§2306a. Cost or pricing data: truth in negotiations

(a) Required Cost or Pricing Data and Certification.-(1) The head of an agency shall require offerors, contractors, and subcontractors to make cost or pricing data available as follows:

(A) An offeror for a prime contract under this chapter to be entered into using procedures other than sealed-bid procedures shall be required to submit cost or pricing data before the award of a contract if-

(i) in the case of a prime contract entered into after December 5, 1990, the price of the contract to the United States is expected to exceed $500,000; and

(ii) in the case of a prime contract entered into on or before December 5, 1990, the price of the contract to the United States is expected to exceed $100,000.

(B) The contractor for a prime contract under this chapter shall be required to submit cost or pricing data before the pricing of a change or modification to the contract if-

(i) in the case of a change or modification made to a prime contract referred to in subparagraph (A)(i), the price adjustment is expected to exceed $500,000;

(ii) in the case of a change or modification made after December 5, 1991, to a prime contract that was entered into on or before December 5, 1990, and that has been modified pursuant to paragraph (6), the price adjustment is expected to exceed $500,000; and

(iii) in the case of a change or modification not covered by clause (i) or (ii), the price adjustment is expected to exceed $100,000.

(C) An offeror for a subcontract (at any tier) of a contract under this chapter shall be required to submit cost or pricing data before the award of the subcontract if the prime contractor and each higher-tier subcontractor have been required to make available cost or pricing data under this section and-

(i) in the case of a subcontract under a prime contract referred to in subparagraph (A)(i), the price of the subcontract is expected to exceed $500,000;

(ii) in the case of a subcontract entered into after December 5, 1991, under a prime contract that was entered into on or before December 5, 1990, and that has been modified pursuant to paragraph (6), the price of the subcontract is expected to exceed $500,000; and

(iii) in the case of a subcontract not covered by clause (i) or (ii), the price of the subcontract is expected to exceed $100,000.

(D) The subcontractor for a subcontract covered by subparagraph (C) shall be required to submit cost or pricing data before the pricing of a change or modification to the subcontract if-

(i) in the case of a change or modification to a subcontract referred to in subparagraph (C)(i) or (C)(ii), the price adjustment is expected to exceed $500,000; and

(ii) in the case of a change or modification to a subcontract referred to in subparagraph (C)(iii), the price adjustment is expected to exceed $100,000.

(2) A person required, as an offeror, contractor, or subcontractor, to submit cost or pricing data under paragraph (1) (or required by the head of the agency concerned to submit such data under subsection (c)) shall be required to certify that, to the best of the person's knowledge and belief, the cost or pricing data submitted are accurate, complete, and current.

(3) Cost or pricing data required to be submitted under paragraph (1) (or under subsection (c)), and a certification required to be submitted under paragraph (2), shall be submitted-

(A) in the case of a submission by a prime contractor (or an offeror for a prime contract), to the contracting officer for the contract (or to a designated representative of the contracting officer); or

(B) in the case of a submission by a subcontractor (or an offeror for a subcontract), to the prime contractor.

(4) Except as provided under subsection (b), this section applies to contracts entered into by the head of an agency on behalf of a foreign government.

(5) For purposes of paragraph (1)(C), a contractor or subcontractor granted a waiver under subsection (b)(1)(B) shall be considered as having been required to make available cost or pricing data under this section.

(6) Upon the request of a contractor that was required to submit cost or pricing data under paragraph (1) in connection with a prime contract entered into on or before December 5, 1990, the head of the agency that entered into such contract shall modify the contract to reflect subparagraphs (B)(ii) and (C)(ii) of paragraph (1). All such modifications shall be made without requiring consideration.

(7) Effective on October 1 of each year that is divisible by 5, each amount set forth in paragraph (1) shall be adjusted to the amount that is equal to the fiscal year 1994 constant dollar value of the amount set forth. Any amount, as so adjusted, that is not evenly divisible by $50,000 shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $50,000. In the case of an amount that is evenly divisible by $25,000 but not evenly divisible by $50,000, the amount shall be rounded to the next higher multiple of $50,000.

(b) Exceptions.-

(1) In general.-Submission of cost or pricing data shall not be required under subsection (a) in the case of a contract, a subcontract, or modification of a contract or subcontract-

(A) for which the price agreed upon is based on-

(i) adequate price competition;

(ii) established catalog or market prices of commercial items that are sold in substantial quantities to the general public; or

(iii) prices set by law or regulation; or

(B) in an exceptional case when the head of the procuring activity, without delegation, determines that the requirements of this section may be waived and justifies in writing the reasons for such determination.

(2) Modifications of contracts and subcontracts for commercial items.-In the case of a modification of a contract or subcontract for a commercial item that is not covered by the prohibition on the submission of cost or pricing data in paragraph (1)(A), submission of cost or pricing data shall not be required under subsection (a) if-

(A) the contract or subcontract being modified is a contract or subcontract for which submission of cost or pricing data may not be required by reason of paragraph (1)(A); and

(B) the modification would not change the contract or subcontract, as the case may be, from a contract or subcontract for the acquisition of a commercial item to a contract or subcontract for the acquisition of an item other than a commercial item.

(3) FAR standards.- The Federal Acquisition Regulation shall provide clear standards for determining whether the exceptions provided in paragraph (1)(A) apply. In the case of the exception provided in paragraph (1)(A)(i), the regulations shall specify the criteria to be used to determine whether adequate price competition exists. In the case of the exception provided in paragraph (1)(A)(ii), the regulations shall provide that the exception applies to items that are sold in substantial quantities to the general public, without regard to the quantity of items that may be sold to the Federal Government.

(c) Restrictions on Additional Authority to Require Cost or Pricing Data or Other Information.-

(1) Authority to require cost or pricing data on below-threshold contracts.-(A) Subject to subparagraph (B), when cost or pricing data are not required to be submitted by subsection (a) for a contract, subcontract, or modification of a contract or subcontract, such data may nevertheless be required to be submitted by the head of the procuring activity, but only if the head of the procuring activity determines that such data are necessary for the evaluation by the agency of the reasonableness of the price of the contract, subcontract, or modification of a contract or subcontract. In any case in which the head of the procuring activity requires such data to be submitted under this subsection, the head of the procuring activity shall justify in writing the reason for such requirement.

(B) The head of the procuring activity may not require certified cost or pricing data to be submitted under this paragraph for any contract or subcontract, or modification of a contract or subcontract, covered by the exceptions in subsection (b)(1)(A).

(C) The head of a procuring activity may not delegate functions under this paragraph.

(2) Authority to require information other than certified cost or pricing data.-When certified cost or pricing data are not required to be submitted under this section for a contract, subcontract, or modification of a contract or subcontract, the head of the procuring activity may require submission of data other than certified cost or pricing data to the extent necessary to determine the reasonableness of the price of the contract, subcontract, or modification of the contract or subcontract.

(d) Additional Exception Provisions Regarding Commercial Items.-

(1) Procurements based on adequate price competition.-To the maximum extent practicable, the head of an agency shall conduct procurements of commercial items on a competitive basis. In any procurement of a commercial item conducted on a competitive basis and based upon adequate price competition, the head of the agency conducting the procurement shall not require cost or pricing data to be submitted under subsection (a) for the contract, subcontract, or modification of the contract or subcontract under the procurement. If additional information is necessary to determine the reasonableness of the price of the contract, subcontract, or modification, the head of the agency shall, to the maximum extent practicable, obtain the additional information from sources other than the offeror.

(2) Procurements not based on adequate price competition.-(A)(i) In any case in which it is not practicable to conduct a procurement of a commercial item covered by subsection (a) on a competitive basis, and the procurement is not covered by an exception in subsection (b), the contracting officer shall seek to obtain from the offeror or contractor information described in clause (ii). When such information is not available from that source, the contracting officer shall seek to obtain such information from another source or sources.

(ii) The information referred ¹ in clause (i) is information on prices at which the same item or similar items have been sold in the commercial market that is adequate for evaluating, through price analysis, the reasonableness of the price of the contract, subcontract, or modification of the contract or subcontract under the procurement.

(B) The contracting officer shall exempt a contract, subcontract, or modification of a contract or subcontract under the procurement from the requirements of subsection (a) if the contracting officer obtains the information described in subparagraph (A)(ii) in accordance with standards and procedures set forth in the Federal Acquisition Regulation.

(C) A contracting officer may require submission of cost or pricing data under subsection (a) only if the contracting officer makes a written determination that the agency is unable to obtain the information described in subparagraph (A)(ii).

(3) Authority to audit.-(A) In accordance with procedures prescribed in the Federal Acquisition Regulation, the head of an agency is authorized to examine all information provided by an offeror, contractor, or subcontractor pursuant to paragraph (2)(A) and all books and records of such offeror, contractor, or subcontractor that directly relate to such information in order to determine whether the agency is receiving accurate information required under this subsection.

(B) The right under subparagraph (A) shall expire 2 years after the date of award of the contract, or 2 years after the date of the modification of the contract, with respect to which the information was provided.

(4) Limitations on requests for data.-The Federal Acquisition Regulation shall include reasonable limitations on requests under this section for sales data relating to commercial items.

(5) Form of information.-In requesting information from an offeror under this subsection, a contracting officer shall, to the maximum extent practicable, limit the scope of the request to include only information that is in the form regularly maintained by the offeror in commercial operations.

(6) Confidentiality.-Any information received under this subsection that is exempt from disclosure under section 552(b) of title 5 shall not be disclosed by the Federal Government.

(e) Price Reductions for Defective Cost or Pricing Data.-(1)(A) A prime contract (or change or modification to a prime contract) under which a certificate under subsection (a)(2) is required shall contain a provision that the price of the contract to the United States, including profit or fee, shall be adjusted to exclude any significant amount by which it may be determined by the head of the agency that such price was increased because the contractor (or any subcontractor required to make available such a certificate) submitted defective cost or pricing data.

(B) For the purposes of this section, defective cost or pricing data are cost or pricing data which, as of the date of agreement on the price of the contract (or another date agreed upon between the parties), were inaccurate, incomplete, or noncurrent. If for purposes of the preceding sentence the parties agree upon a date other than the date of agreement on the price of the contract, the date agreed upon by the parties shall be as close to the date of agreement on the price of the contract as is practicable.

(2) In determining for purposes of a contract price adjustment under a contract provision required by paragraph (1) whether, and to what extent, a contract price was increased because the contractor (or a subcontractor) submitted defective cost or pricing data, it shall be a defense that the United States did not rely on the defective data submitted by the contractor or subcontractor.

(3) It is not a defense to an adjustment of the price of a contract under a contract provision required by paragraph (1) that-

(A) the price of the contract would not have been modified even if accurate, complete, and current cost or pricing data had been submitted by the contractor or subcontractor because the contractor or subcontractor-

(i) was the sole source of the property or services procured; or

(ii) otherwise was in a superior bargaining position with respect to the property or services procured;

(B) the contracting officer should have known that the cost and pricing data in issue were defective even though the contractor or subcontractor took no affirmative action to bring the character of the data to the attention of the contracting officer;

(C) the contract was based on an agreement between the contractor and the United States about the total cost of the contract and there was no agreement about the cost of each item procured under such contract; or

(D) the prime contractor or subcontractor did not submit a certification of cost and pricing data relating to the contract as required under subsection (a)(2).

(4)(A) A contractor shall be allowed to offset an amount against the amount of a contract price adjustment under a contract provision required by paragraph (1) if-

(i) the contractor certifies to the contracting officer (or to a designated representative of the contracting officer) that, to the best of the contractor's knowledge and belief, the contractor is entitled to the offset; and

(ii) the contractor proves that the cost or pricing data were available before the date of agreement on the price of the contract (or price of the modification) or, if applicable consistent with paragraph (1)(B), another date agreed upon between the parties, and that the data were not submitted as specified in subsection (a)(3) before such date.

(B) A contractor shall not be allowed to offset an amount otherwise authorized to be offset under subparagraph (A) if-

(i) the certification under subsection (a)(2) with respect to the cost or pricing data involved was known to be false when signed; or

(ii) the United States proves that, had the cost or pricing data referred to in subparagraph (A)(ii) been submitted to the United States before the date of agreement on the price of the contract (or price of the modification) or, if applicable consistent with paragraph (1)(B), another date agreed upon between the parties,,² the submission of such cost or pricing data would not have resulted in an increase in that price in the amount to be offset.

(f) Interest and Penalties for Certain Overpayments.-(1) If the United States makes an overpayment to a contractor under a contract subject to this section and the overpayment was due to the submission by the contractor of defective cost or pricing data, the contractor shall be liable to the United States-

(A) for interest on the amount of such overpayment, to be computed-

(i) for the period beginning on the date the overpayment was made to the contractor and ending on the date the contractor repays the amount of such overpayment to the United States; and

(ii) at the current rate prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury under section 6621 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986; and

(B) if the submission of such defective data was a knowing submission, for an additional amount equal to the amount of the overpayment.

(2) Any liability under this subsection of a contractor that submits cost or pricing data but refuses to submit the certification required by subsection (a)(2) with respect to the cost or pricing data shall not be affected by the refusal to submit such certification.

(g) Right of United States To Examine Contractor Records.-For the purpose of evaluating the accuracy, completeness, and currency of cost or pricing data required to be submitted by this section, the head of an agency shall have the authority provided by section 2313(a)(2) of this title.

(h) Required Regulations.-The Federal Acquisition Regulation shall contain provisions concerning the types of information that offerors must submit for a contracting officer to consider in determining whether the price of a procurement to the Government is fair and reasonable when certified cost or pricing data are not required to be submitted under this section because the price of the procurement to the United States is not expected to exceed the applicable threshold amount set forth in subsection (a) (as adjusted pursuant to paragraph (7) of such subsection). Such information, at a minimum, shall include appropriate information on the prices at which the same item or similar items have previously been sold that is adequate for evaluating the reasonableness of the price of the proposed contract or subcontract for the procurement.

(i) Definitions.-In this section:

(1) Cost or pricing data.-The term "cost or pricing data" means all facts that, as of the date of agreement on the price of a contract (or the price of a contract modification), or, if applicable consistent with subsection (e)(1)(B), another date agreed upon between the parties, a prudent buyer or seller would reasonably expect to affect price negotiations significantly. Such term does not include information that is judgmental, but does include the factual information from which a judgment was derived.

(2) Subcontract.-The term "subcontract" includes a transfer of commercial items between divisions, subsidiaries, or affiliates of a contractor or a subcontractor.

(3) Commercial item.-The term "commercial item" has the meaning provided such term in section 4(12) of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act.

(Added Pub. L. 99–500, §101(c) [title X, §952(a)], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–82 , 1783-166, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(c) [title X, §952(a)], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–82 , 3341-166; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title IX, formerly title IV, §952(a), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3945 , renumbered title IX, Pub. L. 100–26, §3(5), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 273 ; amended Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title VIII, §804(a), (b), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1125 ; Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title VIII, §803(a)(1), (d), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1589 , 1590; Pub. L. 102–25, title VII, §701(b), (f)(8), Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 113 , 115; Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title VIII, §804(a)–(c)(1), title X, §1061(a)(9), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1415 , 1416, 1472; Pub. L. 103–355, title I, §§1201–1209, Oct. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 3273–3277 .)

References in Text

Section 6621 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (f)(1)(A)(ii), is classified to section 6621 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Section 4(12) of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act, referred to in subsec. (i)(3), is classified to section 403(12) of Title 41, Public Contracts.

Codification

Pub. L. 99–591 is a corrected version of Pub. L. 99–500.

Pub. L. 99–500, Pub. L. 99–591, and Pub. L. 99–661 added identical sections.

Prior Provisions

Provisions similar to those in subsec. (h) of this section were contained in Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title VIII, §803(c)(2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1590 , which was set out below, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–355, §1210.

Amendments

1994-Subsec. (a)(1)(A)(i). Pub. L. 103–355, §1201(a)(1), struck out "and before January 1, 1996," after "December 5, 1990,".

Subsec. (a)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 103–355, §1201(a)(2), struck out "or after December 31, 1995," after "December 5, 1990,".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 103–355, §1202(b), substituted "subsection (b)(1)(B)" for "subsection (b)(2)".

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 103–355, §1201(c), struck out subpar. (A) designation and subpar. (B) which read as follows: "The head of an agency is not required to modify a contract under subparagraph (A) if that head of an agency determines that the submission of cost or pricing data with respect to that contract should be required under subsection (c)."

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 103–355, §1201(b), added par. (7).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–355, §1202(a), amended heading and text of subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "This section need not be applied to a contract or subcontract-

"(1) for which the price agreed upon is based on-

"(A) adequate price competition;

"(B) established catalog or market prices of commercial items sold in substantial quantities to the general public; or

"(C) prices set by law or regulation; or

"(2) in an exceptional case when the head of the agency determines that the requirements of this section may be waived and states in writing his reasons for such determination."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–355, §1203, amended heading and text of subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "When cost or pricing data are not required to be submitted by subsection (a), such data may nevertheless be required to be submitted by the head of the agency if the head of the agency determines that such data are necessary for the evaluation by the agency of the reasonableness of the price of the contract or subcontract. In any case in which the head of the agency requires such data to be submitted under this subsection, the head of the agency shall document in writing the reasons for such requirement."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–355, §1204, added subsec. (d) and redesignated former subsec. (d) as (e).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–355, §1204(1), redesignated subsec. (d) as (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (f).

Subsec. (e)(4)(A)(ii), (B)(ii). Pub. L. 103–355, §1207, inserted "or, if applicable consistent with paragraph (1)(B), another date agreed upon between the parties," after "(or price of the modification)".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 103–355, §1204(1), redesignated subsec. (e) as (f). Former subsec. (f) redesignated (g).

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 103–355, §1209, struck out "with the Department of Defense" before "subject to this section" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 103–355, §1205, added subsec. (g) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (g). Text read as follows:

"(1) For the purpose of evaluating the accuracy, completeness, and currency of cost or pricing data required to be submitted by this section with respect to a contract or subcontract, the head of the agency, acting through any authorized representative of the head of the agency who is an employee of the United States or a member of the armed forces, shall have the right to examine all records of the contractor or subcontractor related to-

"(A) the proposal for the contract or subcontract;

"(B) the discussions conducted on the proposal;

"(C) pricing of the contract or subcontract; or

"(D) performance of the contract or subcontract.

"(2) The right of the head of an agency under paragraph (1) shall expire three years after final payment under the contract or subcontract.

"(3) In this subsection, the term 'records' includes books, documents, and other data."

Pub. L. 103–355, §1204(1), redesignated subsec. (f) as (g). Former subsec. (g) redesignated (i).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 103–355, §1206, added subsec. (h).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 103–355, §1208, amended heading and text of subsec. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "In this section, the term 'cost or pricing data' means all facts that, as of the date of agreement on the price of a contract (or the price of a contract modification), a prudent buyer or seller would reasonably expect to affect price negotiations significantly. Such term does not include information that is judgmental, but does include the factual information from which a judgment was derived."

Pub. L. 103–355, §1204(1), redesignated subsec. (g) as (i).

1991-Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 102–190, §804(a), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: "An offeror for a prime contract under this chapter to be entered into using procedures other than sealed-bid procedures shall be required to submit cost or pricing data before the award of the contract if the price of the contract to the United States is expected to exceed $500,000 or, in the case of a contract to be awarded after December 31, 1995, $100,000."

Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 102–190, §804(a), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "The contractor for a contract under this chapter shall be required to submit cost or pricing data before the pricing of a change or modification to the contract if the price adjustment is expected to exceed the dollar amount applicable under subparagraph (A) to that contract (or such lesser amount as may be prescribed by the head of the agency)."

Pub. L. 102–25, §701(b)(1), substituted "the dollar amount applicable under subparagraph (A) to that contract" for "$500,000 (or such lesser amount as may be prescribed by the head of the agency) or, in the case of a change or modification to a contract to be made after December 31, 1995, $100,000".

Subsec. (a)(1)(C). Pub. L. 102–190, §804(a), amended subpar. (C) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (C) read as follows: "An offeror for a subcontract (at any tier) of a contract under this chapter shall be required to submit cost or pricing data before the award of the subcontract if-

"(i) the price of the subcontract is expected to exceed the dollar amount applicable under subparagraph (A) to the prime contract of that subcontract; and

"(ii) the prime contractor and each higher-tier subcontractor have been required to make available cost or pricing data under this section."

Subsec. (a)(1)(C)(i). Pub. L. 102–25, §701(b)(2), substituted "the dollar amount applicable under subparagraph (A) to the prime contract of that subcontract" for "$500,000 or, in the case of a subcontract to be awarded after December 31, 1995, $100,000".

Subsec. (a)(1)(D). Pub. L. 102–190, §804(a), amended subpar. (D) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (D) read as follows: "The subcontractor for a subcontract covered by subparagraph (C) shall be required to submit cost or pricing data before the pricing of a change or modification to the subcontract if the price adjustment is expected to exceed the dollar amount applicable under subparagraph (A) to the prime contract of that subcontract (or such lesser amount as may be prescribed by the head of the agency)."

Pub. L. 102–25, §701(b)(3), substituted "the dollar amount applicable under subparagraph (A) to the prime contract of that subcontract" for "$500,000 (or such lesser amount as may be prescribed by the head of the agency) or, in the case of a change or modification to be made after December 31, 1995, $100,000".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 102–190, §804(c)(1), substituted "paragraph (1)(C)" for "paragraph (1)(C)(ii)".

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 102–190, §804(b), added par. (6).

Subsec. (e)(1)(A)(i). Pub. L. 102–25, §701(f)(8), which directed the substitution of "Internal Revenue Code of 1986" for "Internal Revenue Code of 1954", could not be executed because "Internal Revenue Code of 1954" does not appear.

Subsec. (e)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 102–190, §1061(a)(9), substituted "Internal Revenue Code of 1986" for "Internal Revenue Code of 1954".

1990-Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 101–510, §803(a)(1)(A), substituted "$500,000 or, in the case of a contract to be awarded after December 31, 1995, $100,000" for "$100,000".

Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 101–510, §803(a)(1)(B), substituted "$500,000 (or such lesser amount as may be prescribed by the head of the agency) or, in the case of a change or modification to a contract to be made after December 31, 1995, $100,000" for "$100,000".

Subsec. (a)(1)(C)(i). Pub. L. 101–510, §803(a)(1)(C), substituted "$500,000 or, in the case of a subcontract to be awarded after December 31, 1995, $100,000" for "$100,000".

Subsec. (a)(1)(D). Pub. L. 101–510, §803(a)(1)(D), substituted "$500,000 (or such lesser amount as may be prescribed by the head of the agency) or, in the case of a change or modification to be made after December 31, 1995, $100,000" for "$100,000".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–510, §803(d), inserted at end "In any case in which the head of the agency requires such data to be submitted under this subsection, the head of the agency shall document in writing the reasons for such requirement."

1987-Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 100–180, §804(b)(1), substituted "a waiver under subsection (b)(2)" for "such a waiver", and struck out first sentence authorizing head of an agency to waive requirement under this subsection for contractor, subcontractor, or offeror to submit cost or pricing data.

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 100–180, §804(b)(2), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "Except as provided under subsection (d), the liability of a contractor under this subsection shall not be affected by the contractor's refusal to submit a certification under subsection (a)(2) with respect to the cost or pricing data involved."

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 100–180, §804(a), amended subsec. (g) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (g) read as follows: "In this section, the term 'cost or pricing data' means all information that is verifiable and that, as of the date of agreement on the price of a contract (or the price of a contract modification), a prudent buyer or seller would reasonably expect to affect price negotiations significantly. Such term does not include information that is judgmental, but does include the factual information from which a judgment was derived."

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

For effective date and applicability of amendment by Pub. L. 103–355, see section 10001 of Pub. L. 103–355, set out as a note under section 251 of Title 41, Public Contracts.

Effective Date of 1990 Amendment

Section 803(a)(2) of Pub. L. 101–510, as amended by Pub. L. 102–25, title VII, §704(a)(4), Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 118 , which provided that the amendments to this section by Pub. L. 101–510 would apply to contracts entered into after Dec. 5, 1990, subcontracts under such contracts, and modifications or changes to such contracts and subcontracts, was repealed by Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title VIII, §804(c)(2), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1416 .

Effective Date of 1987 Amendment

Section 804(c) of Pub. L. 100–180 provided that:

"(1) Subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to any contract, or modification of a contract, entered into after the end of the 30-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 1987].

"(2) The amendments made by subsection (b) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to contracts, or modifications of contracts, entered into after the end of the 120-day period beginning on October 18, 1986."

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment

Section 101(c) [title X, §952(d)] of Pub. L. 99–500 and Pub. L. 99–591, and section 952(d) of title IX, formerly title IV, of Pub. L. 99–661, renumbered title IX, Pub. L. 100–26, §3(5), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 273 , provided that:

"(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), section 2306a of title 10, United States Code (as added by subsection (a)), and the amendment and repeal made by subsection (b) [amending section 2306 of this title and repealing a provision set out as a note under section 2304 of this title], shall apply with respect to contracts or modifications on contracts entered into after the end of the 120-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 18, 1986].

"(2) Subsection (e) of such section shall apply with respect to contracts or modifications on contracts entered into after November 7, 1985."

Regulations

Section 803(c) of Pub. L. 101–510, directed Secretary of Defense to prescribe regulations identifying type of procurements for which contracting officers should consider requiring submission of certified cost or pricing data under subsec. (c) of this section, and also directed Secretary to prescribe regulations concerning types of information that offerors had to submit for contracting officer to consider in determining whether price of procurement to Government was fair and reasonable when certified cost or pricing data were not required to be submitted under this section because price of procurement to the United States was not expected to exceed $500,000, such information, at minimum, to include appropriate information on prices at which such offeror had previously sold same or similar products, with such regulations to be prescribed not later than six months after Nov. 5, 1990, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–355, title I, §1210, Oct. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 3277 .

Review by Inspector General

Section 803(b) of Pub. L. 101–510 provided that (1) after increase in threshold for submission of cost or pricing data under subsec. (a) of this section, as amended by section 803(a) of Pub. L. 101–510, had been in effect for three years, Inspector General of Department of Defense was to conduct review of effects of increase in threshold, (2) that such review was to address whether increasing threshold improved acquisition process in terms of reduced paperwork, financial or other savings to government, an increase in number of contractors participating in defense contracting process, and adequacy of information available to contracting officers in cases in which certified cost or pricing data were not required under this section, (3) that Inspector General was to submit to Secretary of Defense a report on review conducted under paragraph (1), with Secretary of Defense required to submit such report to Congress, along with appropriate comments, upon completion of report (and comments) but not later than date on which President submitted budget to Congress pursuant to section 1105 of Title 31, Money and Finance, for fiscal year 1996, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–355, title I, §1210, Oct. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 3277 .

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in sections 2306, 2313, 2343, 2375 of this title; title 15 section 4602.

¹ So in original. Probably should be followed by "to".

² So in original.