§668dd. National Wildlife Refuge System

(a) Designation; administration; continuance of resources-management-programs for refuge lands in Alaska; disposal of acquired lands; proceeds

(1) For the purpose of consolidating the authorities relating to the various categories of areas that are administered by the Secretary of the Interior for the conservation of fish and wildlife, including species that are threatened with extinction, all lands, waters, and interests therein administered by the Secretary as wildlife refuges, areas for the protection and conservation of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction, wildlife ranges, game ranges, wildlife management areas, or waterfowl production areas are hereby designated as the "National Wildlife Refuge System" (referred to herein as the "System"), which shall be subject to the provisions of this section, and shall be administered by the Secretary through the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. With respect to refuge lands in the State of Alaska, those programs relating to the management of resources for which any other agency of the Federal Government exercises administrative responsibility through cooperative agreement shall remain in effect, subject to the direct supervision of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, as long as such agency agrees to exercise such responsibility.

(2) No acquired lands which are or become a part of the System may be transferred or otherwise disposed of under any provision of law (except by exchange pursuant to subsection (b)(3) of this section) unless-

(A) the Secretary of the Interior determines with the approval of the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission that such lands are no longer needed for the purposes for which the System was established; and

(B) such lands are transferred or otherwise disposed of for an amount not less than-

(i) the acquisition costs of such lands, in the case of lands of the System which were purchased by the United States with funds from the migratory bird conservation fund, or fair market value, whichever is greater; or

(ii) the fair market value of such lands (as determined by the Secretary as of the date of the transfer or disposal), in the case of lands of the System which were donated to the System.

The Secretary shall pay into the migratory bird conservation fund the aggregate amount of the proceeds of any transfer or disposal referred to in the preceding sentence.

(3) Each area which is included within the System on January 1, 1975, or thereafter, and which was or is-

(A) designated as an area within such System by law, Executive order, or secretarial order; or

(B) so included by public land withdrawal, donation, purchase, exchange, or pursuant to a cooperative agreement with any State or local government, any Federal department or agency, or any other governmental entity,

shall continue to be a part of the System until otherwise specified by Act of Congress, except that nothing in this paragraph shall be construed as precluding-

(i) the transfer or disposal of acquired lands within any such area pursuant to paragraph (2) of this subsection;

(ii) the exchange of lands within any such area pursuant to subsection (b)(3) of this section; or

(iii) the disposal of any lands within any such area pursuant to the terms of any cooperative agreement referred to in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph.

(b) Administration; public accommodations contracts; acceptance and use of funds; exchange of properties; cash equalization payments

In administering the System, the Secretary is authorized-

(1) to enter into contracts with any person or public or private agency through negotiation for the provision of public accommodations when, and in such locations, and to the extent that the Secretary determines will not be inconsistent with the primary purpose for which the affected area was established.

(2) to accept donations of funds and to use such funds to acquire or manage lands or interests therein, and

(3) to acquire lands or interests therein by exchange (A) for acquired lands or public lands, or for interests in acquired or public lands, under his jurisdiction which he finds to be suitable for disposition, or (B) for the right to remove, in accordance with such terms and conditions as he may prescribe, products from the acquired or public lands within the System. The values of the properties so exchanged either shall be approximately equal, or if they are not approximately equal the values shall be equalized by the payment of cash to the grantor or to the Secretary as the circumstances require.

(c) Prohibited and permitted activities; application of mining and mineral leasing laws, hunting or fishing regulations, and State laws or regulations

No person shall knowingly disturb, injure, cut, burn, remove, destroy, or possess any real or personal property of the United States, including natural growth, in any area of the System; or take or possess any fish, bird, mammal, or other wild vertebrate or invertebrate animals or part or nest or egg thereof within any such area; or enter, use, or otherwise occupy any such area for any purpose; unless such activities are performed by persons authorized to manage such area, or unless such activities are permitted either under subsection (d) of this section or by express provision of the law, proclamation, Executive order, or public land order establishing the area, or amendment thereof: Provided, That the United States mining and mineral leasing laws shall continue to apply to any lands within the System to the same extent they apply prior to October 15, 1966, unless subsequently withdrawn under other authority of law. With the exception of endangered species and threatened species listed by the Secretary pursuant to section 1533 of this title in States wherein a cooperative agreement does not exist pursuant to section 1535(c) of this title, nothing in this Act shall be construed to authorize the Secretary to control or regulate hunting or fishing of resident fish and wildlife on lands not within the system. The regulations permitting hunting and fishing of resident fish and wildlife within the System shall be, to the extent practicable, consistent with State fish and wildlife laws and regulations. The provisions of this Act shall not be construed as affecting the authority, jurisdiction, or responsibility of the several States to manage, control, or regulate fish and resident wildlife under State law or regulations in any area within the System.

(d) Use of areas; administration of migratory bird sanctuaries as game taking areas; rights of way, easements, and reservations; payment of fair market value

(1) The Secretary is authorized, under such regulations as he may prescribe, to-

(A) permit the use of any area within the System for any purpose, including but not limited to hunting, fishing, public recreation and accommodations, and access whenever he determines that such uses are compatible with the major purposes for which such areas were established: Provided, That not to exceed 40 per centum at any one time of any area that has been, or hereafter may be acquired, reserved, or set apart as an inviolate sanctuary for migratory birds, under any law, proclamation, Executive order, or public land order may be administered by the Secretary as an area within which the taking of migratory game birds may be permitted under such regulations as he may prescribe unless the Secretary finds that the taking of any species of migratory game birds in more than 40 percent of such area would be beneficial to the species; and

(B) permit the use of, or grant easements in, over, across, upon, through, or under any areas within the System for purposes such as but not necessarily limited to, powerlines, telephone lines, canals, ditches, pipelines, and roads, including the construction, operation, and maintenance thereof, whenever he determines that such uses are compatible with the purposes for which these areas are established.

(2) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary of the Interior may not grant to any Federal, State, or local agency or to any private individual or organization any right-of-way, easement, or reservation in, over, across, through, or under any area within the system in connection with any use permitted by him under paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection unless the grantee pays to the Secretary, at the option of the Secretary, either (A) in lump sum the fair market value (determined by the Secretary as of the date of conveyance to the grantee) of the right-of-way, easement, or reservation; or (B) annually in advance the fair market rental value (determined by the Secretary) of the right-of-way, easement, or reservation. If any Federal, State, or local agency is exempted from such payment by any other provision of Federal law, such agency shall otherwise compensate the Secretary by any other means agreeable to the Secretary, including, but not limited to, making other land available or the loan of equipment or personnel; except that (A) any such compensation shall relate to, and be consistent with, the objectives of the National Wildlife Refuge System, and (B) the Secretary may waive such requirement for compensation if he finds such requirement impracticable or unnecessary. All sums received by the Secretary of the Interior pursuant to this paragraph shall, after payment of any necessary expenses incurred by him in administering this paragraph, be deposited into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund and shall be available to carry out the provisions for land acquisition of the Migratory Bird Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 715 et seq.) and the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (16 U.S.C. 718 et seq.).

(e) Penalties

Any person who violates or fails to comply with any of the provisions of this Act or any regulations issued thereunder shall be fined under title 18 or imprisoned for not more than 1 year, or both.

(f) Enforcement provision; arrests, searches, and seizures; custody of property; forfeitures; disposition

Any person authorized by the Secretary of the Interior to enforce the provisions of this Act or any regulations issued thereunder, may, without a warrant, arrest any person violating this Act or regulations in his presence or view, and may execute any warrant or other process issued by an officer or court of competence jurisdiction to enforce the provisions of this Act or regulations, and may with a search warrant search for and seize any property, fish, bird, mammal, or other wild vertebrate or invertebrate animals or part or nest or egg thereof, taken or possessed in violation of this Act or the regulations issued thereunder. Any property, fish, bird, mammal, or other wild vertebrate or invertebrate animals or part or egg thereof seized with or without a search warrant shall be held by such person or by a United States marshal, and upon conviction, shall be forfeited to the United States and disposed of by the Secretary, in accordance with law. The Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service is authorized to utilize by agreement, with or without reimbursement, the personnel and services of any other Federal or State agency for purposes of enhancing the enforcement of this Act.

(g) Regulations; continuation, modification, or rescission

Regulations applicable to areas of the System that are in effect on October 15, 1966, shall continue in effect until modified or rescinded.

(h) National conservation recreational area provisions; amendment, repeal, or modification

Nothing in this section shall be construed to amend, repeal, or otherwise modify the provision of the Act of September 28, 1962 (76 Stat. 653; 16 U.S.C. 460k-460k–4) which authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to administer the areas within the System for public recreation. The provisions of this section relating to recreation shall be administered in accordance with the provisions of said sections.

(i) Exemption from State water laws

Nothing in this Act shall constitute an express or implied claim or denial on the part of the Federal Government as to exemption from State water laws.

( Pub. L. 89–669, §4, Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 927 ; Pub. L. 90–404, §1, July 18, 1968, 82 Stat. 359 ; Pub. L. 93–205, §13(a), Dec. 28, 1973, 87 Stat. 902 ; Pub. L. 93–509, §2, Dec. 3, 1974, 88 Stat. 1603 ; Pub. L. 94–215, §5, Feb. 17, 1976, 90 Stat. 190 ; Pub. L. 94–223, Feb. 27, 1976, 90 Stat. 199 ; Pub. L. 95–616, §§3(f), 6, Nov. 8, 1978, 92 Stat. 3111 , 3114; Pub. L. 100–226, §4, Dec. 31, 1987, 101 Stat. 1551 ; Pub. L. 100–653, title IX, §904, Nov. 14, 1988, 102 Stat. 3834 .)

References in Text

The United States mining laws, referred to in subsec. (c), are classified generally to Title 30, Mineral Lands and Mining.

The United States mineral leasing laws, referred to in subsec. (c), have been defined in sections 351, 505, 530, and 541e of Title 30, to mean acts Oct. 20, 1914, ch. 330, 38 Stat. 741 ; Feb. 25, 1920, ch. 85, 41 Stat. 437 ; Apr. 17, 1926, ch. 158, 44 Stat. 301 ; and Feb. 7, 1927, ch. 66, 44 Stat. 1057 . The act of Oct. 20, 1914, was repealed by Pub. L. 86–252, §1, Sept. 9, 1959, 73 Stat. 490 . The act of Feb. 25, 1920, is known as the Mineral Leasing Act and is classified generally to chapter 3A (§181 et seq.) of Title 30. The act of Apr. 17, 1926, is classified generally to subchapter VIII (§271 et seq.) of chapter 3A of Title 30. The act of Feb. 7, 1927, is classified principally to subchapter IX (§281 et seq.) of chapter 3A of Title 30. For complete classification of these Acts to the Code, see Tables.

This Act, referred to in subsecs. (c), (e), (f), and (i), means Pub. L. 89–669, Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 927 , as amended, which enacted sections 668aa to 668ee, amended sections 460k, 696, 696b, 715c, 715i to 715k, 718d, and repealed sections 715d–1, 715d–2, 715l, 715m of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

The Migratory Bird Conservation Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), is act Feb. 18, 1929, ch. 257, 45 Stat. 1222 , as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter III (§715 et seq.) of chapter 7 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 715 of this title and Tables.

The Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), is act Mar. 16, 1934, ch. 71, 48 Stat. 451 , as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter IV (§718 et seq.) of chapter 7 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 718 of this title and Tables.

Act of September 28, 1962, referred to in subsec. (h), popularly known as the Refuge Recreation Act, is classified to subchapter LXVIII (§460k et seq.) of chapter 1 of this title.

Amendments

1988-Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–653 substituted "thereunder shall be fined under title 18 or imprisoned for not more than 1 year, or both" for "thereunder shall be fined not more than $500 or be imprisoned not more than six months, or both".

1987-Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 100–226 inserted at end "The Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service is authorized to utilize by agreement, with or without reimbursement, the personnel and services of any other Federal or State agency for purposes of enhancing the enforcement of this Act."

1978-Subsec. (d)(1)(A). Pub. L. 95–616, §6, authorized the Secretary to find that the taking of any species of migratory birds in more than 40 percent of the area would be beneficial to the species.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 95–616, §3(f), substituted "disposed of by the Secretary, in accordance with law" for "disposed of by the court".

1976-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–223 designated existing first sentence as par. (1), provided for administration of the System by the Secretary of the Interior through the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and inserted provision respecting continuance of programs relating to management of resources in refuge lands in Alaska, subject to direct supervision of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service; struck out second sentence providing that "Nothing in this Act shall restrict the authority of the Secretary to modify or revoke public land withdrawals affecting lands in the System as presently constituted, or as it may be constituted, whenever he determines that such action is consistent with the public interest."; designated existing third sentence as par. (2), redesignated as subpars. (A) and (B) former clauses (1) and (2), redesignated as subpar. (B)(i) and (ii) former cl. (2)(A) and (B), substituted in subpar. (A) "with the approval of" for "after consultation with", inserted in subpar. (B)(i) "or fair market value, whichever is greater;" and reenacted as second sentence of par. (2) former last sentence of subsec. (a); and added par. (3).

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 94–215 substituted designations "(A)" and "(B)" for "(a)" and "(b)", inserted in cl. (A) ", or for interests in acquired or public lands," before "under his jurisdiction" and substituted in cl. (B) "he may prescribe" for "the Secretary may prescribe".

1974-Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 93–509 designated existing provisions as par. (1)(A) and (B) and added par. (2).

1973-Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 93–205 inserted "With the exception of endangered species and threatened species listed by the Secretary pursuant to section 1533 of this title in States wherein a cooperative agreement does not exist pursuant to section 1535(c) of this title" before "nothing in this Act shall be construed" and struck out ", including endangered species thereof," before "on lands not within the System" in second sentence.

1968-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 90–404 inserted provisions that no acquired lands which are or become a part of the National Wildlife Refuge System may be transferred or otherwise disposed of except under the specified conditions, and provisions that the Secretary pay into the migratory bird conservation fund the proceeds of any such transfer or disposal.

Effective Date of 1974 Amendment

Section 3 of Pub. L. 93–509 provided that: "Section 4 (d)(2) of the Act of October 15, 1966 (as added by this Act) [subsec. (d)(2) of this section], shall apply with respect to any right-of-way, easement, or reservation granted by the Secretary of the Interior on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 3, 1974], including any right-of-way, easement, or reservation granted on or after such date in connection with any use permitted by him pursuant to section 4(d)(2) of the Act of October 15, 1966 [now subsec. (d)(1)(B) of this section] (as in effect before the date of the enactment of this Act)."

Effective Date of 1973 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 93–205 effective Dec. 28, 1973, see section 16 of Pub. L. 93–205, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1531 of this title.

Effective Date of 1968 Amendment

Section 2 of Pub. L. 90–404 provided that: "The amendments made by the first section of this Act [amending subsec. (a) of this section] shall apply only with respect to transfers and disposals of land initiated and completed after the date of their enactment [July 18, 1968]."

Short Title of 1974 Amendment

Section 1 of Pub. L. 93–509 provided: "That this Act [amending this section and section 715s of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] may be cited as the 'National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act Amendments of 1974'."

Short Title

Section 12(f) of Pub. L. 91–135, Dec. 5, 1969, 83 Stat. 283 , provided that: "The provisions of sections 4 and 5 of the Act of October 15, 1966 (80 Stat. 929; 16 U.S.C. 668dd–668ee), as amended, shall hereinafter be cited as the 'National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966'."

Transfer of Functions

Enforcement functions of Secretary or other official in Department of the Interior related to compliance with approval to cross national wildlife refuges under sections 668dd and 668ee of this title with respect to pre-construction, construction, and initial operation of transportation system for Canadian and Alaskan natural gas transferred to Federal Inspector, Office of Federal Inspector for Alaska Natural Gas Transportation System, until first anniversary of date of initial operation of Alaska Natural Gas Transportation System, see Reorg. Plan No. 1 of 1979, §§102(e), 203(a), 44 F.R. 33663, 33666, 93 Stat. 1373, 1376, effective July 1, 1979, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Office of Federal Inspector for the Alaska Natural Gas Transportation System abolished and functions and authority vested in Inspector transferred to Secretary of Energy by section 3012(b) of Pub. L. 102–486, set out as an Abolition of Office of Federal Inspector note under section 719e of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.

Land Transfer and Conveyance, Pease Air Force Base, New Hampshire

Pub. L. 102–154, title III, §319, Nov. 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 1036 , provided that:

"(a) Transfer by the Air Force.-Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary of the Air Force shall transfer to the Department of the Interior a parcel of real property located west of McIntyre Road at the site of former Pease Air Force Base, New Hampshire: Provided, That the Secretary of the Air Force shall retain responsibility for any hazardous substances which may be found on the property so transferred.

"(b) Establishment of National Wildlife Refuge.-Except as provided in subsection (c), the Secretary of the Interior shall designate the parcel of land transferred under subsection (a) as an area in the National Wildlife Refuge System under the authority of section 4 of the Act of October 15, 1966 (16 U.S.C. 688dd).

"(c) Conveyance to State of New Hampshire.-

"(1) Conveyance.-Subject to paragraphs (2) through (5), the Secretary of the Interior shall convey to the State of New Hampshire, without consideration, all right, title, and interest of the United States in and to a parcel of real property consisting of not more than 100 acres that is a part of the real property transferred to the Secretary under subsection (a) and that the Secretary determines to be suitable for use as a cemetery.

"(2) Condition of conveyance.-The conveyance under paragraph (1) shall be subject to the condition that the State of New Hampshire use the property conveyed under that paragraph only for the purpose of establishing and operating a State cemetery for veterans.

"(3) Reversion.-If the Secretary determines at any time that the State of New Hampshire is not complying with the condition specified in paragraph (2), all right, title, and interest in and to the property conveyed pursuant to paragraph (1), including any improvements thereon, shall revert to the United States and the United States shall have the right of immediate entry thereon.

"(4) Description of property.-The exact acreage and legal description of the parcel of real property to be conveyed under paragraph (1) shall be determined by a survey that is satisfactory to the Secretary.

"(5) Additional terms and conditions.-The Secretary may require any additional terms or conditions in connection with the conveyance under this subsection that the Secretary determines appropriate to protect the interests of the United States.

"(d) The purposes for which this national wildlife refuge is established are-

"(1) to encourage the natural diversity of plant, fish, and wildlife species within the refuge, and to provide for their conservation and management;

"(2) to protect species listed as endangered or threatened, or identified as candidates for listing pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.);

"(3) to preserve and enhance the water quality of aquatic habitat within the refuge; and

"(4) to fulfill the international treaty obligations of the United States relating to fish and wildlife."

National Wildlife Refuges

Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.- Pub. L. 96–487, title III, §303(1), Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2389 ; Pub. L. 101–622, Nov. 21, 1990, 104 Stat. 3347 ; Pub. L. 102–489, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3138 .
Alaska Peninsula National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.- Pub. L. 96–498, title III, §302(1), Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2385 .
Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, Myrtle Foester Whitmire Division, Texas.- Pub. L. 102–226, §1, Dec. 11, 1991, 105 Stat. 1685 .
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.- Pub. L. 96–498, title III, §303(2), Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2390 .
Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, Florida.- Pub. L. 99–615, Nov. 6, 1986, 100 Stat. 3484 .
Atchafalaya National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana.- Pub. L. 98–548, title III, §§301–306, Oct. 26, 1984, 98 Stat. 2776–2778 ; Pub. L. 99–625, §2, Nov. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 3502 .
Bayou Cocodrie National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana.- Pub. L. 101–593, title I, §108, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2956 .
Bayou Sauvage Urban National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana.- Pub. L. 99–645, title V, §502, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3590 .
Becharof National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.- Pub. L. 96–498, title III, §302(2), Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2385 .
Bogue Chitto National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana-Mississippi.- Pub. L. 96–288, June 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 603 ; Pub. L. 99–191, §3, Dec. 19, 1985, 99 Stat. 1327 ; Pub. L. 101–233, §17, Dec. 13, 1989, 103 Stat. 1978 .
Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge, Alabama.- Pub. L. 96–267, June 9, 1980, 94 Stat. 483 ; Pub. L. 99–191, §1, Dec. 19, 1985, 99 Stat. 1327 .
Brandon Marsh National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon.- Pub. L. 97–137, title I, §§101–106, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1709 , 1710.
Cache River National Wildlife Refuge, Arkansas.- Pub. L. 102–584, §§1–5, Nov. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 4937–4941 .
Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge, New Jersey.- Pub. L. 98–293, May 22, 1984, 98 Stat. 207 .
Egmont Key National Wildlife Refuge, Florida.- Pub. L. 93–341, July 10, 1974, 88 Stat. 295 .
Flattery Rocks National Wildlife Refuge, Washington.-Ex. Ord. No. 703, Oct. 23, 1907; Proc. No. 2416, July 25, 1940, 54 Stat. 2717; Pub. L. 100–226, §3, Dec. 31, 1987, 101 Stat. 1550 .
Grays Harbor National Wildlife Refuge, Washington.- Pub. L. 100–406, Aug. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 1041 .
Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Virginia and North Carolina.- Pub. L. 93–402, Aug. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 801 .
Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge, California.- Pub. L. 96–290, §2, June 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 607 .
Innoko National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.- Pub. L. 96–498, title III, §302(3), Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2386 .
Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.- Pub. L. 96–498, title III, §303(3), Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2390 .
John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge at Tinicum (former Tinicum National Environmental Center), Pennsylvania.- Pub. L. 102–154, title I, Nov. 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 995 ; Pub. L. 103–340, §6, Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3120 .
Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.- Pub. L. 96–498, title III, §302(4), Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2386 .
Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.- Pub. L. 96–498, title III, §303(4), Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2391 .
Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.- Pub. L. 96–498, title III, §303(5), Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2391 .
Koyukuk National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.- Pub. L. 96–498, title III, §302(5), Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2386 .
Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge, Minnesota.- Pub. L. 94–466, Oct. 8, 1976, 90 Stat. 1992 .
Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.- Pub. L. 96–498, title III, §302(6), Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2387 .
Oxbow National Wildlife Refuge, Massachusetts.- Pub. L. 103–337, div. B, title XXVIII, §2846, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 3071 .
Pettaquamscutt Cove National Wildlife Refuge, Rhode Island.- Pub. L. 100–610, title II, §§201–207, Nov. 5, 1988, 102 Stat. 3176 ; Pub. L. 102–212, title II, §202, Dec. 11, 1991, 105 Stat. 1660 .
Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina.- Pub. L. 103–232, title III, Apr. 11, 1994, 108 Stat. 339 .
Protection Island National Wildlife Refuge, Washington.- Pub. L. 97–333, Oct. 15, 1982, 96 Stat. 1623 .
Quillayute Needles National Wildlife Refuge, Washington.-Ex. Ord. No. 705, Oct. 23, 1907; Proc. No. 2416, July 25, 1940, 54 Stat. 2717; Pub. L. 100–226, §3, Dec. 31, 1987, 101 Stat. 1550 .
Ridgefield National Wildlife Refuge, Washington.- Pub. L. 102–570, §1, Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4489 .
Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado.- Pub. L. 102–402, Oct. 9, 1992, 106 Stat. 1961 .
Sailors' Snug Harbor National Wildlife Refuge, New York.- Pub. L. 96–315, §2, July 25, 1980, 94 Stat. 957 .
San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, California.- Pub. L. 92–326, June 30, 1972, 86 Stat. 391 ; Pub. L. 96–290, June 28, 1980, §1, 94 Stat. 607 ; Pub. L. 100–556, title II, §§201–203, Oct. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 2780 .
Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge, California.- Pub. L. 92–408, Aug. 29, 1972, 86 Stat. 633 .
Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.- Pub. L. 96–498, title III, §302(7), Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2387 .
Silvio Conte National Fish and Wildlife Refuge, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont.- Pub. L. 102–212, title I, Dec. 11, 1991, 105 Stat. 1655 .
Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge, Connecticut.- Pub. L. 98–548, title II, §§201–208, Oct. 26, 1984, 98 Stat. 2774 , 2775; Pub. L. 100–38, May 13, 1987, 101 Stat. 306 ; Pub. L. 101–443, §2, Oct. 19, 1990, 104 Stat. 1028 .
Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge, Nevada.- Pub. L. 101–618, title II, §206(b), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3309 .
Tensas River National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana.- Pub. L. 96–285, June 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 595 ; Pub. L. 99–191, §2, Dec. 19, 1985, 99 Stat. 1327 .
Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.- Pub. L. 96–498, title III, §302(8), Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2388 .
Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.- Pub. L. 96–498, title III, §303(6), Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2392 .
Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge, New Jersey.- Pub. L. 101–593, title I, §107, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2955 .
White River National Wildlife Refuge, Arkansas.- Pub. L. 102–584, §§1–5, Nov. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 4937–4941 .
Wyandotte National Wildlife Refuge, Michigan.- Pub. L. 87–119, Aug. 3, 1961, 75 Stat. 243 .
Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.- Pub. L. 96–498, title III, §303(7), Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2392 .
Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.- Pub. L. 96–498, title III, §302(9), Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2388 .

National Wildlife Conservation Area

Falls of the Ohio National Wildlife Conservation Area, Kentucky.- Pub. L. 97–137, title II, §§201–207, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1710–1712 .

National Environmental Centers

Tinicum National Environmental Center, Pennsylvania.- Pub. L. 92–326, June 30, 1972, 86 Stat. 391 ; renamed John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge at Tinicum, Pub. L. 102–154, title I, Nov. 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 995 .

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in sections 459j–4, 3125, 3212, 5207 of this title; title 43 section 1714.