions assigned to those commands. Such assignments shall be made as directed by the Secretary of Defense, including direction as to the command to which forces are to be assigned. The Secretary of Defense shall ensure that such assignments are consistent with the force structure prescribed by the President for each combatant command.

(2) Except as otherwise directed by the Secretary of Defense, forces to be assigned by the Secretaries of the military departments to the combatant commands or to the United States element of the North American Air Defense Command under paragraph (1) do not include forces assigned to carry out functions of the Secretary of a military department listed in sections 3013(b), 5013(b), and 8013(b) of this title or forces assigned to multinational peacekeeping organizations.

(3) A force assigned to a combatant command or to the United States element of the North American Air Defense Command under this section may be transferred from the command to which it is assigned only—

(A) by authority of the Secretary of Defense; and

(B) under procedures prescribed by the Secretary and approved by the President.

(4) Except as otherwise directed by the Secretary of Defense, all forces operating within the geographic area assigned to a unified combatant command shall be assigned to, and under the command of, the commander of that command. The preceding sentence applies to forces assigned to a specified combatant command only as prescribed by the Secretary of Defense.

(b) Chain of Command.—Unless otherwise directed by the President, the chain of command to a unified or specified combatant command runs—

(1) from the President to the Secretary of Defense; and

(2) from the Secretary of Defense to the commander of the combatant command.

(Added Pub. L. 99–433, title II, §211(a), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1012; amended Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XIII, §1313, Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1175; Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title VII, §711, Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 1997.)

Amendments

1988—Subsec. (a)(1) to (3). Pub. L. 100–456 inserted “or to the United States element of the North American Air Defense Command”.

1987—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 100–180 inserted before period at end “or forces assigned to multinational peacekeeping organizations”.

Implementation of Assignment of Forces to Combatant Commands

Section 214(a) of Pub. L. 99–433 provided that section 162(a) of this title shall be implemented not later than 90 days after Oct. 1, 1986.

Cross References

Air Force Chief of Staff, supervision over members and organizations of Air Force, see section 8033 of this title.

Army Chief of Staff, supervision over members and organizations of Army, see section 3033 of this title.

Chief of Naval Operations, supervision over members and organizations, of Navy and Marine Corps, see section 5033 of this title.

Commandant of Marine Corps, supervision over members and organizations of Marine Corps and Navy, see section 5043 of this title.

§163. Role of Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff

(a) Communications Through Chairman of JCS; Assignment of Duties.—Subject to the limitations in section 152(c) of this title, the President may—

(1) direct that communications between the President or the Secretary of Defense and the commanders of the unified and specified combatant commands be transmitted through the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; and

(2) assign duties to the Chairman to assist the President and the Secretary of Defense in performing their command function.

(b) Oversight by Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff.—(1) The Secretary of Defense may assign to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff responsibility for overseeing the activities of the combatant commands. Such assignment by the Secretary to the Chairman does not confer any command authority on the Chairman and does not alter the responsibility of the commanders of the combatant commands prescribed in section 164(b)(2) of this title.

(2) Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff serves as the spokesman for the commanders of the combatant commands, especially on the operational requirements of their commands. In performing such function, the Chairman shall—

(A) confer with and obtain information from the commanders of the combatant commands with respect to the requirements of their commands;

(B) evaluate and integrate such information;

(C) advise and make recommendations to the Secretary of Defense with respect to the requirements of the combatant commands, individually and collectively; and

(D) communicate, as appropriate, the requirements of the combatant commands to other elements of the Department of Defense.

(Added Pub. L. 99–433, title II, §211(a), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1013.)

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in section 153 of this title.

§164. Commanders of combatant commands: assignment; powers and duties

(a) Assignment as Combatant Commander.—(1) The President may assign an officer to serve as the commander of a unified or specified combatant command only if the officer—

(A) has the joint specialty under section 661 of this title; and

(B) has completed a full tour of duty in a joint duty assignment (as defined in section 664(f) of this title) as a general or flag officer.

(2) The President may waive paragraph (1) in the case of an officer if the President determines that such action is necessary in the national interest.

(b) Responsibilities of Combatant Commanders.—(1) The commander of a combatant command is responsible to the President and to the Secretary of Defense for the performance of missions assigned to that command by the President or by the Secretary with the approval of the President.

(2) Subject to the direction of the President, the commander of a combatant command—

(A) performs his duties under the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense; and

(B) is directly responsible to the Secretary for the preparedness of the command to carry out missions assigned to the command.

(c) Command Authority of Combatant Commanders.—(1) Unless otherwise directed by the President or the Secretary of Defense, the authority, direction, and control of the commander of a combatant command with respect to the commands and forces assigned to that command include the command functions of—

(A) giving authoritative direction to subordinate commands and forces necessary to carry out missions assigned to the command, including authoritative direction over all aspects of military operations, joint training, and logistics;

(B) prescribing the chain of command to the commands and forces within the command;

(C) organizing commands and forces within that command as he considers necessary to carry out missions assigned to the command;

(D) employing forces within that command as he considers necessary to carry out missions assigned to the command;

(E) assigning command functions to subordinate commanders;

(F) coordinating and approving those aspects of administration and support (including control of resources and equipment, internal organization, and training) and discipline necessary to carry out missions assigned to the command; and

(G) exercising the authority with respect to selecting subordinate commanders, selecting combatant command staff, suspending subordinates, and convening courts-martial, as provided in subsections (e), (f), and (g) of this section and section 822(a) of this title, respectively.

(2)(A) The Secretary of Defense shall ensure that a commander of a combatant command has sufficient authority, direction, and control over the commands and forces assigned to the command to exercise effective command over those commands and forces. In carrying out this subparagraph, the Secretary shall consult with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

(B) The Secretary shall periodically review and, after consultation with the Secretaries of the military departments, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the commander of the combatant command, assign authority to the commander of the combatant command for those aspects of administration and support that the Secretary considers necessary to carry out missions assigned to the command.

(3) If a commander of a combatant command at any time considers his authority, direction, or control with respect to any of the commands or forces assigned to the command to be insufficient to command effectively, the commander shall promptly inform the Secretary of Defense.

(d) Authority Over Subordinate Commanders.—Unless otherwise directed by the President or the Secretary of Defense—

(1) commanders of commands and forces assigned to a combatant command are under the authority, direction, and control of, and are responsible to, the commander of the combatant command on all matters for which the commander of the combatant command has been assigned authority under subsection (c);

(2) the commander of a command or force referred to in clause (1) shall communicate with other elements of the Department of Defense on any matter for which the commander of the combatant command has been assigned authority under subsection (c) in accordance with procedures, if any, established by the commander of the combatant command;

(3) other elements of the Department of Defense shall communicate with the commander of a command or force referred to in clause (1) on any matter for which the commander of the combatant command has been assigned authority under subsection (c) in accordance with procedures, if any, established by the commander of the combatant command; and

(4) if directed by the commander of the combatant command, the commander of a command or force referred to in clause (1) shall advise the commander of the combatant command of all communications to and from other elements of the Department of Defense on any matter for which the commander of the combatant command has not been assigned authority under subsection (c).

(e) Selection of Subordinate Commanders.—(1) An officer may be assigned to a position as the commander of a command directly subordinate to the commander of a combatant command or, in the case of such a position that is designated under section 601 of this title as a position of importance and responsibility, may be recommended to the President for assignment to that position, only—

(A) with the concurrence of the commander of the combatant command; and

(B) in accordance with procedures established by the Secretary of Defense.

(2) The Secretary of Defense may waive the requirement under paragraph (1) for the concurrence of the commander of a combatant command with regard to the assignment (or recommendation for assignment) of a particular officer if the Secretary of Defense determines that such action is in the national interest.

(3) The commander of a combatant command shall—

(A) evaluate the duty performance of each commander of a command directly subordinate to the commander of such combatant command; and

(B) submit the evaluation to the Secretary of the military department concerned and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

(f) Combatant Command Staff.—(1) Each unified and specified combatant command shall have a staff to assist the commander of the command in carrying out his responsibilities. Positions of responsibility on the combatant command staff shall be filled by officers from each of the armed forces having significant forces assigned to the command.

(2) An officer may be assigned to a position on the staff of a combatant command or, in the case of such a position that is designated under section 601 of this title as a position of importance and responsibility, may be recommended to the President for assignment to that position, only—

(A) with the concurrence of the commander of such command; and

(B) in accordance with procedures established by the Secretary of Defense.

(3) The Secretary of Defense may waive the requirement under paragraph (2) for the concurrence of the commander of a combatant command with regard to the assignment (or recommendation for assignment) of a particular officer to serve on the staff of the combatant command if the Secretary of Defense determines that such action is in the national interest.

(g) Authority to Suspend Subordinates.—In accordance with procedures established by the Secretary of Defense, the commander of a combatant command may suspend from duty and recommend the reassignment of any officer assigned to such combatant command.

(Added Pub. L. 99–433, title II, §211(a), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1013; amended Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title V, §519(a)(2), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 1972.)

Amendments

1988—Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 100–456 substituted “completed a full tour of duty in a joint duty assignment (as defined in section 664(f) of this title)” for “served in at least one joint duty assignment (as defined under section 668(b) of this title)”.

Effective Date

Section 214(c) of Pub. L. 99–433 provided that: “Subsections (e), (f), and (g) of section 164 of title 10, United States Code (as added by section 211 of this Act), shall take effect at the end of the 90-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 1, 1986], or on such earlier date as may be prescribed by the Secretary of Defense.”

Waiver of Qualifications for Assignment as Combatant Commander

Section 214(b) of Pub. L. 99–433 authorized President, until Oct. 1, 1990, to waive, on a case-by-case basis, certain requirements provided for in subsec. (a) of this section relating to assignment of commanders of combatant commands.

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in sections 163, 165, 167, 664 of this title.

§165. Combatant commands: administration and support

(a) In General.—The Secretary of Defense, with the advice and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, shall provide for the administration and support of forces assigned to each combatant command.

(b) Responsibility of Secretaries of Military Departments.—Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense and subject to the authority of commanders of the combatant commands under section 164(c) of this title, the Secretary of a military department is responsible for the administration and support of forces assigned by him to a combatant command.

(c) Assignment of Responsibility to Other Components of DOD.—After consultation with the Secretaries of the military departments, the Secretary of Defense may assign the responsibility (or any part of the responsibility) for the administration and support of forces assigned to the combatant commands to other components of the Department of Defense (including Defense Agencies and combatant commands). A component assigned such a responsibility shall discharge that responsibility subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense and subject to the authority of commanders of the combatant commands under section 164(c) of this title.

(Added Pub. L. 99–433, title II, §211(a), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1016.)

§166. Combatant commands: budget proposals

(a) Combatant Command Budgets.—The Secretary of Defense shall include in the annual budget of the Department of Defense submitted to Congress a separate budget proposal for such activities of each of the unified and specified combatant commands as may be determined under subsection (b).

(b) Content of Proposals.—A budget proposal under subsection (a) for funding of activities of a combatant command shall include funding proposals for such activities of the combatant command as the Secretary (after consultation with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff) determines to be appropriate for inclusion. Activities of a combatant command for which funding may be requested in such a proposal include the following:

(1) Joint exercises.

(2) Force training.

(3) Contingencies.

(4) Selected operations.

(c) SOF Training With Foreign Forces.—A funding proposal for force training under subsection (b)(2) may include amounts for training expense payments authorized in section 2011 of this title.

(Added Pub. L. 99–433, title II, §211(a), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1016; amended Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title X, §1052(b), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1471.)

Amendments

1991—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–190 added subsec. (c).

Effective Date

Section 214(d) of Pub. L. 99–433 provided that: “Section 166 of title 10, United States Code (as added by section 211 of this Act), shall take effect with budget proposals for fiscal year 1989.”

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in sections 153, 167 of this title.

§166a. Combatant commands: funding through the Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff

(a) CINC Initiative Fund.—From funds made available in any fiscal year for the budget account in the Department of Defense known as the “CINC Initiative Fund”, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff may provide funds to the commander of a combatant command, upon the request of the commander, or, with respect to a geographic area or areas not within the area of responsibility of a commander of a combatant command, to an officer designated by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for such purpose. The Chairman may provide such funds for any of the activities named in subsection (b).

(b) Authorized Activities.—Activities for which funds may be provided under subsection (a) are the following:

(1) Force training.

(2) Contingencies.

(3) Selected operations.

(4) Command and control.

(5) Joint exercises (including activities of participating foreign countries).

(6) Humanitarian and civil assistance.

(7) Military education and training to military and related civilian personnel of foreign countries (including transportation, translation, and administrative expenses).

(8) Personnel expenses of defense personnel for bilateral or regional cooperation programs.

(c) Priority.—The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in considering requests for funds in the CINC Initiative Fund, should give priority consideration to—

(1) requests for funds to be used for activities that would enhance the war fighting capability, readiness, and sustainability of the forces assigned to the commander requesting the funds; and

(2) the provision of funds to be used for activities with respect to an area or areas not within the area of responsibility of a commander of a combatant command that would reduce the threat to, or otherwise increase, the national security of the United States.

(d) Relationship to Other Funding.—Any amount provided by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff during any fiscal year out of the CINC Initiative Fund for an activity referred to in subsection (b) shall be in addition to amounts otherwise available for that activity for that fiscal year.

(e) Limitations.—(1) Of funds made available under this section for any fiscal year—

(A) not more than $7,000,000 may be used to purchase items with a unit cost in excess of $15,000;

(B) not more than $1,000,000 may be used to pay for any expenses of foreign countries participating in joint exercises as authorized by subsection (b)(5); and

(C) not more than $2,000,000 may be used to provide military education and training (including transportation, translation, and administrative expenses) to military and related civilian personnel of foreign countries as authorized by subsection (b)(7).

(2) Funds may not be provided under this section for any activity that has been denied authorization by Congress.

(f) Inclusion of NORAD.—For purposes of this section, the Commander, United States Element, North American Aerospace Defense Command shall be considered to be a commander of a combatant command.

(Added Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title IX, §902(a), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1450; amended Pub. L. 102–396, title IX, §9128, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1935; Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title IX, §934, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2477; Pub. L. 103–35, title II, §201(a), May 31, 1993, 107 Stat. 97.)

Amendments

1993—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–35, §201(a)(1), substituted “the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff may provide funds to the commander of a combatant command, upon the request of the commander, or, with respect to a geographic area or areas not within the area of responsibility of a commander of a combatant command, to an officer designated by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for such purpose” for “the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff may provide funds to the commander of a combatant command, upon the request of the commander, or to the Director of the Joint Staff with respect to an area or areas not within the area of responsibility of a commander of a combatant command.”

Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 103–35, §201(a)(2), struck out second of two identical parenthetical phrases at end of par. (7) which read as follows: “(including transportation, translation, and administrative expenses)”.

1992—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–484, §934(a), which directed substitution of “funds to the commander of a combatant command, upon the request of the commander, or, with respect to a geographic area or areas not within the area of responsibility of a commander of a combatant command, to an officer designated by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for such purpose.” for “funds, upon request,” and all that follows through the period, could not be executed because the words did not appear subsequent to the amendment by Pub. L. 102–396, §9128(a). See below.

Pub. L. 102–396, §9128(a), substituted “funds to the commander of a combatant command, upon the request of the commander, or to the Director of the Joint Staff with respect to an area or areas not within the area of responsibility of a commander of a combatant command.” for “funds, upon request, to the commanders of the combatant commands.”

Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 102–396, §9128(b), and Pub. L. 102–484, §934(b), both inserted before period at end “(including transportation, translation, and administrative expenses)”.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–484, §934(c), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) read as follows: “The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in considering requests for funds in the CINC Initiative Fund, should give priority consideration to requests for funds to be used for activities that would enhance the war fighting capability, readiness, and sustainability of the forces assigned to the commander requesting the funds (c) Priority.—The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in considering requests for funds in the CINC Initiative Fund or the provision of funds to the Director of the Joint Staff under subsection (a), should give priority consideration to—

“(1) requests for funds to be used for activities that would enhance the war fighting capability, readiness, and sustainability of the forces assigned to the commander requesting the funds; and

“(2) the provision of funds to be used for activities with respect to an area or areas not within the area of responsibility of a commander of a combatant command that would reduce the threat to, or otherwise increase, the national security of the United States..[sic]”

Pub. L. 102–396, §9128(c), inserted before period at end “(c) Priority.—The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in considering requests for funds in the CINC Initiative Fund or the provision of funds to the Director of the Joint Staff under subsection (a), should give priority consideration to—

“(1) requests for funds to be used for activities that would enhance the war fighting capability, readiness, and sustainability of the forces assigned to the commander requesting the funds; and

“(2) the provision of funds to be used for activities with respect to an area or areas not within the area of responsibility of a commander of a combatant command that would reduce the threat to, or otherwise increase, the national security of the United States.”

Subsec. (e)(1)(C). Pub. L. 102–484, §934(d), amended subpar. (C) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (C) read as follows: “not more than $5,000,000 may be used to provide military education and training (including transportation, translation, and administrative expenses) to military and related civilian personnel of foreign countries as authorized by subsection (b)(7).”

Pub. L. 102–396, §9128(d), amended subpar. (C) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (C) read as follows: “not more than $500,000 may be used to provide military education and training to military and related civilian personnel of foreign countries as authorized by subsection (b)(7).”

§167. Unified combatant command for special operations forces

(a) Establishment.—With the advice and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the President, through the Secretary of Defense, shall establish under section 161 of this title a unified combatant command for special operations forces (hereinafter in this section referred to as the “special operations command”). The principal function of the command is to prepare special operations forces to carry out assigned missions.

(b) Assignment of Forces.—Unless otherwise directed by the Secretary of Defense, all active and reserve special operations forces of the armed forces stationed in the United States shall be assigned to the special operations command.

(c) Grade of Commander.—The commander of the special operations command shall hold the grade of general or, in the case of an officer of the Navy, admiral while serving in that position, without vacating his permanent grade. The commander of such command shall be appointed to that grade by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for service in that position.

(d) Command of Activity or Mission.—(1) Unless otherwise directed by the President or the Secretary of Defense, a special operations activity or mission shall be conducted under the command of the commander of the unified combatant command in whose geographic area the activity or mission is to be conducted.

(2) The commander of the special operations command shall exercise command of a selected special operations mission if directed to do so by the President or the Secretary of Defense.

(e) Authority of Combatant Commander.—(1) In addition to the authority prescribed in section 164(c) of this title, the commander of the special operations command shall be responsible for, and shall have the authority to conduct, all affairs of such command relating to special operations activities.

(2) The commander of such command shall be responsible for, and shall have the authority to conduct, the following functions relating to special operations activities (whether or not relating to the special operations command):

(A) Developing strategy, doctrine, and tactics.

(B) Preparing and submitting to the Secretary of Defense program recommendations and budget proposals for special operations forces and for other forces assigned to the special operations command.

(C) Exercising authority, direction, and control over the expenditure of funds—

(i) for forces assigned to the special operations command; and

(ii) for special operations forces assigned to unified combatant commands other than the special operations command, with respect to all matters covered by paragraph (4) and, with respect to a matter not covered by paragraph (4), to the extent directed by the Secretary of Defense.

(D) Training assigned forces.

(E) Conducting specialized courses of instruction for commissioned and noncommissioned officers.

(F) Validating requirements.

(G) Establishing priorities for requirements.

(H) Ensuring the interoperability of equipment and forces.

(I) Formulating and submitting requirements for intelligence support.

(J) Monitoring the promotions, assignments, retention, training, and professional military education of special operations forces officers.

(3) The commander of the special operations command shall be responsible for—

(A) ensuring the combat readiness of forces assigned to the special operations command; and

(B) monitoring the preparedness to carry out assigned missions of special operations forces assigned to unified combatant commands other than the special operations command.

(4)(A) The commander of the special operations command shall be responsible for, and shall have the authority to conduct, the following:

(i) Development and acquisition of special operations-peculiar equipment.

(ii) Acquisition of special operations-peculiar material, supplies, and services.

(B) Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense, the commander of the command, in carrying out his functions under subparagraph (A), shall have authority to exercise the functions of the head of an agency under chapter 137 of this title.

(C) The staff of the commander shall include an inspector general who shall conduct internal audits and inspections of purchasing and contracting actions through the special operations command and such other inspector general functions as may be assigned.

(f) Budget.—In addition to the activities of a combatant command for which funding may be requested under section 166(b) of this title, the budget proposal of the special operations command shall include requests for funding for—

(1) development and acquisition of special operations-peculiar equipment; and

(2) acquisition of other material, supplies, or services that are peculiar to special operations activities.

(g) Intelligence and Special Activities.—This section does not constitute authority to conduct any activity which, if carried out as an intelligence activity by the Department of Defense, would require a notice to the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives under title V of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 413 et seq.).

(h) Regulations.—The Secretary of Defense shall prescribe regulations for the activities of the special operations command. Such regulations shall include authorization for the commander of such command to provide for operational security of special operations forces and activities.

(i) Identification of Special Operations Forces.—(1) Subject to paragraph (2), for the purposes of this section special operations forces are those forces of the armed forces that—

(A) are identified as core forces or as augmenting forces in the Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan, Annex E, dated December 17, 1985;

(B) are described in the Terms of Reference and Conceptual Operations Plan for the Joint Special Operations Command, as in effect on April 1, 1986; or

(C) are designated as special operations forces by the Secretary of Defense.

(2) The Secretary of Defense, after consulting with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the commander of the special operations command, may direct that any force included within the description in paragraph (1)(A) or (1)(B) shall not be considered as a special operations force for the purposes of this section.

(j) Special Operations Activities.—For purposes of this section, special operations activities include each of the following insofar as it relates to special operations:

(1) Direct action.

(2) Strategic reconnaissance.

(3) Unconventional warfare.

(4) Foreign internal defense.

(5) Civil affairs.

(6) Psychological operations.

(7) Counterterrorism.

(8) Humanitarian assistance.

(9) Theater search and rescue.

(10) Such other activities as may be specified by the President or the Secretary of Defense.

(k) Budget Support for Reserve Elements.—(1) Before the budget proposal for the special operations command for any fiscal year is submitted to the Secretary of Defense, the commander of the command shall consult with the Secretaries of the military departments concerning funding for reserve component special operations units. If the Secretary of a military department does not concur in the recommended level of funding with respect to any such unit that is under the jurisdiction of the Secretary, the commander shall include with the budget proposal submitted to the Secretary of Defense the views of the Secretary of the military department concerning such funding.

(2) Before the budget proposal for a military department for any fiscal year is submitted to the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of that military department shall consult with the commander of the special operations command concerning funding for special operations forces in the military personnel budget for a reserve component in that military department. If the commander of that command does not concur in the recommended level of funding with respect to reserve component special operations units, the Secretary shall include with the budget proposal submitted to the Secretary of Defense the views of the commander of that command.

(Added Pub. L. 99–500, §101(c) [title IX, §9115(b)(1)], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–82, 1783–122, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(c) [title IX, §9115(b)(1)], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–82, 3341–122; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title XIII, §1311(b)(1), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3983; amended Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XII, §1211(d), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1156; Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title VII, §712, Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 1997; Pub. L. 102–88, title VI, §602(c)(3), Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 444; Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title IX, §925, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2832.)

References in Text

The National Security Act of 1947, referred to in subsec. (g), is act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495, as amended. Title V of the Act is classified generally to subchapter III (§413 et seq.) of chapter 15 of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 401 of Title 50 and Tables.

Codification

Pub. L. 99–591 is a corrected version of Pub. L. 99–500.

Pub. L. 99–661 and Pub. L. 99–500 added identical sections.

Amendments

1994—Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 103–337 added subsec. (k).

1991—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 102–88 substituted “would require a notice” for “would require—

“(1) a finding under section 662 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2422); or

“(2) a notice” and “title V of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 413 et seq.)” for “section 501(a)(1) of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 413)”.

1988—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–456 revised and restated subsec. (e). Prior to amendment, subsec. (e) read as follows:

“(1) In addition to the authority prescribed in section 164(c) of this title, the commander of the special operations command shall be responsible for, and shall have the authority to conduct, all affairs of such command relating to special operations activities, including the following functions:

“(A) Developing strategy, doctrine, and tactics.

“(B) Training assigned forces.

“(C) Conducting specialized courses of instruction for commissioned and noncommissioned officers.

“(D) Validating requirements.

“(E) Establishing priorities for requirements.

“(F) Ensuring combat readiness.

“(G) Developing and acquiring special operations-peculiar equipment and acquiring special operations-peculiar material, supplies, and services.

“(H) Ensuring the interoperability of equipment and forces.

“(I) Formulating and submitting requirements for intelligence support.

“(J) Monitoring the promotions, assignments, retention, training, and professional military education of special operations forces officers.

“(2) The commander of such command shall be responsible for monitoring the preparedness of special operations forces assigned to other unified combatant commands to carry out assigned missions.

“(3) Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense, the commander of the command, in carrying out his functions under paragraph (1)(G), shall have authority to exercise the functions of the head of an agency under chapter 137 of this title. The staff of the commander shall include an inspector general who shall conduct internal audits and inspections of purchasing and contracting actions through the special operations command and such other inspector general functions as may be assigned.”

1987—Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 100–180 added par. (3).

Effective Date

Section 101(c) [§9115(i)] of Pub. L. 99–500 and Pub. L. 99–591, and section 1311(i) of Pub. L. 99–661, provided that: “Section 167 of title 10, United States Code (as added by subsection (b)), shall be implemented not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 18, 1986].”

Grade of Certain Commanders of Special Operations Forces

Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title IX, §936(a), (b), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2479, provided that:

“(a) Grade for Certain Regional SOF Commanders.—During the period beginning on February 1, 1993, and ending on February 1, 1995, the provisions of section 1311(e) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 [Pub. L. 99–661] (10 U.S.C. 167 note) shall apply as if the Secretary of Defense had designated the United States Southern Command and the United States Central Command for the purposes of that section.

“(b) Report.—Not later than March 1, 1994, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report setting forth the Secretary's recommendations for the grade structure for the special operations forces component commander for each unified command, particularly as to whether each such commander should be of general or flag officer grade.”

Resources for CINCSOF

Section 1211(b) of Pub. L. 100–180 provided that: “The Secretary of Defense shall provide sufficient resources for the commander of the unified combatant command for special operations forces established pursuant to section 167 of title 10, United States Code, to carry out his duties and responsibilities, including particularly his duties and responsibilities relating to the following functions:

“(1) Developing and acquiring special operations-peculiar equipment and acquiring special operations-peculiar material, supplies, and services.

“(2) Providing advice and assistance to the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict in the Assistant Secretary's overall supervision of the preparation and justification of the program recommendations and budget proposals for special operations forces.

“(3) Managing assigned resources from the major force program category for special operations forces of the Five-Year Defense Plan of the Department of Defense (as required to be created pursuant to subsection (e)).”

Resources and Programming

Section 1211(e) of Pub. L. 100–180 provided that:

“(1) The major force program category for special operations forces of the Five-Year Defense Plan of the Department of Defense, to be created pursuant to section 1311(c) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 (Public Law 99–661) [set out below], shall be created not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 1987].

“(2) On the date that such major force program category is created, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives—

“(A) a certification that all program recommendations and budget proposals for special operations forces are included in such category; and

“(B) a report explaining the program recommendations and budget proposals that have been included in such category.”

Major Force Program Category; Program and Budget Execution; Grade for Commanders of Certain Area Special Operations Commands

Section 1311(c)–(e) of Pub. L. 99–661 provided that:

“(c) Major Force Program Category.—The Secretary of Defense shall create for the special operations forces a major force program category for the Five-Year Defense Plan of the Department of Defense. The Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict, with the advice and assistance of the commander of the special operations command, shall provide overall supervision of the preparation and justification of program recommendations and budget proposals to be included in such major force program category.

“(d) Program and Budget Execution.—To the extent that there is authority to revise programs and budgets approved by Congress for special operations forces, such authority may be exercised only by the Secretary of Defense, after consulting with the commander of the special operations command.

“(e) Grade for Commanders of Certain Area Special Operations Commands.—The commander of the special operations command of the United States European Command, the United States Pacific Command, and any other unified combatant command that the Secretary of Defense may designate for the purposes of this section shall be of general or flag officer grade.”

[Identical provisions were contained in section 101(c) [§9115(c)–(e)] of Pub. L. 99–500 and Pub. L. 99–591, which was repealed by Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title IX, §936(c), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2479.]

Report on Capabilities of United States To Conduct Special Operations and Engage in Low Intensity Conflicts

Section 101(c) [§9115(h)(2)] of Pub. L. 99–500 and Pub. L. 99–591, and section 1311(h)(2) of Pub. L. 99–661, required President, not later than one year after Oct. 1, 1986, to transmit to Congress a report on capabilities of United States to conduct special operations and engage in low intensity conflicts, the report to include a description of deficiencies in such capabilities, actions being taken throughout executive branch to correct such deficiencies, the principal low intensity conflict threats to interests of United States, and the actions taken and to be taken to implement this section.

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in sections 138, 2011, 2680 of this title.

§168. Military-to-military contacts and comparable activities

(a) Program Authority.—The Secretary of Defense may conduct military-to-military contacts and comparable activities that are designed to encourage a democratic orientation of defense establishments and military forces of other countries.

(b) Administration.—The Secretary may provide funds appropriated for carrying out subsection (a) to the following officials for use as provided in subsection (c):

(1) The commander of a combatant command, upon the request of the commander.

(2) An officer designated by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, with respect to an area or areas not under the area of responsibility of a commander of a combatant command.

(3) The head of any Department of Defense component.

(c) Authorized Activities.—An official provided funds under subsection (b) may use those funds for the following activities and expenses:

(1) The activities of traveling contact teams, including any transportation expense, translation services expense, or administrative expense that is related to such activities.

(2) The activities of military liaison teams.

(3) Exchanges of civilian or military personnel between the Department of Defense and defense ministries of foreign governments.

(4) Exchanges of military personnel between units of the armed forces and units of foreign armed forces.

(5) Seminars and conferences held primarily in a theater of operations.

(6) Distribution of publications primarily in a theater of operations.

(7) Personnel expenses for Department of Defense civilian and military personnel to the extent that those expenses relate to participation in an activity described in paragraph (3), (4), (5), or (6).

(8) Reimbursement of military personnel appropriations accounts for the pay and allowances paid to reserve component personnel for service while engaged in any activity referred to in another paragraph of this subsection.

(d) Relationship to Other Funding.—Any amount provided during any fiscal year to an official under subsection (b) for an activity or expense referred to in subsection (c) shall be in addition to amounts otherwise available for those activities and expenses for that fiscal year.

(e) Limitations.—(1) Funds may not be provided under this section for a fiscal year for any activity for which—

(A) funding was proposed in the budget submitted to Congress for that fiscal year pursuant to section 1105(a) of title 31; and

(B) Congress did not authorize appropriations.

(2) An activity may not be conducted under this section with a foreign country unless the Secretary of State approves the conduct of such activity in that foreign country.

(3) Funds may not be provided under this section for a fiscal year for any country that is not eligible in that fiscal year for assistance under chapter 5 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.

(4) Except for those activities specifically authorized under subsection (c), funds may not be used under this section for the provision of defense articles or defense services to any country or for assistance under chapter 5 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.

(f) Military-to-Military Contacts Defined.—In this section, the term “military-to-military contacts” means contacts between members of the armed forces and members of foreign armed forces through activities described in subsection (c).

(Added Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XIII, §1316(a)(1), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2898.)

References in Text

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (e)(3), (4), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, as amended. Chapter 5 of part II of the Act is classified generally to part V (§2347 et seq.) of subchapter II of chapter 32 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of Title 22 and Tables.

CHAPTER 7—BOARDS, COUNCILS, AND COMMITTEES

        

Amendments

1991—Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title V, §513(b), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1361, added item 180.

1986—Pub. L. 99–661, div. C, title I, §3137(a)(2), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 4066, added item 179.

1983—Pub. L. 98–132, §2(a)(2), Oct. 17, 1983, 97 Stat. 849, inserted “The Henry M. Jackson” before “Foundation” in item 178.

Pub. L. 98–36, §2(b), May 27, 1983, 97 Stat. 201, added item 178.

1976—Pub. L. 94–361, title VIII, §811(c), July 14, 1976, 90 Stat. 936, added items 176 and 177.

§171. Armed Forces Policy Council

(a) There is in the Department of Defense an Armed Forces Policy Council consisting of—

(1) the Secretary of Defense, as Chairman, with the power of decision;

(2) the Deputy Secretary of Defense;

(3) the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology;

(4) the Secretary of the Army;

(5) the Secretary of the Navy;

(6) the Secretary of the Air Force;

(7) the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy;

(8) the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology;

(9) the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff;

(10) the Chief of Staff of the Army;

(11) the Chief of Naval Operations;

(12) the Chief of Staff of the Air Force; and

(13) the Commandant of the Marine Corps.

(b) The Armed Forces Policy Council shall advise the Secretary of Defense on matters of broad policy relating to the armed forces and shall consider and report on such other matters as the Secretary of Defense may direct.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 8; Aug. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85–599, §9(c), 72 Stat. 521; Oct. 27, 1972, Pub. L. 92–596, §5, 86 Stat. 1318; Oct. 21, 1977, Pub. L. 95–140, §3(b), 91 Stat. 1173; Sept. 24, 1983, Pub. L. 98–94, title XII, §1213, 97 Stat. 687; Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, §101(c) [title X, §903(e)], 100 Stat. 1783–82, 1783–133, and Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, §101(c) [title X, §903(e)], 100 Stat. 3341–82, 3341–133; Nov. 14, 1986, Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title IX, formerly title IV, §903(e), 100 Stat. 3912, renumbered title IX, Apr. 21, 1987, Pub. L. 100–26, §3(5), 101 Stat. 273; Nov. 30, 1993, Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title IX, §904(d)(1), (3), 107 Stat. 1728.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
171(a) 171(b)	5:171e (less last sentence). 5:171e (last sentence).	July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §210; restated Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §7(a), 63 Stat. 581.

Codification

Pub. L. 99–591 is a corrected version of Pub. L. 99–500.

Amendments

1993—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 103–160, §904(d)(1), substituted “Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology” for “Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition”.

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 103–160, §904(d)(3), substituted “Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology” for “Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition”.

1986—Subsec. (a)(3) to (13) Pub. L. 99–500, Pub. L. 99–591, and Pub. L. 99–661 amended subsec. (a) identically, redesignating pars. (3) to (11) as (4), (5), (6), (7), (9), (10), (11), (12), and (13), respectively, adding new pars. (3) and (8), and substituting “the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition” for “the Under Secretaries of Defense” in par. (7).

1983—Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 98–94 added par. (11).

1977—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 95–140, §3(b)(1), substituted “the Deputy” for “a Deputy”.

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 95–140, §3(b)(2), substituted “the Under Secretaries of Defense;” for “the Director of Defense Research and Engineering;”.

1972—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 92–596 substituted “a Deputy Secretary” for “the Deputy Secretary”.

1958—Subsec. (a)(6) to (10). Pub. L. 85–599 added par. (6) and redesignated former pars. (6) to (9) as (7) to (10), respectively.

Short Title of 1983 Amendment

Pub. L. 98–36, §1, May 27, 1983, 97 Stat. 200, provided: “That this Act [enacting section 178 of this title and amending section 2113 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Act of 1983’.”

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in sections 3033, 5033, 5043, 8033 of this title.

§172. Ammunition storage board

(a) The Secretaries of the military departments, acting through a joint board of officers selected by them, shall keep informed on stored supplies of ammunition and components thereof for use of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps, with particular regard to keeping those supplies properly dispersed and stored and to preventing hazardous conditions from arising to endanger life and property inside or outside of storage reservations.

(b) The board shall confer with and advise the Secretaries of the military departments in carrying out the recommendations in House Document No. 199 of the Seventieth Congress.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 8.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
172(a) 172(b)	50:83 (less last sentence). 50:83 (last sentence).	May 29, 1928, ch. 853 (last par. under “Ordnance Establishment”), 45 Stat. 928.

In subsection (a), the words “informed on stored” are substituted for the words “advised of storage”. The words “particular regard” are substituted for the words “special reference”. The words “inside or outside of” are substituted for the words “within or without”. The word “selected” is substituted for the word “appointed”, since the filling of the position involved is not appointment to an office in the constitutional sense.

In subsection (b), the words “in carrying out” are substituted for the words “in the execution of”.

§173. Advisory personnel

(a) The Secretary of Defense may establish such advisory committees and employ such part-time advisers as he considers necessary for the performance of his functions and those of the agencies under his control.

(b) A person who serves as a member of a committee may not be paid for that service while holding another position or office under the United States for which he receives compensation. Other members and part-time advisers may serve without compensation or may be paid not more than $50 for each day of service, as the Secretary determines.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 8; Nov. 2, 1966, Pub. L. 89–718, §2, 80 Stat. 1115.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
173(a) 173(b) 173(c)	5:171j(a) (1st sentence, as applicable to Secretary of Defense). 5:171j(a) (less 1st sentence, as applicable to Secretary of Defense). 5:171j(b) (as applicable to Secretary of Defense).	July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §303 (as applicable to Secretary of Defense); Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §10(c) (as applicable to Secretary of Defense); Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1263, §8 (as applicable to Secretary of Defense), 68 Stat. 1228.

In subsection (a), the words “consistent with other provisions of sections 171–171n, 172–172j, 181–1, 181–2, 411a, 411b, and 626–626d of this title and sections 401–405 of Title 50” are omitted as surplusage. The word “establish” is substituted for the word “appoint”, since the filling of the position involved is not appointment to an office in the constitutional sense.

In subsection (b), the word “Secretary” is substituted for the words “appointing authority”.

In subsection (c), the words “as a part-time adviser” are substituted for the words “in any other part-time capacity for a department or agency” to conform to subsections (a) and (b).

Amendments

1966—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 89–718 repealed subsec. (c) which provided that sections 281, 283, and 284 of title 18 did not apply to a person because of his service on a committee or as a part-time advisor under subsec. (a) of this section unless the unlawful act related to a matter directly involving a department or agency which he was advising or to a matter in which that department or agency was directly interested.

Termination of Advisory Committees

Advisory committees in existence on Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period following Jan. 5, 1973, unless, in the case of a committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such committee is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a committee established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided by law. See section 14 of Pub. L. 92–463, Oct. 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 776, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

§174. Advisory personnel: research and development

(a) The Secretary of each military department may establish such advisory committees and panels as are necessary for the research and development activities of his department and may employ such part-time advisers as he considers necessary to carry out those activities.

(b) A person who serves as a member of such a committee or panel may not be paid for that service while holding another position or office under the United States for which he receives compensation. Other members and part-time advisers may serve without compensation or may be paid not more than $50 for each day of service, as the Secretary concerned determines.

(c) The Secretary concerned may delegate any authority under this section to—

(1) the Under Secretary of his department;

(2) an Assistant Secretary of his department; or

(3) the chief, and one assistant to the chief, of any technical service, bureau, or office.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 9.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
174(a)	5:235b (1st sentence). 5:475g (1st sentence). 5:628b (1st sentence).	July 16, 1952, ch. 882, §§1, 7 (as applicable to §1), 66 Stat. 725, 726.
174(b)	5:235b (less 1st sentence). 5:475g (less 1st sentence). 5:628b (less 1st sentence).
174(c)	5:235h (as applicable to 5:235b). 5:475m (as applicable to 5:475g). 5:628h (as applicable to 5:628b).

In subsection (a), the words “the conduct of” are omitted as surplusage.

In subsection (b), the words “or panel” are inserted for clarity. The words “Secretary concerned” are substituted for the words “appointing authority”.

Termination of Advisory Committees

Advisory committees in existence on Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period following Jan. 5, 1973, unless, in the case of a committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such committee is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a committee established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided by law. See section 14 of Pub. L. 92–463, Oct. 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 776, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

§175. Reserve Forces Policy Board

There is in the Office of the Secretary of Defense a Reserve Forces Policy Board. The functions, membership, and organization of that board are set forth in section 10301 of this title.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 9; Dec. 1, 1967, Pub. L. 90–168, §2(3), (4), 81 Stat. 521; Sept. 24, 1983, Pub. L. 98–94, title XII, §1212(b), 97 Stat. 687; Oct. 19, 1984, Pub. L. 98–525, title XIII, §1306, title XIV, §1405(4), 98 Stat. 2613, 2622; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–557, §21, 98 Stat. 2870; Oct. 1, 1986, Pub. L. 99–433, title V, §531(a)(1), 100 Stat. 1063; Oct. 5, 1994, Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title IX, §921, title XVI, §1661(b)(3), 108 Stat. 2829, 2981.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
175(a) 175(b) 175(c) 175(d) 175(e)	50:1008(a). 50:1008(b). 50:1008(c). 50:1008(d) (less proviso). 50:1008(d) (proviso).	July 9, 1952, ch. 608, §257 (less (e)), 66 Stat. 497.

In subsection (a), the word “are” is substituted for the words “is established”, to make clear the continuing authority of the organization established by the source statute. Clauses (3), (4), and (5) are substituted for 50:1008(a)(iii) for clarity. In clauses (6), (7), (8), and (9), the word “designated” is substituted for the word “appointed”, in 50:1008(iv), (v), (vi), and (vii), to make it clear that the positions described are not constitutional offices.

In subsection (b), the words “Regular Coast Guard or Coast Guard Reserve” are substituted for the words “Regular or Reserve * * * Coast Guard”.

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–337, §1661(b)(3), amended section generally, substituting single undesignated par. for former subsecs. (a) to (f) relating to establishment, composition, functions, and powers of Reserve Forces Policy Board.

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 103–337, §921(1), substituted “and an officer of the Regular Marine Corps each” for “or Regular Marine Corps”.

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 103–337, §921(2)–(4), added par. (10).

1986—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–433 substituted “3021” and “8021” for “3033” and “8033”, respectively.

1984—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–557 substituted “Regular or Reserve, to serve as voting members” for “regular or reserve, to serve as a voting member”.

Pub. L. 98–525, §1306, substituted “two officers of the Coast Guard, regular or reserve” for “an officer of the Regular Coast Guard or the Coast Guard Reserve”.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–525, §1405(4), inserted a comma following “Reserve Affairs”.

1983—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–94 substituted “Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs” for “Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower and Reserve Affairs”.

1967—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 90–168, §2(3), substituted “the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs, the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Manpower and Reserve Affairs, and the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Manpower and Reserve Affairs” for “the Secretary, the Under Secretary, or an Assistant Secretary designated under section 264(b) of this title, of each of the military departments”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 90–168, §2(4), substituted “Secretary of Transportation” for “Secretary of the Treasury” as the Secretary empowered to designate officers to serve on the Board and substituted “serve as a voting member” for “serve without vote as a member” in the description of the officer's service on the Board.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 90–168, §2(4), substituted “Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower and Reserve Affairs” for “Assistant Secretary of Defense designated under section 264(a) of this title”.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 90–168, §2(4), inserted references to sections 5251 and 5252 of this title.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 90–168, §2(4), substituted “member of a committee or board prescribed under a section listed in subsection (d)” for “member of a committee under section 3033 or 8033 of this title”.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 90–168, §2(4), added subsec. (f).

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Amendment by section 1661(b)(3) of Pub. L. 103–337 effective Dec. 1, 1994, except as otherwise provided, see section 1691 of Pub. L. 103–337, set out as an Effective Date note under section 10001 of this title.

Effective Date of 1983 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–94 effective Oct. 1, 1983, see section 1212(e) of Pub. L. 98–94 set out as a note under section 138 of this title.

Effective Date of 1967 Amendment

For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 90–168, see section 7 of Pub. L. 90–168, set out as a note under section 138 of this title.

Cross References

Air Force Reserve Forces policy committee, see section 10305 of this title.

Army Reserve Forces policy committee, see section 10302 of this title.

Marine Corps Reserve Policy Board, see section 10304 of this title.

Naval Reserve Policy Board, see section 10303 of this title.

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in section 101 of this title.

§176. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology

(a)(1) There is in the Department of Defense an Institute to be known as the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (hereinafter in this section referred to as the “Institute”), which has the responsibilities, functions, authority, and relationships set forth in this section. The Institute shall be a joint entity of the three military departments, subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense.

(2) The Institute shall consist of a Board of Governors, a Director, two Deputy Directors, and a staff of such professional, technical, and clerical personnel as may be required.

(3) The Board of Governors shall consist of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, who shall serve as chairman of the Board of Governors, the Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for Health, the Surgeons General of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, the Chief Medical Director of the Department of Veterans Affairs, and a former Director of the Institute, as designated by the Secretary of Defense, or the designee of any of the foregoing.

(4) The Director and the Deputy Directors shall be appointed by the Secretary of Defense.

(b)(1) In carrying out the provisions of this section, the Institute is authorized to—

(A) contract with the American Registry of Pathology (established under section 177 of this title) for cooperative enterprises in medical research, consultation, and education between the Institute and the civilian medical profession under such conditions as may be agreed upon between the Board of Governors and the American Registry of Pathology;

(B) make available at no cost to the American Registry of Pathology such space, facilities, equipment, and support services within the Institute as the Board of Governors deems necessary for the accomplishment of their mutual cooperative enterprises; and

(C) contract with the American Registry of Pathology for the services of such professional, technical, or clerical personnel as are necessary to fulfill their cooperative enterprises.

(2) No contract may be entered into under paragraph (1) which obligates the Institute to make outlays in advance of the enactment of budget authority for such outlays.

(c) The Director is authorized, with the approval of the Board of Governors, to enter into agreements with the American Registry of Pathology for the services at any time of not more than six distinguished pathologists or scientists of demonstrated ability and experience for the purpose of enhancing the activities of the Institute in education, consultation, and research. Such pathologists or scientists may be appointed by the Director to administrative positions within the components or subcomponents of the Institute and may be authorized by the Director to exercise any or all professional duties within the Institute, notwithstanding any other provision of law. The Secretary of Defense, on a case-by-case basis, may waive the limitation on the number of distinguished pathologists or scientists with whom agreements may be entered into under this subsection if the Secretary determines that such waiver is in the best interest of the Department of Defense.

(d) The Secretary of Defense shall promulgate such regulations as may be necessary to prescribe the organization, functions, and responsibilities of the Institute.

(Added Pub. L. 94–361, title VIII, §811(b), July 14, 1976, 90 Stat. 933; amended Pub. L. 96–513, title V, §511(6), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2920; Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title XVI, §1621(a)(1), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1602; Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title VII, §733, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1697.)

Amendments

1993—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–160 inserted at end “The Secretary of Defense, on a case-by-case basis, may waive the limitation on the number of distinguished pathologists or scientists with whom agreements may be entered into under this subsection if the Secretary determines that such waiver is in the best interest of the Department of Defense.”

1989—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 101–189 substituted “Department of Veterans Affairs” for “Veterans’ Administration”.

1980—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 96–513, §511(6)(A), substituted “Secretary of Health and Human Services” for “Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare”.

Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 96–513, §511(6)(B), inserted “of this title” after “177”.

Effective Date of 1980 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–513 effective Dec. 12, 1980, see section 701(b)(3) of Pub. L. 96–513, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

National Museum of Health and Medicine

Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title X, §1067, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2851, provided that:

“(a) Purpose.—It is the purpose of this section—

“(1) to display and interpret the collections of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology currently located at Walter Reed Medical Center;

“(2) to designate the public facility of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology as the National Museum of Health and Medicine; and

“(3) to designate a site for the relocation of the public facility of the National Museum of Health and Medicine so that it may serve as a central resource of instruction about, and be involved in, the critical health issues which confront all American citizens.

“(b) Designation and Site of Facility.—The public facility of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology—

“(1) shall also be known as the National Museum of Health and Medicine; and

“(2) shall be located on or near the Mall on land owned by the Federal Government or the District of Columbia (or both) in the District of Columbia.

“(c) Rule of Construction.—Nothing in this section shall be construed as limiting the authority or responsibilities of the National Capital Planning Commission or the Commission of Fine Arts.

“(d) Definition.—As used in this section, the term ‘the Mall’ means—

“(1) the land designated as ‘Union Square’, United States Reservation 6A; and

“(2) the land designated as the ‘Mall’, United States Reservations 3, 4, 5, and 6.

“(e) Sense of the Congress.—

“(1) Findings.—Congress makes the following findings:

“(A) The National Museum of Health and Medicine Foundation, Inc. (a private, nonprofit organization having for its primary purpose the relocation to the Mall and revitalization of the National Museum of Health and Medicine), the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, and the Public Health Service have jointly supported planning to relocate the Museum to a site on land that is located east of and adjacent to the Hubert H. Humphrey Building (100 Independence Avenue, Southwest, in the District of Columbia).

“(B) The National Museum of Health and Medicine Foundation, Inc., is deserving of the encouragement and support of the American people in its effort to relocate the National Museum of Health and Medicine to a site on land that is located east of and adjacent to the Hubert H. Humphrey Building, and in its effort to raise funds for a revitalized Museum to inspire increasing numbers of Americans to lead healthy lives through improved public understanding of health and the medical sciences.

“(2) Location.—It is the sense of Congress that, subject to appropriate approvals by the National Capital Planning Commission and the Commission of Fine Arts, the National Museum of Health and Medicine should be relocated to a site on land that is located east of and adjacent to the Hubert H. Humphrey Building for the purpose of educating the American public concerning health and the medical sciences.”

Congressional Findings and Declaration

Section 811(a) of Pub. L. 94–361 provided that:

“(1) The Congress hereby finds and declares that—

“(A) the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology offers unique pathologic support to national and international medicine;

“(B) the Institute contains the Nation's most comprehensive collection of pathologic specimens for study and a staff of prestigious pathologists engaged in consultation, education, and research;

“(C) the activities of the Institute are of unique and vital importance in support of the health care of the Armed Forces of the United States;

“(D) the activities of the Institute are also of unique and vital importance in support of the civilian health care system of the United States;

“(E) the Institute provides an important focus for the exchange of information between civilian and military medicine, to the benefit of both; and

“(F) it is important to the health of the American people and of the members of the Armed Forces of the United States that the Institute continue its activities in serving both the military and civilian sectors in education, consultation, and research in the medical, dental, and veterinary sciences.

“(2) The Congress further finds and declares that beneficial cooperative efforts between private individuals, professional societies, and other entities on the one hand and the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology on the other can be carried out most effectively through the establishment of a private corporation.”

§177. American Registry of Pathology

(a)(1) There is authorized to be established a nonprofit corporation to be known as the American Registry of Pathology which shall not for any purpose be an agency or establishment of the United States Government. The American Registry of Pathology shall be subject to the provisions of this section and, to the extent not inconsistent with this section, to the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act (D.C. Code, sec. 29–501 et seq.).

(2) The American Registry of Pathology shall have a Board of Members (hereinafter in this section referred to as the “Board”) consisting of not less than eleven individuals who are representatives of those professional societies and organizations which sponsor individual registries of pathology at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, of whom one shall be elected annually by the Board to serve as chairman. Each such sponsor shall appoint one member to the Board for a term of four years.

(3) The American Registry of Pathology shall have a Director, who shall be appointed by the Board with the concurrence of the Director of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, and such other officers as may be named and appointed by the Board. Such officers shall be compensated at rates fixed by the Board and shall serve at the pleasure of the Board.

(4) The members of the initial Board shall serve as incorporators and shall take whatever actions are necessary to establish under the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act the corporation authorized by paragraph (1).

(5) The term of office of each member of the Board shall be four years, except that (A) any member appointed to fill a vacancy occurring prior to the expiration of the term for which his predecessor was appointed shall be appointed for the remainder of such term, (B) the terms of office of members first taking office shall begin on the date of incorporation and shall expire, as designated at the time of their appointment and to the maximum extent practicable, one fourth at the end of one year, one fourth at the end of two years, one fourth at the end of three years, and one fourth at the end of four years, and (C) a member whose term has expired may serve until his successor has qualified. No member shall be eligible to serve more than two consecutive terms of four years each.

(6) Any vacancy in the Board shall not affect its powers, but such vacancy shall be filled in the manner in which the original appointment was made.

(b) In order to carry out the purposes of this section, the American Registry of Pathology is authorized to—

(1) enter into contracts with the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology for the provision of such services and personnel as may be necessary to carry out their cooperative enterprises;

(2) enter into contracts with public and private organizations for the writing, editing, printing, and publishing of fascicles of tumor pathology, atlases, and other material;

(3) accept gifts and grants from and enter into contracts with individuals, private foundations, professional societies, institutions, and governmental agencies;

(4) enter into agreements with professional societies for the establishment and maintenance of Registries of Pathology; and

(5) serve as a focus for the interchange between military and civilian pathology and encourage the participation of medical, dental, and veterinary sciences in pathology for the mutual benefit of military and civilian medicine.

(c) In the performance of the functions set forth in subsection (b), the American Registry of Pathology is authorized to—

(1) enter into such other contracts, leases, cooperative agreements, or other transactions as the Board deems appropriate to conduct the activities of the American Registry of Pathology; and

(2) charge such fees for professional services as the Board deems reasonable and appropriate.

(d) The American Registry of Pathology may transmit to the Director and the Board of Governors of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and to the sponsors referred to in subsection (a)(2) annually, and at such other times as it deems desirable, a comprehensive and detailed report of its operations, activities, and accomplishments.

(Added Pub. L. 94–361, title VIII, §811(b), July 14, 1976, 90 Stat. 934; amended Pub. L. 98–525, title XIV, §1405(5), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2622.)

References in Text

The District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), (4), is Pub. L. 87–569, Aug. 6, 1962, 76 Stat. 265, as amended, which appears in chapter 5 (§29–501 et seq.) of Title 29, Corporations, of the District of Columbia Code.

Amendments

1984—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 98–525 substituted “sec. 29–501” for “sec. 29–1001”.

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in section 176 of this title.

§178. The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine

(a) There is authorized to be established a nonprofit corporation to be known as the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (hereinafter in this section referred to as the “Foundation”) which shall not for any purpose be an agency or instrumentality of the United States Government. The Foundation shall be subject to the provisions of this section and, to the extent not inconsistent with this section, the Corporations and Associations Articles of the State of Maryland.

(b) It shall be the purpose of the Foundation (1) to carry out medical research and education projects under cooperative arrangements with the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, (2) to serve as a focus for the interchange between military and civilian medical personnel, and (3) to encourage the participation of the medical, dental, nursing, veterinary, and other biomedical sciences in the work of the Foundation for the mutual benefit of military and civilian medicine.

(c)(1) The Foundation shall have a Council of Directors (hereinafter in this section referred to as the “Council”) composed of—

(A) the Chairmen and ranking minority members of the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives (or their designees from the membership of such committees), who shall be ex officio members,

(B) the Dean of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, who shall be an ex officio member, and

(C) four members appointed by the ex officio members of the Council designated in clauses (A) and (B).

(2) The term of office of each member of the Council appointed under clause (C) of paragraph (1) shall be four years, except that—

(A) any person appointed to fill a vacancy occurring before the expiration of the term for which his predecessor was appointed shall be appointed for the remainder of such term; and

(B) the terms of office of members first taking office shall expire, as designated by the ex officio members of the Council at the time of the appointment, two at the end of two years and two at the end of four years.

(3) The Council shall elect a chairman from among its members.

(d)(1) The Foundation shall have an Executive Director who shall be appointed by the Council and shall serve at the pleasure of the Council. The Executive Director shall be responsible for the day-to-day operations of the Foundation and shall have such specific duties and responsibilities as the Council shall prescribe.

(2) The rate of compensation of the Executive Director shall be fixed by the Council.

(e) The initial members of the Council shall serve as incorporators and take whatever actions as are necessary to establish under the Corporations and Associations Articles of the State of Maryland the corporation authorized by subsection (a).

(f) Any vacancy in the Council shall not affect its powers, but shall be filled in the same manner in which the original designation or appointment was made.

(g) In order to carry out the purposes of this section, the Foundation is authorized to—

(1) enter into contracts with, accept grants from, and make grants to the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences for the purpose of carrying out cooperative enterprises in medical research, medical consultation, and medical education, including contracts for provision of such personnel and services as may be necessary to carry out such cooperative enterprises;

(2) enter into contracts with public and private organizations for the writing, editing, printing, and publishing of books and other material;

(3) take such action as may be necessary to obtain patents and licenses for devices and procedures developed by the Foundation and its employees;

(4) accept, hold, administer, invest, and spend any gift, devise, or bequest of real or personal property made to the Foundation;

(5) enter into contracts with individuals, public or private organizations, professional societies, and government agencies for the purpose of carrying out the functions of the Foundation;

(6) enter into such other contracts, leases, cooperative agreements, and other transactions as the Executive Director considers appropriate to conduct the activities of the Foundation; and

(7) charge such fees for professional services furnished by the Foundation as the Executive Director determines reasonable and appropriate.

(h) A person who is a full-time or part-time employee of the Foundation may not be an employee (full-time or part-time) of the Federal Government.

(i) The Council shall transmit to the President annually, and at such other times as the Council considers desirable, a report on the operations, activities, and accomplishments of the Foundation.

(Added Pub. L. 98–36, §2(a), May 27, 1983, 97 Stat. 200; amended Pub. L. 98–132, §2(a)(1), Oct. 17, 1983, 97 Stat. 849; Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title VII, §726(b)(2), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1480.)

Amendments

1989—Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 101–189 inserted “, accept grants from, and make grants to” after “contracts with”.

1983—Pub. L. 98–132, §2(a)(1)(A), inserted “The Henry M. Jackson” before “Foundation” in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–132, §2(a)(1)(B), inserted “Henry M. Jackson”.

Change of Name

Committee on Armed Services of House of Representatives changed to Committee on National Security of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Jan. 4, 1995.

Change of Name to “Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine”

Section 1 of Pub. L. 98–132 provided: “That (a) the Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine established pursuant to section 178 of title 10, United States Code, shall be designated and hereafter known as the ‘Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine’, in honor of the late Henry M. Jackson, United States Senator from the State of Washington. Any reference to the Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine in any law, regulation, document, record, or other paper of the United States shall be held and considered to be a reference to the ‘Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine’.

“(b) The Council of Directors referred to in subsection (c) of section 178 of such title shall take such action as is necessary under the Corporations and Associations Articles of the State of Maryland to amend the corporate name of the Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine established under such section to reflect the designation made by the first sentence of subsection (a).”

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in section 2113 of this title.

§179. Nuclear Weapons Council

(a) There is a Joint Nuclear Weapons Council (hereinafter in this section referred to as the “Council”) composed of three members as follows:

(1) The Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology.

(2) The Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

(3) One senior representative of the Department of Energy designated by the Secretary of Energy.

(b)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Chairman of the Council shall be the member designated under subsection (a)(1).

(2) A meeting of the Council shall be chaired by the representative designated under subsection (a)(3) whenever the matter under consideration is within the primary responsibility or concern of the Department of Energy, as determined by majority vote of the Council.

(c)(1) The Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Energy shall enter into an agreement with the Council to furnish necessary staff and administrative services to the Council.

(2) The Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Atomic Energy shall be the Staff Director of the Council.

(d) The Council shall be responsible for the following matters:

(1) Preparing the annual Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Memorandum.

(2) Developing nuclear weapons stockpiles options and the costs of such options.

(3) Coordinating programming and budget matters pertaining to nuclear weapons programs between the Department of Defense and the Department of Energy.

(4) Identifying various options for cost-effective schedules for nuclear weapons production.

(5) Considering safety, security, and control issues for existing weapons and for proposed new weapon program starts.

(6) Ensuring that adequate consideration is given to design, performance, and cost tradeoffs for all proposed new nuclear weapons programs.

(7) Providing broad guidance regarding priorities for research on nuclear weapons.

(8) Coordinating and approving activities conducted by the Department of Energy for the study, development, production, and retirement of nuclear warheads, including concept definition studies, feasibility studies, engineering development, hardware component fabrication, warhead production, and warhead retirement.

(9) Preparing comments on annual proposals for budget levels for research on nuclear weapons and transmitting those comments to the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Energy before the preparation of the annual budget requests by the Secretaries of those departments.

(10) Providing—

(A) broad guidance regarding priorities for research on improved conventional weapons, and

(B) comments on annual proposals for budget levels for research on improved conventional weapons,

and transmitting such guidance and comments to the Secretary of Defense before the preparation of the annual budget request of the Department of Defense.

(e) Each fiscal year, at the same time the President submits the budget pursuant to section 1105 of title 31, the Chairman of the Council, through the Secretary of Energy, shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and House of Representatives a report, in classified form, on the following:

(1) The effectiveness and efficiency of the Council, and of the deliberative and decisionmaking processes used by the Council, in carrying out the responsibilities described in subsection (d).

(2) A description of all activities conducted by the Department of Energy during that fiscal year, or planned to be conducted by the Department of Energy during the next fiscal year, for the study, development, production, and retirement of nuclear warheads and that have been approved by the Council, including a description of—

(A) the concept definition activities and feasibility studies conducted or planned to be conducted by the Department of Energy;

(B) the schedule for completion of each such activity or study; and

(C) the degree to which each such activity or study is consistent with United States policy for new nuclear warhead development or warhead modification and with established or projected military requirements.

(Added Pub. L. 99–661, div. C, title I, §3137(a)(1), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 4065; amended Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XII, §1231(2), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1160; Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title XII, §1233(h), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2058; Pub. L. 102–484, div. C, title XXXI, §3133, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2639; Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title IX, §904(d)(1), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1728; Pub. L. 103–337, div. C, title XXXI, §3152, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 3090.)

Amendments

1994—Subsecs. (a)(3), (b). Pub. L. 103–337, §3152(c), substituted “designated” for “appointed” wherever appearing.

Subsec. (d)(8) to (10). Pub. L. 103–337, §3152(a), added par. (8) and redesignated former pars. (8) and (9) as (9) and (10), respectively.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–337, §3152(b), added subsec. (e).

1993—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–160 substituted “Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology” for “Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition”.

1992—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 102–484 amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: “The Director of Defense Research and Engineering.”

1988—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–456 struck out subsec. (e) which read as follows: “The Council shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services and on Appropriations of the Senate and House of Representatives a report on the actions that have been taken by the Department of Defense and the Department of Energy to implement the recommendations of the President's Blue Ribbon Task Group on Nuclear Weapons Program Management. The Council shall include in such report its recommendation on the role and composition of the staff on the Council. The Council shall submit such report to the Committees not later than March 1, 1987.”

1987—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–180 realigned margins of subsec. (e).

Change of Name

Committee on Armed Services of House of Representatives changed to Committee on National Security of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Jan. 4, 1995.

Chairman of JCS To Serve on Council If There Is No Vice Chairman of JCS

Section 3137(b) of Pub. L. 99–661 provided that: “If on the date of the enactment of this section [Nov. 14, 1986] the position of Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, or comparable position, has not been established by law, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff shall be a member of the Nuclear Weapons Council established by section 179 of title 10, United States Code, as added by subsection (a). If the position of Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (or comparable position) is established by law after the date of the enactment of this section, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff shall remain a member of such Council only until an individual has been appointed Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.”

§180. Service academy athletic programs: review board

(a) Independent Review Board.—The Secretary of Defense shall appoint a board to review the administration of the athletics programs of the United States Military Academy, the United States Naval Academy, and the United States Air Force Academy.

(b) Composition of Board.—The Secretary shall appoint the members of the board from among distinguished administrators of institutions of higher education, members of Congress, members of the Boards of Visitors of the academies, and other experts in collegiate athletics programs. The Superintendents of the three academies shall be members of the board. The Secretary shall designate one member of the board, other than a Superintendent of an academy, as Chairman.

(c) Duties.—The board shall, on an annual basis—

(1) review all aspects of the athletics programs of the United States Military Academy, the United States Naval Academy, and the United States Air Force Academy, including—

(A) the policies relating to the administration of such programs;

(B) the appropriateness of the balance between the emphasis placed by each academy on athletics and the emphasis placed by such academy on academic pursuits; and

(C) the extent to which all athletes in all sports are treated equitably under the athletics program of each academy; and

(2) determine ways in which the administration of the athletics programs at the academies can serve as models for the administration of athletics programs at civilian institutions of higher education.

(d) Administrative Provisions.—(1) Each member of the board who is not an officer or employee of the Federal Government shall be compensated at a rate equal to the daily equivalent of the annual rate of basic pay prescribed for grade GS–18 of the General Schedule under section 5332 of title 5, for each day (including travel time) during which such member is engaged in the performance of the duties of the board. Members of the board who are officers or employees of the United States shall serve without compensation in addition to that received for their services as officers or employees of the United States.

(2) The members of the board shall be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, at rates authorized for employees of agencies under subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5, while away from their homes or regular places of business in the performance of services for the board.

(Added Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title V, §513(a), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1360.)

References in Other Laws to GS–16, 17, or 18 Pay Rates

References in laws to the rates of pay for GS–16, 17, or 18, or to maximum rates of pay under the General Schedule, to be considered references to rates payable under specified sections of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, see section 529 [title I, §101(c)(1)] of Pub. L. 101–509, set out in a note under section 5376 of Title 5.

CHAPTER 8—DEFENSE AGENCIES AND DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FIELD ACTIVITIES

        

        

SUBCHAPTER I—COMMON SUPPLY AND SERVICE ACTIVITIES

        

Amendments

1986—Pub. L. 99–433, title III, §301(a)(2), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1019, inserted “AND DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FIELD ACTIVITIES” in chapter heading, added subchapter analysis and subchapter I analysis, and struck out former chapter an