CHAPTER 38—DEPARTMENT OF STATE

        

§2651. Establishment of Department

There shall be at the seat of government an executive department to be known as the "Department of State", and a Secretary of State, who shall be the head thereof.

(R.S. §199.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

R.S. §199 derived from acts July 27, 1789, ch. 4, §1, 1 Stat. 28; Sept. 15, 1789, ch. 14, §1, 1 Stat. 68.

Section was formerly classified to section 151 of Title 5 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, §1, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1987 Amendment

Pub. L. 100–204, title XIII, §1301, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1432, provided that: "Except as otherwise provided in this Act [see Short Title of 1987 Amendment note below], this Act shall take effect on the date of its enactment [Dec. 22, 1987]."

Short Title of 2021 Amendment

Pub. L. 116–326, §1, Jan. 13, 2021, 134 Stat. 5095, provided that: "This Act [amending section 2731 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2731 of this title] may be cited as the 'Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism Act'."

Short Title of 2019 Amendment

Pub. L. 116–94, div. J, title VI, §601, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3069, provided that: "This title [amending section 2708 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2708 of this title] may be cited as the 'Rescuing Animals With Rewards Act of 2019' or the 'RAWR Act'."

Pub. L. 115–441, §1, Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5586, provided that: "This Act [amending section 4028 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2656 of this title] may be cited as the 'Elie Wiesel Genocide and Atrocities Prevention Act of 2018'."

Short Title of 2018 Amendment

Pub. L. 115–409, §1(a), Dec. 31, 2018, 132 Stat. 5387, provided that: "This Act [enacting provisions set out as a note preceding section 1971 of this title and as notes under sections 2656, 3301, and 9203 of this title] may be cited as the 'Asia Reassurance Initiative Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–141, div. R, §1, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1123, provided that: "This division [amending section 2708 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2708 of this title] may be cited as the 'Targeted Rewards for the Global Eradication of Human Trafficking' or the 'TARGET Act'."

Short Title of 2017 Amendment

Pub. L. 115–94, §1, Dec. 18, 2017, 131 Stat. 2038, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 254c, 304, and 4803 of this title and provisions set out as notes under sections 287, 1465b, and 6901 of this title] may be cited as the 'Department of State Authorities Act, Fiscal Year 2017, Improvements Act'."

Short Title of 2016 Amendment

Pub. L. 114–323, §1(a), Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1905, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Department of State Authorities Act, Fiscal Year 2017'."

Short Title of 2013 Amendment

Pub. L. 112–283, §1, Jan. 15, 2013, 126 Stat. 2492, provided that: "This Act [amending section 2708 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2708 of this title] may be cited as the 'Department of State Rewards Program Update and Technical Corrections Act of 2012'."

Short Title of 2004 Amendment

Pub. L. 108–332, §1, Oct. 16, 2004, 118 Stat. 1282, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 2731 of this title, amending sections 2151n, 2304, and 6412 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2151n and 2731 of this title] may be cited as the 'Global Anti-Semitism Review Act of 2004'."

Short Title of 2002 Amendment

Pub. L. 107–228, §1, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1350, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003'."

Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, §101, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1355, provided that: "This division [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Department of State Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003'."

Short Title of 1999 Amendment

Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [§1], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-405, provided that: "This Act [H.R. 3427, as enacted by section 1000(a)(7) of Pub. L. 106–113, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Admiral James W. Nance and Meg Donovan Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 2000 and 2001'."

Short Title of 1998 Amendment

Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XX, §2001, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–801, provided that: "This subdivision [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1998 and 1999'."

Short Title of 1994 Amendment

Pub. L. 103–236, §1, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 382, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1994 and 1995'."

Short Title of 1991 Amendment

Pub. L. 102–138, §1, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 647, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 269, 276c–4, 276l, 276m, 296a, 1475g, 1475h, 2075, 2652b, 2656g, 2656h, 2679b, 2680–1, 2686a, 2720, 2721, 2722, 2723, 2798, 4012a, 4351 to 4357, and 5601 to 5606 of this title and section 4613 of Title 50, War and National Defense, amending sections 277d–3, 290f, 294, 301, 1465ee, 1471, 1474, 1477c, 1928e, 2669, 2670, 2695, 2696, 2703, 2706, 2717, 2718, 2780, 2797b, 2797c, 2877, 2905, 3005, 3942, 3961, 3968, 4010, 4053, 4081, 4115, 4131, 4134, 4136, 4137, 4139, 4140, 4413, and 4852 of this title, sections 202 and 208 of Title 3, The President, sections 5315, 5523, 5551, 5922, 5923, and 5924 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, section 2051 of Title 19, Customs Duties, and section 4605 of Title 50, repealing section 4509 of this title and former sections 269 and 2075 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 287e, 290f, 1475g, 2452, 2778, 4001, 4115, 4351, 4354, 4356, and 5601 of this title, sections 202 and 208 of Title 3, sections 5315, 5551, and 5561 of Title 5, and section 1182 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, amending provisions set out as notes under sections 287e, 2680, and 4021 of this title and section 5561 of Title 5, and repealing provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 287e, 1461, 2656, and 4010 of this title] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993'."

Short Title of 1990 Amendment

Pub. L. 101–246, §1(a), Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 15, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 1464a, 1464b, 1465aa to 1465ff, 1475f, 2414a, 2461, 2665a, 2678, 2715 to 2719, 2877a, 4027, 4141, 4141a to 4141c, 4863, and 4864 of this title, amending sections 277a, 277b, 277d–12, 290f, 300, 1461, 1465c, 1469, 1474, 1475e, 2456, 2460, 2606, 2656f, 2669, 2684, 2696, 2698, 2703, 2708, 2709, 2871, 2877, 3905, 3968, 4002, 4010, 4056, 4057, 4069a to 4069c, 4081, 4303, 4304, 4403, 4801, 4802, and 4852 of this title, sections 8345 and 9101 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and section 1101 and 1182 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, repealing section 4192 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 287e, 1461, 1463, 1465aa, 1465c, 1469, 2151, 2456, 2460, 2656, 2715, 3941, 3968, 4001, 4140, 4171, 4301, and 4852 of this title, sections 5921 and 5928 of Title 5, and section 1102 of Title 8, amending provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 287, 2151, and 4851 of this title and section 1182 of Title 8, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 2414a and 2656 of this title] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991'."

Short Title of 1987 Amendment

Pub. L. 100–204, §1(a), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1331, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 288f–3, 1464, 2656f, 2664a, 2713, 4069a to 4069c, 4315, 4316, 4341 to 4343, and 5201 to 5203 of this title, amending sections 288h, 290j–1, 1469, 1471, 1475e, 1477c, 1627, 1928a, 1928b, 2151n, 2291, 2304, 2460, 2661, 2670, 2697, 2706, 2707, 2778, 2877, 3905, 3922a, 3927, 3941, 3942, 3946, 3949, 3961, 3965, 4001, 4010, 4023, 4137, 4173, 4302, 4303, 4305, 4403, 4412, 4413, 4831, 4834, 4851, 4861, and 4904 of this title, sections 5313, 5315, and 8332 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, section 1182 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, sections 2492 and 2605 of Title 19, Customs Duties, and section 1364 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 287, 287e, 1461, 1463, 1471, 2601, 2656, 2680, 2697, 2707, 3922a, 3941 to 3943, 3946, 3965, 4041, 4301, 4315, 4316, 4341, 4802, 4851, and 5201 of this title, section 112b of Title 1, General Provisions, section 5313 of Title 5, sections 1182, 1201, and 1255a of Title 8, section 2901 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, section 3181 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, section 2605 of Title 19, and section 1364 of Title 28, and amending provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 287, 287b, 287e, and 4021 of this title] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989'."

Short Title of 1985 Amendment

Pub. L. 99–93, §1(a), Aug. 16, 1985, 99 Stat. 405, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 1461–1a, 2592, 2606, 2709, 2710, 2883, 3922a, 3929a, 4309a, 4314, 4414, 4415, and 4701 to 4715 of this title, amending sections 290j–1, 1477c, 2357, 2589, 2601, 2605, 2652, 2669, 2685, 2704, 2871, 2875, 2877, 3930, 3945, 4084, 4301, 4302, 4304, 4305, 4403, and 4413 of this title, section 208 of Title 3, The President, sections 5314, 5315, and 5316 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, sections 2 and 11 of the Appendix to Title 5, and sections 1622 and 4336 of Title 50, War and National Defense, repealing sections 2666 and 2667 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 287e, 1477c, 1928, 2291, 2605, 2656, 2669, 2697, 2875, 2877, 3943, 3945, 4021, and 4314 of this title, section 1182 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, section 3181 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, section 701 of Title 47, Telecommunications, and section 1701 of Title 50, amending provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 287 and 287e of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 3901 of this title] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1986 and 1987'."

Short Title of 1976 Amendment

Pub. L. 94–350, §1, July 12, 1976, 90 Stat. 823, provided: "That this Act [enacting sections 817, 1065, 1076a, 1463, 1475a, 1928e, 2458a, 2661a, 2689, and 2690 of this title, amending sections 276e, 276i, 295, 889, 915, 1001, 1002, 1004, 1007, 1063, 1064, 1071, 1076, 1081, 1082, 1084, 1086, 1091, 1105, 1111, 1116, 1121, 1229, 1474, 1754, 2872, 2873, 2877, 2902, 2905, and 2906 of this title, repealing sections 1083, 1092, and 1094 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 801, 915, 1001, 1063, 1064, 1076, 1076a, 1086, 1091, 1121, 1229, and 2871 of this title] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1977'."

Short Title of 1975 Amendment

Pub. L. 94–141, §1, Nov. 29, 1975, 89 Stat. 756, provided: "That this Act [enacting sections 276a–1, 1037 to 1037c, 2576, 2687, and 2688 of this title, amending sections 276, 276c, 295, 966, 991, 995, 1934, 2321d, 2551, 2562, 2585, 2589, 2590, 2601, 2666, 2679a, and 2791 of this title and section 5924 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1037a and 2679a of this title, amending provision set out as a note under section 287e, and repealing provision set out as a note under section 966 of this title] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1976'."

Short Title of 1974 Amendment

Pub. L. 93–475, §1, Oct. 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1439, provided: "That this Act [enacting sections 966, 2679a, 2680a, and 2686 of this title, amending sections 901a, 1439, 1476, and 2680 of this title and section 5924 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 901a, 966, and 2151 of this title] may be cited as the 'State Department/USIA Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1975'."

Short Title of 1973 Amendment

Pub. L. 93–126, §1, Oct. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 451, provided: "That this Act [enacting sections 287e–1, 901a, 2655a, and 2685 of this title and amending sections 276, 277d–28, 277d–29, 277d–31, 993, 1754, and 2823 of this title, section 194a of Title 2, The Congress, section 5924 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and provisions set out as a note under section 214 of this title] may be cited as the 'Department of State Appropriations Authorization Act of 1973'."

Short Title of 1972 Amendment

Pub. L. 92–352, §1, July 13, 1972, 86 Stat. 489, provided: "That this Act [enacting sections 1474, 1475, 2291a, and 2821 to 2826 of this title and section 194a of Title 2, The Congress, amending sections 901, 1461, 1476, 2291, 2501a, 2502, 2589, 2652, 2653, and 2680 of this title, sections 5313, 5314, 5315, and 8331 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and section 241 of former Title 31, Money and Finance, repealing section 2511 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2511, 2571, and 2652 of this title, section 8331 of Title 5, and section 241 of former Title 31] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act of 1972'."

Short Title

Act Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841 (first sentence), as added by Pub. L. 102–138, title I, §111(2), Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 654, provided: "That this Act [enacting sections 2662, 2669 to 2672, 2673 to 2680a, 2684, 2687 to 2692, 2695 to 2723, 4301 to 4316, 4341 to 4343, and 4351 to 4357 of this title] may be cited as the 'State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956'."

Act Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, title I, §48, formerly §33, as added Oct. 17, 1980, Pub. L. 96–465, title II, §2201(a), 94 Stat. 2157, and renumbered §34 and redesignated title I, Aug. 24, 1982, Pub. L. 97–241, title I, §117, title II, §202(a), 96 Stat. 279, 282; renumbered §35 and §36, Nov. 22, 1983, Pub. L. 98–164, title I, §§123, 124, 97 Stat. 1025; renumbered §37, Oct. 19, 1984, Pub. L. 98–533, title I, §102, 98 Stat. 2708; renumbered §38 and §39, Aug. 16, 1985, Pub. L. 99–93, title I, §§125(a), 128, 99 Stat. 415, 419; renumbered §40 and §41, Aug. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–399, title V, §§504(1), 506(1), 100 Stat. 871; renumbered §42, Dec. 22, 1987, Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §126(a)(1), 101 Stat. 1341; renumbered §43, Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, title IV, §4603(1), 102 Stat. 4287; renumbered §44, §45, §46, §47, and §48, Feb. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–246, title I, §§115(c)(1), 117(1), 118(1), 119(1), 150(1), 104 Stat. 23, 25, 26, 42, which provided that act Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, was to be cited as the "State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956", was repealed by Pub. L. 102–138, title I, §111(1), Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 654.

References to Diplomatic and Consular Programs Account

Pub. L. 116–94, div. G, title I, par. (7), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2817, provided that: "References to the 'Diplomatic and Consular Programs' account in any provision of law shall in this fiscal year, and each fiscal year thereafter, be construed to include the 'Diplomatic Programs' account."

Compliance With Congressional Budget Act

Pub. L. 101–246, title XI, §1101, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 90, provided that:

"(a) Limitation on Spending Authority.—Any new spending authority (within the meaning of section 401 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 [2 U.S.C. 651]) which is provided under this Act [see Short Title of 1990 Amendment note above] shall be effective for any fiscal year only to the extent or in such amounts as are provided in advance in appropriation Acts.

"(b) Limitation on Contract Authority.—Any authority provided by this Act to enter into contracts shall be effective only—

"(1) to the extent that the budget authority for the obligation to make outlays, which is created by the contract, has been provided in advance by an appropriation Act; or

"(2) to the extent or in such amounts as are provided in advance in appropriation Acts."

Challenges to Appointment and Continuance in Office of Secretary of State First Appointed After May 3, 1980; Constitutional Provisions Governing Compensation and Emoluments

Pub. L. 96–241, §2, May 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 343, provided that:

"(a) Any person aggrieved by an action of the Secretary of State may bring a civil action in an appropriate United States district court to contest the constitutionality of the appointment and continuance in office of the Secretary of State on the ground that such appointment and continuance in office is in violation of article I, section 6, clause 2, of the Constitution. The United States district courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction, without regard to the sum or value of the matter in controversy, to determine the validity of such appointment and continuance in office.

"(b) Any action brought under this section shall be heard and determined by a panel of three judges in accordance with section 2284 of title 28, United States Code. Any review of the action of a court convened pursuant to such section shall be by petition of certiorari to the Supreme Court.

"(c) Any judge designated to hear any action brought under this section shall cause such action to be in every way expedited.

"(d) This section applies only with respect to the Secretary of State who is first appointed to that office after the enactment of this Act [May 3, 1980]."

Definitions

Pub. L. 114–323, §2, Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1907, provided that: "In this Act [see Tables for classification]:

"(1) Appropriate congressional committees.—The term 'appropriate congressional committees' means—

"(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; and

"(B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.

"(2) Department.—Unless otherwise specified, the term 'Department' means the Department of State.

"(3) Foreign service.—The term 'Foreign Service' has the meaning given such term in section 102 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (22 U.S.C. 3902).

"(4) Inspector general.—Unless otherwise specified, the term 'Inspector General' means the Office of Inspector General of the Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors [now United States Agency for Global Media].

"(5) Peacekeeping credits.—The term 'peacekeeping credits' means the amounts by which United States assessed peacekeeping contributions exceed actual expenditures, apportioned to the United States, of peacekeeping operations by the United Nations during a United Nations peacekeeping fiscal year.

"(6) Secretary.—Unless otherwise specified, the term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of State."

Pub. L. 107–228, §3, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1355, provided that: "In this Act [see Tables for classification]:

"(1) Appropriate congressional committees.—The term 'appropriate congressional committees' means the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] of the House of Representatives.

"(2) Department.—The term 'Department' means the Department of State.

"(3) Secretary.—Except as otherwise provided, the term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of State."

Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [§3], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-409, provided that: "In this Act [see Short Title of 1999 Amendment note set out above]:

"(1) Appropriate congressional committees.—Except as otherwise provided in section 902(1) [113 Stat. 1501A–475], the term 'appropriate congressional committees' means the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate.

"(2) Secretary.—The term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of State."

Executive Documents

Emergency Preparedness Functions

For assignment of certain emergency preparedness functions to Secretary of State, see Parts 1, 2, and 13 of Ex. Ord. No. 12656, Nov. 18, 1988, 53 F.R. 47491, set out as a note under section 5195 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

Order of Succession

For order of succession during any period when both Secretary and Deputy Secretary of State are unable to perform functions and duties of office of Secretary, see Ex. Ord. No. 13251, Dec. 28, 2001, 67 F.R. 1599, listed in a table under section 3345 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

§2651a. Organization of Department of State

(a) Secretary of State

(1) The Department of State shall be administered, in accordance with this Act and other provisions of law, under the supervision and direction of the Secretary of State (hereinafter referred to as the "Secretary").

(2) The Secretary, the Deputy Secretary of State, and the Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

(3)(A) Notwithstanding any other provision of law and except as provided in this section, the Secretary shall have and exercise any authority vested by law in any office or official of the Department of State. The Secretary shall administer, coordinate, and direct the Foreign Service of the United States and the personnel of the Department of State, except where authority is inherent in or vested in the President.

(B)(i) The Secretary shall not have the authority of the Inspector General or the Chief Financial Officer.

(ii) The Secretary shall not have any authority given expressly to diplomatic or consular officers.

(4) The Secretary is authorized to promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out the functions of the Secretary of State and the Department of State. Unless otherwise specified in law, the Secretary may delegate authority to perform any of the functions of the Secretary or the Department to officers and employees under the direction and supervision of the Secretary. The Secretary may delegate the authority to redelegate any such functions.

(b) Under Secretaries

(1) In general

There shall be in the Department of State not more than 6 Under Secretaries of State, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and who shall be compensated at the rate provided for at level III of the Executive Schedule under section 5314 of title 5.

(2) Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security

There shall be in the Department of State, among the Under Secretaries authorized by paragraph (1), an Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, who shall assist the Secretary and the Deputy Secretary in matters related to international security policy, arms control, and nonproliferation. Subject to the direction of the President, the Under Secretary may attend and participate in meetings of the National Security Council in his role as Senior Advisor to the President and the Secretary of State on Arms Control and Nonproliferation Matters.

(3) Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy

There shall be in the Department of State, among the Under Secretaries authorized by paragraph (1), an Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy, who shall have primary responsibility to assist the Secretary and the Deputy Secretary in the formation and implementation of United States public diplomacy policies and activities, including international educational and cultural exchange programs, information, and international broadcasting. The Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy shall—

(A) prepare an annual strategic plan for public diplomacy in collaboration with overseas posts and in consultation with the regional and functional bureaus of the Department;

(B) ensure the design and implementation of appropriate program evaluation methodologies;

(C) provide guidance to Department personnel in the United States and overseas who conduct or implement public diplomacy policies, programs, and activities;

(D) assist the United States Agency for International Development and the Broadcasting Board of Governors to present the policies of the United States clearly and effectively; and

(E) submit statements of United States policy and editorial material to the Broadcasting Board of Governors for broadcast consideration.

(4) Nomination of Under Secretaries

Whenever the President submits to the Senate a nomination of an individual for appointment to a position in the Department of State that is described in paragraph (1), the President shall designate the particular Under Secretary position in the Department of State that the individual shall have.

(c) Assistant Secretaries

(1) In general

There shall be in the Department of State not more than 24 Assistant Secretaries of State who shall be compensated at the rate provided for at level IV of the Executive Schedule under section 5315 of title 5. Each Assistant Secretary of State shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, except that the appointments of the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs and the Assistant Secretary for Administration shall not be subject to the advice and consent of the Senate.

(2) Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor

(A) There shall be in the Department of State an Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor who shall be responsible to the Secretary of State for matters pertaining to human rights and humanitarian affairs (including matters relating to prisoners of war and members of the United States Armed Forces missing in action) in the conduct of foreign policy and such other related duties as the Secretary may from time to time designate. The Secretary of State shall carry out the Secretary's responsibility under section 2304 of this title through the Assistant Secretary.

(B) The Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor shall maintain continuous observation and review all matters pertaining to human rights and humanitarian affairs (including matters relating to prisoners of war and members of the United States Armed Forces missing in action) in the conduct of foreign policy including the following:

(i) Gathering detailed information regarding humanitarian affairs and the observance of and respect for internationally recognized human rights in each country to which requirements of sections 2151n and 2304 of this title are relevant.

(ii) Preparing the statements and reports to Congress required under section 2304 of this title.

(iii) Making recommendations to the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the Agency for International Development regarding compliance with sections 2151n and 2304 of this title, and as part of the Assistant Secretary's overall policy responsibility for the creation of United States Government human rights policy, advising the Administrator of the Agency for International Development on the policy framework under which section 2151n(e) projects are developed and consulting with the Administrator on the selection and implementation of such projects.

(iv) Performing other responsibilities which serve to promote increased observance of internationally recognized human rights by all countries.

(3) Assistant Secretary for economic and business matters

(A) In general

Subject to the numerical limitation specified in paragraph (1), there is authorized to be established in the Department of State an Assistant Secretary of State who shall be responsible to the Secretary of State for matters pertaining to international economics and business matters in the conduct of foreign policy.

(B) Matters contemplated

The matters referred to in subparagraph (A) include the following:

(i) International trade and investment policy.

(ii) International finance, economic development, and debt policy.

(iii) Economic sanctions and combating terrorist financing.

(iv) International transportation policy.

(v) Support for United States businesses.

(vi) Economic policy analysis and private sector outreach.

(vii) International data privacy and innovation policies.

(viii) Such other related duties as the Secretary may from time to time designate.

(4) Nomination of Assistant Secretaries

Whenever the President submits to the Senate a nomination of an individual for appointment to a position in the Department of State that is described in paragraph (1), the President shall designate the regional or functional bureau or bureaus of the Department of State with respect to which the individual shall have responsibility.

(d) Other senior officials

In addition to officials of the Department of State who are otherwise authorized to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and to be compensated at level IV of the Executive Schedule of ¹ section 5315 of title 5 four other such appointments are authorized.

(e) Coordinator for Counterterrorism

(1) In general

There is within the office of the Secretary of State a Coordinator for Counterterrorism (in this paragraph referred to as the "Coordinator") who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

(2) Duties

(A) In general

The Coordinator shall perform such duties and exercise such powers as the Secretary of State shall prescribe.

(B) Duties described

The principal duty of the Coordinator shall be the overall supervision (including policy oversight of resources) of international counterterrorism activities. The Coordinator shall be the principal adviser to the Secretary of State on international counterterrorism matters. The Coordinator shall be the principal counterterrorism official within the senior management of the Department of State and shall report directly to the Secretary of State.

(3) Rank and status of Ambassador

The Coordinator shall have the rank and status of Ambassador at Large.

(f) HIV/AIDS Response Coordinator

(1) In general

There shall be established within the Department of State in the immediate office of the Secretary of State a Coordinator of United States Government Activities to Combat HIV/AIDS Globally, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Coordinator shall report directly to the Secretary.

(2) Authorities and duties; definitions

(A) Authorities

The Coordinator, acting through such nongovernmental organizations (including faith-based and community-based organizations), partner country finance, health, and other relevant ministries, and relevant executive branch agencies as may be necessary and appropriate to effect the purposes of this section, is authorized—

(i) to operate internationally to carry out prevention, care, treatment, support, capacity development, and other activities for combatting HIV/AIDS;

(ii) to transfer and allocate funds to relevant executive branch agencies; and

(iii) to provide grants to, and enter into contracts with, nongovernmental organizations (including faith-based and community-based organizations), partner country finance, health, and other relevant ministries, to carry out the purposes of section.

(B) Duties

(i) In general

The Coordinator shall have primary responsibility for the oversight and coordination of all resources and international activities of the United States Government to combat the HIV/AIDS pandemic, including all programs, projects, and activities of the United States Government relating to the HIV/AIDS pandemic under the United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 [22 U.S.C. 7601 et seq.] or any amendment made by that Act.

(ii) Specific duties

The duties of the Coordinator shall specifically include the following:

(I) Ensuring program and policy coordination among the relevant executive branch agencies and nongovernmental organizations, including auditing, monitoring, and evaluation of all such programs.

(II) Ensuring that each relevant executive branch agency undertakes programs primarily in those areas where the agency has the greatest expertise, technical capabilities, and potential for success.

(III) Avoiding duplication of effort.

(IV) Establishing an interagency working group on HIV/AIDS headed by the Global AIDS Coordinator and comprised of representatives from the United States Agency for International Development and the Department of Health and Human Services, for the purposes of coordination of activities relating to HIV/AIDS, including—

(aa) meeting regularly to review progress in partner countries toward HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and care objectives;

(bb) participating in the process of identifying countries to consider for increased assistance based on the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in those countries, including clear evidence of a public health threat, as well as government commitment to address the HIV/AIDS problem, relative need, and coordination and joint planning with other significant actors;

(cc) assisting the Coordinator in the evaluation, execution, and oversight of country operational plans;

(dd) reviewing policies that may be obstacles to reaching targets set forth for HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and care; and

(ee) consulting with representatives from additional relevant agencies, including the National Institutes of Health, the Health Resources and Services Administration, the Department of Labor, the Department of Agriculture, the Millennium Challenge Corporation, the Peace Corps, and the Department of Defense.

(V) Coordinating overall United States HIV/AIDS policy and programs, including ensuring the coordination of relevant executive branch agency activities in the field, with efforts led by partner countries, and with the assistance provided by other relevant bilateral and multilateral aid agencies and other donor institutions to promote harmonization with other programs aimed at preventing and treating HIV/AIDS and other health challenges, improving primary health, addressing food security, promoting education and development, and strengthening health care systems.

(VI) Resolving policy, program, and funding disputes among the relevant executive branch agencies.

(VII) Holding annual consultations with nongovernmental organizations in partner countries that provide services to improve health, and advocating on behalf of the individuals with HIV/AIDS and those at particular risk of contracting HIV/AIDS, including organizations with members who are living with HIV/AIDS.

(VIII) Ensuring, through interagency and international coordination, that HIV/AIDS programs of the United States are coordinated with, and complementary to, the delivery of related global health, food security, development, and education.

(IX) Directly approving all activities of the United States (including funding) relating to combatting HIV/AIDS in each of Botswana, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Guyana, Haiti, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Vietnam, Zambia, and other countries designated by the President, which other designated countries may include those countries in which the United States is implementing HIV/AIDS programs as of May 27, 2003, and other countries in which the United States is implementing HIV/AIDS programs as part of its foreign assistance program. In designating additional countries under this subparagraph, the President shall give priority to those countries in which there is a high prevalence of HIV or risk of significantly increasing incidence of HIV within the general population and inadequate financial means within the country.

(X) Working with partner countries in which the HIV/AIDS epidemic is prevalent among injection drug users to establish, as a national priority, national HIV/AIDS prevention programs.

(XI) Working with partner countries in which the HIV/AIDS epidemic is prevalent among individuals involved in commercial sex acts to establish, as a national priority, national prevention programs, including education, voluntary testing, and counseling, and referral systems that link HIV/AIDS programs with programs to eradicate trafficking in persons and support alternatives to prostitution.

(XII) Establishing due diligence criteria for all recipients of funds appropriated for HIV/AIDS assistance pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under section 7671 of this title and all activities subject to the coordination and appropriate monitoring, evaluation, and audits carried out by the Coordinator necessary to assess the measurable outcomes of such activities.

(XIII) Publicizing updated drug pricing data to inform the purchasing decisions of pharmaceutical procurement partners.

(C) Definitions

In this paragraph:

(i) AIDS

The term "AIDS" means acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

(ii) HIV

The term "HIV" means the human immunodeficiency virus, the pathogen that causes AIDS.

(iii) HIV/AIDS

The term "HIV/AIDS" means, with respect to an individual, an individual who is infected with HIV or living with AIDS.

(iv) Relevant executive branch agencies

The term "relevant executive branch agencies" means the Department of State, the United States Agency for International Development, the Department of Health and Human Services (including the Public Health Service), and any other department or agency of the United States that participates in international HIV/AIDS activities pursuant to the authorities of such department or agency or this Act.

(g) Qualifications of certain officers of the Department of State

(1) Officer having primary responsibility for personnel management

The officer of the Department of State with primary responsibility for assisting the Secretary with respect to matters relating to personnel in the Department of State, or that officer's principal deputy, shall have substantial professional qualifications in the field of human resource policy and management.

(2) Officer having primary responsibility for diplomatic security

The officer of the Department of State with primary responsibility for assisting the Secretary with respect to diplomatic security, or that officer's principal deputy, shall have substantial professional qualifications in the fields of (A) management, and (B) Federal law enforcement, intelligence, or security.

(3) Officer having primary responsibility for international narcotics and law enforcement

The officer of the Department of State with primary responsibility for assisting the Secretary with respect to international narcotics and law enforcement, or that officer's principal deputy, shall have substantial professional qualifications in the fields of (A) management, and (B) law enforcement or international narcotics policy.

(Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, title I, §1, 70 Stat. 890; renumbered title I and amended Pub. L. 97–241, title II, §202(a), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 282; Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §161(a), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 402; Pub. L. 103–415, §1(f)(1), Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4299; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XII, §1213, title XIII, §1313, subdiv. B, title XXIII, §§2301(a), 2303–2305(a)(1), (b)(1), (c), 2306, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–767, 2681-776, 2681-824, 2681-825, 2681-826; Pub. L. 106–553, §1(a)(2) [title IV, §404(a)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2762, 2762A-96; Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title III, §303, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1377; Pub. L. 108–25, title I, §102(a), May 27, 2003, 117 Stat. 721; Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, §7109(b)(1), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3793; Pub. L. 110–293, title I, §102, July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2933; Pub. L. 112–166, §2(j), Aug. 10, 2012, 126 Stat. 1286; Pub. L. 116–94, div. J, title VII, §703, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3070.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This Act, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1) and (f)(2)(C)(iv), is act Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, 70 Stat. 890, known as the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2651 of this title and Tables.

The United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003, referred to in subsec. (f)(2)(B)(i), is Pub. L. 108–25, May 27, 2003, 117 Stat. 711, which enacted chapter 83 and sections 262p–8 and 2151b–2 to 2151b–4 of this title, amended this section, sections 2151b and 2222 of this title, and section 242l of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacted provisions set out as a note under section 7601 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7601 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 2662 of this title.

Section was also formerly classified to section 170f of Title 5 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, §1, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.

Amendments

2019—Subsec. (c)(3), (4). Pub. L. 116–94 added par. (3) and redesignated former par. (3) as (4).

2012—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 112–166 struck out ", each of whom shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and" after "Secretaries of State" and inserted at end "Each Assistant Secretary of State shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, except that the appointments of the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs and the Assistant Secretary for Administration shall not be subject to the advice and consent of the Senate."

2008—Subsec. (f)(2)(A). Pub. L. 110–293, §102(1), which directed insertion of ", partner country finance, health, and other relevant ministries," after "community based organizations)" wherever appearing, was executed by making the insertion after "community-based organizations)" in introductory provisions and in cl. (iii), to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (f)(2)(B)(ii)(IV), (V). Pub. L. 110–293, §102(2)(A), (B), added subcls. (IV) and (V) and struck out former subcls. (IV) and (V) which read as follows:

"(IV) Ensuring coordination of relevant executive branch agency activities in the field.

"(V) Pursuing coordination with other countries and international organizations."

Subsec. (f)(2)(B)(ii)(VII), (VIII). Pub. L. 110–293, §102(2)(D), added subcls. (VII) and (VIII). Former subcls. (VII) and (VIII) redesignated (IX) and (XII), respectively.

Subsec. (f)(2)(B)(ii)(IX). Pub. L. 110–293, §102(2)(E), inserted "Vietnam," after "Uganda," and ", and other countries in which the United States is implementing HIV/AIDS programs as part of its foreign assistance program" after "May 27, 2003" and inserted at end "In designating additional countries under this subparagraph, the President shall give priority to those countries in which there is a high prevalence of HIV or risk of significantly increasing incidence of HIV within the general population and inadequate financial means within the country."

Pub. L. 110–293, §102(2)(C), redesignated subcl. (VII) as (IX).

Subsec. (f)(2)(B)(ii)(X), (XI). Pub. L. 110–293, §102(2)(F), added subcls. (X) and (XI).

Subsec. (f)(2)(B)(ii)(XII). Pub. L. 110–293, §102(2)(G), substituted "funds appropriated for HIV/AIDS assistance pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under section 7671 of this title" for "funds section".

Pub. L. 110–293, §102(2)(C), redesignated subcl. (VIII) as (XII).

Subsec. (f)(2)(B)(ii)(XIII). Pub. L. 110–293, §102(2)(H), added subcl. (XIII).

2004—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 108–458 inserted "The Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy shall—" at end and added subpars. (A) to (E).

2003—Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 108–25 added subsec. (f) and redesignated former subsec. (f) as (g).

2002—Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 107–228 added subsec. (f) and struck out former subsecs. (f) and (g), which related to the qualifications of officers having primary responsibility for personnel management and for diplomatic security.

2000—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 106–553 substituted ", the Deputy Secretary of State, and the Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources" for "and the Deputy Secretary of State".

1998—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–277, §1213, designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted par. heading, and added par. (2).

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 105–277, §2305(a)(1), substituted "6 Under Secretaries" for "5 Under Secretaries".

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 105–277, §1313, added par. (3).

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 105–277, §2306(a), added par. (4).

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 105–277, §2305(b)(1), substituted "24" for "20".

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 105–277, §2306(b), added par. (3).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105–277, §2305(c), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (d). Text read as follows: "There shall be in the Department of State not more than 66 Deputy Assistant Secretaries of State."

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–277, §2305(c)(2), redesignated subsec. (f) as (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (d).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 105–277, §2305(c)(2), redesignated subsec. (g) as (f). Former subsec. (f) redesignated (e).

Pub. L. 105–277, §2301(a), added subsec. (f).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 105–277, §2305(c)(2), redesignated subsec. (h) as (g). Former subsec. (g) redesignated (f).

Pub. L. 105–277, §2303, added subsec. (g).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 105–277, §2305(c)(2), redesignated subsec. (h) as (g).

Pub. L. 105–277, §2304, added subsec. (h).

1994—Pub. L. 103–236 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section read as follows: "The Secretary of State is authorized to establish, maintain, and operate passport and despatch agencies."

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 103–415 inserted "and the Deputy Secretary of State" after "Secretary".

1982—Pub. L. 97–241 substituted "The Secretary" for "That the Secretary".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Broadcasting Board of Governors renamed United States Agency for Global Media pursuant to section 6204(a)(22) of this title. The renaming was effectuated by notice to congressional appropriations committees dated May 24, 2018, and became effective Aug. 22, 2018.

Effective Date of 2012 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–166 effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 2012, and applicable to appointments made on and after that effective date, including any nomination pending in the Senate on that date, see section 6(a) of Pub. L. 112–166, set out as a note under section 113 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Amendment by section 1213 of Pub. L. 105–277 effective Apr. 1, 1999, see section 1201 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6511 of this title.

Amendment by section 1313 of Pub. L. 105–277 effective Oct. 1, 1999, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6531 of this title.

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §161(b), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 404, as amended by Pub. L. 103–415, §1(f)(2), Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4300, provided that: "The amendments made by this section and section 162 [amending this section, sections 2151n, 2304, 2314, 2349aa–2, 2384, 2652b, 2655a, 2669, 2670, 2707, 2755, 4302 to 4305, 4308, 4801, 4802, 4806, 4821 to 4823, and 4852 of this title, sections 5314 and 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, sections 1101, 1104, 1105, and 1521 to 1523 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, repealing sections 811a, 2652, 2652a, 2653 to 2655, 2658, 4803, and 4804 of this title and section 1525 of Title 8, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 113 of Title 10, Armed Forces] shall apply with respect to officials, offices, and bureaus of the Department of State when executive orders, regulations, or departmental directives implementing such amendments become effective, or 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Apr. 30, 1994], whichever comes earlier."

Effective Date of 1982 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 97–241, effective Oct. 1, 1982, see section 204 of Pub. L. 97–241, set out as an Effective Date note under section 4301 of this title.

Additional Paid Leave To Address Employee Hardships Resulting From Coronavirus

Pub. L. 116–136, div. B, title XI, §21007, Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 592, provided that: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, and in addition to leave authorized under any other provision of law, the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development may, in order to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus, provide additional paid leave to address employee hardships resulting from coronavirus: Provided, That this authority shall apply to leave taken since January 29, 2020, and may be provided abroad and domestically: Provided further, That the Secretary and the Administrator shall consult with the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives prior to implementation of such authority: Provided further, That the authority made available pursuant to this section shall expire on September 30, 2022."

[For definition of "coronavirus" as used in section 21007 of Pub. L. 116–136, see section 23005 of Pub. L. 116–136, set out as a note under section 162b of Title 2, The Congress.]

Oaths of Office Administered Remotely

Pub. L. 116–136, div. B, title XI, §21011, Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 593, provided that: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development may authorize any oath of office required by law to, in particular circumstances that could otherwise pose health risks, be administered remotely, subject to appropriate verification: Provided, That prior to initially exercising the authority of this section, the Secretary and the Administrator shall each submit a report to the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives describing the process and procedures for administering such oaths, including appropriate verification: Provided further, That the authority made available pursuant to this section shall expire on September 30, 2021."

Coordinator of United States Government Activities Providing Basic Education Assistance in Developing Countries

Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, §7034(q)(2), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1217, provided that: "The position of Coordinator established pursuant to section 664 of division J of Public Law 110–161 [set out below] shall, within 45 days of enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2011] and notwithstanding the requirements of such section, be moved to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID): Provided, That the Coordinator shall hereafter be appointed by the USAID Administrator and shall report directly to the Administrator: Provided further, That the responsibilities of the Coordinator enumerated in the first sentence of section 664(c) shall remain in full force and effect: Provided further, That the limitation in the second sentence of such section shall hereafter no longer apply to the Coordinator."

Pub. L. 110–161, div. J, title VI, §664(b), (c), Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2349, provided that:

"(b) Coordinator.—There shall be established within the Department of State in the immediate office of the Director of United States Foreign Assistance, a Coordinator of United States Government activities to provide basic education assistance in developing countries (hereinafter in this section referred to as the 'Coordinator').

"(c) Responsibilities.—That [sic] the Coordinator shall have primary responsibility for the oversight and coordination of all resources and international activities of the United States Government that provide assistance in developing countries for basic education. The individual serving as the Coordinator may not hold any other position in the Federal Government during the individual's time of service as Coordinator."

[Pub. L. 111–117, div. F, title VII, §7064(a)(2), Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3383, provided that: "There shall continue to be a Coordinator of United States Government Actions to Provide Basic Education Assistance in developing countries as established in section 664 of division J of Public Law 110–161 [set out above]."]

[Pub. L. 111–8, div. H, title VII, §7064(a)(2), Mar. 11, 2009, 123 Stat. 899, provided that: "There shall continue to be a Coordinator of United States government actions to provide basic education assistance in developing countries as established in section 664 of division J of Public Law 110–161 [set out above]."]

Advisor for Activities Relating to Indigenous Peoples Internationally

Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, §7034(q)(1), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1217, provided that: "The position of Advisor established pursuant to section 699B of division J of Public Law 110–161 [set out below] shall, within 45 days of enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2011] and notwithstanding the requirements of such section, be moved to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID): Provided, That the Advisor shall hereafter be appointed by the USAID Administrator and shall report directly to the Administrator: Provided further, That the responsibilities of the Advisor enumerated in section 699B(b) shall remain in full force and effect."

Pub. L. 110–161, div. J, title VI, §699B, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2369, provided that:

"(a) Advisor.—After consultation with the Committees on Appropriations and not later than 90 days after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 26, 2007], there shall be established within the Department of State in the immediate office of the Director of United States Foreign Assistance an Advisor for Activities Relating to Indigenous Peoples Internationally (hereinafter in this section referred to as the 'Advisor'), who shall be appointed by the Director. The Advisor shall report directly to the Director.

"(b) Responsibilities.—The Advisor shall:

"(1) Advise the Director of United States Foreign Assistance and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development on matters relating to the rights and needs of indigenous peoples internationally and should represent the United States Government on such matters in meetings with foreign governments and multilateral institutions.

"(2) Provide for the oversight and coordination of all resources, programs, projects, and activities of the United States Government to protect the rights and address the needs of indigenous peoples internationally.

"(3) Develop and coordinate assistance strategies with specific goals, guidelines, benchmarks, and impact assessments (including support for local indigenous peoples' organizations).

"(c) Funds.—Of the funds appropriated by this Act under the heading 'Diplomatic and Consular Programs' [121 Stat. 2277], not less than $250,000 shall be made available for implementing the provisions of this section.

"(d) Report.—Not later than one year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 26, 2007], the Secretary shall submit a report to the Committees on Appropriations describing progress made in implementing this section."

Consultation

Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, §7109(b)(2), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3793, provided that: "The Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy, in carrying out the responsibilities described in section 1(b)(3) of such Act [22 U.S.C. 2651a(b)(3)] (as amended by paragraph (1)), shall consult with public diplomacy officers operating at United States overseas posts and in the regional bureaus of the Department of State."

Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization

Pub. L. 108–447, div. B, title IV, §408, Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 2904, provided that: "There is established within the Department of State the Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization: Provided, That the head of the Office shall be the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization, who shall report directly to the Secretary of State: Provided further, That the functions of the Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization shall include—

"(1) cataloguing and monitoring the non-military resources and capabilities of Executive agencies (as that term is defined in section 105 of title 5, United States Code), State and local governments, and entities in the private and non-profit sectors that are available to address crises in countries or regions that are in, or are in transition from, conflict or civil strife;

"(2) monitoring political and economic instability worldwide to anticipate the need for mobilizing United States and international assistance for countries or regions described in paragraph (1);

"(3) assessing crises in countries or regions described in paragraph (1) and determining the appropriate non-military United States, including but not limited to demobilization, policing, human rights monitoring, and public information efforts;

"(4) planning for response efforts under paragraph (3);

"(5) coordinating with relevant Executive agencies the development of interagency contingency plans for such response efforts; and

"(6) coordinating the training of civilian personnel to perform stabilization and reconstruction activities in response to crises in such countries or regions described in paragraph (1)."

Comprehensive Workforce Plan

Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title III, §301, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1376, required the Secretary of State to submit to the appropriate congressional committees, not later than 180 days after Sept. 30, 2002, a comprehensive workforce plan for the Department of State for the fiscal years 2003 through 2007, considering personnel needs in both the Civil Service and the Foreign Service and expected domestic and overseas personnel allocations.

"Rightsizing" Overseas Posts

Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title III, §302, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1376, provided that:

"(a) 'Rightsizing' at the Department of State.—

"(1) In general.—The Secretary shall establish a task force within the Department on the issue of 'rightsizing' overseas posts.

"(2) Preliminary report.—Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 30, 2002], the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that outlines the status, plans, and activities of the task force. In addition to such other information as the Secretary considers appropriate, the report shall include the following:

"(A) The objectives of the task force.

"(B) Measures for achieving the objectives under subparagraph (A).

"(C) Identification of the official of the Department with primary responsibility for the issue of 'rightsizing'.

"(D) The plans of the Department for the reallocation of staff and resources based on changing needs at overseas posts and in the metropolitan Washington, D.C., area.

"(3) Report.—Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report reviewing the activities and progress of the task force established under paragraph (1).

"(b) Interagency Working Group.—

"(1) Establishment.—The Secretary shall establish an interagency working group on the issue of 'rightsizing' the overseas presence of the United States Government.

"(2) Preliminary report.—Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 30, 2002], the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report which outlines the status, plans, and activities of the interagency working group. In addition to such other information as the Secretary considers appropriate, the report shall include the following:

"(A) The objectives of the working group.

"(B) Measures for achieving the objectives under subparagraph (A).

"(C) Identification of the official of each agency with primary responsibility for the issue of 'rightsizing'.

"(3) Report.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report reviewing the activities and progress of the working group established under paragraph (1)."

Report Concerning Minority Employment

Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title III, §324, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1385, required the Secretary of State, on Apr. 1 of 2003 and 2004, to submit a comprehensive report to Congress, with respect to the preceding calendar year, concerning the employment of members of minority groups at the Department, including the Civil Service and the Foreign Service.

Use of Funds Authorized for Minority Recruitment

Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title III, §325, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1386, provided that:

"(a) Conduct of Recruitment Activities.—

"(1) In general.—Amounts authorized to be appropriated for minority recruitment under section 111(1)(D) [probably means section 111(a)(1)(D) of Pub. L. 107–228, 116 Stat. 1356] shall be used only for activities directly related to minority recruitment, such as recruitment materials designed to target members of minority groups and the travel expenses of recruitment trips to colleges, universities, and other institutions or locations.

"(2) Limitation.—Amounts authorized to be appropriated for minority recruitment under section 111(1)(D) may not be used to pay salaries of employees of the Department.

"(b) Recruitment Activities at Academic Institutions.—The Secretary shall expand the recruitment efforts of the Department to include not less than 25 percent of the part B institutions (as defined under section 322 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 [20 U.S.C. 1061]) in the United States and not less than 25 percent of the Hispanic-serving institutions (as defined in section 502(a)(5) of such Act [20 U.S.C. 1101a(a)(5)]) in the United States.

"(c) Evaluation of Recruitment Efforts.—The Secretary shall establish a database relating to efforts to recruit members of minority groups into the Foreign Service and the Civil Service and shall report to the appropriate congressional committees on the evaluation of efforts to recruit such individuals, including an analysis of the information collected in the database created under this subsection. Such report shall be included in each of the two reports required under section 324 [set out as a note above]."

State Department Official for Northeastern Europe

Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [div. A, title III, §302], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-434, provided that: "The Secretary of State shall designate a senior-level official of the Department of State with responsibility for promoting regional cooperation in and coordinating United States policy toward Northeastern Europe."

Science and Technology Adviser to Secretary of State

Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [div. A, title III, §303], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-434, provided that:

"(a) Designation.—The Secretary of State shall designate a senior-level official of the Department of State as the Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State (in this section referred to as the 'Adviser'). The Adviser shall have substantial experience in the area of science and technology. The Adviser shall report to the Secretary of State through the appropriate Under Secretary of State.

"(b) Duties.—The Adviser shall—

"(1) advise the Secretary of State, through the appropriate Under Secretary of State, on international science and technology matters affecting the foreign policy of the United States; and

"(2) perform such duties, exercise such powers, and have such rank and status as the Secretary of State shall prescribe."

Transition; Reappointment of Officers Holding Office as of April 30, 1994, Not Required

Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §161(c), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 404, provided that: "Any officer of the Department of State holding office on the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 30, 1994] shall not be required to be reappointed to any other office, at the Department of State at the same level performing similar functions, as determined by the President, by reason of the enactment of the amendments made by this section and section 162 [see Effective Date of 1994 Amendment note above for classification]."

[Functions of President under section 161(c) of Pub. L. 103–236, set out above, delegated to Secretary of State by Memorandum of President of the United States, July 26, 1994, 59 F.R. 40205, set out as a note under section 2370a of this title.]

References to Officials and Offices of Department of State Whose Authority Is vested in Secretary of State Deemed References to Secretary of State or Department of State

Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §161(d), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 404, provided that: "Except as specifically provided in this Act [see Tables for classification], or the amendments made by this Act, a reference in any other provision of law to an official or office of the Department of State affected by the amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] (other than the Inspector General of the Department of State and the Chief Financial Officer of the Department of State) shall be deemed to be a reference to the Secretary of State or the Department of State, as may be appropriate."

Office of Coordinator for Counterterrorism

Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §161(e), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 404, which established for not less than one year after Apr. 30, 1994, an Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism in the Department of State having the same responsibilities and functions as such office had as of Jan. 20, 1993, was repealed by Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXIII, §2301(b), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–824.

Deputy Assistant Secretary for Burdensharing

Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §161(f), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 404, as amended by Pub. L. 103–415, §1(f)(3), Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4300, which conditioned availability of 1995 appropriations upon establishment of position within Department of State of Deputy Assistant Secretary for Burdensharing and set forth responsibilities of position, was repealed by Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXIII, §2302, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–825.

Definitions

For definitions of "Secretary", "Department", and "appropriate congressional committees" as used in sections 301, 302, 324, and 325 of Pub. L. 107–228, set out as notes above, see section 3 of Pub. L. 107–228, set out as a note under section 2651 of this title.

Executive Documents

Authorization To Redelegate Certain Responsibilities Vested in the President and Delegated to the Secretary of State

Memorandum of President of the United States, Nov. 4, 1997, 62 F.R. 60995, provided:

Memorandum for the Secretary of State

By the authority vested in me by the Constitution and laws of the United States, including section 301 of Title 3 of the United States Code, to the extent that you consider doing so appropriate to facilitate the consolidation of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and the Department of State, I hereby authorize you to redelegate to any officer of the executive branch any or all authorities vested in the President that are delegated to the Secretary of State by any act, order, determination, delegation of authority, regulation, or Executive order heretofore or hereinafter enacted or issued and that have been or may be redelegated to the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs.

You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.

William J. Clinton.      

[For abolition, transfer of functions, and treatment of references to United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, see section 6511 et seq. of this title.]

¹ So in original. Probably should be "under".

§§2652, 2652a. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §162(a), (b), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 405

Section 2652, May 26, 1949, ch. 143, §1, 63 Stat. 111; Feb. 7, 1953. ch. 2, 67 Stat. 4; Aug. 5, 1955, ch. 576, §1, 69 Stat. 536; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85–477, ch. V, §502(j)(1), 72 Stat. 274; July 18, 1958, Pub. L. 85–524, §1, 72 Stat. 363; July 13, 1972, Pub. L. 92–352, title I, §103(a)(1), 86 Stat. 490; Aug. 17, 1977, Pub. L. 95–105, title I, §109(c), 91 Stat. 847; Oct. 7, 1978, Pub. L. 95–426, title I, §114(a)(1), 92 Stat. 968; Aug. 16, 1985, Pub. L. 99–93, title I, §§115(a), 116(a), 99 Stat. 411; Aug. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–399, title I, §104(b), 100 Stat. 856, established positions in Department of State of Deputy Secretary of State, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, Under Secretary of State for Economic and Agricultural Affairs, Under Secretary of State for Management, and Assistant Secretaries of State.

Section 2652a, Pub. L. 95–426, title I, §115(a), Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 969, established position in Department of State of Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics Matters.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of Repeal

Repeal applicable with respect to officials, offices, and bureaus of Department of State when executive orders, regulations, or departmental directives implementing the amendments by sections 161 and 162 of Pub. L. 103–236 become effective, or 90 days after Apr. 30, 1994, whichever comes earlier, see section 161(b) of Pub. L. 103–236, as amended, set out as an Effective Date of 1994 Amendment note under section 2651a of this title.

§2652b. Assistant Secretary of State for South Asian Affairs

(a) Establishment of position

There is established in the Department of State the position of Assistant Secretary of State for South Asian Affairs.

(b) Appointment

The Assistant Secretary shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

(c) Repealed. Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §162(c)(1), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 405

(d) Repealed and Omitted

(1) Repealed. Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §162(c)(3), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 405.

(2) Omitted.

(e) Implementation

In order to carry out this section, the Secretary of State shall reprogram the position of Deputy Assistant Secretary for South Asian Affairs.

(Pub. L. 102–138, title I, §122, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 658; Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §162(c), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 405.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section is comprised of section 122 of Pub. L. 102–138. Subsec. (d)(2) of section 122 of Pub. L. 102–138 enacted provisions set out as a note under section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendments

1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–236, §162(c)(2), struck out ", which is in addition to the positions provided under section 2652 of this title" after "Asian Affairs".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–236, §162(c)(1), struck out subsec. (c) which read as follows: "The Assistant Secretary shall have responsibility within the Department of State with respect to India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Afghanistan, and the Maldives."

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 103–236, §162(c)(3), struck out par. (1) which amended section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–236 applicable with respect to officials, offices, and bureaus of Department of State when executive orders, regulations, or departmental directives implementing the amendments by sections 161 and 162 of Pub. L. 103–236 become effective, or 90 days after Apr. 30, 1994, whichever comes earlier, see section 161(b) of Pub. L. 103–236, as amended, set out as a note under section 2651a of this title.

Authority of Secretary of State

Except as otherwise provided, Secretary of State to have and exercise any authority vested by law in any official or office of Department of State and references to such officials or offices deemed to refer to Secretary of State or Department of State, as appropriate, see section 2651a of this title and section 161(d) of Pub. L. 103–236, set out as a note under section 2651a of this title.

§2652c. Assistant Secretary of State for Verification and Compliance

(a) Designation of position

The Secretary of State shall designate one of the Assistant Secretaries of State authorized by section 2651a(c)(1) of this title as the Assistant Secretary of State for Verification and Compliance. The Assistant Secretary shall report to the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security.

(b) Directive governing the Assistant Secretary of State

(1) In general

Not later than 30 days after November 29, 1999, the Secretary of State shall issue a directive governing the position of the Assistant Secretary.

(2) Elements of the directive

The directive issued under paragraph (1) shall set forth, consistent with this section—

(A) the duties of the Assistant Secretary;

(B) the relationships between the Assistant Secretary and other officials of the Department of State;

(C) any delegation of authority from the Secretary of State to the Assistant Secretary; and

(D) such matters as the Secretary considers appropriate.

(c) Duties

(1) In general

The Assistant Secretary shall have as his principal responsibility the overall supervision (including oversight of policy and resources) within the Department of State of all matters relating to verification and compliance with international arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament agreements or commitments.

(2) Participation of the Assistant Secretary

(A) Primary role

Except as provided in subparagraphs (B) and (C), the Assistant Secretary, or his designee, shall participate in all interagency groups or organizations within the executive branch of Government that assess, analyze, or review United States planned or ongoing policies, programs, or actions that have a direct bearing on verification or compliance matters, including interagency intelligence committees concerned with the development or exploitation of measurement or signals intelligence or other national technical means of verification.

(B) Requirement for designation

Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to groups or organizations on which the Secretary of State or the Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security sits, unless such official designates the Assistant Secretary to attend in his stead.

(C) National security limitation

(i) Waiver by President

The President may waive the provisions of subparagraph (A) if inclusion of the Assistant Secretary would not be in the national security interests of the United States.

(ii) Waiver by others

With respect to an interagency group or organization, or meeting thereof, working with exceptionally sensitive information contained in compartments under the control of the Director of Central Intelligence, the Secretary of Defense, or the Secretary of Energy, such Director or Secretary, as the case may be, may waive the provision of subparagraph (A) if inclusion of the Assistant Secretary would not be in the national security interests of the United States.

(iii) Transmission of waiver to Congress

Any waiver of participation under clause (i) or (ii) shall be transmitted in writing to the appropriate committees of Congress.

(3) Relationship to the intelligence community

The Assistant Secretary shall be the principal policy community representative to the intelligence community on verification and compliance matters.

(4) Reporting responsibilities

The Assistant Secretary shall have responsibility within the Department of State for—

(A) all reports required pursuant to section 2577 of this title;

(B) so much of the report required under paragraphs (4) through (6) of section 2593a(a) of this title as relates to verification or compliance matters;

(C) so much of the reports required under section 8003 of this title as relates to verification or compliance matters; and

(D) other reports being prepared by the Department of State as of November 29, 1999, relating to arms control, nonproliferation, or disarmament verification or compliance matters.

(Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [div. B, title XI, §1112], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-486; Pub. L. 109–401, title I, §108, Dec. 18, 2006, 120 Stat. 2738.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2006—Subsec. (c)(4)(C), (D). Pub. L. 109–401 added subpar. (C) and redesignated former subpar. (C) as (D).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the intelligence community deemed to be a reference to the Director of National Intelligence. Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency deemed to be a reference to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. See section 1081(a), (b) of Pub. L. 108–458, set out as a note under section 3001 of Title 50, War and National Defense.

Definitions

Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [div. B, title XI, §1102], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-485, provided that: "In this title [see Short Title of 1999 Amendment note set out under section 2551 of this title]:

"(1) Appropriate committees of congress.—The term 'appropriate committees of Congress' means the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate.

"(2) Assistant secretary.—The term 'Assistant Secretary' means the position of Assistant Secretary of State for Verification and Compliance designated under section 1112 [22 U.S.C. 2652c].

"(3) Executive agency.—The term 'Executive agency' has the meaning given the term in section 105 of title 5, United States Code.

"(4) Intelligence community.—The term 'intelligence community' has the meaning given the term in section 3(4) of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 401a(4)) [now 50 U.S.C. 3003(4)].

"(5) START treaty or treaty.—The term 'START Treaty' or 'Treaty' means the Treaty With the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, including all agreed statements, annexes, protocols, and memoranda, signed at Moscow on July 31, 1991.

"(6) START ii treaty.—The term 'START II Treaty' means the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, and related protocols and memorandum of understanding, signed at Moscow on January 3, 1993."

§§2653 to 2655. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §162(a), (p), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 405, 410

Section 2653, acts May 26, 1949, ch. 143, §2, 63 Stat. 111; Aug. 5, 1955, ch. 576, §2, 69 Stat. 536; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85–477, ch. V, §502(j)(2), 72 Stat. 274; July 30, 1959, Pub. L. 86–117, 73 Stat. 265; Aug. 14, 1964, Pub. L. 88–426, title III, §305(14), 78 Stat. 424; July 13, 1972, Pub. L. 92–352, title I, §103(a)(2), 86 Stat. 490; Nov. 22, 1983, Pub. L. 98–164, title I, §125(a), 97 Stat. 1026, related to appointment and rank of Secretary of State and other officers of Department of State.

Section 2654, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, §30, as added Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, §7, 46 Stat. 1214; amended Oct. 15, 1949, ch. 695, §6(d), 63 Stat. 881, related to office and appointment of legal adviser in Department of State.

Section 2655, act May 18, 1937, ch. 220, 50 Stat. 169, related to position and appointment of Counselor of Department of State.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of Repeal

Repeal applicable with respect to officials, offices, and bureaus of Department of State when executive orders, regulations, or departmental directives implementing the amendments by sections 161 and 162 of Pub. L. 103–236 become effective, or 90 days after Apr. 30, 1994, whichever comes earlier, see section 161(b) of Pub. L. 103–236, as amended, set out as an Effective Date of 1994 Amendment note under section 2651a of this title.

§2655a. Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs within Department of State; Assistant Secretary of State as head of Bureau

There is established within the Department of State a Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. There shall be an Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, who shall be the head of the Bureau and who shall have responsibility for matters relating to oceans, environmental, scientific, fisheries, wildlife, and conservation affairs and for such other related duties as the Secretary may from time to time designate.

(Pub. L. 93–126, §9(a), formerly §9, Oct. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 453, renumbered Pub. L. 93–312, §9, June 8, 1974, 88 Stat. 238; Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §162(q)(1), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 410; Pub. L. 103–415, §1(f)(4)(B), Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4300.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–236, as amended by Pub. L. 103–415, substituted "There shall" for "In addition to the positions provided under section 2652 of this title, there shall" and inserted before period at end "and for such other related duties as the Secretary may from time to time designate".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–236 applicable with respect to officials, offices, and bureaus of Department of State when executive orders, regulations, or departmental directives implementing the amendments by sections 161 and 162 of Pub. L. 103–236 become effective, or 90 days after Apr. 30, 1994, whichever comes earlier, see section 161(b) of Pub. L. 103–236, as amended, set out as a note under section 2651a of this title.

Authority of Secretary of State

Except as otherwise provided, Secretary of State to have and exercise any authority vested by law in any official or office of Department of State and references to such officials or offices deemed to refer to Secretary of State or Department of State, as appropriate, see section 2651a of this title and section 161(d) of Pub. L. 103–236, set out as a note under section 2651a of this title.

§2655b. Diplomatic presence overseas

(a) Purpose

The purpose of this section is to—

(1) elevate the stature given United States diplomatic initiatives relating to nonproliferation and political-military issues; and

(2) develop a group of highly specialized, technical experts with country expertise capable of administering the nonproliferation and political-military affairs functions of the Department.

(b) Authority

To carry out the purposes of subsection (a), the Secretary is authorized to establish the position of Counselor for Nonproliferation and Political Military Affairs in United States diplomatic missions overseas, to be filled by individuals who are career Civil Service officers or Foreign Service officers committed to follow-on assignments in the Nonproliferation Bureau or the Political Military Affairs Bureau of the Department.

(c) Training

After being selected to serve as Counselor, any person so selected shall spend not less than 10 months in language training courses at the Foreign Service Institute,¹ or in technical courses administered by the Department of Defense, the Department of Energy, or other appropriate departments and agencies of the United States, except that such requirement for training may be waived by the Secretary.

(Pub. L. 107–228, div. B, title XVI, §1604, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1460.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

References to Foreign Service Institute considered to refer to George P. Shultz National Foreign Affairs Training Center, see section 1(b) of Pub. L. 107–132, set out as a note under section 4021 of this title.

Definitions

For definitions of "Department" and "Secretary" as used in this section, see section 3 of Pub. L. 107–228, set out as a note under section 2651 of this title.

¹ See Change of Name note below.

§2656. Management of foreign affairs

The Secretary of State shall perform such duties as shall from time to time be enjoined on or intrusted to him by the President relative to correspondences, commissions, or instructions to or with public ministers or consuls from the United States, or to negotiations with public ministers from foreign states or princes, or to memorials or other applications from foreign public ministers or other foreigners, or to such other matters respecting foreign affairs as the President of the United States shall assign to the Department, and he shall conduct the business of the Department in such manner as the President shall direct.

(R.S. §202.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

R.S. §202 derived from acts July 27, 1789, ch. 4, §1, 1 Stat. 28; Sept. 15, 1789, ch. 14, §1, 1 Stat. 68.

Section was formerly classified to section 156 of Title 5 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, §1, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Construction

Pub. L. 115–409, §412, Dec. 31, 2018, 132 Stat. 5411, provided that: "Nothing in this Act [see Short Title of 2018 Amendment note set out under section 2651 of this title] may be construed as authorizing the use of military force."

Termination of National Intelligence Authority and Central Intelligence Group

National Intelligence Authority and Central Intelligence Group, established by Presidential Directive, Feb. 1, 1946, 11 F.R. 1337, to coordinate Federal foreign intelligence activities, ceased to exist upon creation of Central Intelligence Agency; personnel, property and records of the group were transferred to the Agency; and unexpended funds of the group were made available to the Agency, by act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title I, §102, 61 Stat. 497, formerly set out as section 403 of Title 50, War and National Defense. See Prior Provisions note under section 3023 of Title 50.

Genocide and Atrocities Prevention

Pub. L. 115–441, §§3, 6, 7, Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5586, 5588, 5589, provided that:

"SEC. 3. STATEMENT OF POLICY.

"It shall be the policy of the United States to—

"(1) regard the prevention of atrocities as in its national interest;

"(2) work with partners and allies, including to build their capacity, and enhance the capacity of the United States, to identify, prevent, and respond to the causes of atrocities, including insecurity, mass displacement, violent conflict, and other conditions that may lead to such atrocities; and

"(3) pursue a United States Government-wide strategy to identify, prevent, and respond to the risk of atrocities by—

"(A) strengthening the diplomatic, risk analysis and monitoring, strategic planning, early warning, and response capacities of the Government;

"(B) improving the use of foreign assistance to respond early, effectively, and urgently in order to address the causes of atrocities;

"(C) strengthening diplomatic response and the effective use of foreign assistance to support appropriate transitional justice measures, including criminal accountability, for past atrocities;

"(D) supporting and strengthening local civil society, including human rights defenders and others working to help prevent and respond to atrocities;

"(E) promoting financial transparency and enhancing anti-corruption initiatives as part of addressing causes of conditions that may lead to atrocities; and

"(F) employing a variety of unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral means to prevent and respond to atrocities by—

"(i) placing a high priority on timely, preventive diplomatic efforts; and

"(ii) exercising leadership in promoting international efforts to prevent atrocities.

"SEC. 6. DEFINITIONS.

"In this Act [see Short Title of 2019 Amendment note set out under section 2651 of this title]—

"(1) the term 'genocide' means an offense under subsection (a) of section 1091 of title 18, United States Code;

"(2) the term 'atrocities' means war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide;

"(3) the term 'transitional justice' means the range of judicial, nonjudicial, formal, informal, retributive, and restorative measures employed by countries transitioning out of armed conflict or repressive regimes to redress legacies of atrocities and to promote long-term, sustainable peace; and

"(4) the term 'war crime' has the meaning given the term in section 2441(c) of title 18, United States Code.

"SEC. 7. RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.

"Nothing in this Act shall be construed as authorizing the use of military force."

United States Policy and Diplomatic Strategy in the Indo-Pacific Region

Pub. L. 115–409, title I, Dec. 31, 2018, 132 Stat. 5389, provided that:

"SEC. 101. POLICY.

"It is the policy of the United States to develop and commit to a long-term strategic vision and a comprehensive, multifaceted, and principled United States policy for the Indo-Pacific region that—

"(1) secures the vital national security interests of the United States and our allies and partners;

"(2) promotes American prosperity and economic interests by advancing economic growth and development of a rules-based Indo-Pacific economic community;

"(3) advances American influence by reflecting the values of the American people and universal human rights;

"(4) supports functional problem-solving regional architecture; and

"(5) accords with and supports the rule of law and international norms.

"SEC. 102. DIPLOMATIC STRATEGY.

"It is the diplomatic strategy of the United States—

"(1) to work with United States allies—

"(A) to confront common challenges;

"(B) to improve information sharing;

"(C) to increase defense investment and trade;

"(D) to ensure interoperability; and

"(E) to strengthen shared capabilities;

"(2) to strengthen relationships with partners who—

"(A) share mutual respect for the rule of law;

"(B) agree with fair and reciprocal trade; and

"(C) understand the importance of civil society, the rule of law, the free and reliable flow of information, and transparent governance;

"(3) to support functional problem-solving regional architecture, including through the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, and the East Asia Summit;

"(4) to emphasize the commitment of the United States—

"(A) to freedom of navigation under international law;

"(B) to promote peaceful resolutions of maritime and territorial disputes; and

"(C) to expand security and defense cooperation with allies and partners, as appropriate;

"(5) to pursue diplomatic measures to achieve complete, verifiable, and irreversible denuclearization of North Korea;

"(6) to improve civil society, strengthen the rule of law, and advocate for transparent governance;

"(7) to develop and grow the economy through private sector partnerships between the United States and Indo-Pacific partners;

"(8) to pursue multilateral and bilateral trade agreements in a free, fair, and reciprocal manner and build a network of partners in the Indo-Pacific committed to free markets;

"(9) to work with and encourage Indo-Pacific countries—

"(A) to pursue high-quality and transparent infrastructure projects;

"(B) to maintain unimpeded commerce, open sea lines or air ways, and communication; and

"(C) to seek the peaceful resolution of disputes; and

"(10) to sustain a strong military presence in the Indo-Pacific region and strengthen security relationships with allies and partners throughout the region."

[Nothing in title I of Pub. L. 115–409, set out above, to be construed as authorizing the use of military force, see section 412 of Pub. L. 115–409, set out as a note above.]

Iraq and Syria Genocide Relief and Accountability

Pub. L. 115–300, Dec. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 4390, provided that:

"SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

"This Act may be cited as the 'Iraq and Syria Genocide Relief and Accountability Act of 2018'.

"SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

"Congress finds the following:

"(1) The Secretary of State of State [sic] declared on March 17, 2016, and on August 15, 2017, that Daesh (also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria or ISIS) is responsible for genocide, crimes against humanity, and other atrocity crimes against religious and ethnic minority groups in Iraq and Syria, including Christians, Yezidis, and Shia, among other religious and ethnic groups.

"(2) According to the Department of State's annual reports on international religious freedom—

"(A) the number of Christians living in Iraq has dropped from an estimated 800,000 to 1,400,000 in 2002 to fewer than 250,000 in 2017; and

"(B) the number of Yezidis living in Iraq has fluctuated from 500,000 in 2013, to between 350,000 and 400,000 in 2016, and between 600,000 and 750,000 in 2017.

"(3) The annual reports on international religious freedom further suggest that—

"(A) Christian communities living in Syria, which had accounted for between 8 and 10 percent of Syria's total population in 2010, are now 'considerably' smaller as a result of the civil war, and

"(B) there was a population of approximately 80,000 Yezidis before the commencement of the conflict in Syria.

"(4) Local communities and entities have sought to mitigate the impact of violence directed against religious and ethnic minorities in Iraq and Syria, including the Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Erbil (Kurdistan Region of Iraq), which has used predominantly private funds to provide assistance to internally displaced Christians, Yezidis, and Muslims throughout the greater Erbil region, while significant needs and diminishing resources have made it increasingly difficult to continue these efforts.

"SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.

"In this Act:

"(1) Appropriate congressional committees.—The term 'appropriate congressional committees' means—

"(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate;

"(B) the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate;

"(C) the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate;

"(D) the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate;

"(E) the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate;

"(F) the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives;

"(G) the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives;

"(H) the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives;

"(I) the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and

"(J) the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives.

"(2) Foreign terrorist organization.—The term 'foreign terrorist organization' mean an organization designated by the Secretary of State as a foreign terrorist organization pursuant to section 219(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189(a)).

"(3) Humanitarian, stabilization, and recovery needs.—The term 'humanitarian, stabilization, and recovery needs', with respect to an individual, includes water, sanitation, hygiene, food security and nutrition, shelter and housing, reconstruction, medical, education, psychosocial needs, and other assistance to address basic human needs, including stabilization assistance (as defined by the Stabilization Assistance Review in 'A Framework for Maximizing the Effectiveness of U.S. Government Efforts to Stabilize Conflict-Affected Areas, 2018[']).

"(4) Hybrid court.—The term 'hybrid court' means a court with a combination of domestic and international lawyers, judges, and personnel.

"(5) Internationalized domestic court.—The term 'internationalized domestic court' means a domestic court with the support of international advisers.

"SEC. 4. STATEMENT OF POLICY.

"It is the policy of the United States to ensure that assistance for humanitarian, stabilization, and recovery needs of individuals who are or were nationals and residents of Iraq or Syria, and of communities in and from those countries, is directed toward those individuals and communities with the greatest need, including those individuals from communities of religious and ethnic minorities, and communities of religious and ethnic minorities, that the Secretary of State declared were targeted for genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes, and have been identified as being at risk of persecution, forced migration, genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes.

"SEC. 5. ACTIONS TO PROMOTE ACCOUNTABILITY IN IRAQ FOR GENOCIDE, CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, AND WAR CRIMES.

"(a) Assistance.—The Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development are authorized to provide assistance, including financial and technical assistance, as necessary and appropriate, to support the efforts of entities, including nongovernmental organizations with expertise in international criminal investigations and law, to address genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes, and their constituent crimes by ISIS in Iraq by—

"(1) conducting criminal investigations;

"(2) developing indigenous investigative and judicial skills, including by partnering, directly mentoring, and providing necessary equipment and infrastructure to effectively adjudicating cases consistent with due process and respect for the rule of law; and

"(3) collecting and preserving evidence and the chain of evidence, including for use in prosecutions in domestic courts, hybrid courts, and internationalized domestic courts, consistent with the activities described in subsection (b).

"(b) Actions by Foreign Governments.—The Secretary of State, in consultation with the Attorney General, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Director of National Intelligence, and the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, shall encourage governments of foreign countries—

"(1) to include information in appropriate security databases and security screening procedures of such countries to identify suspected ISIS members for whom credible evidence exists of having committed genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes, and their constituent crimes, in Iraq; and

"(2) to apprehend and prosecute such ISIS members for genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes, as appropriate.

"(c) Consultation.—In carrying out subsection (a), the Secretary of State shall consult with and consider credible information from entities described in such subsection.

"SEC. 6. IDENTIFICATION OF AND ASSISTANCE TO ADDRESS HUMANITARIAN, STABILIZATION, AND RECOVERY NEEDS OF CERTAIN PERSONS IN IRAQ AND SYRIA.

"(a) Identification.—The Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, and Director of National Intelligence, shall seek to identify—

"(1) threats of persecution and other early-warning indicators of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes against individuals who are or were nationals and residents of Iraq or Syria, are members of religious or ethnic minority groups in such countries, and against whom the Secretary of State has determined ISIS has committed genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes;

"(2) the religious and ethnic minority groups in Iraq or Syria identified pursuant to paragraph (1) that are at risk of forced migration, within or across the borders of Iraq, Syria, or a country of first asylum, and the primary reasons for such risk;

"(3)(A) the humanitarian, stabilization, and recovery needs of individuals described in paragraphs (1) and (2), including the assistance provided by the United States and by the United Nations, respectively—

"(i) to address the humanitarian, stabilization, and recovery needs of such individuals; and

"(ii) to mitigate the risks of forced migration of such individuals; and

"(B) assistance provided through the Funding Facility for Immediate Stabilization and Funding Facility for Expanded Stabilization; and

"(4) to the extent practicable and appropriate—

"(A) the entities, including faith-based entities, that are providing assistance to address the humanitarian, stabilization, and recovery needs of individuals described in paragraphs (1) and (2); and

"(B) the extent to which the United States is providing assistance to or through the entities referred to in subparagraph (A).

"(b) Additional Consultation.—In carrying out subsection (a), the Secretary of State shall consult with, and consider credible information from—

"(1) individuals described in paragraphs (1) and (2) of such subsection; and

"(2) the entities described in paragraph (4)(A) of such subsection.

"(c) Assistance.—The Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development are authorized to provide assistance, including financial and technical assistance as necessary and appropriate, to support the entities described in subsection (a)(4)(A).

"SEC. 7. REPORT.

"(a) Implementation Report.—Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 11, 2018], the Secretary of State shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees that includes—

"(1) a detailed description of the efforts taken, and efforts proposed to be taken, to implement the provisions of this Act;

"(2) an assessment of—

"(A) the feasibility and advisability of prosecuting ISIS members for whom credible evidence exists of having committed genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes in Iraq, including in domestic courts in Iraq, hybrid courts, and internationalized domestic courts; and

"(B) the measures needed—

"(i) to ensure effective criminal investigations of such individuals; and

"(ii) to effectively collect and preserve evidence, and preserve the chain of evidence, for prosecution; and

"(3) recommendations for legislative remedies and administrative actions to facilitate the implementation of this Act.

"(b) Form.—The report required under subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may contain a classified annex, if necessary."

Human Rights Sanctions

Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, subtitle F, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2533, provided that:

"SEC. 1261. SHORT TITLE.

"This subtitle may be cited as the 'Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act'.

"SEC. 1262. DEFINITIONS.

"In this subtitle:

"(1) Foreign person.—The term 'foreign person' has the meaning given that term in section 595.304 of title 31, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2016]).

"(2) Gross violations of internationally recognized human rights.—The term 'gross violations of internationally recognized human rights' has the meaning given that term in section 502B(d)(1) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2304(d)(1)).

"(3) Person.—The term 'person' has the meaning given that term in section 591.308 of title 31, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of this Act).

"(4) United states person.—The term 'United States person' has the meaning given that term in section 595.315 of title 31, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of this Act).

"SEC. 1263. AUTHORIZATION OF IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS.

"(a) In General.—The President may impose the sanctions described in subsection (b) with respect to any foreign person the President determines, based on credible evidence—

"(1) is responsible for extrajudicial killings, torture, or other gross violations of internationally recognized human rights committed against individuals in any foreign country who seek—

"(A) to expose illegal activity carried out by government officials; or

"(B) to obtain, exercise, defend, or promote internationally recognized human rights and freedoms, such as the freedoms of religion, expression, association, and assembly, and the rights to a fair trial and democratic elections;

"(2) acted as an agent of or on behalf of a foreign person in a matter relating to an activity described in paragraph (1);

"(3) is a government official, or a senior associate of such an official, that is responsible for, or complicit in, ordering, controlling, or otherwise directing, acts of significant corruption, including the expropriation of private or public assets for personal gain, corruption related to government contracts or the extraction of natural resources, bribery, or the facilitation or transfer of the proceeds of corruption to foreign jurisdictions; or

"(4) has materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services in support of, an activity described in paragraph (3).

"(b) Sanctions Described.—The sanctions described in this subsection are the following:

"(1) Inadmissibility to united states.—In the case of a foreign person who is an individual—

"(A) ineligibility to receive a visa to enter the United States or to be admitted to the United States; or

"(B) if the individual has been issued a visa or other documentation, revocation, in accordance with section 221(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1201(i)), of the visa or other documentation.

"(2) Blocking of property.—

"(A) In general.—The blocking, in accordance with the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), of all transactions in all property and interests in property of a foreign person if such property and interests in property are in the United States, come within the United States, or are or come within the possession or control of a United States person.

"(B) Inapplicability of national emergency requirement.—The requirements of section 202 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701) shall not apply for purposes of this section.

"(C) Exception relating to importation of goods.—

"(i) In general.—The authority to block and prohibit all transactions in all property and interests in property under subparagraph (A) shall not include the authority to impose sanctions on the importation of goods.

"(ii) Good.—In this subparagraph, the term 'good' has the meaning given that term in [former] section 16 of the Export Administration Act of 1979 ([former] 50 U.S.C. 4618) (as continued in effect pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.)).

"(c) Consideration of Certain Information in Imposing Sanctions.—In determining whether to impose sanctions under subsection (a), the President shall consider—

"(1) information provided jointly by the chairperson and ranking member of each of the appropriate congressional committees; and

"(2) credible information obtained by other countries and nongovernmental organizations that monitor violations of human rights.

"(d) Requests by Appropriate Congressional Committees.—

"(1) In general.—Not later than 120 days after receiving a request that meets the requirements of paragraph (2) with respect to whether a foreign person has engaged in an activity described in subsection (a), the President shall—

"(A) determine if that person has engaged in such an activity; and

"(B) submit a classified or unclassified report to the chairperson and ranking member of the committee or committees that submitted the request with respect to that determination that includes—

"(i) a statement of whether or not the President imposed or intends to impose sanctions with respect to the person; and

"(ii) if the President imposed or intends to impose sanctions, a description of those sanctions.

"(2) Requirements.—

"(A) Requests relating to human rights violations.—A request under paragraph (1) with respect to whether a foreign person has engaged in an activity described in paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (a) shall be submitted to the President in writing jointly by the chairperson and ranking member of one of the appropriate congressional committees.

"(B) Requests relating to corruption.—A request under paragraph (1) with respect to whether a foreign person has engaged in an activity described in paragraph (3) or (4) of subsection (a) shall be submitted to the President in writing jointly by the chairperson and ranking member of—

"(i) one of the appropriate congressional committees of the Senate; and

"(ii) one of the appropriate congressional committees of the House of Representatives.

"(e) Exception To Comply With United Nations Headquarters Agreement and Law Enforcement Objectives.—Sanctions under subsection (b)(1) shall not apply to an individual if admitting the individual into the United States would further important law enforcement objectives or is necessary to permit the United States to comply with the Agreement regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations, signed at Lake Success June 26, 1947, and entered into force November 21, 1947, between the United Nations and the United States, or other applicable international obligations of the United States.

"(f) Enforcement of Blocking of Property.—A person that violates, attempts to violate, conspires to violate, or causes a violation of a sanction described in subsection (b)(2) that is imposed by the President or any regulation, license, or order issued to carry out such a sanction shall be subject to the penalties set forth in subsections (b) and (c) of section 206 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1705) to the same extent as a person that commits an unlawful act described in subsection (a) of that section.

"(g) Termination of Sanctions.—The President may terminate the application of sanctions under this section with respect to a person if the President determines and reports to the appropriate congressional committees not later than 15 days before the termination of the sanctions that—

"(1) credible information exists that the person did not engage in the activity for which sanctions were imposed;

"(2) the person has been prosecuted appropriately for the activity for which sanctions were imposed;

"(3) the person has credibly demonstrated a significant change in behavior, has paid an appropriate consequence for the activity for which sanctions were imposed, and has credibly committed to not engage in an activity described in subsection (a) in the future; or

"(4) the termination of the sanctions is in the national security interests of the United States.

"(h) Regulatory Authority.—The President shall issue such regulations, licenses, and orders as are necessary to carry out this section.

"(i) Identification of Sanctionable Foreign Persons.—The Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, in consultation with the Assistant Secretary of State for Consular Affairs and other bureaus of the Department of State, as appropriate, is authorized to submit to the Secretary of State, for review and consideration, the names of foreign persons who may meet the criteria described in subsection (a).

"(j) Appropriate Congressional Committees Defined.—In this section, the term 'appropriate congressional committees' means—

"(1) the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; and

"(2) the Committee on Financial Services and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.

"SEC. 1264. REPORTS TO CONGRESS.

"(a) In General.—The President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees, in accordance with subsection (b), a report that includes—

"(1) a list of each foreign person with respect to which the President imposed sanctions pursuant to section 1263 during the year preceding the submission of the report;

"(2) a description of the type of sanctions imposed with respect to each such person;

"(3) the number of foreign persons with respect to which the President—

"(A) imposed sanctions under section 1263(a) during that year; and

"(B) terminated sanctions under section 1263(g) during that year;

"(4) the dates on which such sanctions were imposed or terminated, as the case may be;

"(5) the reasons for imposing or terminating such sanctions; and

"(6) a description of the efforts of the President to encourage the governments of other countries to impose sanctions that are similar to the sanctions authorized by section 1263.

"(b) Dates for Submission.—

"(1) Initial report.—The President shall submit the initial report under subsection (a) not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2016].

"(2) Subsequent reports.—

"(A) In general.—The President shall submit a subsequent report under subsection (a) on December 10, or the first day thereafter on which both Houses of Congress are in session, of—

"(i) the calendar year in which the initial report is submitted if the initial report is submitted before December 10 of that calendar year; and

"(ii) each calendar year thereafter.

"(B) Congressional statement.—Congress notes that December 10 of each calendar year has been recognized in the United States and internationally since 1950 as 'Human Rights Day'.

"(c) Form of Report.—

"(1) In general.—Each report required by subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.

"(2) Exception.—The name of a foreign person to be included in the list required by subsection (a)(1) may be submitted in the classified annex authorized by paragraph (1) only if the President—

"(A) determines that it is vital for the national security interests of the United States to do so;

"(B) uses the annex in a manner consistent with congressional intent and the purposes of this subtitle; and

"(C) not later than 15 days before submitting the name in a classified annex, provides to the appropriate congressional committees notice of, and a justification for, including the name in the classified annex despite any publicly available credible information indicating that the person engaged in an activity described in section 1263(a).

"(d) Public Availability.—

"(1) In general.—The unclassified portion of the report required by subsection (a) shall be made available to the public, including through publication in the Federal Register.

"(2) Nonapplicability of confidentiality requirement with respect to visa records.—The President shall publish the list required by subsection (a)(1) without regard to the requirements of section 222(f) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1202(f)) with respect to confidentiality of records pertaining to the issuance or refusal of visas or permits to enter the United States.

"(e) Appropriate Congressional Committees Defined.—In this section, the term 'appropriate congressional committees' means—

"(1) the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, the Committee on Foreign Relations, and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate; and

"(2) the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee on Financial Services, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives.

"SEC. 1265. SUNSET.

"(a) In General.—The authority to impose sanctions under this subtitle shall terminate on the date that is 6 years after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2016].

"(b) Continuation in Effect of Sanctions.—Sanctions imposed under this subtitle on or before the date specified in subsection (a), and in effect as of such date, shall remain in effect until terminated in accordance with the requirements of section 1263(g)."

[Authority to administer financial sanctions under section 1263 of Pub. L. 114–328, set out in a note above, delegated to Secretary of the Treasury and authority to administer visa sanctions under such section 1263 delegated to Secretary of State by Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 8, 2017, 82 F.R. 45411.]

Global Engagement Center

Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, §1287, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2546, as amended by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XII, §1284, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2076, provided that:

"(a) Establishment.—

"(1) In general.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2016], the Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of Defense and the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies, shall establish within the Department of State a Global Engagement Center (in this section referred to as the 'Center').

"(2) Purpose.—The purpose of the Center shall be to direct, lead, synchronize, integrate, and coordinate efforts of the Federal Government to recognize, understand, expose, and counter foreign state and foreign non-state propaganda and disinformation efforts aimed at undermining or influencing the policies, security, or stability of the United States and United States allies and partner nations.

"(b) Functions.—The Center shall carry out the following functions:

"(1) Direct, lead, synchronize, integrate, and coordinate interagency and international efforts to track and evaluate counterfactual narratives abroad that threaten the policies, security, or stability of the United States and United States allies and partner nations.

"(2) Analyze relevant information, data, analysis, and analytics from United States Government agencies, United States allies and partner nations, think tanks, academic institutions, civil society groups, and other nongovernmental organizations.

"(3) As needed, support the development and dissemination of fact-based narratives and analysis to counter propaganda and disinformation directed at the United States and United States allies and partner nations.

"(4) Identify current and emerging trends in foreign propaganda and disinformation in order to coordinate and shape the development of tactics, techniques, and procedures to expose and refute foreign propaganda and disinformation, and pro-actively support the promotion of credible, fact-based narratives and policies to audiences outside the United States.

"(5) Facilitate the use of a wide range of technologies and techniques by sharing expertise among Federal departments and agencies, seeking expertise from external sources, and implementing best practices.

"(6) Measure and evaluate the activities of the Center, including the outcomes of such activities, and implement mechanisms to ensure that the activities of the Center are updated to reflect the results of such measurement and evaluation.

"(7) Identify gaps in United States capabilities in areas relevant to the purpose of the Center and recommend necessary enhancements or changes.

"(8) Use information from appropriate interagency entities to identify the countries, geographic areas, and populations most susceptible to propaganda and disinformation, as well as the countries, geographic areas, and populations in which such propaganda and disinformation is likely to cause the most harm.

"(9) Administer the information access fund established pursuant to subsection (f).

"(10) Coordinate with United States allies and partner nations in order to amplify the Center's efforts and avoid duplication.

"(11) Maintain, collect, use, and disseminate records (as such term is defined in section 552a(a)(4) of title 5, United States Code) for research and data analysis of foreign state and non-state propaganda and disinformation efforts and communications related to public diplomacy efforts intended for foreign audiences. Such research and data analysis shall be reasonably tailored to meet the purposes of this paragraph and shall be carried out with due regard for privacy and civil liberties guidance and oversight.

"(c) Head of Center.—

"(1) Appointment.—The head of the Center shall be an individual who is an official of the Federal Government, who shall be appointed by the President.

"(2) Compliance with privacy and civil liberties laws.—The President shall designate a senior official to develop guidance for the Center relating to relevant privacy and civil liberties laws and to ensure compliance with such guidance.

"(d) Employees of the Center.—

"(1) Detailees and assignees.—Any Federal Government employee may be detailed or assigned to the Center with or without reimbursement, consistent with applicable laws and regulations regarding such employee, and such detail or assignment shall be without interruption or loss of status or privilege.

"(2) Temporary personnel.—The Secretary of State should, when hiring temporary United States citizen personnel, preference the use of Foreign Service limited appointments both in the United States and abroad in accordance with section 309 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (22 U.S.C. 3949). The Secretary may hire United States citizens or aliens, as appropriate, including as personal services contractors, for purposes of personnel resources of the Center, if—

"(A) the Secretary determines that existing personnel resources or expertise are insufficient;

"(B) the period in which services are provided by a personal services contractor, including options, does not exceed 3 years, unless the Secretary determines that exceptional circumstances justify an extension of up to one additional year;

"(C) not more than 50 United States citizens or aliens are employed as personal services contractors under the authority of this paragraph at any time; and

"(D) the authority of this paragraph is only used to obtain specialized skills or experience or to respond to urgent needs.

"(e) Transfer of Amounts Authorized.—

"(1) In general.—For each of fiscal years 2019 and 2020, the Secretary of Defense is authorized to transfer, from amounts appropriated to the Secretary pursuant to the authorization under this Act [see Tables for classification], to the Secretary of State not more than $60,000,000, to carry out the functions of the Center.

"(2) Notice requirement.—The Secretary of Defense shall notify the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Appropriations, and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and Reform] of the House of Representatives of a proposed transfer under paragraph (1) not less than 15 days prior to making such transfer.

"(3) Inapplicability of reprogramming requirements.—The authority to transfer amounts under paragraph (1) shall not be subject to any reprogramming requirement under any other provision of law.

"(f) Information Access Fund.—

"(1) Authority for grants.—The Center is authorized to provide grants or contracts of financial support to civil society groups, media content providers, nongovernmental organizations, federally funded research and development centers, private companies, or academic institutions for the following purposes:

"(A) To support local entities and linkages among such entities, including independent media entities, that are best positioned to refute foreign propaganda and disinformation in affected communities.

"(B) To collect and store examples of print, online, and social media disinformation and propaganda directed at the United States or United States allies and partner nations.

"(C) To analyze and report on tactics, techniques, and procedures of foreign information warfare and other efforts with respect to disinformation and propaganda.

"(D) To support efforts by the Center to counter efforts by foreign entities to use disinformation and propaganda to undermine or influence the policies, security, and social and political stability of the United States and United States allies and partner nations.

"(2) Funding availability and limitations.—The Secretary of State shall provide that each entity that receives funds under this subsection is selected in accordance with the relevant existing regulations through a process that ensures such entity has the credibility and capability to carry out effectively and in accordance with United States interests and objectives the purposes specified in paragraph (1) for which such entity received such funding.

"(g) Reports.—

"(1) In general.—Not later than one year after the date on which the Center is established, the Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report evaluating the success of the Center in carrying out its functions under subsection (b) and outlining steps to improve any areas of deficiency.

"(2) Definition.—In this subsection, the term 'appropriate congressional committees' means—

"(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and

"(B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Homeland Security, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.

"(h) Congressional Briefings.—The Secretary of State, together with the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies, shall provide a briefing to the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Appropriations, and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and Reform] of the House of Representatives not less often than annually regarding the activities of the Global Engagement Center. The briefings required under this subsection shall terminate on the date specified in subsection (j).

"(i) Limitation.—None of the funds authorized to be appropriated or otherwise made available to carry out this section shall be used for purposes other than countering foreign propaganda and misinformation that threatens United States national security.

"(j) Termination.—The Center shall terminate on the date that is 8 years after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2016]."

Strategy for the United States Relationship With Saudi Arabia

Pub. L. 110–53, title XX, §2043, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 524, provided that:

"(a) Congressional Findings.—Congress finds that:

"(1) The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States concluded that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has 'been a problematic ally in combating Islamic extremism. At the level of high policy, Saudi Arabia's leaders cooperated with American diplomatic initiatives aimed at the Taliban or Pakistan before 9/11. At the same time, Saudi Arabia's society was a place where al Qaeda raised money directly from individuals and through charities. It was the society that produced 15 of the 19 hijackers.'.

"(2) Saudi Arabia has an uneven record in the fight against terrorism, especially with respect to terrorist financing, support for radical madrassas, a lack of political outlets for its citizens, and restrictions on religious pluralism, that poses a threat to the security of the United States, the international community, and Saudi Arabia itself.

"(3) The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States concluded that the 'problems in the U.S.-Saudi relationship must be confronted, openly'. It recommended that the two countries build a relationship that includes a 'shared commitment to political and economic reform . . . and a shared interest in greater tolerance and cultural respect, translating into a commitment to fight the violent extremists who foment hatred'.

"(4) The United States has a national security interest in working with the Government of Saudi Arabia to combat international terrorists that operate within that country or that operate outside Saudi Arabia with the support of citizens of Saudi Arabia.

"(5) The United States and Saudi Arabia established a Strategic Dialogue in 2005, which provides a framework for the two countries to discuss a range of bilateral issues at high levels, including counterterrorism policy and political and economic reforms.

"(6) It is in the national security interest of the United States to support the Government of Saudi Arabia in undertaking a number of political and economic reforms, including increasing anti-terrorism operations conducted by law enforcement agencies, providing more political and religious rights to its citizens, increasing the rights of women, engaging in comprehensive educational reform, enhancing monitoring of charitable organizations, and promulgating and enforcing domestic laws and regulation on terrorist financing.

"(b) Statement of Policy.—It is the policy of the United States—

"(1) to engage with the Government of Saudi Arabia to openly confront the issue of terrorism, as well as other problematic issues such as the lack of political freedoms;

"(2) to enhance counterterrorism cooperation with the Government of Saudi Arabia; and

"(3) to support the efforts of the Government of Saudi Arabia to make political, economic, and social reforms, including greater religious freedom, throughout the country.

"(c) Progress in Counterterrorism and Other Cooperation.—

"(1) Report.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 3, 2007], the President shall transmit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that—

"(A) describes the long-term strategy of the United States—

"(i) to engage with the Government of Saudi Arabia to facilitate political, economic, and social reforms, including greater religious freedom, that will enhance the ability of the Government of Saudi Arabia to combat international terrorism; and

"(ii) to work with the Government of Saudi Arabia to combat terrorism, including through effective measures to prevent and prohibit the financing of terrorists by Saudi institutions and citizens; and

"(B) provides an assessment of the progress made by Saudi Arabia since 2001 on the matters described in subparagraph (A), including—

"(i) whether Saudi Arabia has become a party to the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism; and

"(ii) the activities and authority of the Saudi Nongovernmental National Commission for Relief and Charity Work Abroad.

"(2) Form.—The report required by paragraph (1) shall be transmitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex, if necessary."

[For definition of "appropriate congressional committees" as used in section 2043 of Pub. L. 110–53, set out above, see section 2002 of Pub. L. 110–53, set out as a note under section 2151 of this title.]

[For assignment of functions of President under section 2043(c)(1) of Pub. L. 110–53, set out above, see Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 28, 2007, 72 F.R. 56871, set out as a note under section 2228 of this title.]

Findings

Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, §7101, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3775, provided that: "Consistent with the report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Congress makes the following findings:

"(1) Long-term success in the war on terrorism demands the use of all elements of national power, including diplomacy, military action, intelligence, covert action, law enforcement, economic policy, foreign aid, public diplomacy, and homeland defense.

"(2) To win the war on terrorism, the United States must assign to economic and diplomatic capabilities the same strategic priority that is assigned to military capabilities.

"(3) The legislative and executive branches of the Government of the United States must commit to robust, long-term investments in all of the tools necessary for the foreign policy of the United States to successfully accomplish the goals of the United States.

"(4) The investments referred to in paragraph (3) will require increased funding to United States foreign affairs programs in general, and to priority areas as described in this title [see Tables for classification] in particular."

Comprehensive Coalition Strategy for Fighting Terrorism

Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, §7117, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3799, provided that:

"(a) Findings.—Consistent with the report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Congress makes the following findings:

"(1) Almost every aspect of the counterterrorism strategy of the United States relies on international cooperation.

"(2) Since September 11, 2001, the number and scope of United States Government contacts with foreign governments concerning counterterrorism have expanded significantly, but such contacts have often been ad hoc and not integrated as a comprehensive and unified approach to counterterrorism.

"(b) In General.—The Secretary of State is authorized in consultation with relevant United States Government agencies, to negotiate on a bilateral or multilateral basis, as appropriate, international agreements under which parties to an agreement work in partnership to address and interdict acts of international terrorism.

"(c) International Contact Group on Counterterrorism.—

"(1) Sense of congress.—It is the sense of Congress that the President—

"(A) should seek to engage the leaders of the governments of other countries in a process of advancing beyond separate and uncoordinated national counterterrorism strategies to develop with those other governments a comprehensive multilateral strategy to fight terrorism; and

"(B) to that end, should seek to establish an international counterterrorism policy contact group with the leaders of governments providing leadership in global counterterrorism efforts and governments of countries with sizable Muslim populations, to be used as a ready and flexible international means for discussing and coordinating the development of important counterterrorism policies by the participating governments.

"(2) Authority.—The President is authorized to establish an international counterterrorism policy contact group with the leaders of governments referred to in paragraph (1) for the following purposes:

"(A) To meet annually, or more frequently as the President determines appropriate, to develop in common with such other governments important policies and a strategy that address the various components of international prosecution of the war on terrorism, including policies and a strategy that address military issues, law enforcement, the collection, analysis, and dissemination of intelligence, issues relating to interdiction of travel by terrorists, counterterrorism-related customs issues, financial issues, and issues relating to terrorist sanctuaries.

"(B) To address, to the extent (if any) that the President and leaders of other participating governments determine appropriate, long-term issues that can contribute to strengthening stability and security in the Middle East."

International Agreements To Track and Curtail Terrorist Travel Through the Use of Fraudulently Obtained Documents

Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, §7204, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3814, provided that:

"(a) Findings.—Congress makes the following findings:

"(1) International terrorists travel across international borders to raise funds, recruit members, train for operations, escape capture, communicate, and plan and carry out attacks.

"(2) The international terrorists who planned and carried out the attack on the World Trade Center on February 26, 1993, the attack on the embassies of the United States in Kenya and Tanzania on August 7, 1998, the attack on the USS Cole on October 12, 2000, and the attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, traveled across international borders to plan and carry out these attacks.

"(3) The international terrorists who planned other attacks on the United States, including the plot to bomb New York City landmarks in 1993, the plot to bomb the New York City subway in 1997, and the millennium plot to bomb Los Angeles International Airport on December 31, 1999, traveled across international borders to plan and carry out these attacks.

"(4) Many of the international terrorists who planned and carried out large-scale attacks against foreign targets, including the attack in Bali, Indonesia, on October 11, 2002, and the attack in Madrid, Spain, on March 11, 2004, traveled across international borders to plan and carry out these attacks.

"(5) Throughout the 1990s, international terrorists, including those involved in the attack on the World Trade Center on February 26, 1993, the plot to bomb New York City landmarks in 1993, and the millennium plot to bomb Los Angeles International Airport on December 31, 1999, traveled on fraudulent passports and often had more than 1 passport.

"(6) Two of the September 11, 2001, hijackers were carrying passports that had been manipulated in a fraudulent manner.

"(7) The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, (commonly referred to as the 9/11 Commission), stated that 'Targeting travel is at least as powerful a weapon against terrorists as targeting their money.'.

"(b) International Agreements To Track and Curtail Terrorist Travel.—

"(1) International agreement on lost, stolen, or falsified documents.—The President should lead efforts to track and curtail the travel of terrorists by supporting the drafting, adoption, and implementation of international agreements, and relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions to track and stop international travel by terrorists and other criminals through the use of lost, stolen, or falsified documents to augment United Nations and other international anti-terrorism efforts.

"(2) Contents of international agreement.—The President should seek, as appropriate, the adoption or full implementation of effective international measures to—

"(A) share information on lost, stolen, and fraudulent passports and other travel documents for the purposes of preventing the undetected travel of persons using such passports and other travel documents that were obtained improperly;

"(B) establish and implement a real-time verification system of passports and other travel documents with issuing authorities;

"(C) share with officials at ports of entry in any such country information relating to lost, stolen, and fraudulent passports and other travel documents;

"(D) encourage countries—

"(i) to criminalize—

     "(I) the falsification or counterfeiting of travel documents or breeder documents for any purpose;

     "(II) the use or attempted use of false documents to obtain a visa or cross a border for any purpose;

     "(III) the possession of tools or implements used to falsify or counterfeit such documents;

     "(IV) the trafficking in false or stolen travel documents and breeder documents for any purpose;

     "(V) the facilitation of travel by a terrorist; and

     "(VI) attempts to commit, including conspiracies to commit, the crimes specified in subclauses (I) through (V);

"(ii) to impose significant penalties to appropriately punish violations and effectively deter the crimes specified in clause (i); and

"(iii) to limit the issuance of citizenship papers, passports, identification documents, and similar documents to persons—

     "(I) whose identity is proven to the issuing authority;

     "(II) who have a bona fide entitlement to or need for such documents; and

     "(III) who are not issued such documents principally on account of a disproportional payment made by them or on their behalf to the issuing authority;

"(E) provide technical assistance to countries to help them fully implement such measures; and

"(F) permit immigration and border officials—

"(i) to confiscate a lost, stolen, or falsified passport at ports of entry;

"(ii) to permit the traveler to return to the sending country without being in possession of the lost, stolen, or falsified passport; and

"(iii) to detain and investigate such traveler upon the return of the traveler to the sending country.

"(3) International civil aviation organization.—The United States shall lead efforts to track and curtail the travel of terrorists by supporting efforts at the International Civil Aviation Organization to continue to strengthen the security features of passports and other travel documents.

"(c) Report.—

"(1) In general.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2004], and at least annually thereafter, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on progress toward achieving the goals described in subsection (b).

"(2) Termination.—Paragraph (1) shall cease to be effective when the President certifies to the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate that the goals described in subsection (b) have been fully achieved."

[Functions of President under subsec. (c) of section 7204 of Pub. L. 108–458, set out above, assigned to Secretary of State by section 1 of Memorandum of President of the United States, Apr. 21, 2005, 70 F.R. 48633, set out as a note under section 301 of title 3, The President.]

East Timor Transition to Independence

Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title VI, subtitle C, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1399, provided that:

"SEC. 631. SHORT TITLE.

"This subtitle may be cited as the 'East Timor Transition to Independence Act of 2002'.

"SEC. 632. BILATERAL ASSISTANCE.

"(a) Authority.—The President, acting through the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, is authorized to—

"(1) support the development of civil society, including nongovernmental organizations in East Timor;

"(2) promote the development of an independent news media;

"(3) support job creation, including support for small business and microenterprise programs, environmental protection, sustainable development, development of East Timor's health care infrastructure, educational programs, and programs strengthening the role of women in society;

"(4) promote reconciliation, conflict resolution, and prevention of further conflict with respect to East Timor, including establishing accountability for past gross human rights violations;

"(5) support the voluntary and safe repatriation and reintegration of refugees into East Timor;

"(6) support political party development, voter education, voter registration, and other activities in support of free and fair elections in East Timor; and

"(7) promote the development of the rule of law.

"(b) Authorization of Appropriations.—

"(1) In general.—There is authorized to be appropriated to the President to carry out this section $25,000,000 for the fiscal year 2003.

"(2) Availability.—Amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until expended.

"SEC. 633. MULTILATERAL ASSISTANCE.

"The Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States executive director at each international financial institution to which the United States is a member to use the voice, vote, and influence of the United States to support economic and democratic development in East Timor.

"SEC. 634. TRADE AND INVESTMENT ASSISTANCE.

"(a) OPIC.—The President should initiate negotiations with the Government of East Timor to enter into a new agreement authorizing the Overseas Private Investment Corporation [now the United States International Development Finance Corporation] to carry out programs with respect to East Timor in order to expand United States investment in East Timor, emphasizing partnerships with local East Timorese enterprises.

"(b) Trade and Development Agency.—

"(1) In general.—The Director of the Trade and Development Agency is authorized to carry out projects in East Timor under section 661 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2421).

"(2) Authorization of appropriations.—

"(A) In general.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Trade and Development Agency to carry out this subsection $1,000,000 for fiscal year 2003.

"(B) Availability.—Amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under subparagraph (A) are authorized to remain available until expended.

"(c) Export-Import Bank.—The Export-Import Bank of the United States should expand its activities in connection with exports to East Timor to the extent such activities are requested and to the extent there is a reasonable assurance of repayment.

"SEC. 635. GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES.

"As soon as possible after the enactment of this Act [Sept. 30, 2002], the United States Trade Representative and the Commissioner of Customs should send an assessment team to East Timor to compile a list of duty-free eligible products so that the Government of East Timor can begin the process of applying for General System of Preference benefits.

"SEC. 636. AUTHORITY FOR RADIO BROADCASTING.

"The Broadcasting Board of Governors [now United States Agency for Global Media] should broadcast to East Timor in an appropriate language or languages.

"SEC. 637. SECURITY ASSISTANCE FOR EAST TIMOR.

"(a) Study and Report.—

"(1) Study.—The President shall conduct a study to determine—

"(A) the extent to which East Timor's security needs can be met by the transfer of excess defense articles under section 516 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2321j];

"(B) the extent to which international military education and training (IMET) assistance will enhance professionalism of the armed forces of East Timor, provide training in human rights, and promote respect for human rights and humanitarian law; and

"(C) the terms and conditions under which such defense articles or training, as appropriate, should be provided.

"(2) Report.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 30, 2002], the President shall transmit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that contains the findings of the study conducted under paragraph (1).

"(b) Authorization of Assistance.—

"(1) In general.—Beginning on the date on which Congress receives the report transmitted under subsection (a)(2), or the date on which Congress receives the certification transmitted under paragraph (2), whichever occurs later, the President is authorized—

"(A) to transfer excess defense articles under section 516 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2321j) to East Timor in accordance with such section; and

"(B) to provide military education and training under chapter 5 of part II of such Act (22 U.S.C. 2347 et seq.) for the armed forces of East Timor in accordance with such chapter.

"(2) Certification.—A certification described in this paragraph is a certification that—

"(A) East Timor has established an independent armed forces; and

"(B) the assistance proposed to be provided pursuant to paragraph (1)—

"(i) is in the national security interests of the United States; and

"(ii) will promote both human rights in East Timor and the professionalization of the armed forces of East Timor.

"SEC. 638. REPORTING REQUIREMENT.

"(a) In General.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 30, 2002], and every 12 months thereafter for the next five years, the Secretary shall prepare and transmit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that contains the information described in subsection (b).

"(b) Information.—The report required by subsection (a) shall include—

"(1) developments in East Timor's political and economic situation in the period covered by the report, including an evaluation of any elections which have occurred in East Timor and the refugee reintegration process in East Timor;

"(2) in the initial report, a 3-year plan for United States foreign assistance to East Timor in accordance with section 632, prepared by the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, which outlines the goals for United States foreign assistance to East Timor during the 3-year period;

"(3) a description of the activities undertaken in East Timor by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Asian Development Bank, and other international financial institutions, and an evaluation of the effectiveness of these activities;

"(4) an assessment of the status of United States trade and investment relations with East Timor, including a detailed analysis of any trade and investment-related activity supported by the Overseas Private Investment Corporation [now the United States International Development Finance Corporation], the Export-Import Bank of the United States, or the Trade and Development Agency during the period of time since the previous report;

"(5) a comprehensive study and report on local agriculture in East Timor, emerging opportunities for producing, processing, and exporting indigenous agricultural products, and recommendations for appropriate technical assistance from the United States; and

"(6) statistical data drawn from other sources on economic growth, health, education, and distribution of resources in East Timor."

[For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the United States Customs Service of the Department of the Treasury, including functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 203(1), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6. For establishment of U.S. Customs and Border Protection in the Department of Homeland Security, treated as if included in Pub. L. 107–296 as of Nov. 25, 2002, see section 211 of Title 6, as amended generally by Pub. L. 114–125, and section 802(b) of Pub. L. 114–125, set out as a note under section 211 of Title 6.]

[For definitions of "appropriate congressional committees" and "Secretary" as used in subtitle C of title VI of div. A of Pub. L. 107–228, set out above, see section 3 of Pub. L. 107–228, set out as a note under section 2651 of this title.]

[For Presidential certification authorizing security assistance to East Timor pursuant to section 637(b)(2) of Pub. L. 107–228, set out above, see Presidential Determination No. 2003–19, set out below.]

Pacific Charter Commission

Pub. L. 106–570, title IV, Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 3047, known as the Pacific Charter Commission Act of 2000, provided for the establishment of the Pacific Charter Commission to promote United States foreign policy, support democratization, rule of law, and human rights, promote United States exports, assist in combating terrorism and spread of illicit narcotics, and advocate for United States diplomacy, all in the Asia-Pacific region, with authority to establish the Commission to expire Dec. 31, 2002, and termination of the Commission to occur not later than six years after the date of establishment.

Record of War Criminals and Sanctioned Countries, Entities, and Municipalities; Role of Human Rights Organizations and Government Agencies

Pub. L. 106–429, §101(a) [title V, §564(e), (g), (j), (k)], Nov. 6, 2000, 114 Stat. 1900, 1900A-48 to 1900A-50, as amended by Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, §7034(n), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1217, provided that:

"(e) Sanctioned Country, Entity, or Municipality.—A sanctioned country, entity, or municipality described in this section [114 Stat. 1900A–46] is one whose competent authorities have failed, as determined by the Secretary of State, to take necessary and significant steps to apprehend and transfer to the Tribunal all persons who have been publicly indicted by the Tribunal.

"(g) Current Record of War Criminals and Sanctioned Countries, Entities, and Municipalities.—

"(1) In general.—The Secretary of State shall establish and maintain a current record of the location, including the municipality, if known, of publicly indicted war criminals and a current record of sanctioned countries, entities, and municipalities.

"(2) Information of the dci and the secretary of defense.—The Director of Central Intelligence and the Secretary of Defense should collect and provide to the Secretary of State information concerning the location, including the municipality, of publicly indicted war criminals.

"(3) Information of the tribunal.—The Secretary of State shall request that the Tribunal and other international organizations and governments provide the Secretary of State information concerning the location, including the municipality, of publicly indicted war criminals and concerning country, entity and municipality authorities known to have obstructed the work of the Tribunal.

"[(4) Repealed. Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, §7034(n), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1217.]

"(5) Information to congress.—Upon the request of the chairman or ranking minority member of any of the appropriate congressional committees, the Secretary of State shall make available to that committee the information recorded under paragraph (1) in a report submitted to the committee in classified and unclassified form.

"(j) Definitions.—As used in this section—

"(1) Country.—The term 'country' means Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia.

"(2) Entity.—The term 'entity' refers to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosova, Montenegro, and the Republika Srpska.

"(3) Dayton agreement.—The term 'Dayton Agreement' means the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, together with annexes relating thereto, done at Dayton, November 10 through 16, 1995.

"(4) Tribunal.—The term 'Tribunal' means the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.

"(k) Role of Human Rights Organizations and Government Agencies.—In carrying out this section, the Secretary of State, the Administrator of the Agency for International Development, and the executive directors of the international financial institutions shall consult with representatives of human rights organizations and all government agencies with relevant information to help prevent publicly indicted war criminals from benefiting from any financial or technical assistance or grants provided to any country or entity described in subsection (e)."

[Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the intelligence community deemed to be a reference to the Director of National Intelligence. Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency deemed to be a reference to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. See section 1081(a), (b) of Pub. L. 108–458, set out as a note under section 3001 of Title 50, War and National Defense.]

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation act:

Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(2) [title V, §566(e), (g), (j), (k)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1535, 1501A-107 to 1501A-109.

Report Concerning Financial Disadvantages for Administrative and Technical Personnel

Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [div. A, title III, §338], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-443, provided findings regarding financial disadvantages of administrative and technical personnel posted to United States missions abroad who do not have diplomatic status and required related report to Congress by the Secretary of State not later than one year after Nov. 29, 1999.

Prisoner Information Registry for the People's Republic of China

Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [div. A, title VIII, §873], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-474, provided that:

"(a) Requirement.—The Secretary of State shall establish and maintain a registry which shall, to the extent practicable, provide information on all political prisoners, prisoners of conscience, and prisoners of faith in the People's Republic of China. The registry shall be known as the 'Prisoner Information Registry for the People's Republic of China'.

"(b) Information in Registry.—The registry required by subsection (a) shall include information on the charges, judicial processes, administrative actions, uses of forced labor, incidents of torture, lengths of imprisonment, physical and health conditions, and other matters associated with the incarceration of prisoners in the People's Republic of China referred to in that subsection.

"(c) Availability of Funds.—The Secretary may make a grant to nongovernmental organizations currently engaged in monitoring activities regarding political prisoners in the People's Republic of China in order to assist in the establishment and maintenance of the registry required by subsection (a)."

Report to Congress on Activities of North Korean Armed Forces

Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, §101(c) [title V, §585], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–121, 3009-171, as amended by Pub. L. 107–228, div. B, title XIII, §1308(g)(1)(D), (2), Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1441, which required the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, to provide semiannual reports relating to the military forces of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, was repealed by Pub. L. 113–76, div. K, title VII, §7034(i), Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 514.

Reports to War Crimes Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia

Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(2) [title V, §552], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1535, 1501A-99, provided in part: "That 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1999], and every 180 days thereafter, the Secretary of State shall submit a report to the Committees on Appropriations describing the steps the United States Government is taking to collect information regarding allegations of genocide or other violations of international law in the former Yugoslavia and to furnish that information to the United Nations War Crimes Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia".

Similar provisions were contained in the following appropriation acts:

Pub. L. 106–429, §101(a) [title V, §552], Nov. 6, 2000, 114 Stat. 1900, 1900A-41.

Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(d) [title V, §554], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–150, 2681-188.

Pub. L. 105–118, title V, §553, Nov. 26, 1997, 111 Stat. 2422.

Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, §101(c) [title V, §555], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–121, 3009-160.

Pub. L. 104–107, title V, §556, Feb. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 743.

Pub. L. 103–306, title V, §575, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1653.

Reporting Requirements on Occupied Tibet

Pub. L. 103–236, title V, §536, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 481, provided that:

"(a) Report on United States-Tibet Relations.—Because Congress has determined that Tibet is an occupied sovereign country under international law and that its true representatives are the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan Government in exile—

"(1) it is the sense of the Congress that the United States should seek to establish a dialogue with those recognized by Congress as the true representatives of the Tibetan people, the Dalai Lama, his representatives and the Tibetan Government in exile, concerning the situation in Tibet and the future of the Tibetan people and to expand and strengthen United States-Tibet cultural and educational relations, including promoting bilateral exchanges arranged directly with the Tibetan Government in exile; and

"(2) not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Apr. 30, 1994], and every 12 months thereafter, the Secretary of State shall transmit to the Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Speaker of the House of Representatives a report on the state of relations between the United States and those recognized by Congress as the true representatives of the Tibetan people, the Dalai Lama, his representatives and the Tibetan Government in exile, and on conditions in Tibet.

"(b) Separate Tibet Reports.—

"(1) It is the sense of the Congress that whenever a report is transmitted to the Congress on a country-by-country basis there should be included in such report, where applicable, a separate report on Tibet listed alphabetically with its own state heading.

"(2) The reports referred to in paragraph (1) include, but are not limited to, reports transmitted under sections 116(d) and 502B(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2151n(d), 2304(b)] (relating to human rights)."

Cambodian Genocide

Pub. L. 103–236, title V, part D, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 486, provided that:

"SEC. 571. SHORT TITLE.

"This part may be cited as the 'Cambodian Genocide Justice Act'.

"SEC. 572. POLICY.

"(a) In General.—Consistent with international law, it is the policy of the United States to support efforts to bring to justice members of the Khmer Rouge for their crimes against humanity committed in Cambodia between April 17, 1975, and January 7, 1979.

"(b) Specific Actions Urged.—To that end, the Congress urges the President—

"(1) to collect, or assist appropriate organizations and individuals to collect relevant data on crimes of genocide committed in Cambodia;

"(2) in circumstances which the President deems appropriate, to encourage the establishment of a national or international criminal tribunal for the prosecution of those accused of genocide in Cambodia; and

"(3) as necessary, to provide such national or international tribunal with information collected pursuant to paragraph (1).

"SEC. 573. ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE DEPARTMENT OFFICE.

"(a) Establishment.—(1) None of the funds authorized to be appropriated by this Act for 'Diplomatic and Consular Programs' shall be available for obligation or expenditure during fiscal years 1994 and 1995 unless, not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Apr. 30, 1994], the Secretary of State has established within the Department of State under the Assistant Secretary for East Asia and Pacific Affairs (or any successor Assistant Secretary) the Office of Cambodian Genocide Investigation (hereafter in this part referred to as the 'Office').

"(2) The Office may carry out its activities inside or outside of Cambodia, except that not less than 75 percent of the funds made available for the Office and its activities shall be used to carry out activities within Cambodia.

"(b) Purpose.—The purpose of the Office shall be to support, through organizations and individuals with whom the Secretary of State may contract to carry out the operations of the Office, as appropriate, efforts to bring to justice members of the Khmer Rouge for their crimes against humanity committed in Cambodia between April 17, 1975, and January 7, 1979, including—

"(1) to investigate crimes against humanity committed by national Khmer Rouge leaders during that period;

"(2) to provide the people of Cambodia with access to documents, records, and other evidence held by the Office as a result of such investigation;

"(3) to submit the relevant data to a national or international penal tribunal that may be convened to formally hear and judge the genocidal acts committed by the Khmer Rouge; and

"(4) to develop the United States proposal for the establishment of an international criminal tribunal for the prosecution of those accused of genocide in Cambodia.

"(c) Contracting Authority.—The Secretary of State shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, contract with appropriate individuals and organizations to carry out the purpose of the Office.

"(d) Notification to Congress.—The Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives shall be notified of any exercise of the authority of section 34 of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 [22 U.S.C. 2706] with respect to the Office or any of its programs, projects, or activities at least 15 days in advance in accordance with procedures applicable to notifications under that section.

"SEC. 574. REPORTING REQUIREMENT.

"(a) In General.—Beginning 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Apr. 30, 1994], and every 6 months thereafter, the President shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees—

"(1) that describes the activities of the Office, and sets forth new facts learned about past Khmer Rouge practices, during the preceding 6-month period; and

"(2) that describes the steps the President has taken during the preceding 6-month period to promote human rights, to support efforts to bring to justice the national political and military leadership of the Khmer Rouge, and to prevent the recurrence of human rights abuses in Cambodia through actions which are not related to United Nations activities in Cambodia.

"(b) Definition.—For purposes of this section, the term 'appropriate congressional committees' means the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives."

[Functions of President under section 574 of Pub. L. 103–236, set out above, delegated to Secretary of State by Memorandum of President of the United States, July 26, 1994, 59 F.R. 40205, set out as a note under section 2370a of this title.]

Broadening Cultural, Geographic, and Ethnic Representation of Foreign Service and Department of State; Plan

Pub. L. 101–246, title I, §153(a), (b), Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 43, as amended by Pub. L. 101–302, title III, §320(b)(2), May 25, 1990, 104 Stat. 247, required the Secretary of State to submit, not later than 120 days after Feb. 16, 1990, and to implement, not later than Jan. 1, 1991, a plan to assure equal efforts in recruiting certain employees from different regions in the United States.

Prohibition on Use of Funds for Political Purposes

Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §109, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1339, provided that: "No funds authorized to be appropriated by this Act or by any other Act authorizing funds for any entity engaged in any activity concerning the foreign affairs of the United States shall be used—

"(1) for publicity or propaganda purposes designed to support or defeat legislation pending before Congress;

"(2) to influence in any way the outcome of a political election in the United States; or

"(3) for any publicity or propaganda purposes not authorized by Congress."

Consular and Diplomatic Posts Abroad

Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §122, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1339, prohibited use of appropriated funds for closing United States consular or diplomatic posts abroad, or for paying expenses related to Bureau of Administration of Department of State if a post was closed after Jan. 1, 1987, and not reopened, provided funding for certain consulates, provided exceptions for prohibition on use of appropriated funds, permitted Secretary of State, in case of a sequestration order, to submit a report proposing a list of consular posts to be downgraded or closed in order to comply with sequestration order, and provided that the prohibitions were to be effective 180 days after Dec. 22, 1987, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 102–138, title I, §112(b), Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 655. See section 2720 of this title.

Closing of Diplomatic and Consular Posts in Antigua and Barbuda

Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §123, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1339, directed that none of the funds made available for the Department of State for any fiscal year be used for expenses of maintaining a United States diplomatic or consular post in Antigua and Barbuda and provided that such prohibition take effect 60 days after Dec. 22, 1987, unless the President made a determination that such closing would not be in the national security interest of the United States and informed both the Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and the House Foreign Affairs Committee of such determination, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 101–246, title I, §121, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 27. Such a determination had been made by Determination of President of the United States, No. 88–9, Feb. 9, 1988, 53 F.R. 5749.

Assignment of Drug Enforcement Administration Agents Abroad

Pub. L. 100–204, title VIII, §801, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1397, provided that: "If the Secretary of State, in exercising his authority to establish overseas staffing levels for Federal agencies with activities abroad, authorizes the assignment of any Drug Enforcement Administration agent to a particular United States mission abroad, the Secretary shall authorize the assignment of at least two such agents to that mission."

Waiver of Provisions of Public Law 100–204 During Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989

Pub. L. 100–202, §101(a) [title III, §305], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329, 1329-23, provided that: "The following sections of H.R. 1777 (the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 [Pub. L. 100–204]) are waived during Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 in the event that H.R. 1777 is enacted into law: Sec. 122 [set out above], Sec. 151, and Sec. 204 [22 U.S.C. 1461 note]."

Report to Congress on Soviet Breach of Duties Obligations to United States Diplomats or Missions

Pub. L. 99–500, §101(b) [title III, §300], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–39, 1783-58, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(b) [title III, §300], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–39, 3341-58, which required the Secretary of State to report every six months to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate on failures by Soviet agencies to perform obligations to United States diplomats or United States missions to the Soviet Union and on actions undertaken by the Department of State to redress these failures, terminated, effective May 15, 2000, pursuant to section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance. See, also, page 127 of House Document No. 103–7.

Responsibility of United States Missions To Promote Freedom of Press Abroad

Pub. L. 99–93, title I, §138, Aug. 16, 1985, 99 Stat. 422, provided that:

"(a) Responsibility.—The United States chief of mission to a foreign country in which there is not respect for freedom of the press shall actively promote respect for freedom of the press in that country.

"(b) Definition.—As used in this section, the term 'respect for freedom of the press' means that a government—

"(1) allows foreign news correspondents into the country and does not subject them to harassment or restrictions;

"(2) allows nongovernment-owned press to operate in the country; and

"(3) does not subject the press in the country to systematic censorship."

Emergency Telephone Service at United States Consular Offices

Pub. L. 99–93, title I, §139, Aug. 16, 1985, 99 Stat. 422, provided that: "It is the sense of the Congress that the Secretary of State should ensure that all United States consular offices are equipped with 24-hour emergency telephone service through which United States citizens can contact a member of the staff of any such office. The Secretary should publicize the telephone number of each such service for the information of United States citizens. Not more than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 16, 1985], the Secretary shall submit a report to the Congress on steps taken in accordance with this section."

Torture by Foreign Governments; United States Policy in Opposition; Implementation

Pub. L. 98–447, Oct. 4, 1984, 98 Stat. 1721, provided: "That the Congress reaffirms that it is the continuing policy of the United States Government to oppose the practice of torture by foreign governments through public and private diplomacy and, when necessary and appropriate, through the enactment and vigorous implementation of laws intended to reinforce United States policies with respect to torture. The United States Government opposes acts of torture wherever they occur, without regard to ideological or regional considerations, and will make every effort to work cooperatively with other governments and with nongovernmental organizations to combat the practice of torture worldwide.

"Sec. 2. (a) The President is requested—

"(1) to instruct the Permanent Representative of the United States to the United Nations to continue to raise the issue of torture practiced by governments; and

"(2) to continue to involve the United States Government in the formulation of international standards and effective implementing mechanisms, particularly the draft Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.

"(b) In order to implement the policy expressed in the first section of this resolution, the Secretary of State is requested to issue formal instructions to each United States chief of mission regarding United States policy with respect to torture, including—

"(1) instructions—

"(A) to examine allegations of the practice of torture, particularly allegations concerning the existence of secret detention, extended incommunicado detention, and restrictions on access by family members, lawyers, and independent medical personnel to detainees; and

"(B) to forward such information as may be gathered, including information regarding any efforts made by the host government to reduce and eliminate the practice of torture, to the Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs for analysis in preparing the Department's annual country reports on human rights practices;

"(2) in the case of a chief of mission assigned to a country where torture is regularly practiced, instructions to report on a periodic basis as circumstances require to the Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs regarding efforts made by the respective United States diplomatic mission to implement United States policy with respect to combating torture;

"(3) instructions to meet with indigenous human rights monitoring groups knowledgeable about the practice of torture for the purpose of gathering information about such practice; and

"(4) instructions to express concern in individual cases of torture brought to the attention of a United States diplomatic mission including, whenever feasible, sending United States observers to trials when there is reason to believe that torture has been used against the accused.

"(c) The Secretary of Commerce should continue to enforce vigorously the current restrictions on the export of crime control equipment pursuant to the Export Administration Act of 1979 [50 U.S.C. 4601 et seq.].

"(d) The heads of the appropriate departments of the United States Government that furnish military and law enforcement training to foreign personnel, particularly personnel from countries where the practice of torture has been a documented concern, shall include in such training, when relevant, instruction regarding international human rights standards and the policy of the United States with respect to torture."

[Except as otherwise provided, Secretary of State to have and exercise any authority vested by law in any official or office of Department of State and references to such officials or offices deemed to refer to Secretary of State or Department of State, as appropriate, see section 2651a of this title and section 161(d) of Pub. L. 103–236, set out as a note under section 2651a of this title.]

United States Diplomatic Relations With the Vatican

Pub. L. 98–164, title I, §134, Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1029, provided that: "In order to provide for the establishment of United States diplomatic relations with the Vatican, the Act entitled 'An Act making Appropriations for the Consular and Diplomatic Expenses of the Government for the Year ending thirtieth June, eighteen hundred and sixty-eight, and for other purposes', approved February 28, 1867, is amended by repealing the following sentence (14 Stat. 413): 'And no money hereby or otherwise appropriated shall be paid for the support of an American legation at Rome, from and after the thirtieth day of June, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven.'."

Reopening Certain United States Consulates

Pub. L. 97–241, title I, §103(b), (c), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 273, as amended by Pub. L. 98–164, title I, §137, Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1030; Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §139(8), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 398, provided that:

"(b) None of the funds made available under this [Pub. L. 97–241] or any other Act for 'Administration of Foreign Affairs' may be used for the establishment or operation of any United States consulate that did not exist on the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 24, 1982] (other than the consulates specified in subsection (c)) until all the United States consulates specified in subsection (c) have been reopened as required by section 108 of the Department of State Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1980 and 1981 [section 108 of Pub. L. 96–60, set out as a note below], to the extent such reopening is authorized by the foreign government involved.

"(c) The consulates referred to in subsections (a) [section 103(a) of Pub. L. 97–241, which was not classified to the Code] and (b) of this section are the consulates in the following locations: Turin, Italy; Salzburg, Austria; Goteborg, Sweden; Bremen, Germany; Nice, France; Mandalay, Burma; and Brisbane, Australia."

United States Consulates

Pub. L. 96–60, title I, §108, Aug. 15, 1979, 93 Stat. 397, provided that U.S. consulates in Salzburg, Austria; Bremen, Germany; Nice, France; Turin, Italy; Goteborg, Sweden; Adana, Turkey; Tangier, Morocco; Mandalay, Burma; Brisbane, Australia; and Surabaya, Indonesia, would not be closed or, if closed as of Aug. 15, 1979, would be reopened as soon as possible after such date.

Action With Regard to International Journalistic Freedom

Pub. L. 95–426, title VI, §603, Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 985, as amended by Pub. L. 97–241, title V, §505(a)(2), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 299, provided that:

"(a) The Congress finds that—

"(1) news dissemination and the free flow of information across national boundaries are vital to international understanding and to healthy relations among countries; and

"(2) recurring and reliable reports strongly indicate that in many countries foreign news correspondents are subject to governmental harassment and restriction, including the denial of access to legitimate news sources, the imposition of censorship, and detention, incarceration, and expulsion.

"(b) It is therefore the sense of the Congress that the President should—

"(1) advise the appropriate officials of any foreign government which subjects foreign news correspondents to harassment and restrictions that the United States considers such mistreatment a significant and potentially damaging factor in overall relations of the United States with such country; and

"(2) raise in appropriate international forums the issue of the treatment of foreign news correspondents, with a view toward gaining multilateral support for the legitimate rights of such correspondents.

"(c) [Repealed. Pub. L. 97–241, title V, §505(a)(2), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 299.]"

Diplomatic Relations With Foreign Government Not Indication of Approval of Such Government

Pub. L. 95–426, title VI, §607, Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 988, provided that: "The Congress finds that the conduct of diplomatic relations with a foreign government has as its principal purpose the discussion and negotiation with that government of outstanding issues and, like the recognition of a foreign government, does not in itself imply approval of that government or of the political-economic system it represents."

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

Functions of President respecting certain facilities constructed and maintained on United States borders delegated to Secretary of State, see Ex. Ord. No. 11423, Aug. 16, 1968, 33 F.R. 11741, set out as a note under section 301 of Title 3, The President.

Executive Order No. 13584

Ex. Ord. No. 13584, Sept. 9, 2011, 76 F.R. 56945, which related to developing an integrated strategic counterterrorism communications initiative and establishing a temporary organization to support certain government-wide communications activities directed abroad, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 13721, §2, Mar. 17, 2016, 81 F.R. 14685, set out below.

Ex. Ord. No. 13721. Developing an Integrated Global Engagement Center To Support Government-wide Counterterrorism Communications Activities Directed Abroad and Revoking Executive Order 13584

Ex. Ord. No. 13721, Mar. 14, 2016, 81 F.R. 14685, provided:

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 2656 of title 22, United States Code, and section 3161 of title 5, United States Code, it is hereby ordered as follows:

Section 1. Establishment of the Global Engagement Center. The Secretary of State (Secretary) shall establish the Global Engagement Center (Center) which shall lead the coordination, integration, and synchronization of Government-wide communications activities directed at foreign audiences abroad in order to counter the messaging and diminish the influence of international terrorist organizations, including the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), al Qa'ida, and other violent extremists abroad, with specific responsibilities as set forth in section 3 of this order. The executive director of the Center shall be the Special Envoy and Coordinator for Global Engagement Communications (Coordinator), who shall report to the Secretary through the Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy.

Sec. 2. Revocation. Executive Order 13584 of September 9, 2011 (Developing an Integrated Strategic Counterterrorism Communications Initiative and Establishing a Temporary Organization to Support Certain Government-Wide Communications Activities Directed Abroad), is revoked.

Sec. 3. Responsibilities Assigned to the Center. Recognizing the need for innovation and new approaches to counter the messaging and diminish the influence of international terrorist organizations, including ISIL, al Qa'ida, and other violent extremists abroad, and in order to protect the vital national interests of the United States, while also recognizing the importance of protections for freedom of expression, including those under the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and international human rights obligations, the responsibilities and functions of the Center shall include the following:

(a) coordinating, integrating, and synchronizing all public communications of the United States Government directed toward foreign audiences abroad in order to counter the messaging and diminish the influence of international terrorist organizations and other violent extremists abroad;

(b) developing and promulgating throughout the executive branch, on the basis of rigorous research and modern data analysis, the U.S. strategic counterterrorism narratives, guidance, and associated communications strategies directed toward foreign audiences abroad in order to counter the messaging and diminish the influence of international terrorist organizations and other violent extremists abroad;

(c) consulting and engaging, in coordination with agencies and the Countering Violent Extremism Task Force, as appropriate, with a range of communications-related actors and entities, within the United States and abroad, including governments, private sector and civil society entities, in order to contribute to U.S. Government efforts to counter the communications-related radicalization to violence and recruitment activities of international terrorist organizations and other violent extremists abroad, while also building the capacity of partners to create resonant positive alternative narratives and to diminish the influence of such international terrorist organizations and other violent extremists abroad;

(d) identifying, engaging, employing, or acquiring the best available talent across the U.S. and from global private sectors, academia, and elsewhere to support the Center's mission;

(e) identifying shortfalls in any U.S. capabilities in any areas relevant to the Center's mission and implementing or recommending, as appropriate, necessary enhancements or changes; and

(f) developing, supporting, and sustaining networks of governmental and non-governmental partners, to provide original content and disseminate messaging products to foreign audiences abroad and to create, develop, and sustain effective positive alternative narratives consistent with U.S. policy objectives.

Sec. 4. Establishment of a Steering Committee. The Secretary shall establish a Steering Committee composed of senior representatives of agencies relevant to the Center's mission to provide advice to the Secretary on the operations and strategic orientation of the Center and to ensure adequate support for the Center. The Steering Committee shall be chaired by the Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy. The Steering Committee shall include one senior representative designated by the head of each of the following agencies: the Department of Defense, the Department of Justice, the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of the Treasury, the Small Business Administration, the National Counterterrorism Center, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Counterterrorism Center of the Central Intelligence Agency, the Broadcast Board of Governors, and the United States Agency for International Development. Other agencies may be invited to participate in the Steering Committee at the discretion of the Chair.

Sec. 5. Interagency Support. Agencies are hereby directed, consistent with budget priorities and mission constraints, upon request by the Secretary and to the extent permitted by law and consistent with the need to protect intelligence and law enforcement sources, methods, operations, and investigations, to provide to the Center, and the Center is authorized to use, for the purpose of carrying out the responsibilities outlined in this order:

(a) details or assignments of personnel, which shall be based on reasonable requests in light of the need for specific domain expertise, and after consultation with the relevant agency to ensure that such requests align with their authorities and resources;

(b) the use of physical premises, equipment, and logistical or administrative support;

(c) relevant information, research, intelligence, and analysis; and

(d) such other resources and assistance as the Coordinator may request for the purpose of carrying out the responsibilities outlined in this order.

Sec. 6. Establishment of a Temporary Organization. (a) There is established within the Department of State, in accordance with section 3161 of title 5, United States Code, a temporary organization to be known as the Global Engagement Center Coordination Office (GECCO).

(b) The purpose of the GECCO shall be to perform the specific project of providing technical, marketing, management, and operational support to the Center in its efforts to build and maintain a network of partners outside the U.S. Government, including private sector entities and non-governmental organizations, and to develop research and analytics to enable measurement and evaluation of the activities of the Center and related activities conducted by other agencies.

(c) In carrying out the purposes set forth in subsection (b) of this section, the GECCO shall:

(i) provide technical, marketing, management, and operational support for the management of contracts, grants, and cooperative agreements;

(ii) assist the Center in building and maintaining partnerships with private sector entities, non-governmental organizations, and others as appropriate in support of the Center's mission;

(iii) design and develop sustained campaigns, in coordination with and primarily for use by private sector entities and non-governmental organizations, on specific areas of interest to foreign audiences abroad in support of the Center's mission;

(iv) conduct or commission baseline research to establish the basis for evaluation of the activities of the Center and related activities conducted by other agencies;

(v) develop analytical models and metrics, consistent with the Center's responsibilities, in order to enable measurement and evaluation of the activities of the Center in coordinating effective strategies to counter the messaging and diminish the influence of international terrorist organizations and other violent extremists abroad, and related activities conducted by other agencies; and

(vi) perform such other functions related to the specific project set forth in subsection (b) of this section as the Secretary may assign.

(d) The GECCO shall be headed by the Coordinator. Its staff may include, as determined by the Coordinator: (1) personnel with relevant expertise detailed on a non-reimbursable basis from other agencies; (2) senior and other technical advisers; (3) executive-level personnel; and (4) such other personnel as the Secretary may request to support the GECCO. To accomplish this mission, the heads of agencies shall, upon request, provide to the GECCO, on a non-reimbursable basis, assistance, services, and other support including but not limited to logistical and administrative support and details of personnel to the extent permitted by law. Non-reimbursable details to the GECCO shall be based on reasonable requests from the Coordinator in light of the need for specific expertise, and after consultation with the relevant agency, to the extent permitted by law.

(e) The GECCO shall terminate at the end of the maximum period permitted by section 3161(a)(1) of title 5, United States Code, unless sooner terminated by the Secretary consistent with section 3161(a)(2) of such title.

(f) The termination of the GECCO as required by subsection (e) of this section shall not be interpreted to imply the termination, attenuation or amendment of any other authority or provision of this order.

Sec. 7. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(i) authority granted by law to an agency, or the head thereof; or

(ii) functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.

(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.

(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

Barack Obama.      

Presidential Certification Authorizing Security Assistance to East Timor

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2003–19, Mar. 28, 2003, 68 F.R. 16167, provided:

Memorandum for the Secretary of State

Pursuant to the authority vested in me by the Constitution and laws of the United States, including section 637(b)(2) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003 [Pub. L. 107–228, §637(b)(2), set out above], I hereby certify that East Timor has established an independent armed forces; and that the provision to East Timor of military assistance in the form of excess defense articles and international military education and training is in the national security interests of the United States, and will promote both human rights in East Timor and the professionalization of the armed forces of East Timor.

You are hereby authorized and directed to report this certification, accompanying memorandum of justification [not set out in the Code], and report on East Timor security assistance to the Congress, and to arrange for the publication of this memorandum in the Federal Register.

George W. Bush.      

§2656a. Congressional declaration of findings of major significance of modern scientific and technological advances in foreign policy

The Congress finds that—

(1) the consequences of modern scientific and technological advances are of such major significance in United States foreign policy that understanding and appropriate knowledge of modern science and technology by officers and employees of the United States Government are essential in the conduct of modern diplomacy;

(2) many problems and opportunities for development in modern diplomacy lie in scientific and technological fields;

(3) in the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of the technological aspects of United States foreign policy, the United States Government should seek out and consult with both public and private industrial, academic, and research institutions concerned with modern technology; and

(4) the effective use of science and technology in international relations for the mutual benefit of all countries requires the development and use of the skills and methods of long-range planning.

(Pub. L. 95–426, title V, §501, Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 982.)

§2656b. Congressional declaration of policy regarding consequences of science and technology on conduct of foreign policy

In order to maximize the benefits and to minimize the adverse consequences of science and technology in the conduct of foreign policy, the Congress declares the following to be the policy of the United States:

(1) Technological opportunities, impacts, changes, and threats should be anticipated and assessed, and appropriate measures should be implemented to influence such technological developments in ways beneficial to the United States and other countries.

(2) The mutually beneficial applications of technology in bilateral and multilateral agreements and activities involving the United States and foreign countries or international organizations should be recognized and supported as an important element of United States foreign policy.

(3) The United States Government should implement appropriate measures to insure that individuals are trained in the use of science and technology as an instrument in international relations and that officers and employees of the United States Government engaged in formal and informal exchanges of scientific and technical information, personnel, and hardware are knowledgeable in international affairs.

(4) In recognition of the environmental and technological factors that change relations among countries and in recognition of the growing interdependence between the domestic and foreign policies and programs of the United States, United States foreign policy should be continually reviewed by the executive and legislative branches of the Government to insure appropriate and timely application of science and technology to the conduct of United States foreign policy.

(5) Federally supported international science and technology agreements should be negotiated to ensure that—

(A) intellectual property rights are properly protected; and

(B) access to research and development opportunities and facilities, and the flow of scientific and technological information, are, to the maximum extent practicable, equitable and reciprocal.

(Pub. L. 95–426, title V, §502, Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 982; Pub. L. 100–418, title V, §5171(a), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1452.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1988—Par. (5). Pub. L. 100–418 added par. (5).

§2656c. Responsibilities of President

(a) Identification, evaluation and initiation of scientific and technological developments

The President, in consultation with the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy and other officials whom the President considers appropriate, shall—

(1) notwithstanding any other provision of law, insure that the Secretary of State is informed and consulted before any agency of the United States Government takes any major action, primarily involving science or technology, with respect to any foreign government or international organization;

(2) identify and evaluate elements of major domestic science and technology programs and activities of the United States Government with significant international implications;

(3) identify and evaluate international scientific or technological developments with significant implications for domestic programs and activities of the United States Government; and

(4) assess and initiate appropriate international scientific and technological activities which are based upon domestic scientific and technological activities of the United States Government and which are beneficial to the United States and foreign countries.

(b) Repealed. Pub. L. 104–66, title I, §1111(b), Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 723

(c) Disclosure of sensitive information

Except as otherwise provided by law, nothing in this section shall be construed as requiring the public disclosure of sensitive information relating to intelligence sources or methods or to persons engaged in monitoring scientific or technological developments for intelligence purposes.

(d) Availability to United States Trade Representative of information and recommendations

(1) The information and recommendations developed under subsection (b)(3) shall be made available to the United States Trade Representative for use in his consultations with Federal agencies pursuant to Executive orders pertaining to the transfer of science and technology.

(2) In providing such information and recommendations, the President shall utilize information developed by any Federal departments, agencies, or interagency committees as he may consider necessary.

(Pub. L. 95–426, title V, §503, Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 983; Pub. L. 100–418, title V, §5171(b), (c), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1453; Pub. L. 104–66, title I, §1111(b), Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 723.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1995—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–66 struck out subsec. (b) which related to reports to Congress.

1988—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–418, §5171(b)(1), (2), substituted "the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Committees on Foreign Relations and Governmental Affairs of the Senate a report containing information and recommendations" for "Congress a report containing recommendations".

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 100–418, §5171(b)(3)–(5), added par. (3).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–418, §5171(c), added subsec. (d).

§2656d. Responsibilities of Secretary of State

(a) Coordination and oversight over science and technology agreements between United States and foreign countries, etc.

(1) In order to implement the policies set forth in section 2656b of this title, the Secretary of State (hereafter in this section referred to as the "Secretary") shall have primary responsibility for coordination and oversight with respect to all major science or science and technology agreements and activities between the United States and foreign countries, international organizations, or commissions of which the United States and one or more foreign countries are members.

(2) In coordinating and overseeing such agreements and activities, the Secretary shall consider (A) scientific merit; (B) equity of access as described in section 2656c(b) of this title; (C) possible commercial or trade linkages with the United States which may flow from the agreement or activity; (D) national security concerns; and (E) any other factors deemed appropriate.

(3) Prior to entering into negotiations on such an agreement or activity, the Secretary shall provide Federal agencies which have primary responsibility for, or substantial interest in, the subject matter of the agreement or activity, including those agencies responsible for—

(A) Federal technology management policies set forth by Public Law 96–517 and the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 [15 U.S.C. 3701 et seq.];

(B) national security policies;

(C) United States trade policies; and

(D) relevant Executive orders,

with an opportunity to review the proposed agreement or activity to ensure its consistency with such policies and Executive orders, and to ensure effective interagency coordination.

(b) Long-term contracts, grants, to obtain studies, etc., with respect to application of science and technology to foreign policy

The Secretary shall, to such extent or in such amounts as are provided in appropriation Acts, enter into long-term contracts, including contracts for the services of consultants, and shall make grants and take other appropriate measures in order to obtain studies, analyses, and recommendations from knowledgeable persons and organizations with respect to the application of science or technology to problems of foreign policy.

(c) Long-term and short-term contracts, grants, to train officers and employees in application of science and technology to problems of foreign policy

The Secretary shall, to such extent or in such amounts as are provided in appropriation Acts, enter into short-term and long-term contracts, including contracts for the services of consultants, and shall make grants and take other appropriate measures in order to obtain assistance from knowledgeable persons and organizations in training officers and employees of the United States Government, at all levels of the Foreign Service and Civil Service—

(1) in the application of science and technology to problems of United States foreign policy and international relations generally; and

(2) in the skills of long-range planning and analysis with respect to the scientific and technological aspects of United States foreign policy.

(d) Detached service for graduate studies

In obtaining assistance pursuant to subsection (c) in training personnel who are officers or employees of the Department of State, the Secretary may provide for detached service for graduate study at accredited colleges and universities.

(Pub. L. 95–426, title V, §504, Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 983; Pub. L. 97–241, title V, §505(a)(2), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 299; Pub. L. 100–418, title V, §5171(d), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1453.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Public Law 96–517, referred to in subsec. (a)(3)(A), is Pub. L. 96–517, Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 3015, which enacted sections 200 to 211 and 301 to 307 of Title 35, Patents, amended section 1113 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, sections 101 and 117 of Title 17, Copyrights, sections 41, 42, and 154 of Title 35, and sections 2186 and 5908 and former section 2457 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 13 and 41 of Title 35. Section 2457 of Title 42 was repealed and restated as section 20135 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, by Pub. L. 111–314, §§3, 6, Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3328, 3444. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1980 Amendment note set out under section 41 of Title 35 and Tables.

The Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980, referred to in subsec. (a)(3)(A), is Pub. L. 96–480, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2311, which is classified generally to chapter 63 (§3701 et seq.) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3701 of Title 15 and Tables.

Amendments

1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–418 amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows: "In order to implement the policy set forth in section 2656b of this title, the Secretary of State (hereafter in this section referred to as the 'Secretary') shall have primary responsibility for coordination and oversight with respect to all major science or science and technology agreements and activities between the United States and foreign countries, international organizations, or commissions of which the United States and one or more foreign countries are members."

1982—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 97–241 struck out subsec. (e) which provided that not later than Jan. 20, 1979, the Secretary transmit to the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives, and to the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, a report on the implementation of his responsibilities under this title, which report was to include an assessment of the personnel required in order to carry out such responsibilities, existing and planned programs for research and analysis to support long-range planning for the application of science and technology to foreign policy, existing and planned programs for training officers and employees of the United States Government pursuant to subsec. (c) of this section, and existing and planned programs to enter into long-term contracts with academic and other organizations for assistance in training and in obtaining studies, analyses, and recommendations with respect to the application of science or technology to problems of foreign policy.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Multilateral Agreement Governing Use of Nuclear-Powered Satellites

Pub. L. 95–426, title VI, §608, Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 988, as amended by Pub. L. 97–241, title V, §505(a)(2), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 299, provided that:

"(a) The Congress finds that—

"(1) no international regime governs the use of nuclear-powered satellites in space;

"(2) the unregulated use of such technology poses the possibility of catastrophic damage to human life and the global environment; and

"(3) this danger has been evidenced by mishaps encountered, despite certain precautions, by nuclear-powered satellites of both the United States and the Soviet Union.

"(b) It is therefore the sense of the Congress that the United States should take the initiative immediately in seeking a multilateral agreement governing the use of nuclear-powered satellites in space.

"(c) [Repealed. Pub. L. 97–241, title V, §505(a)(2), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 299.]"

§2656e. Terrorism-related travel advisories

The Secretary of State shall promptly advise the Congress whenever the Department of State issues a travel advisory, or other public warning notice for United States citizens traveling abroad, because of a terrorist threat or other security concern.

(Pub. L. 99–399, title V, §505, Aug. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 871.)

§2656f. Annual country reports on terrorism

(a) Requirement of annual country reports on terrorism

The Secretary of State shall transmit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, by April 30 of each year, a full and complete report providing—

(1)(A) detailed assessments with respect to each foreign country—

(i) in which acts of international terrorism occurred which were, in the opinion of the Secretary, of major significance;

(ii) about which the Congress was notified during the preceding five years pursuant to section 4605(j) ¹ of title 50; and

(iii) which the Secretary determines should be the subject of such report; and

(B) detailed assessments with respect to each foreign country whose territory is being used as a sanctuary for terrorists or terrorist organizations;

(2) all relevant information about the activities during the preceding year of any terrorist group, and any umbrella group under which such terrorist group falls, known to be responsible for the kidnapping or death of an American citizen during the preceding five years, any terrorist group known to have obtained or developed, or to have attempted to obtain or develop, weapons of mass destruction, any terrorist group known to be financed by countries about which Congress was notified during the preceding year pursuant to section 4605(j) ¹ of title 50, any group designated by the Secretary as a foreign terrorist organization under section 1189 of title 8, and any other known international terrorist group which the Secretary determines should be the subject of such report;

(3) with respect to each foreign country from which the United States Government has sought cooperation during the previous five years in the investigation or prosecution of an act of international terrorism against United States citizens or interests, information on—

(A) the extent to which the government of the foreign country is cooperating with the United States Government in apprehending, convicting, and punishing the individual or individuals responsible for the act; and

(B) the extent to which the government of the foreign country is cooperating in preventing further acts of terrorism against United States citizens in the foreign country; and

(4) with respect to each foreign country from which the United States Government has sought cooperation during the previous five years in the prevention of an act of international terrorism against such citizens or interests, the information described in paragraph (3)(B).

(b) Provisions to be included in report

The report required under subsection (a) should to the extent feasible include (but not be limited to)—

(1) with respect to subsection (a)(1)(A)—

(A) a review of major counterterrorism efforts undertaken by countries which are the subject of such report, including, as appropriate, steps taken in international fora;

(B) the response of the judicial system of each country which is the subject of such report with respect to matters relating to terrorism affecting American citizens or facilities, or which have, in the opinion of the Secretary, a significant impact on United States counterterrorism efforts, including responses to extradition requests; and

(C) significant support, if any, for international terrorism by each country which is the subject of such report, including (but not limited to)—

(i) political and financial support;

(ii) diplomatic support through diplomatic recognition and use of the diplomatic pouch;

(iii) providing sanctuary to terrorists or terrorist groups;

(iv) providing weapons of mass destruction, or assistance in obtaining or developing such weapons, to terrorists or terrorist groups; ²

(v) the positions (including voting records) on matters relating to terrorism in the General Assembly of the United Nations and other international bodies and fora of each country which is the subject of such report;

(2) with respect to subsection (a)(1)(B)—

(A) the extent of knowledge by the government of the country with respect to terrorist activities in the territory of the country; and

(B) the actions by the country—

(i) to eliminate each terrorist sanctuary in the territory of the country;

(ii) to cooperate with United States antiterrorism efforts; and

(iii) to prevent the proliferation of and trafficking in weapons of mass destruction in and through the territory of the country;

(3) ³ with respect to subsection (a)(2), any—

(A) significant financial support provided by foreign governments to those groups directly, or provided in support of their activities;

(B) provisions of significant military or paramilitary training or transfer of weapons by foreign governments to those groups;

(C) efforts by those groups to obtain or develop weapons of mass destruction;

(D) provision of diplomatic recognition or privileges by foreign governments to those groups;

(E) provision by foreign governments of sanctuary from prosecution to these groups or their members responsible for the commission, attempt, or planning of an act of international terrorism; and

(F) efforts by the United States to eliminate international financial support provided to those groups directly or provided in support of their activities;

(4) ³ a strategy for addressing, and where possible eliminating, terrorist sanctuaries that shall include—

(A) a description of terrorist sanctuaries, together with an assessment of the priorities of addressing and eliminating such sanctuaries;

(B) an outline of strategies for disrupting or eliminating the security provided to terrorists by such sanctuaries;

(C) a description of efforts by the United States to work with other countries in bilateral and multilateral fora to address or eliminate terrorist sanctuaries and disrupt or eliminate the security provided to terrorists by such sanctuaries; and

(D) a description of long-term goals and actions designed to reduce the conditions that allow the formation of terrorist sanctuaries; and

(5) an update of the information contained in the report required to be transmitted to Congress under 7120(b) ⁴ of the 9/11 Commission Implementation Act of 2004.

(3) ⁵ to the extent practicable, complete statistical information on the number of individuals, including United States citizens and dual nationals, killed, injured, or kidnapped by each terrorist group during the preceding calendar year; and

(4) ⁵ an analysis, as appropriate, of trends in international terrorism, including changes in technology used, methods and targets of attack, demographic information on terrorists, and other appropriate information.

(c) Classification of report

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the report required under subsection (a) shall, to the extent practicable, be submitted in an unclassified form and may be accompanied by a classified appendix.

(2) If the Secretary of State determines that the transmittal of the information with respect to a foreign country under paragraph (3) or (4) of subsection (a) in classified form would make more likely the cooperation of the government of the foreign country as specified in such paragraph, the Secretary may transmit the information under such paragraph in classified form.

(d) Definitions

As used in this section—

(1) the term "international terrorism" means terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than 1 country;

(2) the term "terrorism" means premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents;

(3) the term "terrorist group" means any group practicing, or which has significant subgroups which practice, international terrorism;

(4) the terms "territory" and "territory of the country" mean the land, waters, and airspace of the country; and

(5) the terms "terrorist sanctuary" and "sanctuary" mean an area in the territory of the country—

(A) that is used by a terrorist or terrorist organization—

(i) to carry out terrorist activities, including training, fundraising, financing, and recruitment; or

(ii) as a transit point; and

(B) the government of which expressly consents to, or with knowledge, allows, tolerates, or disregards such use of its territory and is not subject to a determination under—

(i) section 4605(j)(1)(A) ¹ of title 50;

(ii) section 2371(a) of this title; or

(iii) section 2780(d) of this title.

(e) Reporting period

(1) The report required under subsection (a) shall cover the events of the calendar year preceding the year in which the report is submitted.

(2) The report required by subsection (a) to be submitted by March 31, 1988, may be submitted no later than August 31, 1988.

(Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §140, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1347; Pub. L. 101–246, title I, §122, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 27; Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §133(b)(1), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 395; Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, §101(c) [title V, §578], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–121, 3009-169; Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, §7102(d)(1)–(3), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3777, 3778; Pub. L. 108–487, title VII, §701(a), Dec. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 3961.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 4605(j) of title 50, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1)(A)(ii), (2) and (d)(5)(B)(i), was repealed by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XVII, §1766(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2232.

[Section] 7120(b) of the 9/11 Commission Implementation Act of 2004, referred to in subsec. (b)(5), is section 7120(b) of Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3803, which is not classified to the Code.

Amendments

2004—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 108–458, §7102(d)(1), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), redesignated former subpars. (A) to (C) as cls. (i) to (iii), respectively, of subpar. (A), and added subpar. (B).

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 108–487, §701(a)(1), inserted "any terrorist group known to have obtained or developed, or to have attempted to obtain or develop, weapons of mass destruction," after "during the preceding five years," and "any group designated by the Secretary as a foreign terrorist organization under section 1189 of title 8," after "section 2405(j) of the Appendix to title 50".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 108–458, §7102(d)(2)(A)(i), substituted "subsection (a)(1)(A)" for "subsection (a)(1)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1)(C)(iv). Pub. L. 108–487, §701(a)(2)(A), added cl. (iv) and redesignated former cl. (iv) as (v).

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 108–458, §7102(d)(2)(A)(ii), (C), added par. (2). Former par. (2), relating to report provisions with respect to subsec. (a)(2), redesignated (3).

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 108–487, §701(a)(2)(C), added par. (3) relating to statistical information on individuals killed, injured, or kidnapped by terrorist groups.

Pub. L. 108–487, §701(a)(2)(B)(iii), which directed amendment of subsec. (b)(2)(F), as redesignated by Pub. L. 108–487, §701(a)(2)(B)(i), by substituting a semicolon for the period, was probably intended as an amendment to subpar. (F) of subsec. (b)(3) relating to report provisions with respect to subsec. (a)(2), as redesignated by Pub. L. 108–458, §7102(d)(2)(B), and Pub. L. 108–487, §701(a)(2)(B)(i), but could not be executed because of the amendment by Pub. L. 108–458, §7102(d)(2)(D). See below.

Pub. L. 108–458, §7102(d)(2)(B), (D), redesignated par. (2), relating to report provisions with respect to subsec. (a)(2), as (3) and substituted a semicolon for the period at end.

Subsec. (b)(3)(C) to (F). Pub. L. 108–487, §701(a)(2)(B)(i), (ii), which directed amendment of subsec. (b)(2) by adding subpar. (C) and redesignating former subpars. (C) to (E) as (D) to (F), respectively, was executed by making the amendment to subsec. (b)(3) relating to report provisions with respect to subsec. (a)(2) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the redesignation of subsec. (b)(2) as (b)(3) by Pub. L. 108–458. See above.

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 108–487, §701(a)(2)(C), added par. (4) relating to analysis of trends in international terrorism.

Pub. L. 108–458, §7102(d)(2)(E), added par. (4) relating to strategy for addressing, and where possible eliminating, terrorist sanctuaries.

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 108–458, §7102(d)(2)(E), added par. (5).

Subsec. (d)(4), (5). Pub. L. 108–458, §7102(d)(3), added pars. (4) and (5).

1996—Subsec. (a)(3), (4). Pub. L. 104–208, §101(c) [title V, §578(1)], added pars. (3) and (4).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–208, §101(c) [title V, §578(2)], designated existing provisions as par. (1), realigned margins, substituted "Except as provided in paragraph (2), the report" for "The report", and added par. (2).

1994—Subsec. (b)(2)(E). Pub. L. 103–236 added subpar. (E).

1990—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–246 substituted "April 30" for "March 31".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2004 Amendments

Pub. L. 108–487, title VII, §701(b), Dec. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 3962, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply beginning with the first report under section 140 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 [this section] that is submitted more than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2004]."

Pub. L. 108–487, title VIII, §801, Dec. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 3962, provided that: "Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, this Act [enacting sections 1912, 3032, 3201 to 3205, 3221, 3523, and 3617 of Title 50, War and National Defense, amending this section and sections 1902, 1903, 1910, 1911, 3036, 3361, and 3519a of Title 50, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, section 873 of Title 21, Food and Drugs, and sections 1902, 3001, 3032, 3036, 3106, and 3322 of Title 50, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 8331 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees] (and the amendments made by this Act) shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2004]."

Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, §7102(d)(4), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3778, provided that: "The amendments made by this subsection [amending this section] apply with respect to the report required to be transmitted under section 140 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 (22 U.S.C. 2656f), by April 30, 2006, and by April 30 of each subsequent year."

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–458 effective Dec. 17, 2004, notwithstanding any other provision of such Act, see section 7122 of Pub. L. 108–458, set out as a note under section 112a of Title 1, General Provisions.

Terrorist Sanctuaries

Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, §7102(a), (b), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3776, provided that:

"(a) Findings.—Consistent with the report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Congress makes the following findings:

"(1) Complex terrorist operations require locations that provide such operations sanctuary from interference by Government or law enforcement personnel.

"(2) A terrorist sanctuary existed in Afghanistan before September 11, 2001.

"(3) The terrorist sanctuary in Afghanistan provided direct and indirect value to members of al Qaeda who participated in the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, and in other terrorist operations.

"(4) Terrorist organizations have fled to some of the least governed and most lawless places in the world to find sanctuary.

"(5) During the 21st century, terrorists are often focusing on remote regions and failing states as locations to seek sanctuary.

"(b) Sense of Congress on United States Policy on Terrorist Sanctuaries.—It is the sense of Congress that it should be the policy of the United States—

"(1) to identify foreign countries that are being used as terrorist sanctuaries;

"(2) to assess current United States resources and tools being used to assist foreign governments to eliminate such sanctuaries;

"(3) to develop and implement a coordinated strategy to prevent terrorists from using such foreign countries as sanctuaries; and

"(4) to work in bilateral and multilateral fora to elicit the cooperation needed to identify and address terrorist sanctuaries that may exist today, but, so far, remain unknown to governments."

Report on Terrorist Activity in Which United States Citizens Were Killed and Related Matters

Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [div. A, title VIII, §805], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-470, as amended by Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title II, §216(c), Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1367, provided that:

"(a) In General.—Not later than May 1, 2003, and not later than May 1, 2004, the Secretary of State shall prepare and submit a report, with a classified annex as necessary, to the appropriate congressional committees [Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate] regarding terrorist attacks in Israel, in territory administered by Israel, and in territory administered by the Palestinian Authority. The report shall contain the following information:

"(1) A list of formal commitments the Palestinian Authority has made to combat terrorism.

"(2) A list of terrorist attacks, occurring between September 13, 1993 and the date of the report, against United States citizens in Israel, in territory administered by Israel, or in territory administered by the Palestinian Authority, including—

"(A) a list of all citizens of the United States killed or injured in such attacks;

"(B) the date of each attack and the total number of people killed or injured in each attack;

"(C) the person or group claiming responsibility for the attack and where such person or group has found refuge or support;

"(D) a list of suspects implicated in each attack and the nationality of each suspect, including information on—

"(i) which suspects are in the custody of the Palestinian Authority and which suspects are in the custody of Israel;

"(ii) which suspects are still at large in areas controlled by the Palestinian Authority or Israel; and

"(iii) the whereabouts (or suspected whereabouts) of suspects implicated in each attack.

"(3) Of the suspects implicated in the attacks described in paragraph (2) and detained by Palestinian or Israeli authorities, information on—

"(A) the date each suspect was incarcerated;

"(B) whether any suspects have been released, the date of such release, and whether any released suspect was implicated in subsequent acts of terrorism; and

"(C) the status of each case pending against a suspect, including information on whether the suspect has been indicted, prosecuted, or convicted by the Palestinian Authority or Israel.

"(4) The policy of the Department of State with respect to offering rewards for information on terrorist suspects, including any information on whether a reward has been posted for suspects involved in terrorist attacks listed in the report.

"(5) A list of each request by the United States for assistance in investigating terrorist attacks listed in the report, a list of each request by the United States for the transfer of terrorist suspects from the Palestinian Authority and Israel since September 13, 1993, and the response to each request from the Palestinian Authority and Israel.

"(6) A description of efforts made by United States officials since September 13, 1993 to bring to justice perpetrators of terrorist acts against United States citizens as listed in the report.

"(7) A list of any terrorist suspects in these cases who are members of Palestinian police or security forces, the Palestine Liberation Organization, or any Palestinian governing body.

"(8) A list of all United States citizens killed or injured in terrorist attacks in Israel or in territory administered by Israel between 1950 and September 13, 1993, to include in each case, where such information is reasonably available, any stated claim of responsibility and the resolution or disposition of each case, except that this list shall be submitted only once with the initial report required under this section unless additional relevant information on these cases becomes available.

"(b) Consultation with Other Departments.—The Secretary of State shall, in preparing the report required by this section, consult and coordinate with all other Government officials who have information necessary to complete the report. Nothing contained in this section shall require the disclosure, on a classified or unclassified basis, of information that would jeopardize sensitive sources and methods or other vital national security interests or jeopardize ongoing criminal investigations or proceedings.

"(c) Initial Report.—Except as provided in subsection (a)(8), the initial report filed under this section shall cover the period between September 13, 1993 and the date of the report."

¹ See References in Text note below.

² So in original. Probably should be followed by "and".

³ So in original. Another par. (3) and par. (4) follow par. (5).

⁴ So in original. Probably should be preceded by the word "section".

⁵ So in original. Another par. (3) and par. (4) precede par. (5).

§2656g. Report on terrorist assets in United States

(a) Reports to Congress

Beginning 90 days after October 28, 1991, and every 365 days thereafter, the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Attorney General and appropriate investigative agencies, shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Finance of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives a report describing the nature and extent of assets held in the United States by terrorist countries and any organization engaged in international terrorism. Each such report shall provide a detailed list and description of specific assets.

(b) Definitions

For purposes of this section—

(1) the term "terrorist countries", refers to countries designated by the Secretary of State under section 2780(d) of this title; and

(2) the term "international terrorism" has the meaning given such term in section 2656f(d) of this title.

(Pub. L. 102–138, title III, §304, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 710; Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §133(b)(2), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 396.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–236 substituted "Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Attorney General and appropriate investigative agencies," for "Secretary of the Treasury" and inserted at end "Each such report shall provide a detailed list and description of specific assets."

§2656h. International credit reports

(a) Report on loan criteria

Not later than 90 days after October 28, 1991, the Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, shall submit to the Chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives a report setting forth clear criteria for bilateral loans by which the United States can determine the likelihood of repayment by a country seeking to receive United States loans. The report should include the criteria used for—

(1) assessing country risk;

(2) projecting loan repayments; and

(3) estimating subsidy levels.

(b) Reports on loans

Beginning 180 days after the submission of the report in subsection (a) and annually thereafter, the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, shall submit a report to the Chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives showing actual repayments by country and by program to the United States Government for the previous 5 years and the scheduled repayments to the United States Government for the next 5 years.

(Pub. L. 102–138, title I, §197, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 684.)

Editorial Notes

Authority of Secretary of State

Except as otherwise provided, Secretary of State to have and exercise any authority vested by law in any official or office of Department of State and references to such officials or offices deemed to refer to Secretary of State or Department of State, as appropriate, see section 2651a of this title and section 161(d) of Pub. L. 103–236, set out as a note under section 2651a of this title.

§2656i. Counterdrug and anticrime activities of Department of State

(a) Counterdrug and law enforcement strategy

(1) Requirement

Not later than 180 days after October 21, 1998, the Secretary of State shall establish, implement, and submit to Congress a comprehensive, long-term strategy to carry out the counterdrug responsibilities of the Department of State in a manner consistent with the National Drug Control Strategy. The strategy shall involve all elements of the Department in the United States and abroad.

(2) Objectives

In establishing the strategy, the Secretary shall—

(A) coordinate with the Office of National Drug Control Policy in the development of clear, specific, and measurable counterdrug objectives for the Department that support the goals and objectives of the National Drug Control Strategy;

(B) develop specific and, to the maximum extent practicable, quantifiable measures of performance relating to the objectives, including annual and long-term measures of performance, for purposes of assessing the success of the Department in meeting the objectives;

(C) assign responsibilities for meeting the objectives to appropriate elements of the Department;

(D) develop an operational structure within the Department that minimizes impediments to meeting the objectives;

(E) ensure that every United States ambassador or chief of mission is fully briefed on the strategy, and works to achieve the objectives; and

(F) ensure that—

(i) all budgetary requests and transfers of equipment (including the financing of foreign military sales and the transfer of excess defense articles) relating to international counterdrug efforts conforms with the objectives; and

(ii) the recommendations of the Department regarding certification determinations made by the President on March 1 as to the counterdrug cooperation, or adequate steps on its own, of each major illicit drug producing and drug trafficking country to achieve full compliance with the goals and objectives established by the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances also conform to meet such objectives.

(3) Reports

Not later than February 15 of each year subsequent to the submission of the strategy described in paragraph (1), the Secretary shall submit to Congress an update of the strategy. The update shall include—

(A) an outline of the proposed activities with respect to the strategy during the succeeding year, including the manner in which such activities will meet the objectives set forth in paragraph (2); and

(B) detailed information on how certification determinations described in paragraph (2)(F) made the previous year affected achievement of the objectives set forth in paragraph (2) for the previous calendar year.

(4) Limitation on delegation

The Secretary shall designate an official in the Department who reports directly to the Secretary to oversee the implementation of the strategy throughout the Department.

(b) Information on international criminals

(1) Information system

The Secretary shall, in consultation with the heads of appropriate United States law enforcement agencies, including the Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury, take appropriate actions to establish an information system or improve existing information systems containing comprehensive information on serious crimes committed by foreign nationals. The information system shall be available to United States embassies and missions abroad for use in consideration of applications for visas for entry into the United States.

(2) Report

Not later than 180 days after October 21, 1998, the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the actions taken under paragraph (1).

(c) Overseas coordination of counterdrug and anticrime programs, policy, and assistance

(1) Strengthening coordination

The responsibilities of every diplomatic mission of the United States shall include the strengthening of cooperation between and among the United States and foreign governmental entities and multilateral entities with respect to activities relating to international narcotics and crime.

(2) Designation of officers

(A) In general

Consistent with existing memoranda of understanding between the Department of State and other departments and agencies of the United States, including the Department of Justice, the chief of mission of every diplomatic mission of the United States shall designate an officer or officers within the mission to carry out the responsibility of the mission under paragraph (1), including the coordination of counterdrug, law enforcement, rule of law, and administration of justice programs, policy, and assistance. Such officer or officers shall report to the chief of mission, or the designee of the chief of mission, on a regular basis regarding activities undertaken in carrying out such responsibility.

(B) Reports

The chief of mission of every diplomatic mission of the United States shall submit to the Secretary on a regular basis a report on the actions undertaken by the mission to carry out such responsibility.

(3) Report to Congress

Not later than 180 days after October 21, 1998, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives a report on the status of any proposals for action or on action undertaken to improve staffing and personnel management at diplomatic missions of the United States in order to carry out the responsibility set forth in paragraph (1).

(Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXII, §2214, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–812.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Committee on International Relations of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Foreign Affairs of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Jan. 5, 2007.

§2657. Custody of seals and property

The Secretary of State shall have the custody and charge of the seal of the Department of State, and of all the books, records, papers, furniture, fixtures, and other property which on June 22, 1874, remained in and appertained to the Department, or were thereafter acquired for it.

(R.S. §203.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

R.S. §203 derived from acts July 27, 1789, ch. 4, §§2, 4, 1 Stat. 29; Sept. 15, 1789, ch. 14, §7, 1 Stat. 69.

Section was formerly classified to section 158 of Title 5 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, §1, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.

§2658. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §162(a), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 405

Section, acts May 26, 1949, ch. 143, §4, 63 Stat. 111; Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, §544(c), as added July 18, 1956, ch. 627, §11(a), 70 Stat. 563; amended Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85–141, §11(b)(1), 71 Stat. 365, authorized Secretary of State to promulgate rules and regulations and delegate authority.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of Repeal

Repeal applicable with respect to officials, offices, and bureaus of Department of State when executive orders, regulations, or departmental directives implementing the amendments by sections 161 and 162 of Pub. L. 103–236 become effective, or 90 days after Apr. 30, 1994, whichever comes earlier, see section 161(b) of Pub. L. 103–236, as amended, set out as an Effective Date of 1994 Amendment note under section 2651a of this title.

§2659. State statutes to be procured

The Secretary of State shall procure from time to time such of the statutes of the several States as may not be in his office.

(R.S. §206.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

R.S. §206 derived from act Sept. 23, 1789, No. 3, 1 Stat. 97.

Section was formerly classified to section 161 of Title 5 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, §1, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.

Executive Documents

Abolition of Functions

Section 161 of former Title 5, Executive Departments and Government Officers and Employees [now this section], under which the Secretary of State was required to procure, from time to time, such of the statutes of the several States as might not be in his office, was affected by Reorg. Plan No. 20 of 1950, 2(a), eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3178, 64 Stat. 1272, set out in Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, which abolished such prescribed duty. Such section 2(a) further provided, however, that such abolition should not limit the authority of the Secretary of State to procure copies of such State statutes as may be needed in the performance of his functions.

§2660. Copies of treaties furnished to Director of the Government Publishing Office

The Secretary of State shall furnish to the Director of the Government Publishing Office a correct copy of every treaty between the United States and any foreign government as soon as possible after it has been duly ratified and has been proclaimed by the President; and also of every postal convention made between the United States Postal Service, by and with the advice and consent of the President, on the part of the United States and foreign countries, as soon as possible after copies of such conventions have been transmitted to him by the United States Postal Service.

(R.S. §210; June 20, 1874, ch. 328, 18 Stat. 88; 1950 Reorg. Plan No. 20, §1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3178, 64 Stat. 1272; Pub. L. 91–375, §4(a), Aug. 12, 1970, 84 Stat. 773; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(d), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

R.S. §210 derived from acts Mar. 9, 1868, ch. 22, §1, 15 Stat. 40; June 8, 1872, ch. 335, §20, 17 Stat. 287.

Section was formerly classified to section 165 of Title 5 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, §1, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.

Provisions of R.S. §210, act June 20, 1874, and 1950 Reorg. Plan No. 20, cited as credits to this section, insofar as related to duty of Administrator of General Services to furnish to Public Printer a correct copy of every Act and joint resolution, as soon as possible after its approval by President, or after it has become a law in accordance with the Constitution without such approval, were classified to section 191a of former Title 44, Public Printing and Documents, prior to repeal and reenactment as section 710 of Title 44 by Pub. L. 90–620, which enacted Title 44. Section 2(a) of Pub. L. 90–620 provided that the legislative purpose in enacting Title 44 was to restate without substantive change the laws replaced by revised Title 44. Because revised section 710 of Title 44 did not restate those provisions of R.S. §210 and act June 20, 1874, which appear in this section, this section is not considered as having been repealed by section 3 of Pub. L. 90–620.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

"Director of the Government Publishing Office" substituted for "Public Printer" in text on authority of section 1301(d) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note under section 301 of Title 44, Public Printing and Documents.

Transfer of Functions

"United States Postal Service" substituted in text for "Postmaster General" pursuant to section 4(a) of Pub. L. 91–375, set out as a note under section 201 of Title 39, Postal Service, which abolished office of Postmaster General of Post Office Department and transferred its functions to United States Postal Service.

Executive Documents

Transfer of Functions

Reorg. Plan No. 20 of 1950, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, transferred various functions of Secretary of State to Administrator of General Services but excepted from transfer the functions of Secretary of State with respect to treaties and other international agreements under R.S. §210, as amended (this section).

§2661. Procurement of information for corporations, firms and individuals; expense of cablegrams and telephone service involved; appropriation

On and after May 15, 1936, whenever the Secretary of State, in his discretion, procures information on behalf of corporations, firms, and individuals, the expense of cablegrams and telephone service involved may be charged against the respective appropriations for the service utilized; and reimbursement therefor shall be required from those for whom the information was procured and, when made, be credited to the appropriation under which the expenditure was charged.

The Secretary of State is authorized to accept reimbursement from corporations, firms, and individuals for the expenses of travel, translation, printing, special experts, and other extraordinary expenses (including such expenses as salaries and other personnel expenses) incurred in pursuing a claim on their behalf against a foreign government or other foreign entity. Such reimbursements shall be credited to the appropriation account against which the expense was initially charged.

(May 15, 1936, ch. 405, 49 Stat. 1321; Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §142(b), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1350; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXII, §2212(a), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–812.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 169 of Title 5 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, §1, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.

Section is from the Department of State Appropriation Act, 1937, act May 15, 1936.

Prior Provisions

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in the following prior appropriation acts:

Mar. 22, 1935, ch. 39, 49 Stat. 76.

Apr. 7, 1934, ch. 104, title I, 48 Stat. 536.

Mar. 1, 1933, ch. 144, title I, 47 Stat. 1379.

July 1, 1932, ch. 361, title I, 47 Stat. 487.

Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 280, title I, 46 Stat. 1321.

Apr. 18, 1930, ch. 184, title I, 46 Stat. 174.

Amendments

1998—Pub. L. 105–277, in second par., inserted "(including such expenses as salaries and other personnel expenses)" after "extraordinary expenses".

1987—Pub. L. 100–204 inserted second par.

§2661a. Foreign contracts or arrangements; discrimination

Information should not be disseminated about opportunities for, and there should be no participation or other assistance by any officer or employee of the Department of State (including the Agency for International Development) in, the negotiation of any contract or arrangement with a foreign country, individual, or entity, if—

(1) any United States person (as defined in section 7701(a)(30) of title 26) is prohibited from entering into such contract or arrangement, or

(2) such contract or arrangement requires that any such person be excluded from participating in the implementation of such contract or arrangement,

on account of the race, religion, national origin, or sex of such person in the case of an individual or, in the case of a partnership, corporation, association, or other entity, any officer, employee, agent, director, or owner thereof.

(Pub. L. 94–350, title I, §121, July 12, 1976, 90 Stat. 829; Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1986—Par. (1). Pub. L. 99–514 substituted "Internal Revenue Code of 1986" for "Internal Revenue Code of 1954", which for purposes of codification was translated as "title 26" thus requiring no change in text.

§2661b. Services provided to the press

In fiscal year 2001 and thereafter reimbursements for services provided to the press in connection with the travel of senior-level officials may be collected and credited to this appropriation and shall remain available until expended.

(Pub. L. 106–553, §1(a)(2) [title IV], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2762, 2762A-90.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This appropriation, referred to in text, probably means appropriations under the headings "DEPARTMENT OF STATE", "Administration of Foreign Affairs", and "diplomatic and consular programs" of the annual Department of State and Related Agency Appropriations Act.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

References to Diplomatic and Consular Programs Account

References to the Diplomatic and Consular Programs account to be construed to include the Diplomatic Programs account in fiscal year 2020 and each fiscal year thereafter, see par. (7) of title I of div. G of Pub. L. 116–94, set out as a note under section 2651 of this title.

§2662. Transferred

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section 2662, act Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, title I, §1 [part], 70 Stat. 890; as renumbered title I and amended Aug. 24, 1982, Pub. L. 97–241, title II, §202(a), 96 Stat. 282, which related to establishment, maintenance, and operation of passport and despatch agencies, was amended generally by Pub. L. 103–236 and transferred to section 2651a of this title.

Section was formerly classified to section 170f of Title 5 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, §1, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior Department of State Appropriation Acts:

June 20, 1956, ch. 414, title I, 70 Stat. 299.

July 7, 1955, ch. 279, title I, 69 Stat. 264.

July 2, 1954, ch. 456, title I, 68 Stat. 413.

Aug. 5, 1953, ch. 328, title I, 67 Stat. 367.

July 10, 1952, ch. 651, title I, 66 Stat. 549.

Oct. 22, 1951, ch. 533, title I, 65 Stat. 576.

Sept. 6, 1950, ch. 896, title I, 64 Stat. 609.

July 20, 1949, ch. 354, title I, 63 Stat. 448.

June 3, 1948, ch. 400, title I, 62 Stat. 306.

July 9, 1947, ch. 211, title I, 61 Stat. 279.

See, also, the Codification note set out under section 2663 of this title.

§2663. Omitted

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section, act July 5, 1946, ch. 541, title I, 60 Stat. 450, 451, the Department of State Appropriation Act, 1947, related to compensation of personnel and rent and expenses of despatch agencies established by Secretary of State. See section 2662 of this title.

Section was formerly classified to section 153a of Title 5 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, §1, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior Department of State Appropriation Acts:

May 21, 1945, ch. 129, title I, 59 Stat. 173.

June 28, 1944, ch. 294, title I, 58 Stat. 399.

July 1, 1943, ch. 182, title I, 57 Stat. 275.

July 2, 1942, ch. 472, title I, 56 Stat. 473.

June 28, 1941, ch. 258, title I, 55 Stat. 268.

May 14, 1940, ch. 189, title I, 54 Stat. 185.

§2664. Distribution of duties of officers, clerks, and employees

The Secretary of State may prescribe duties for the Assistant Secretaries and the clerks of bureaus, as well as for all the other employees in the department, and may make changes and transfers therein when, in his judgment, it becomes necessary.

(June 20, 1874, ch. 328, 18 Stat. 90; May 24, 1924, ch. 182, §30, as added Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, §7, 46 Stat. 1214.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 154 of Title 5 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, §1, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.

Provisions of this section which related to the Solicitor of the Department were omitted in view of act May 24, 1924, which abolished the office.

§2664a. Protection of Civil Service employees

(a) Findings

The Congress finds that—

(1) the effectiveness and efficiency of the Department of State is dependent not only on the contribution of Foreign Service employees but equally on the contribution of the 42 percent of the Department's employees who are employed under the Civil Service personnel system;

(2) the contribution of these Civil Service employees has been overlooked in the management of the Department and greater equality of promotion, training, and career enhancement opportunities should be accorded to the Civil Service employees of the Department; and

(3) a goal of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 [22 U.S.C. 3901 et seq.] was to strengthen the contribution made by Civil Service employees of the Department of State by creating a cadre of experienced specialists and managers in the Department to provide essential continuity.

(b) Equitable reduction of budget

The Secretary of State shall take all appropriate steps to assure that the burden of cuts in the budget for the Department is not imposed disproportionately or inequitably upon its Civil Service employees.

(c) Establishment of Office of the Ombudsman for Civil Service Employees

There is established in the Office of the Secretary of State the position of Ombudsman for Civil Service Employees. The position of Ombudsman for Civil Service Employees shall be a career reserved position within the Senior Executive Service. The Ombudsman for Civil Service Employees shall report directly to the Secretary of State and shall have the right to participate in all Management Council meetings to assure that the ability of the Civil Service employees to contribute to the achievement of the Department's mandated responsibilities and the career interests of those employees are adequately represented. The position of Ombudsman for Civil Service Employees shall be designated from one of the Senior Executive Service positions (as defined in section 3132(a)(2) of title 5) in existence on December 22, 1987.

(d) "Civil Service employees" defined

For purposes of this section, the term "Civil Service employees" means employees of the Federal Government except for members of the Foreign Service (as defined in section 103 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 [22 U.S.C. 3903]).

(Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §172, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1359.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Foreign Service Act of 1980, referred to in subsec. (a)(3), is Pub. L. 96–465, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2071, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 52 (§3901 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3901 of this title and Tables.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Authority of Secretary of State

Except as otherwise provided, Secretary of State to have and exercise any authority vested by law in any official or office of Department of State and references to such officials or offices deemed to refer to Secretary of State or Department of State, as appropriate, see section 2651a of this title and section 161(d) of Pub. L. 103–236, set out as a note under section 2651a of this title.

§2665. Personal services other than those provided for

There shall not be employed in the Department of State or in connection with said Department in the District of Columbia any personal services other than those which shall be specifically authorized or appropriated for.

(June 22, 1906, ch. 3514, 34 Stat. 402.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 155 of Title 5 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, §1, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.

§2665a. Foreign Service fellowships

The Secretary of State is authorized to establish a Foreign Service fellowship program at the Department of State. The Foreign Service fellowship program shall provide a fellowship, for not less than 4 months, for academics in the area of international affairs who are members of the faculty of institutions of higher education. Such program shall give priority consideration in the award of fellowships to individuals teaching in programs in international affairs which serve significant numbers of students who are from cultural and ethnic groups which are underrepresented in the Foreign Service.

(Pub. L. 101–246, title I, §153(h), Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 44.)

§§2666, 2667. Repealed. Pub. L. 99–93, title I, §125(c), Aug. 16, 1985, 99 Stat. 417

Section 2666, acts June 28, 1955, ch. 199, §1, 69 Stat. 188; Nov. 29, 1975, Pub. L. 94–141, title IV, §406, 89 Stat. 770, authorized security officers of Department of State and Foreign Service to carry firearms. See section 2709 of this title.

Section 2667, act June 28, 1955, ch. 199, §2, as added Aug. 27, 1964, Pub. L. 88–493, §4, 78 Stat. 610, empowered security officers of Department of State and Foreign Service to make arrests without warrant. See section 2709(a)(5) of this title.

§2668. Requisitions for advances to pay lawful obligations

(a) Authorization; accounting

Notwithstanding the provisions of any other law the Secretary of State is authorized in his discretion to issue under the limitations and restrictions hereinafter established requisitions for advances of funds to disbursing officers of the Fiscal Service of the Treasury Department, under a "State account of advances" not to exceed the total amount of appropriations for the Department of State, the amounts so advanced to be used exclusively to pay upon proper vouchers obligations lawfully payable under the respective appropriations: Provided, That a separate "State account of advances" shall be established on the books of the Treasury Department relating to appropriations made to the Department of State for each fiscal year and that a "State account of advances" relating to the appropriations for one fiscal year shall not be used to pay vouchers pertaining to the appropriations of any other fiscal year. Expenditures from the amounts requisitioned under the "State account of advances" shall be charged to applicable appropriations on the books of the Treasury Department on the basis of transfer and counter warrants prepared in the State Department as of the close of each month and prior to audit, certification, or adjustment by the Government Accountability Office. The Government Accountability Office shall subsequently declare the sums finally due from the several appropriations upon audited vouchers according to law and shall certify the same to the Treasury Department which shall make the necessary adjustments between appropriations upon the basis of such audited settlements of the Government Accountability Office: Provided further, That such adjustments shall be reflected on the books of the Government in the month and fiscal year during which the audited settlements are certified to the Treasury.

(b) Removal of outstanding charges

A charge outstanding in the "State account of advances" shall be removed by crediting the account of advances and deducting the amount of the charge from an appropriation made available for advances to the Department of State when—

(1) relief has been granted or may be granted later to a disbursing official or agent of the Department operating under the account of advances and under a law having no provision for removing charges outstanding in the account of advances; or

(2) the charge has been—

(A) outstanding in the account of advances for 2 complete fiscal years; and

(B) certified by the Secretary of State to the Comptroller General as uncollectable.

(c) Financial liability of disbursing agent or official

Subsection (b) of this section does not affect the financial liability of a disbursing official or agent.

(Apr. 25, 1940, ch. 154, 54 Stat. 163; 1940 Reorg. Plan No. III, §1(a)(1), eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2107, 54 Stat. 1231; Pub. L. 97–258, §2(e), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1059; Pub. L. 108–271, §8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 170 of Title 5 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, §1, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.

Amendments

2004—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–271 substituted "Government Accountability Office" for "General Accounting Office" wherever appearing.

1982—Pub. L. 97–258 redesignated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsecs. (b) and (c).

Executive Documents

Transfer of Functions

In subsec. (a), "Fiscal Service of the Treasury Department" substituted for "Division of Disbursement, Treasury Department" on authority of section 1(a)(1) of Reorg. Plan No. III of 1940, eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2107, 54 Stat. 1231, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, which consolidated such division into the Fiscal Service of the Treasury Department. See section 306 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

§2668a. Disposition of trust funds received from foreign governments for citizens of United States

All moneys received by the Secretary of State from foreign governments and other sources, in trust for citizens of the United States or others, shall be deposited and covered into the Treasury.

The Secretary of State shall determine the amounts due claimants, respectively, from each of such trust funds, and certify the same to the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall, upon the presentation of the certificates of the Secretary of State, pay the amounts so found to be