TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

This title was enacted by act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, §1, 62 Stat. 683

        

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1970—Pub. L. 91–452, title II, §201(b), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 928, added Part V.

Table Showing Disposition of All Sections of Former Title 18

Title 18 Former Sections	Title 18 New Sections
1, 2	2381
3	2382
4	2383
5	953
6	2384
7	2389
8	2390
9	2387
10	2385
11	2385, 2387
12	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 41(c).
13	2385, 2387
14–17	2386
21	958
22	959
23	962
24	961
25	960
26	T. 22 §461
27	T. 22 §462
28	T. 22 §463
29	T. 22 §464
30	959
31	967
32	963
33	964
34	965
35	966
36	963, 964, 965, 966, 967
37	756, 3058
38	T. 22 §465
39	5, 3241
51	241
52	242
53	Rep.
53a	2236
54	372
55	592
56–58	593
59	592, 593
61	594
61a	595
61b	600
61c	601
61d	604
61e	605
61f	598
61g	594, 595, 598, 600, 601, 604, 605
61h	T. 5 §118i (See Rev. T. 5 Table)
61i	T. 5 §118j (See Rev. T. 5 Table)
61j, 61k	Rep.
61l	T. 5 §118k (See Rev. T. 5 Table)
61m	608
61m–1	611
61n	595
61o	T. 5 §118l (See Rev. T. 5 Table)
61p	T. 5 §118m (See Rev. T. 5 Table)
61q	Rep.
61r	T. 5 §118n (See Rev. T. 5 Table)
61s	595
61t	610
61u	595
61v–61x	Elim.
62–62b	612
71	497
72	494
73	495
74	1002
75	1016
76	912
76a, 76b	701
76c	707, 916
76d	707
76e	705
77	Rep.
77a	913
78	914
79	1003
80	287, 1001
81	289
82	641, 1361
83	286
84	1022
85	1023
86	1024
87	641
88	371
89	871
90	T. 34 §1167 (See Rev. T. 34 Table)
91	201
92	285
93	434
94	1381
95	1232
96	2152
97	1382
97a	1383
97b	757
98	11, 957
99	2112
100	641
101	641, 3435
102	Rep.
103	1852
103a, 103b	1851
104	1853
105	1854
106	1855
107	1856
107a	1863
108	3613
109	1862
110	1857
111	1858
112	1859
113	1860
114	1861
115	T. 25 §202
116	1362
117	2074
118	111
119	496
120	551
121	2231, 2232, 2233
122	T. 19 §70
123	912
124	211
125	543
126	541
127	1019
128	2233
129	507
130	1017
131	506
132	499
133	5
134, 135	Rep.
136	498
137–143	Rep.
144	2194
145	41
146	508
147	509
148	3056
149	210
150	211
151	210, 211
171	872
172	652
173	653
174	650
175	648
176	643
177, 178	649
178a	371
179	3497
180	3487
181	6514
182	641
183	654
184	435
185	646
186	645
187	647
188	2075
189	2073
190, 191	Rep.
192	1901
193	291
194	1091
195	1018
196	1912
198, 198a	283
199	205
200	204
201	1913
202	216
203	281
204	431
205	432
206	433
207	202
208	602
209	603
210	606
211	607
212	602, 603, 606, 607
213	T. 5 §118o (See Rev. T. 5 Table)
214	1902
215	2072
216	1905
231	1621
232	1622
233	1506
234, 235	2071
236	505
237	206
238	207
239	208
240	210
241	1503
241a	1505
242	Rep.
243	1504
244	755
245	1501
246	752, 1071
247	752
248	753
249	754
250	873
251	4
252	752, 1792
253	1114, 2231
254	111, 2231
261	8
262	471
263	Rep.
264	474
265	472
266	476
267	477
268	473
269	642
270	478
271	479
272	482
273	483
274	480
275	481
276	484
277	485
278	490
279	331
280	332
281	486
282, 282a	491
283	487
284	488
285	489
286	492
287	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 41(a), (b), (f).
288	11
289	335
290	Rep.
291	333
292	475
293	336
294	371
301	12
302	1729
303	1693
304	1696
305	1697
306	1696
307	1694
308	1695
309	1696
310	1730
311	1731
312	1706
313	1707
314	1704
315	2115
316	2116
317	1702, 1708
318	1703, 1709
319	1703, 1710
320	2114
321	1705, 1708
321a	1725
322	1700
323	1698
324, 325	1701
326	1724
327	1699
328	1720
329	1712
330	1726
331	1721
332	1727
333	1713
334	1461
335	1463, 1718
336	1302
337	1303
338	1341
338a	876, 3239
338b	877, 3239
338c	1714
338d	Rep.
339	1342
340	1716
341, 342	Rep.
343–345	1717
346	5, 1717
347	500
348	501
349	11, 502
349a	503
350	504
351	1723
352	1732
353	1722
354	288
355	1711, 3497
356	440
357	1719
358	1728
359	1692
360	12
361	1715
381	5, 1364
382	831, 832
383	835
384	833
385	832, 833, 834, 835
386	832, 833, 834, 835
387	1301
388	1264
389	1265
390	1263
391	42
392	43
393	44
393a	43, 44, 3054, 3112
394	42, 43, 44
395	T. 16 §667e
396	1462
396a, 396b	1761
396c–396e	1762
397, 398	2421
399	2422
400	2423
401	2421
402(1)	T. 8 §1557
402(2), (3)	2424
403	Rep.
404	2421
405–407	Rep.
407a	1231
408	10, 2311, 2312, 2313
408a	1201
408b	10
408c	1201
408c–1	1202
408d	875, 3239
408e	1073
409	659, 660, 2117
410, 411	659
412	660
412a	1992
413	Rep.
414(a)	10
414(b), (c)	2311
415	2314
416	2315
417	2311
418, 418a, 419	Rep.
419a(a)	2311
419a(b)	10
419b	2316
419c	2317
419d	Rep.
420	T. 4 §112
420a to 420e–1	1951
420f–420h	1821
421, 422	1585
423	1584
424	1582
425	1585
426	1587
427	1586
428	1588
429–442	T. 46 §§1351–1364 (See Rev. T. 46 Table)
443	1583
444, 445	1581
446	1584
451	7
452	1111
453	1112
454	1111, 1112
455	113
456	1113
457	2031
458	2032
459	2198
460	2198, 3286, 3614
461	1115
462	114
463	2111
464	81, 1363
465	81, 1363
466	661
467	662, 3435
467a	1025
468	13
469–474	2199
481	1651
482	2191
483	2192
484	2193
485	1655
486	2195
487	2271
488	1658
489	1659
490	2276
491	2272
492	2273
493	1661
494	1654
495	1652
496	1653
497	1656
498	1657
499, 500	969
501	9
502	5, 2275
503, 504	2277
505	1081
506	1082
507	1083
508, 511–518	Rep.
518a	1384
519–521	Rep.
522	1991
523	244
532–535	Rep.
536	T. 50 §42
541	1
542	3566
543	3567
544	3563
545	3564
546, 547	3231
548	1151, 1153, 3242
549	1151, 1153
550	2
551	3
552	1660
553	3236
554	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 6(f).
554a	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 6.
555	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 7(a).
556	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 6(d), 52(a).
556a	3288, 3289
556b	Rep.
557	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 8, 13, 14.
558	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 7.
559	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 7.
560	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 7.
561	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 12(b)(5).
562	3432
562a	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 10.
563	3005
564	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 11, 12(b)(3).
565	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 31(c).
566	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 31(a), (b).
567	1111
568	3570
569	3565
570	3612
571–573	Rep.
574	3241
575	3059
576	3401
576a	3402
576b–576d	3401
581	Rep.
581a, 581b	3281
582	3282
583	3290
584	3283
585	T. 26 [I.R.C. 1939] §3748(a) (See T. 26 [I.R.C. 1986] §6531)
586	T. 26 [I.R.C. 1939] §3748(b) (See T. 26 [I.R.C. 1986] §6531)
587	3288
588	3289
589	3288, 3289
590	Rep.
590a	3287
591	3041
592	Rep.
593	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 5(a).
594	3045
595	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 4, 5.
596, 597	3141
598	3144
599	3142
600	3143
601	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 46(f)(1), (2).
602	3047
603	4084
604	3049
605	3012
611–616	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 41.
617	3105
618, 619	3109
620–626	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 41.
627	Rep.
628	2231
629	1621
630	2235
631	2234
632	5
633	Rep.
641	3569
642, 643	T. 46 §§7, 8 (See Rev. T. 46 Table)
644	T. 28 §1822
645	3611
646	3617
647	3616
651	3184
652	3185
653	3186
654	3188
655	3190
656	3191
657	3189
658	3181
659	3192
660	3051, 3193
661	752, 1502
662	3182, 3195
662a	5001
662b	3042
662c	752, 3183, 3195
662d	3187, 3195
662e	755
663	3194
664	Rep.
665	755
666, 667	Rep.
668	3195, 3498
669–676	D.C. Code, §§23–701, 23–702, 23–705
681	Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 37.
682	3731
683	Rep.
687	3771
688	3772
689	3771, 3772
691	Rep.
692	4086
693–700	Rep.
701	4007
702	Rep.
703	4006
704	D.C. Code, §24–424
704a	D.C. Code, §24–423
705–707	Rep.
708, 709	436
709a	3568
710, 710a	4161
711	4166
712, 712a	Rep.
713	4163, 4165
714	4202
715	Rep.
716	4203, 4204
716a	4203
716b	4164
717	4205
718	4206
719	4207
720	Rep.
721	4281
722	Rep.
723	3570
723a	4201
723b	Rep.
723c	4205
724	3651
725	3653
726	3654
726–1, 726a	T. 28 §604
727	3655
728	3656
729	T. 28 §§1495, 2513
730–732	T. 28 §2513
733–733b	4085
741	4001
742–744	Rep.
744a	4122
744b	4125
744c	4122, 4123
744d–744f	4126
744g	4124
744h	4162
744h–l	Rep.
744i, 744j	4121
744k	4122
744l	4126
744m	4127
744n	4128
744o–744r	Elim.
745	Rep.
746	4281
746a	4282
746b	4283
747–749	Rep.
750	T. 5 §678b (See Rev. T. 5 Table)
751, 752	4005
753	4041
753a	4042
753b	4002, 4042
753c	4003
753d	4009
753e	4001
753f	4082, 4083
753g	4008
753h	751
753i	752, 1072
753j	1791
753k	3050
754	4004
761	Rep.
762	4083
763–776, 791–801, 811–815	Rep.
816	4321
817–819, 831–840	Rep.
851	4125
852	Rep.
853–855	4125
871–875	Rep.
876	4241
877	4242
878	4243
879, 880, 901–906	Rep.
907	4081
908	1791
909	751
910	752, 1072
911, 912	Rep.
921	5031
922	5032, 5033
923	5033
924	5034
925	5035
926	5036
927	5037
928	Elim.
929	Rep.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Positive Law; Citation

Act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, §1, 62 Stat. 683, provided in part that: "Title 18 of the United States Code, entitled 'Crimes and Criminal Procedure', is hereby revised, codified and enacted into positive law, and may be cited as 'Title 18, U.S.C., §—.' "

Legislative Construction

Act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, §19, 62 Stat. 862, provided that: "No inference of a legislative construction is to be drawn by reason of the chapter in Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, as set out in section 1 of this Act, in which any particular section is placed, nor by reason of the catchlines used in such title."

Separability

Act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, §18, 62 Stat. 862, provided that: "If any part of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, as set out in section 1 of this Act, shall be held invalid the remainder shall not be affected thereby."

Effective Date

Act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, §20, 62 Stat. 862, provided that the revision of this title shall be effective Sept. 1, 1948.

Existing Rights or Liabilities

Act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, §21, 62 Stat. 862, provided in part that any right or liabilities now existing under repealed sections or parts thereof shall not be affected by the repeal.

Repealed, Transferred, and Omitted Sections

All former sections of Title 18 were repealed, transferred to other titles, or omitted by said act June 25, 1948, except for sections 595, 644, 726–1, 726a, 729, 730, and 732 which were repealed by act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 687, the act revising and codifying Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, into positive law.

PART I—CRIMES

        

        

        

        

        

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2020—Pub. L. 116–260, div. O, title X, §1003(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2156, struck out item for chapter 89 "Professions and occupations".

2017—Pub. L. 115–70, title IV, §402(b)(1), Oct. 18, 2017, 131 Stat. 1214, substituted "Telemarketing and email marketing fraud" for "Telemarketing fraud" in item for chapter 113A.

2006—Pub. L. 109–248, title I, §141(a)(2), July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 602, added item for chapter 109B.

Pub. L. 109–177, title I, §121(g)(4)(B), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 224, which directed amendment of table of chapters at the beginning of part I of this title by striking item relating to "section 114" and inserting new item 114, was executed by adding item for chapter 114 and striking item for former chapter 114 "Trafficking in Contraband Cigarettes", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 109–177, title I, §110(b)(2), title III, §306(b), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 208, 239, substituted "Railroad carriers and mass transportation systems on land, on water, or through the air" for "Railroads" in item for chapter 97 and added item for chapter 111A.

2004—Pub. L. 108–495, §2(b), Dec. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 4000, added item for chapter 88.

Pub. L. 108–212, §2(b), Apr. 1, 2004, 118 Stat. 569, added item for chapter 90A.

2003—Pub. L. 108–193, §5(c)(2), Dec. 19, 2003, 117 Stat. 2880, substituted "Peonage, slavery, and trafficking in persons" for "Peonage and slavery" in item for chapter 77.

Pub. L. 108–105, §3(b), Nov. 5, 2003, 117 Stat. 1208, added item for chapter 74.

2002—Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, §4002(c)(1), (e)(5), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1808, 1810, substituted "2721" for "2271" in item for chapter 123 and repealed amendment by Pub. L. 104–294, §601(j)(2)(A). See 1996 Amendment note below.

1998—Pub. L. 105–277, div. I, title II, §201(b)(2), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–871, added item for chapter 11B.

1996—Pub. L. 104–294, title I, §101(b), title VI, §§601(j)(2)(B), 605(c), (p)(3), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3491, 3501, 3509, 3510, substituted "1461" for "1460" in item for chapter 71, added item for chapter 90, and substituted "2340" for "2340." in item for chapter 113C and "2441" for "2401" in item for chapter 118.

Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title X, §1069(b)(4), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2656, inserted "and stalking" after "violence" in item for chapter 110A.

Pub. L. 104–192, §2(b), Aug. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 2104, added item for chapter 118.

Pub. L. 104–132, title III, §303(c)(2), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1253, redesignated item 113B, relating to torture, as 113C. Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §601(j)(2)(A), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3501, which amended analysis identically, was repealed by Pub. L. 107–273, div. B., title IV, §4002(c)(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1808, effective Oct. 11, 1996.

1994—Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330021(1), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2150, which directed the amendment of this title by striking "kidnaping" each place it appears and inserting "kidnapping", was executed by substituting "Kidnapping" for "Kidnaping" in item for chapter 55, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 103–322, title IV, §40221(b), title XII, §120003(b)(2), title XV, §150001(b), title XXV, §250002(b)(1), title XXX, §300002(b), title XXXIII, §§330002(g), 330011(c)(2), 330021(1), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1931, 2022, 2035, 2085, 2102, 2140, 2144, 2150, substituted "weapons" for "Weapons" in item for chapter 10, "kidnapping" for "kidnaping" in item for chapter 18, "470" for "471" in item for chapter 25, added item for chapter 26, substituted "700" for "701" in item for chapter 33, "kidnapping" for "kidnaping" in item for chapter 84, added items for chapters 110A and 113A and redesignated item for former chapter 113A as 113B, and added item for chapter 123.

Pub. L. 103–236, title V, §506(b), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 464, added item for chapter 113B, Torture.

1992—Pub. L. 102–572, title X, §1003(b), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4524, made amendment identical to Pub. L. 101–519 in item for chapter 113A. See 1990 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 102–521, §2(b), Oct. 25, 1992, 106 Stat. 3403, added item for chapter 11A.

1990—Pub. L. 101–647, title II, §226(g)(3), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4808, inserted "and other abuse" after "exploitation" in item for chapter 110.

Pub. L. 101–519, §132(c), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2252, substituted "Terrorism" for "Extraterritorial jurisdiction over terrorist acts abroad against United States nationals" in item for chapter 113A.

Pub. L. 101–298, §3(c), May 22, 1990, 104 Stat. 203, added item for chapter 10.

1988—Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7063, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4404, substituted "Bribery, graft, and conflicts of interest" for "Bribery and graft" in item for chapter 11, substituted "carrier operation under the influence of alcohol or drugs....341" for "Carrier Operation Under the Influence of Alcohol or Drugs" in item for chapter 17A, substituted "abuse" for "Abuse", in item for chapter 109A, struck out final period and inserted "....2331" in item for chapter 113A, and substituted "wire and electronic communications and transactional records access" for "Wire and Electronic Communications and Transactional Records Access" in item for chapter 121.

Pub. L. 100–606, §2(b), Nov. 4, 1988, 102 Stat. 3047, added item for chapter 50A.

1986—Pub. L. 99–646, §87(c)(7), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3623, and Pub. L. 99–654, §3(a)(7), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3663, amended analysis identically, striking out item for chapter 99 "Rape" and adding item for chapter 109A.

Pub. L. 99–628, §5(a)(2), Nov. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 3511, substituted "Transportation for illegal sexual activity and related crimes" for "White slave traffic" as item for chapter 117.

Pub. L. 99–570, title I, §§1366(b), 1971(b), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–39, 3207-59, added items for chapters 17A and 46.

Pub. L. 99–508, title I, §101(c)(3), title II, §201(b), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1851, 1868, inserted "and electronic communications" in item for chapter 119 and added item for chapter 121.

Pub. L. 99–399, title XII, §1202(b), Aug. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 897, added item for chapter 113A.

1982—Pub. L. 97–285, §§2(d), 4(d), Oct. 6, 1982, 96 Stat. 1219, 1220, substituted "Congressional, Cabinet, and Supreme Court assassination, kidnaping, and assault" for "Congressional assassination, kidnaping, and assault" as item for chapter 18, and inserted "and Presidential staff" after "Presidential" in item for chapter 84.

1978—Pub. L. 95–575, §2, Nov. 2, 1978, 92 Stat. 2465, added item for chapter 114.

Pub. L. 95–225, §2(b), Feb. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 8, added item for chapter 110.

1971—Pub. L. 91–644, title IV, §17, Jan. 2, 1971, 84 Stat. 1891, added item for chapter 18.

1970—Pub. L. 91–513, title III, §1101(b)(1)(B), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1292, struck out item for chapter 68 "Narcotics".

Pub. L. 91–452, title IX, §901(b), title XI, §1102(b), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 947, 959, added items for chapters 40 and 96.

1968—Pub. L. 90–351, title IV, §905, June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 234, added item for chapter 44.

Pub. L. 90–321, title II, §202(b), May 29, 1968, 82 Stat. 162, added item for chapter 42.

Pub. L. 90–284, title I, §104(b), title X, §1002(b), Apr. 11, 1968, 82 Stat. 77, 92, added items for chapters 12 and 102.

1965—Pub. L. 89–141, §3, Aug. 28, 1965, 79 Stat. 581, added item for chapter 84.

1956—Act Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 825, §2(a), 70 Stat. 798, substituted "Animals, Birds, Fish, and Plants" for "Animals, Birds, and Fish" in item for chapter 3.

Act July 18, 1956, ch. 629, §202, 70 Stat. 575, added item for chapter 68.

Act July 14, 1956, ch. 595, §2, 70 Stat. 540, added item for chapter 2.

1949—Act May 24, 1949, ch. 139, §1, 63 Stat. 89, struck out "constituting crimes" in item for chapter 21, and added item for chapter 50.

¹ So in original. First word only of item should be capitalized.

² Chapter heading amended by Pub. L. 86–710 without corresponding amendment of part analysis.

³ Chapter heading amended by Pub. L. 110–457 without corresponding amendment of part analysis.

⁴ Editorially supplied. Chapter 119 added by Pub. L. 90–351 without corresponding amendment of part analysis.

CHAPTER 1—GENERAL PROVISIONS

        

Senate Revision Amendment

In the analysis of sections under this chapter heading, a new item, "14. Applicability to Canal Zone.", was inserted by Senate amendment, to follow underneath item 13, inasmuch as a new section 14, with such a catchline, was inserted, by Senate amendment, in this chapter. See Senate Report No. 1620, amendments Nos. 1 and 3, 80th Cong.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2026—Pub. L. 119–73, §6(b), Jan. 23, 2026, 139 Stat. 2009, added item 28.

2009—Pub. L. 111–21, §2(b)(2), May 20, 2009, 123 Stat. 1617, added item 27.

2006—Pub. L. 109–177, title III, §302(d), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 233, added item 26.

2003—Pub. L. 108–21, title VI, §601(b), Apr. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 687, added item 25.

2002—Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, §4004(a), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1812, struck out item 14 "Applicability to Canal Zone; definition".

1996—Pub. L. 104–191, title II, §241(b), Aug. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 2016, which directed the amendment of the table of sections at the beginning of chapter 2 of this title by inserting item 24, was executed by inserting item 24 in the table of sections at the beginning of this chapter, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

1994—Pub. L. 103–332, title XXXII, §§320910(b), 320914(b), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2127, 2128, added items 21 and 23.

1990—Pub. L. 101–647, title XXXV, §3504, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4921, substituted "defense" for "Defense" in item 17.

1989—Pub. L. 101–73, title IX, §962(e)(3), Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 504, added item 20.

1987—Pub. L. 100–185, §4(b), Dec. 11, 1987, 101 Stat. 1279, added item 19.

1986—Pub. L. 99–646, §§34(b), 38(b), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3599, renumbered item 20 as 17 and added item 18.

1984—Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §§218(b), 402(b), 1001(b), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2027, 2057, 2136, substituted "Repealed" for "Offenses classified" in item 1 and added items 16 and 20.

1970—Pub. L. 91–375, §6(j)(1), Aug. 12, 1970, 84 Stat. 777, inserted "United States" before "Postal Service" in item 12.

1962—Pub. L. 87–845, §3(b), Oct. 18, 1962, 76A Stat. 698, inserted "; definition" in item 14.

1958—Pub. L. 85–921, §4, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1771, added item 15.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Commission on the Advancement of Federal Law Enforcement

Pub. L. 104–132, title VIII, §806, Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1305, established Commission on the Advancement of Federal Law Enforcement, directed Commission to review and recommend action to Congress on Federal law enforcement priorities for 21st century, including Federal law enforcement capability to investigate and deter adequately threat of terrorism facing United States, standards and procedures, degree of coordination with international, State, and local law enforcement agencies, and other matters, provided for membership and administration of Commission, staffing and support functions, and powers to hold hearings and obtain official data for purposes of carrying out its duties, required report to Congress and public of findings, conclusions, and recommendations not later than 2 years after quorum of Commission had been appointed, and provided for termination of Commission 30 days after submitting report.

National Commission on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws

Pub. L. 89–801, Nov. 8, 1966, 80 Stat. 1516, as amended by Pub. L. 91–39, July 8, 1969, 83 Stat. 44, provided for the establishment of the National Commission on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws, its membership, duties, compensation of the members, the Director, and the staff of the Commission, established the Advisory Committee on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws, required the Commission to submit interim reports to the President and the Congress and to submit a final report within four years from Nov. 8, 1966, and further provided that the Commission shall cease to exist sixty days after the submission of the final report.

Executive Documents

Ex. Ord. No. 11396. Coordination By Attorney General of Federal Law Enforcement and Crime Prevention Programs

Ex. Ord. No. 11396, Feb. 7, 1968, 33 F.R. 2689, which related to coordination By Attorney General of Federal law enforcement and crime prevention programs, was editorially reclassified and is set out as a note preceding section 10101 of Title 34, Crime Control and Law Enforcement.

Executive Order No. 11534

Ex. Ord. No. 11534, June 4, 1970, 35 F.R. 8865, which related to the National Council on Organized Crime, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12110, Dec. 28, 1978, 44 F.R. 1069, formerly set out as a note under section 1013 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

[§1. Repealed. Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §218(a)(1), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2027]

Section, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–596, §8, 98 Stat. 3138, classified offenses as a felony, misdemeanor, or petty offense.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of Repeal

Repeal of section effective Nov. 1, 1987, and applicable only to offenses committed after the taking effect of such repeal, see section 235(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as an Effective Date note under section 3551 of this title.

Short Title of 2026 Amendment

Pub. L. 119–73, §1, Jan. 23, 2026, 139 Stat. 2003, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 28 and 3771A of this title, amending section 7102 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 28 of this title and section 10110 of Title 34, Crime Control and Law Enforcement] may be cited as the 'Trafficking Survivors Relief Act'."

Short Title of 2024 Amendment

Pub. L. 118–78, §1, July 30, 2024, 138 Stat. 1512, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 1352 of this title and amending section 201 of this title] may be cited as the 'Foreign Extortion Prevention Technical Corrections Act'."

Pub. L. 118–77, §1, July 30, 2024, 138 Stat. 1510, provided that: "This Act [amending section 3663A of this title] may be cited as the 'Victims' Voices Outside and Inside the Courtroom Effectiveness Act' or the 'Victims' VOICES Act'."

Pub. L. 118–59, §1, May 7, 2024, 138 Stat. 1014, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 2258A and 2258B of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2258A and 2258B of this title] may be cited as the 'Revising Existing Procedures On Reporting via Technology Act' or the 'REPORT Act'."

Pub. L. 118–42, div. G, title III, §302(a), Mar. 9, 2024, 138 Stat. 451, provided that: "This section [enacting provisions set out as a note under section 3551 of this title] may be cited as the 'United States Parole Commission Additional Extension Act of 2024'."

Short Title of 2023 Amendment

Pub. L. 118–31, div. E, title LI, §5102(a), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 933, provided that: "This section [amending sections 2423 and 2427 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2423 of this title] may be cited as the 'Preventing Child Sex Abuse Act of 2023'."

Pub. L. 117–351, §1, Jan. 5, 2023, 136 Stat. 6265, provided that: "This Act [amending section 2441 of this title] may be cited as the 'Justice for Victims of War Crimes Act'."

Short Title of 2022 Amendment

Pub. L. 117–328, div. O, title VIII, §801(a), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5232, provided that: "This section [enacting provisions set out as notes under section 3551 of this title] may be cited as the 'United States Parole Commission Additional Extension Act of 2022'."

Pub. L. 117–272, §1, Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4181, provided that: "This Act [amending section 879 of this title] may be cited as the '21st Century President Act'."

Pub. L. 117–264, div. B, title I, §103(a), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 4168, provided that: This section [enacting provisions set out as notes under section 3551 of this title] may be cited as the 'United States Parole Commission Further Additional Extension Act of 2022'."

Pub. L. 117–229, div. B, title I, §103(a), Dec. 16, 2022, 136 Stat. 2309, which provided that section 103 of Pub. L. 117–229 could be cited as the "United States Parole Commission Further Extension Act of 2022", was rendered ineffective by Pub. L. 117–264, div. B, title I, §103(d), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 4168, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

Pub. L. 117–180, div. C, title I, §103(a), Sept. 30, 2022, 136 Stat. 2133, provided that: "This section [enacting provisions set out as a note under section 3551 of this title] may be cited as the 'United States Parole Commission Extension Act of 2022'."

Pub. L. 117–176, §1, Sept. 16, 2022, 136 Stat. 2108, provided that: "This Act [amending section 2255 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2255 of this title] may be cited as the 'Eliminating Limits to Justice for Child Sex Abuse Victims Act of 2022'."

Pub. L. 117–159, §3(a), June 25, 2022, 136 Stat. 1313, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Bipartisan Safer Communities Act'."

Pub. L. 117–107, §1, Mar. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 1125, provided that: "This Act [amending section 249 of this title] may be cited as the 'Emmett Till Antilynching Act'."

Pub. L. 117–103, div. W, title X, §1001(a), Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 912, provided that: "This section [enacting section 4051 of this title, amending section 3621 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 3621 of this title] may be cited as the 'Ramona Brant Improvement of Conditions for Women in Federal Custody Act'."

Pub. L. 117–103, div. W, title XI, §1101(a), Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 919, provided that: "This section [enacting section 925B of this title and amending section 921 of this title] may be cited as the 'NICS Denial Notification Act of 2022'."

Pub. L. 117–103, div. W, title XII, §1201, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 923, provided that: "This title [enacting section 250 of this title and section 60106 of Title 34, Crime Control and Law Enforcement, amending sections 2242 to 2244 and 2246 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 60106 of Title 34] may be cited as the 'Closing the Law Enforcement Consent Loophole Act of 2022'."

Short Title of 2021 Amendment

Pub. L. 117–59, §1, Nov. 18, 2021, 135 Stat. 1468, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 111, 115, and 1114 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 1114 of this title] may be cited as the 'Jaime Zapata and Victor Avila Federal Officers and Employees Protection Act'."

Pub. L. 116–309, §1, Jan. 5, 2021, 134 Stat. 4922, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 41312 of Title 34, Crime Control and Law Enforcement, amending section 116 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 116 of this title] may be cited as the 'Strengthening the Opposition to Female Genital Mutilation Act of 2020' or the 'STOP FGM Act of 2020'."

Short Title of 2020 Amendment

Pub. L. 116–260, div. O, title X, §1001, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2155, provided that: "This title [repealing chapter 89 and sections 46, 511A, 707, 708, 711, 711a, 715, and 1921 of this title] may be cited as the 'Clean Up the Code Act of 2019'."

Pub. L. 116–249, §1, Dec. 22, 2020, 134 Stat. 1126, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 2261B of this title and amending section 2261A of this title] may be cited as the 'Combat Online Predators Act'."

Pub. L. 116–179, §1, Oct. 20, 2020, 134 Stat. 855, provided that: "This Act [amending section 1030 of this title] may be cited as the 'Defending the Integrity of Voting Systems Act'."

Pub. L. 116–159, div. D, title II, §4201, Oct. 1, 2020, 134 Stat. 741, provided that: "This title [enacting provisions set out as a note under section 3551 of this title] may be cited as the 'United States Parole Commission Extension Act of 2020'."

Short Title of 2019 Amendment

Pub. L. 116–72, §1, Nov. 25, 2019, 133 Stat. 1151, provided that: "This Act [amending section 48 of this title] may be cited as the 'Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture Act' or the 'PACT Act'."

Pub. L. 116–31, §1, July 25, 2019, 133 Stat. 1034, provided that: "This Act [amending section 175b of this title] may be cited as the 'Effective Prosecution of Possession of Biological Toxins and Agents Act of 2019'."

Short Title of 2018 Amendment

Pub. L. 115–395, §1, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5287, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 2258A to 2258E of this title] may be cited as the 'CyberTipline Modernization Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–392, §1(a), Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5250, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 2429 of this title, section 645 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and section 20709a of Title 34, Crime Control and Law Enforcement, amending sections 521, 1583, 1587, 1591, 2423, 2426, 2516, and 3014 of this title, sections 187 and 473 of Title 6, sections 7103, 7105, and 7110 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, section 524 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, section 9705 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and sections 20304, 20708, 20711, and 41309 of Title 34, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 20701 and 20704 of Title 34] may be cited as the 'Abolish Human Trafficking Act of 2017'."

Pub. L. 115–391, §1(a), Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5194, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'First Step Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–391, title II, §201, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5216, provided that: "This title [enacting section 4050 of this title] may be cited as the 'Lieutenant Osvaldo Albarati Correctional Officer Self-Protection Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–299, §1, Dec. 7, 2018, 132 Stat. 4383, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 2259A and 2259B of this title, amending sections 1593, 2252A, 2256, 2259, 3509, and 3613 of this title and section 20101 of Title 34, Crime Control and Law Enforcement, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2259 of this title] may be cited as the 'Amy, Vicky, and Andy Child Pornography Victim Assistance Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–271, title VIII, §8121, Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 4108, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle J (§§8121, 8122) of title VIII of Pub. L. 115–271, enacting section 220 of this title] may be cited as the 'Eliminating Kickbacks in Recovery Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–253, §1, Oct. 3, 2018, 132 Stat. 3183, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 2331, 2333 and 2334 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2331, 2332 and 2334 of this title] may be cited as the 'Anti-Terrorism Clarification Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–249, §1, Sept. 28, 2018, 132 Stat. 3162, provided that: "This Act [amending section 247 of this title] may be cited as the 'Protecting Religiously Affiliated Institutions Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–164, §1, Apr. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 1253, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 2421A of this title, amending sections 1591 and 1595 of this title and section 230 of Title 47, Telecommunications, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 230 of Title 47] may be cited as the 'Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act of 2017'."

Pub. L. 115–141, div. V, §101, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1213, provided that: "This division [enacting sections 2523 and 2713 of this title, amending sections 2511, 2520, 2702, 2703, 2707, 3121, and 3124 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2520, 2523, and 2703 of this title] may be cited as the 'Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act' or the 'CLOUD Act'."

Short Title of 2016 Amendment

Pub. L. 114–316, §1, Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1593, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 3273 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 3273 of this title] may be cited as the 'Promoting Travel, Commerce, and National Security Act of 2016'."

Pub. L. 114–236, §1, Oct. 7, 2016, 130 Stat. 966, provided that: "This Act [enacting chapter 238 of this title and sections 10603f and 14043g–1 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and amending section 10601 of Title 42] may be cited as the 'Survivors' Bill of Rights Act of 2016'."

Pub. L. 114–222, §1, Sept. 28, 2016, 130 Stat. 852, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 1605B of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, amending section 2333 of this title and section 1605 of Title 28, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2333 of this title and section 1605B of Title 28] may be cited as the 'Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act'."

Pub. L. 114–154, §1, May 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 387, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 2318 and 2320 of this title and section 959 of Title 21, Food and Drugs] may be cited as the 'Transnational Drug Trafficking Act of 2015'."

Pub. L. 114–153, §1, May 11, 2016, 130 Stat. 376, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 1832, 1833, 1835, 1836, 1838, 1839, and 1961 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1832 and 1833 of this title and section 620 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the 'Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016'."

Pub. L. 114–133, §1, Mar. 9, 2016, 130 Stat. 296, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 4049 of this title] may be cited as the 'Eric Williams Correctional Officer Protection Act of 2015'."

Short Title of 2015 Amendment

Pub. L. 114–22, §1(a), May 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 227, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015'."

Pub. L. 114–22, title I, §118(a), May 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 247, provided that: "This section [amending section 1591 of this title] may be cited as the 'Stop Advertising Victims of Exploitation Act of 2015' or the 'SAVE Act of 2015'."

Short Title of 2014 Amendment

Pub. L. 113–104, §1, May 20, 2014, 128 Stat. 1156, provided that: "This Act [amending section 117 of this title] may be cited as the 'Kilah Davenport Child Protection Act of 2013'."

Short Title of 2013 Amendment

Pub. L. 113–47, §1, Oct. 31, 2013, 127 Stat. 572, provided that: "This Act [enacting provisions set out as a note under section 3551 of this title] may be cited as the 'United States Parole Commission Extension Act of 2013'."

Pub. L. 113–12, §1, June 3, 2013, 127 Stat. 448, provided that: "This Act [amending section 704 of this title] may be cited as the 'Stolen Valor Act of 2013'."

Pub. L. 112–269, §1, Jan. 14, 2013, 126 Stat. 2442, provided that: "This Act [amending section 1831 of this title and enacting provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the 'Foreign and Economic Espionage Penalty Enhancement Act of 2012'."

Pub. L. 112–258, §1, Jan. 10, 2013, 126 Stat. 2414, provided that: "This Act [amending section 2710 of this title] may be cited as the 'Video Privacy Protection Act Amendments Act of 2012'."

Pub. L. 112–257, §1, Jan. 10, 2013, 126 Stat. 2413, provided that: "This Act [amending section 3056 of this title] may be cited as the 'Former Presidents Protection Act of 2012'."

Short Title of 2012 Amendment

Pub. L. 112–236, §1, Dec. 28, 2012, 126 Stat. 1627, provided that: "This Act [amending section 1832 of this title] may be cited as the 'Theft of Trade Secrets Clarification Act of 2012'."

Pub. L. 112–206, §1, Dec. 7, 2012, 126 Stat. 1490, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 1514, 2252, 2252A, and 3486 of this title, section 566 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and sections 17611, 17612, 17615, and 17617 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28] may be cited as the 'Child Protection Act of 2012'."

Pub. L. 112–186, §1, Oct. 5, 2012, 126 Stat. 1427, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 670 of this title, amending sections 659, 981, 1952, 1957, 2117, 2314, 2315, 2516, and 3663A of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 670 of this title and listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the 'Strengthening and Focusing Enforcement to Deter Organized Stealing and Enhance Safety Act of 2012' or the 'SAFE DOSES Act'."

Pub. L. 112–127, §1, June 5, 2012, 126 Stat. 370, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 257 of Title 6, Domestic Security, amending sections 555, 982, 1956, and 2516 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 555 of this title] may be cited as the 'Border Tunnel Prevention Act of 2012'."

Pub. L. 112–98, §1, Mar. 8, 2012, 126 Stat. 263, provided that: "This Act [amending section 1752 of this title] may be cited as the 'Federal Restricted Buildings and Grounds Improvement Act of 2011'."

Short Title of 2011 Amendment

Pub. L. 112–44, §1, Oct. 21, 2011, 125 Stat. 532, provided that: "This Act [enacting provisions set out as a note under section 3551 of this title] may be cited as the 'United States Parole Commission Extension Act of 2011'."

Short Title of 2010 Amendment

Pub. L. 111–307, §1, Dec. 14, 2010, 124 Stat. 3282, provided that: "This Act [amending section 42 of this title] may be cited as the 'Asian Carp Prevention and Control Act'."

Pub. L. 111–294, §1, Dec. 9, 2010, 124 Stat. 3177, provided that: "This Act [amending section 48 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 48 of this title] may be cited as the 'Animal Crush Video Prohibition Act of 2010'."

Pub. L. 111–272, §1, Oct. 12, 2010, 124 Stat. 2855, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 926B and 926C of this title] may be cited as the 'Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act Improvements Act of 2010'."

Pub. L. 111–225, §1, Aug. 10, 2010, 124 Stat. 2387, provided that: "This Act [amending section 1791 of this title] may be cited as the 'Cell Phone Contraband Act of 2010'."

Pub. L. 111–174, §1, May 27, 2010, 124 Stat. 1216, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 114 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, amending sections 2519, 3006A, 3154, and 3553 of this title and section 631 of Title 28, and repealing section 114 of Title 28] may be cited as the 'Federal Judiciary Administrative Improvements Act of 2010'."

Short Title of 2009 Amendment

Pub. L. 111–84, div. E, §4701, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2835, which set out short title of division E of Pub. L. 111–84, was editorially reclassified and is set out as a note under section 10101 of Title 34, Crime Control and Law Enforcement.

Pub. L. 111–79, §1, Oct. 19, 2009, 123 Stat. 2086, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 3512 of this title and amending sections 2703, 2711, and 3127 of this title] may be cited as the 'Foreign Evidence Request Efficiency Act of 2009'."

Pub. L. 111–21, §1, May 20, 2009, 123 Stat. 1617, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 27 of this title, amending sections 20, 1014, 1031, 1348, 1956, and 1957 of this title and sections 3729 to 3733 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 3729 of Title 31] may be cited as the 'Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009' or 'FERA'."

Short Title of 2008 Amendment

Pub. L. 110–407, §1, Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4296, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 2285 of this title and section 70508 of Title 46, Shipping, amending sections 70501, 70502, 70504, and 70505 of Title 46, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2285 of this title and provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the 'Drug Trafficking Vessel Interdiction Act of 2008'."

Pub. L. 110–358, title I, §101, Oct. 8, 2008, 122 Stat. 4001, provided that: "This title [amending sections 2251, 2251A, 2252 and 2252A of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2251 of this title] may be cited as the 'Effective Child Pornography Prosecution Act of 2007'."

Pub. L. 110–358, title II, §201, Oct. 8, 2008, 122 Stat. 4003, provided that: "This title [amending sections 1956, 2252 and 2252A of this title] may be cited as the 'Enhancing the Effective Prosecution of Child Pornography Act of 2007'."

Pub. L. 110–340, §1, Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3735, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 2442 and 3300 of this title, amending sections 1182 and 1227 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 1158 of Title 8] may be cited as the 'Child Soldiers Accountability Act of 2008'."

Pub. L. 110–326, title I, §101, Sept. 26, 2008, 122 Stat. 3560, provided that: "This title [amending section 3056 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 3056 of this title] may be cited as the 'Former Vice President Protection Act of 2008'."

Pub. L. 110–326, title II, §201, Sept. 26, 2008, 122 Stat. 3560, provided that: "This title [amending sections 1030, 2332b, and 3663 of this title and amending provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the 'Identity Theft Enforcement and Restitution Act of 2008'."

Pub. L. 110–179, §1, Jan. 7, 2008, 121 Stat. 2556, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 1040 of this title, amending sections 1341 and 1343 of this title, and enacting provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the 'Emergency and Disaster Assistance Fraud Penalty Enhancement Act of 2007'."

Short Title of 2007 Amendment

Pub. L. 110–151, §1, Dec. 21, 2007, 121 Stat. 1821, provided that: "This Act [amending section 1091 of this title] may be cited as the 'Genocide Accountability Act of 2007'."

Pub. L. 110–22, §1, May 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 88, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 49 of this title and amending section 2156 of Title 7, Agriculture] may be cited as the 'Animal Fighting Prohibition Enforcement Act of 2007'."

Pub. L. 109–481, §1, Jan. 12, 2007, 120 Stat. 3673, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 706a of this title] may be cited as the 'Geneva Distinctive Emblems Protection Act of 2006'."

Pub. L. 109–476, §1, Jan. 12, 2007, 120 Stat. 3568, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 1039 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 1039 of this title and amending provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the 'Telephone Records and Privacy Protection Act of 2006'."

Short Title of 2006 Amendment

Pub. L. 109–437, §1, Dec. 20, 2006, 120 Stat. 3266, provided that: "This Act [amending section 704 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 704 of this title] may be cited as the 'Stolen Valor Act of 2005'."

Pub. L. 109–374, §1, Nov. 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 2652, provided that: "This Act [amending section 43 of this title] may be cited as the 'Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act'."

Pub. L. 109–181, §1(a)(1), Mar. 16, 2006, 120 Stat. 285, provided that: "This section [amending section 2320 of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2320 of this title, and enacting provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the 'Stop Counterfeiting in Manufactured Goods Act'."

Pub. L. 109–181, §2(a), Mar. 16, 2006, 120 Stat. 288, provided that: "This section [amending sections 2318, 2319A, and 2320 of this title and section 1101 of Title 17, Copyrights] may be cited as the 'Protecting American Goods and Services Act of 2005'."

Pub. L. 109–178, §1, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 278, provided that: "This Act [amending section 2709 of this title, section 3414 of Title 12, Banks and Banking, sections 1681u and 1681v of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and sections 436 and 1861 of Title 50, War and National Defense, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 3414 of Title 12] may be cited as the 'USA PATRIOT Act Additional Reauthorizing Amendments Act of 2006'."

Pub. L. 109–177, §1(a), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 192, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005'."

Pub. L. 109–177, title II, §201, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 230, provided that: "This title [enacting section 3599 of this title, amending section 3583 of this title and section 848 of Title 21, Food and Drugs, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 46502 of Title 49, Transportation] may be cited as the 'Terrorist Death Penalty Enhancement Act of 2005'."

Pub. L. 109–177, title III, §301, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 233, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Reducing Crime and Terrorism at America's Seaports Act of 2005'."

Pub. L. 109–177, title IV, §401, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 243, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Combating Terrorism Financing Act of 2005'."

Pub. L. 109–177, title VI, §601, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 251, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Secret Service Authorization and Technical Modification Act of 2005'."

Short Title of 2004 Amendment

Pub. L. 108–458, title VI, §6701, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3764, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle H (§§6701–6704) of title VI of Pub. L. 108–458, enacting section 1038 of this title, amending sections 1001, 1505, and 1958 of this title, and enacting provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the 'Stop Terrorist and Military Hoaxes Act of 2004'."

Pub. L. 108–458, title VI, §6801, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3766, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle I (§§6801–6803) of title VI of Pub. L. 108–458, enacting section 832 of this title, amending sections 175b, 1961, 2332a, and 2332b of this title and sections 2077 and 2122 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 175b of this title] may be cited as the 'Weapons of Mass Destruction Prohibition Improvement Act of 2004'."

Pub. L. 108–458, title VI, §6901, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3769, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle J (§§6901–6911) of title VI of Pub. L. 108–458, enacting sections 175c, 2332g, and 2332h of this title, amending sections 1956, 2332b, and 2516 of this title, section 2778 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and sections 2122 and 2272 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 175c of this title] may be cited as the 'Prevention of Terrorist Access to Destructive Weapons Act of 2004'."

Short Title of 2003 Amendment

Pub. L. 108–21, §1(a), Apr. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 650, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to end the Exploitation of Children Today Act of 2003' or 'PROTECT Act'."

Short Title of 2002 Amendment

Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, §4001, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1806, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Criminal Law Technical Amendments Act of 2002'."

Short Title of 2001 Amendment

Pub. L. 107–56, §1(a), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 272, as amended by Pub. L. 109–177, title I, §101(b), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 194, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001' or the 'USA PATRIOT Act'."

Short Title of 1998 Amendments

Pub. L. 105–314, §1(a), Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 2974, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Protection of Children From Sexual Predators Act of 1998'."

Pub. L. 105–184, §1, June 23, 1998, 112 Stat. 520, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 709, 982, 2326, 2327, and 2703 of this title and enacting provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the 'Telemarketing Fraud Prevention Act of 1998'."

Short Title of 1996 Amendments

Pub. L. 104–294, §1, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3488, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Economic Espionage Act of 1996'."

Pub. L. 104–132, §1, Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1214, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996'."

Short Title of 1994 Amendment

Pub. L. 103–322, title X, §100001, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1996, provided that: "This title [amending section 13 of this title and section 3751 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] may be cited as the 'Drunk Driving Child Protection Act of 1994'."

Short Title of 1990 Amendment

Pub. L. 101–647, §1, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4789, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Crime Control Act of 1990'."

Short Title of 1988 Amendment

Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7011, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4395, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle B (§§7011–7096) of title VII of Pub. L. 100–690, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Minor and Technical Criminal Law Amendments Act of 1988'."

Short Title of 1987 Amendment

Pub. L. 100–185, §1, Dec. 11, 1987, 101 Stat. 1279, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 19 of this title, amending sections 18, 3013, 3559, 3571, 3572, 3573, 3611, 3612, and 3663 of this title and section 604 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 3611 of this title] may be cited as the 'Criminal Fine Improvements Act of 1987'."

Short Title of 1986 Amendment

Pub. L. 99–646, §1, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3592, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Criminal Law and Procedure Technical Amendments Act of 1986'."

Short Title of 1984 Amendment

Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §200, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 1976, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984'."

Short Title of 1974 Amendment

Pub. L. 93–412, §1, Sept. 3, 1974, 88 Stat. 1089, provided: "That this Act [amending section 3006A of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 3006A of this title] may be cited as the 'District of Columbia Criminal Justice Act'."

Severability

Pub. L. 108–21, §2, Apr. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 651, provided that: "If any provision of this Act [see Tables for classification], or the application of such provision to any person or circumstance, is held invalid, the remainder of this Act, and the application of such provision to other persons not similarly situated or to other circumstances, shall not be affected by such invalidation."

Pub. L. 107–56, §2, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 275, provided that: "Any provision of this Act [see Short Title of 2001 Amendment note above] held to be invalid or unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any person or circumstance, shall be construed so as to give it the maximum effect permitted by law, unless such holding shall be one of utter invalidity or unenforceability, in which event such provision shall be deemed severable from this Act and shall not affect the remainder thereof or the application of such provision to other persons not similarly situated or to other, dissimilar circumstances."

Pub. L. 104–132, title IX, §904, Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1319, provided that: "If any provision of this Act [see Short Title of 1996 Amendments note above], an amendment made by this Act, or the application of such provision or amendment to any person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this Act, the amendments made by this Act, and the application of the provisions of such to any person or circumstance shall not be affected thereby."

§2. Principals

(a) Whoever commits an offense against the United States or aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces or procures its commission, is punishable as a principal.

(b) Whoever willfully causes an act to be done which if directly performed by him or another would be an offense against the United States, is punishable as a principal.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655, §17b, 65 Stat. 717.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §550 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §332, 35 Stat. 1152).

Section 2(a) comprises section 550 of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., without change except in minor matters of phraseology.

Section 2(b) is added to permit the deletion from many sections throughout the revision of such phrases as "causes or procures".

The section as revised makes clear the legislative intent to punish as a principal not only one who directly commits an offense and one who "aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces or procures" another to commit an offense, but also anyone who causes the doing of an act which if done by him directly would render him guilty of an offense against the United States.

It removes all doubt that one who puts in motion or assists in the illegal enterprise but causes the commission of an indispensable element of the offense by an innocent agent or instrumentality, is guilty as a principal even though he intentionally refrained from the direct act constituting the completed offense.

This accords with the following decisions: Rothenburg v. United States, 1918, 38 S. Ct. 18, 245 U.S. 480, 62 L. Ed. 414, and United States v. Hodorowicz, C. C. A. Ill. 1939, 105 F. 2d 218, certiorari denied, 60 S. Ct. 108, 308 U.S. 584, 84 L. Ed. 489. United States v. Giles, 1937, 57 S. Ct. 340, 300 U.S. 41, 81 L. Ed. 493, rehearing denied, 57 S. Ct. 505, 300 U.S. 687, 81 L. Ed. 888.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1951—Subsec. (a). Act Oct. 31, 1951, inserted "punishable as".

Subsec. (b). Act Oct. 31, 1951, inserted "willfully" before "causes", and "or another" after "him", and substituted "is punishable as a principal" for "is also a principal and punishable as such".

§3. Accessory after the fact

Whoever, knowing that an offense against the United States has been committed, receives, relieves, comforts or assists the offender in order to hinder or prevent his apprehension, trial or punishment, is an accessory after the fact.

Except as otherwise expressly provided by any Act of Congress, an accessory after the fact shall be imprisoned not more than one-half the maximum term of imprisonment or (notwithstanding section 3571) fined not more than one-half the maximum fine prescribed for the punishment of the principal, or both; or if the principal is punishable by life imprisonment or death, the accessory shall be imprisoned not more than 15 years.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Pub. L. 99–646, §43, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3601; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXXV, §3502, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4921; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §§330011(h), 330016(2)(A), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2145, 2148.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §551 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §333, 35 Stat. 1152).

The first paragraph is new. It is based upon authority of Skelly v. United States (C. C. A. Okl. 1935, 76 F. 2d 483, certiorari denied, 1935, 55 S. Ct. 914, 295 U.S. 757, 79 L. Ed. 1699), where the court defined an accessory after the fact as—

one who knowing a felony to have been committed by another, receives, relieves, comforts, or assists the felon in order to hinder the felon's apprehension, trial, or punishment—

and cited Jones' Blackstone, books 3 and 4, page 2204; U.S. v. Hartwell (Fed. Cas. No. 15,318); Albritton v. State (32 Fla. 358, 13 So. 955); State v. Davis (14 R. I. 281); Schleeter v. Commonwealth (218 Ky. 72, 290 S. W. 1075). (See also State v. Potter, 1942, 221 N. C. 153, 19 S. E. 2d 257; Hunter v. State, 1935, 128 Tex. Cr. R. 191, 79 S. W. 2d 855; State v. Wells, 1940, 195 La. 754, 197 So. 419.)

The second paragraph is from section 551 of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed. Here only slight changes were made in phraseology.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–322, §330016(2)(A), inserted "(notwithstanding section 3571)" before "fined not more than one-half" in second par.

Pub. L. 103–322, §330011(h), amended directory language of Pub. L. 101–647, §3502. See 1990 Amendment note below.

1990—Pub. L. 101–647, as amended by Pub. L. 103–322, §330011(h), substituted "15 years" for "ten years" in second par.

1986—Pub. L. 99–646 inserted "life imprisonment or" in second par.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330011(h), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2145, provided that the amendment made by that section is effective as of Nov. 29, 1990.

§4. Misprision of felony

Whoever, having knowledge of the actual commission of a felony cognizable by a court of the United States, conceals and does not as soon as possible make known the same to some judge or other person in civil or military authority under the United States, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than three years, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(G), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C. 1940 ed., §251 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §146, 35 Stat. 1114).

Changes in phraseology only.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "fined under this title" for "fined not more than $500".

§5. United States defined

The term "United States", as used in this title in a territorial sense, includes all places and waters, continental or insular, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, except the Canal Zone.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 685.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §§39, 133, 346, 381, 502, and 632, and section 40 of title 50, U.S.C., 1940 ed., War and National Defense (June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title XIII, §1, 40 Stat. 231).

Section consolidates the first sentence of section 39, all of sections 133, 346, and 632, and the second sentences, respectively, of sections 381 and 502, all of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., and section 40 of title 50, U.S.C., 1940 ed., War and National Defense, with minor changes in phraseology.

All of these sections and parts of sections were derived from section 1 of title XIII of said act of June 15, 1917. Said section 40 of title 50, U.S.C., War and National Defense, has also been retained in that title, as it still relates to some sections therein which were not transferred to this title.

The remainder of said section 39 of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., which was derived from sections 2, 3, and 4 of title XIII of the act of June 15, 1917, relating to jurisdiction and other matters, is almost entirely obsolete. The provisions still in force are incorporated in section 3241 of this title.

The remaining provisions of said sections 381 and 502 of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., which were derived from sources other than said section 1 of title XIII of the act of June 15, 1917, are incorporated in sections 1364 and 2275 of this title.

Senate Revision Amendment

Words ", except the Canal Zone." were substituted for the period in this section by Senate amendment. See Senate Report No. 1620, amendment No. 2, 80th Cong.

Editorial Notes

References in Text

For definition of Canal Zone, referred to in text, see section 3602(b) of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.

§6. Department and agency defined

As used in this title:

The term "department" means one of the executive departments enumerated in section 1 of Title 5, unless the context shows that such term was intended to describe the executive, legislative, or judicial branches of the government.

The term "agency" includes any department, independent establishment, commission, administration, authority, board or bureau of the United States or any corporation in which the United States has a proprietary interest, unless the context shows that such term was intended to be used in a more limited sense.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 685.)

Historical and Revision Notes

This section defines the terms "department" and "agency" of the United States. The word "department" appears 57 times in title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., and the word "agency" 14 times. It was considered necessary to define clearly these words in order to avoid possible litigation as to the scope or coverage of a given section containing such words. (See United States v. Germaine, 1878, 99 U.S. 508, 25 L. Ed. 482, for definition of words "department" or "head of department.")

The phrase "corporation in which the United States has a proprietary interest" is intended to include those governmental corporations in which stock is not actually issued, as well as those in which stock is owned by the United States. It excludes those corporations in which the interest of the Government is custodial or incidental.

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 1 of Title 5, referred to in text, was repealed by Pub. L. 89–554, §8, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 632, and reenacted by the first section thereof as section 101 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

§7. Special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States defined

The term "special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States", as used in this title, includes:

(1) The high seas, any other waters within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of the United States and out of the jurisdiction of any particular State, and any vessel belonging in whole or in part to the United States or any citizen thereof, or to any corporation created by or under the laws of the United States, or of any State, Territory, District, or possession thereof, when such vessel is within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of the United States and out of the jurisdiction of any particular State.

(2) Any vessel registered, licensed, or enrolled under the laws of the United States, and being on a voyage upon the waters of any of the Great Lakes, or any of the waters connecting them, or upon the Saint Lawrence River where the same constitutes the International Boundary Line.

(3) Any lands reserved or acquired for the use of the United States, and under the exclusive or concurrent jurisdiction thereof, or any place purchased or otherwise acquired by the United States by consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of a fort, magazine, arsenal, dockyard, or other needful building.

(4) Any island, rock, or key containing deposits of guano, which may, at the discretion of the President, be considered as appertaining to the United States.

(5) Any aircraft belonging in whole or in part to the United States, or any citizen thereof, or to any corporation created by or under the laws of the United States, or any State, Territory, district, or possession thereof, while such aircraft is in flight over the high seas, or over any other waters within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of the United States and out of the jurisdiction of any particular State.

(6) Any vehicle used or designed for flight or navigation in space and on the registry of the United States pursuant to the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies and the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space, while that vehicle is in flight, which is from the moment when all external doors are closed on Earth following embarkation until the moment when one such door is opened on Earth for disembarkation or in the case of a forced landing, until the competent authorities take over the responsibility for the vehicle and for persons and property aboard.

(7) Any place outside the jurisdiction of any nation with respect to an offense by or against a national of the United States.

(8) To the extent permitted by international law, any foreign vessel during a voyage having a scheduled departure from or arrival in the United States with respect to an offense committed by or against a national of the United States.

(9) With respect to offenses committed by or against a national of the United States as that term is used in section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality Act—

(A) the premises of United States diplomatic, consular, military or other United States Government missions or entities in foreign States, including the buildings, parts of buildings, and land appurtenant or ancillary thereto or used for purposes of those missions or entities, irrespective of ownership; and

(B) residences in foreign States and the land appurtenant or ancillary thereto, irrespective of ownership, used for purposes of those missions or entities or used by United States personnel assigned to those missions or entities.

Nothing in this paragraph shall be deemed to supersede any treaty or international agreement with which this paragraph conflicts. This paragraph does not apply with respect to an offense committed by a person described in section 3261(a) of this title.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 685; July 12, 1952, ch. 695, 66 Stat. 589; Pub. L. 97–96, §6, Dec. 21, 1981, 95 Stat. 1210; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §1210, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2164; Pub. L. 103–322, title XII, §120002, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2021; Pub. L. 107–56, title VIII, §804, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 377.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §451 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §272, 35 Stat. 1142; June 11, 1940, ch. 323, 54 Stat. 304).

The words "The term 'special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States' as used in this title includes:" were substituted for the words "The crimes and offenses defined in sections 451–468 of this title shall be punished as herein prescribed."

This section first appeared in the 1909 Criminal Code. It made it possible to combine in one chapter all the penal provisions covering acts within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction without the necessity of repeating in each section the places covered.

The present section has made possible the allocation of the diverse provisions of chapter 11 of Title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., to particular chapters restricted to particular offenses, as contemplated by the alphabetical chapter arrangement.

In several revised sections of said chapter 11 the words "within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States" have been added. Thus the jurisdictional limitation will be preserved in all sections of said chapter 11 describing an offense.

Enumeration of names of Great Lakes was omitted as unnecessary.

Other minor changes were necessary now that the section defines a term rather than the place of commission of crime or offense; however, the extent of the special jurisdiction as originally enacted has been carefully followed.

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, referred to in par. (9), is classified to section 1101 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.

Amendments

2001—Par. (9). Pub. L. 107–56 added par. (9).

1994—Par. (8). Pub. L. 103–322 added par. (8).

1984—Par. (7). Pub. L. 98–473 added par. (7).

1981—Par. (6). Pub. L. 97–96 added par. (6).

1952—Par. (5). Act July 12, 1952, added par. (5).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Territorial Sea Extending to Twelve Miles Included in Special Maritime and Territorial Jurisdiction

Pub. L. 104–132, title IX, §901(a), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1317, provided that: "The Congress declares that all the territorial sea of the United States, as defined by Presidential Proclamation 5928 of December 27, 1988 [set out as a note under section 1331 of Title 43, Public Lands], for purposes of Federal criminal jurisdiction is part of the United States, subject to its sovereignty,