§4052. Definitions and special rules

(a) First retail sale

For purposes of this subchapter-

(1) In general

The term "first retail sale" means the first sale, for a purpose other than for resale or leasing in a long-term lease, after production, manufacture, or importation.

(2) Leases considered as sales

Rules similar to the rules of section 4217 shall apply.

(3) Use treated as sale

(A) In general

If any person uses an article taxable under section 4051 before the first retail sale of such article, then such person shall be liable for tax under section 4051 in the same manner as if such article were sold at retail by him.

(B) Exemption for use in further manufacture

Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to use of an article as material in the manufacture or production of, or as a component part of, another article to be manufactured or produced by him.

(C) Computation of tax

In the case of any person made liable for tax by subparagraph (A), the tax shall be computed on the price at which similar articles are sold at retail in the ordinary course of trade, as determined by the Secretary.

(b) Determination of price

(1) In general

In determining price for purposes of this subchapter-

(A) there shall be included any charge incident to placing the article in condition ready for use,

(B) there shall be excluded-

(i) the amount of the tax imposed by this subchapter,

(ii) if stated as a separate charge, the amount of any retail sales tax imposed by any State or political subdivision thereof or the District of Columbia, whether the liability for such tax is imposed on the vendor or vendee,

(iii) the fair market value (including any tax imposed by section 4071) at retail of any tires (not including any metal rim or rim base), and

(iv) the value of any component of such article if-

(I) such component is furnished by the first user of such article, and

(II) such component has been used before such furnishing, and

(C) the price shall be determined without regard to any trade-in.

(2) Sales not at arm's length

In the case of any article sold (otherwise than through an arm's-length transaction) at less than the fair market price, the tax under this subchapter shall be computed on the price for which similar articles are sold at retail in the ordinary course of trade, as determined by the Secretary.

(3) Long-term lease

(A) In general

In the case of any long-term lease of an article which is treated as the first retail sale of such article, the tax under this subchapter shall be computed on a price equal to-

(i) the sum of-

(I) the price (determined under this subchapter but without regard to paragraph (4)) at which such article was sold to the lessor, and

(II) the cost of any parts and accessories installed by the lessor on such article before the first use by the lessee or leased in connection with such long-term lease, plus

(ii) an amount equal to the presumed markup percentage of the sum described in clause (i).

(B) Presumed markup percentage

For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "presumed markup percentage" means the average markup percentage of retailers of articles of the type involved, as determined by the Secretary.

(C) Exceptions under regulations

To the extent provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary, subparagraph (A) shall not apply to specified types of leases where its application is not necessary to carry out the purposes of this subsection.

(4) Special rule where tax paid by manufacturer, producer, or importer

(A) In general

In any case where the manufacturer, producer, or importer of any article (or a related person) is liable for tax imposed by this subchapter with respect to such article, the tax under this subchapter shall be computed on a price equal to the sum of-

(i) the price which would (but for this paragraph) be determined under this subchapter, plus

(ii) the product of the price referred to in clause (i) and the presumed markup percentage determined under paragraph (3)(B).

(B) Related person

For purposes of this paragraph-

(i) In general

Except as provided in clause (ii), the term "related person" means any person who is a member of the same controlled group (within the meaning of section 5061(e)(3)) as the manufacturer, producer, or importer.

(ii) Exception for retail establishment

To the extent provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary, a person shall not be treated as a related person with respect to the sale of any article if such article is sold through a permanent retail establishment in the normal course of the trade or business of being a retailer.

(c) Certain combinations not treated as manufacture

(1) In general

For purposes of this subchapter (other than subsection (a)(3)(B)), a person shall not be treated as engaged in the manufacture of any article by reason of merely combining such article with any item listed in paragraph (2).

(2) Items

The items listed in this paragraph are any coupling device (including any fifth wheel), wrecker crane, loading and unloading equipment (including any crane, hoist, winch, or power liftgate), aerial ladder or tower, snow and ice control equipment, earthmoving, excavation and construction equipment, spreader, sleeper cab, cab shield, or wood or metal floor.

(d) Certain other rules made applicable

Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, rules similar to the rules of-

(1) subsections (c) and (d) of section 4216 (relating to partial payments), and

(2) section 4222 (relating to registration),

shall apply for purposes of this subchapter.

(f) ¹ Long-term lease

For purposes of this section, the term "long-term lease" means any lease with a term of 1 year or more. In determining a lease term for purposes of the preceding sentence, the rules of section 168(i)(3)(A) shall apply.

(Added Pub. L. 97–424, title V, §512(b)(1), Jan. 6, 1983, 96 Stat. 2175 ; amended Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VII, §§731, 735(b)(2), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 976 , 981; Pub. L. 100–17, title V, §§505(a)–(c), 506(a), Apr. 2, 1987, 101 Stat. 258 , 259; Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, §6111(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3713 .)

Prior Provisions

A prior section 4052, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 479 , provided that lease of an article would be considered the sale of article for excise tax purposes, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1904(a)(1)(D), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1811 .

Amendments

1988-Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 100–647 substituted "production, manufacture" for "manufacture, production".

1987-Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 100–17, §505(a), inserted "or leasing in a long-term lease" after "resale".

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 100–17, §505(b), added par. (3).

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 100–17, §506(a), added par. (4).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 100–17, §505(c), added subsec. (f).

1984-Subsec. (b)(1)(B)(iv). Pub. L. 98–369, §731, added cl. (iv).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–369, §735(b)(2), in amending subsec. (c) generally, designated existing provisions as par. (1), in par. (1) as so designated substituted "by reason of merely combining such article with any article listed in paragraph (2)" for "with any equipment or other item listed in section 4063(d)", and added par. (2).

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Section 6111(b) of Pub. L. 100–647 provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on January 1, 1988."

Effective Date of 1987 Amendment

Section 505(d) of Pub. L. 100–17 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to articles sold by the manufacturer, producer, or importer on or after the first day of the first calendar quarter which begins more than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 2, 1987]."

Section 506(b) of Pub. L. 100–17 provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to articles sold by the manufacturer, producer, or importer on or after the 1st day of the 1st calendar quarter which begins more than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 2, 1987]."

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Highway Revenue Act of 1982, title V of Pub. L. 97–424, to which such amendment relates, see section 736 of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 4051 of this title.

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in section 4002 of this title.

¹ So in original. No subsec. (e) has been enacted.