§2451. Congressional declaration of policy and purpose
(a) Devotion of space activities to peaceful purposes for benefit of all mankind
The Congress declares that it is the policy of the United States that activities in space should be devoted to peaceful purposes for the benefit of all mankind.
(b) Aeronautical and space activities for welfare and security of United States; control by civilian agency; exceptions
The Congress declares that the general welfare and security of the United States require that adequate provision be made for aeronautical and space activities. The Congress further declares that such activities shall be the responsibility of, and shall be directed by, a civilian agency exercising control over aeronautical and space activities sponsored by the United States, except that activities peculiar to or primarily associated with the development of weapons systems, military operations, or the defense of the United States (including the research and development necessary to make effective provision for the defense of the United States) shall be the responsibility of, and shall be directed by, the Department of Defense; and that determination as to which such agency has responsibility for and direction of any such activity shall be made by the President in conformity with section 2471(e) of this title.
(c) Commercial use of space
The Congress declares that the general welfare of the United States requires that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (as established by subchapter II of this chapter) seek and encourage, to the maximum extent possible, the fullest commercial use of space.
(d) Objectives of aeronautical and space activities
The aeronautical and space activities of the United States shall be conducted so as to contribute materially to one or more of the following objectives:
(1) The expansion of human knowledge of the Earth and of phenomena in the atmosphere and space;
(2) The improvement of the usefulness, performance, speed, safety, and efficiency of aeronautical and space vehicles;
(3) The development and operation of vehicles capable of carrying instruments, equipment, supplies, and living organisms through space;
(4) The establishment of long-range studies of the potential benefits to be gained from, the opportunities for, and the problems involved in the utilization of aeronautical and space activities for peaceful and scientific purposes;
(5) The preservation of the role of the United States as a leader in aeronautical and space science and technology and in the application thereof to the conduct of peaceful activities within and outside the atmosphere;
(6) The making available to agencies directly concerned with national defense of discoveries that have military value or significance, and the furnishing by such agencies, to the civilian agency established to direct and control nonmilitary aeronautical and space activities, of information as to discoveries which have value or significance to that agency;
(7) Cooperation by the United States with other nations and groups of nations in work done pursuant to this chapter and in the peaceful application of the results thereof;
(8) The most effective utilization of the scientific and engineering resources of the United States, with close cooperation among all interested agencies of the United States in order to avoid unnecessary duplication of effort, facilities, and equipment; and
(9) The preservation of the United States preeminent position in aeronautics and space through research and technology development related to associated manufacturing processes.
(e) Ground propulsion systems research and development
The Congress declares that the general welfare of the United States requires that the unique competence in scientific and engineering systems of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration also be directed toward ground propulsion systems research and development. Such development shall be conducted so as to contribute to the objectives of developing energy and petroleum-conserving ground propulsion systems, and of minimizing the environmental degradation caused by such systems.
(f) Development of advanced automobile propulsion systems
The Congress declares that the general welfare of the United States requires that the unique competence in scientific and engineering systems of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration also be directed toward the development of advanced automobile propulsion systems. Such development shall be conducted so as to contribute to the achievement of the purposes set forth in section 2701(b) of title 15.
(g) Bioengineering research, development, and demonstration programs
The Congress declares that the general welfare of the United States requires that the unique competence of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in science and engineering systems be directed to assisting in bioengineering research, development, and demonstration programs designed to alleviate and minimize the effects of disability.
(h) Purpose of chapter
It is the purpose of this chapter to carry out and effectuate the policies declared in subsections (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), and (g) of this section.
(
References in Text
Section 2471 of this title, referred to in subsec. (b), was omitted from the Code.
This chapter, referred to in subsec. (h), was in the original "this Act", meaning
Amendments
1988-Subsec. (d)(9).
1984-Subsec. (c).
Subsec. (d).
Subsec. (d)(1).
Subsecs. (e) to (g).
Subsec. (h).
1978-Subsec. (e).
Subsec. (f).
Subsec. (g).
1976-Subsecs. (d), (e).
Short Title of 1990 Amendment
Short Title
Section 101 of
Earth Observing System Program
"(1) The Administrator [of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration] shall carry out an Earth Observing System program that addresses the highest priority international climate change research goals as defined by the Committee on Earth and Environmental Sciences and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
"(2)(A) Within 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 4, 1992], the Administrator shall submit to Congress a plan which will ensure that the highest priority measurements are maintained on schedule to the greatest extent practicable while lower priority measurements are deferred, deleted, or obtained through other means.
"(B) Within 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Core System of the Earth Observing System Data and Information System, the Administrator shall submit to Congress a Development Plan which-
"(i) identifies the highest risk elements of the development effort and the key advanced technologies required to significantly increase scientific productivity;
"(ii) provides a plan for the development of one or more prototype systems for use in reducing the development risk of critical system elements and obtaining feedback for scientific users;
"(iii) provides a plan for research into key advanced technologies;
"(iv) identifies sufficient resources for carrying out the Development Plan; and
"(v) identifies how the Earth Observing System Data Information System will connect to and utilize other federally-supported research networks, including the National Research and Education Network."
Congressional Findings and Policy
1991-
"SEC. 2. FINDINGS.
"Congress finds that-
"(1) the report of the Advisory Committee on the Future of the United States Space Program has provided a framework within which a consensus on the goals of the space program can be developed;
"(2) a balanced civil space science program should be funded at a level of at least 20 percent of the aggregate amount in the budget of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for 'Research and development' and 'Space flight, control, and data communications';
"(3) development of an adequate data base for life sciences in space will be greatly enhanced through closer scientific cooperation with the Soviet Union, including active use of manned Soviet space stations;
"(4) the space program can make substantial contributions to health-related research and should be an integral part of the Nation's health research and development program;
"(5) Landsat data and the continuation of the Landsat system beyond Landsat 6 are essential to the Mission to Planet Earth and other long-term environmental research programs;
"(6) increased use of defense-related remote sensing data and data technology by civilian agencies and the scientific community can benefit national environmental study and monitoring programs;
"(7) the generation of trained scientists and engineers through educational initiatives and academic research programs outside of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is essential to the future of the United States civil space program;
"(8) the strengthening and expansion of the Nation's space transportation infrastructure, including the enhancement of launch sites and launch site support facilities, are essential to support the full range of the Nation's space-related activities;
"(9) the aeronautical program contributes to the Nation's technological competitive advantage, and it has been a key factor in maintaining preeminence in aviation over many decades; and
"(10) the National Aero Space Plane program can have benefits to the military and civilian aviation programs from the new and innovative technologies developed in propulsion systems, aerodynamics, and control systems that could be enormous, especially for high-speed aeronautical and space flight.
"SEC. 3. POLICY.
"It is the policy of the United States that-
"(1) the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (hereinafter referred to as the 'Administrator'), in planning for national programs in environmental study and human space flight and exploration, should ensure the resiliency of the space infrastructure;
"(2) a stable and balanced program of civil space science should be planned to minimize future year funding requirements in order to accommodate a steady stream of new initiatives;
"(3) any new launch system undertaken or jointly undertaken by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration should be based on defined mission and program requirements or national policies established by Congress;
"(4) in fulfilling the mission of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to improve the usefulness, performance, speed, safety, and efficiency of space vehicles, the Administrator should establish a program of research and development to enhance the competitiveness and cost effectiveness of commercial expendable launch vehicles; and
"(5) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration should promote and support efforts to advance scientific understanding by conducting or otherwise providing for research on environmental problems, including global change, ozone depletion, acid precipitation, deforestation, and smog."
1990-
"SEC. 101. FINDINGS.
"The Congress finds that-
"(1) over the next decade, the United States aeronautics and space program will be directed toward major national priorities of understanding, preserving, and enhancing our global environment, hypersonic transportation, human exploration, and emerging technology commercialization;
"(2) the United States aeronautics and space program is supported by an overwhelming majority of the American people;
"(3) the United States aeronautics and space program genuinely reflects our Nation's pioneer heritage and demonstrates our quest for leadership, economic growth, and human understanding;
"(4) the United States space program is based on a solid record of achievement and continues to promote the objective of international cooperation in the exploration of the planets and the universe;
"(5) the United States aeronautics and space program generates critical technology breakthroughs that benefit our economy through new products and processes that significantly improve our standard of living;
"(6) the United States aeronautics and space program excites the imagination of every generation and can stimulate the youth of our Nation toward the pursuit of excellence in the fields of science, engineering, and mathematics;
"(7) the United States aeronautics and space program contributes to the Nation's technological competitive advantage;
"(8) the United States aeronautics and space program requires a sustained commitment of financial and human resources as a share of the Nation's Gross National Product;
"(9) the United States space transportation system will depend upon a robust fleet of space shuttle orbiters and expendable and reusable launch vehicles and services;
"(10) the United States space program will be advanced with an assured funding stream for the development of a permanently manned space station with research, experimentation, observation, servicing, manufacturing, and staging capabilities for lunar and Mars missions;
"(11) the United States aeronautics program has been a key factor in maintaining preeminence in aviation over many decades;
"(12) the United States needs to maintain a strong program with respect to transatmospheric research and technology by developing and demonstrating National Aero-Space Plane technology by a mid-decade date certain;
"(13) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is primarily responsible for formulating and implementing policy that supports and encourages civil aeronautics and space activities in the United States; and
"(14) commercial activities of the private sector will substantially and increasingly contribute to the strength of both the United States space program and the national economy.
"SEC. 102. POLICY.
"It is declared to be national policy that the United States should-
"(1) rededicate itself to the goal of leadership in critical areas of space science, space exploration, and space commercialization;
"(2) increase its commitment of budgetary resources for the space program to reverse the dramatic decline in real spending for such program since the achievements of the Apollo moon program;
"(3) ensure that the long-range environmental impact of all activities carried out under this title [enacting sections 2459a, 2465a, and 2471a of this title and section 1535 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, amending section 2473 of this title and sections 2601, 2602, 2604, 2614, and 2623 of former Title 49, Transportation, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2459, 2465a, and 2471 of this title] are fully understood and considered;
"(4) promote and support efforts to advance scientific understanding by conducting or otherwise providing for research on environmental problems, including global change, ozone depletion, acid precipitation, deforestation, and smog;
"(5) forge a robust national space program that maintains a healthy balance between manned and unmanned space activities and recognizes the mutually reinforcing benefits of both;
"(6) maintain an active fleet of space shuttle orbiters, including an adequate provision of structural spare parts, and evolve the orbiter design to improve safety and performance, and reduce operational costs;
"(7) sustain a mixed fleet by utilizing commercial expendable launch vehicle services to the fullest extent practicable;
"(8) support an aggressive program of research and development designed to enhance the United States preeminence in launch vehicles;
"(9) continue and complete on schedule the development and deployment of a permanently manned, fully capable, space station;
"(10) develop an advanced, high pressure space suit to support extravehicular activity that will be required for Space Station Freedom when Assembly Complete is reached;
"(11) establish a dual capability for logistics and resupply of the space station utilizing the space shuttle and expendable launch vehicles, including commercial services if available;
"(12) continue to seek opportunities for international cooperation in space and fully support international cooperative agreements;
"(13) maintain an aggressive program of aeronautical research and technology development designed to enhance the United States preeminence in civil and military aviation and improve the safety and efficiency of the United States air transportation system;
"(14) conduct a program of technology maturation, including flight demonstration in 1997, to prove the feasibility of an air-breathing, hypersonic aerospace plane capable of single-stage-to-orbit operation and hypersonic cruise in the atmosphere;
"(15) seek innovative technologies that will make possible advanced human exploration initiatives, such as the establishment of a lunar base and the succeeding mission to Mars, and provide high yield technology advancements for the national economy; and
"(16) enhance the human resources of the Nation and the quality of education."
Life Sciences Strategic Plan
"(a)
"(1) the current knowledge base in life sciences is not compatible with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's current objectives in space, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration lacks an adequate strategic plan to acquire a knowledge base;
"(2) it is critical to the success of manned missions in space, be they commercial operations of microgravity laboratories or manned missions to Mars, that a realistic appraisal of the influences of the space environment on biological systems is completed and appropriate protective countermeasures developed;
"(3) the space station is rapidly approaching design maturity without a corresponding development of the physiological and other human factors knowledge base necessary for long-term manned operations in space; and
"(4) space station laboratory hardware specifications are being fixed before fully establishing the objectives and requirements for life sciences research.
"(b)
"(1) review currently proposed manned space flight missions in order to-
"(A) identify the physiological and other human factors knowledge base necessary to determine the human capacity to adapt to and perform effectively in the space environment according to mission requirements, including identifying which life sciences parameters must be measured and which technologies, processes, and procedures must be developed; and
"(B) develop a schedule indicating when specific components of information, technologies, processes, or procedures identified under subparagraph (A) will need to be acquired or developed in order to verify that human adaptability requirements of manned space flight missions can be achieved;
"(2) develop a strategy plan for life sciences research and technology development sufficient to accomplish the life sciences knowledge base acquisition schedule developed under paragraph (1)(B), including-
"(A) a crew certification plan setting acceptable crew conditioning standards for Extended Duration Orbiter operations and verifying countermeasures sufficient to meet those standards before actual Extended Duration Orbiter operations; and
"(B) a life sciences implementation plan for the design and development of the space station, to be provided as part of the Preliminary Design Review for the space station, and to include crew adaptability standards; and
"(3) verify the physiological and technical feasibility of the life sciences implementation plan developed under paragraph (2)(B), as part of the Critical Design Review for the space station."
National Aero-Space Plane Program
"(a)
"(b)
"(1) The Secretary and the Adminstrator [sic] shall jointly develop a management plan for the program established under subsection (a), which shall include goals, major tasks, anticipated schedules, organizational structure, funding profiles, details of the respective responsibilities of the Secretary and the Administrator, and resource procurement strategies.
"(2) The management plan developed pursuant to paragraph (1) shall be submitted to the Congress within 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 16, 1990]."
National Aeronautics and Space Capital Development Program
Section 101 of
"(1) in accordance with section 106 of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 1988 (
"(A) the conduct of scientific experiments, applications experiments, and engineering experiments;
"(B) the servicing, rehabilitation, and construction of satellites and space vehicles;
"(C) the development and demonstration of commercial products and processes; and
"(D) the establishment of a space base for other civilian and commercial space activities including an outpost for further exploration of the solar system;
"(2) expendable launch vehicles should be used to launch those payloads that do not require the presence of man;
"(3) the space shuttle launches should be used to fulfill the Nation's needs for manned access to space;
"(4) preeminence in space and aeronautics is key to the national security and economic well being of the United States;
"(5) United States space policy needs long-range goals and direction in order to provide understanding for near-term space projects and programs;
"(6) over the next five years the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, hereafter referred to as the 'Administration', should pursue leadership in science through an aggressive set of major and moderate missions while maintaining a robust series of cost effective missions that can provide frequent flight opportunities to the scientific community[;]
"(7) over the next five years the Administration should prepare for the transition to the United States International Space Station of those science and technology programs that can be most efficiently and effectively conducted on that facility;
"(8) the Administration should encourage the United States private sector investment in space and, to the maximum extent practicable provide frequent flight opportunities for the development of technologies, processes and products that benefit from the space environment;
"(9) the Administration should enhance the existing space transportation capability through a robust mixed fleet of manned and unmanned vehicles in order to increase the reliability, productivity, and efficiency and reduce the cost of the Nation's access to space;
"(10) the United States faces an increasingly successful foreign challenge to its traditional preeminent position in aeronautics which is rapidly reducing its lead in both civil and military aircraft;
"(11) NASA's personnel are an integral component and resource for the Nation's space program, and an innovative personnel system should be developed;
"(12) the establishment of a permanent presence in space leading ultimately to space settlements is fully consistent with the goals of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 [this chapter];
"(13) the United States civil space activities should contribute significantly to enhancing the Nation's scientific and technological leadership, economy, pride, and sense of well-being, as well as United States world prestige and leadership;
"(14) civil sector activities should be comprised of a balanced strategy of research, development, operations, and technology for science, exploration, and appropriate applications;
"(15) assured access to space, sufficient to achieve all United States space goals, is an essential element of United States space policy, and the United States space transportation systems must provide a balanced, robust, and flexible capability with sufficient resiliency to allow continued operation despite failures in any single system;
"(16) the goals of the United States space transportation system are-
"(A) to achieve and maintain safe and reliable access to, transportation in, and return from, space;
"(B) to exploit the unique attributes of manned and unmanned launch and recovery systems;
"(C) to encourage, to the maximum extent feasible, the development and use of United States private sector space transportation capabilities; and
"(D) to reduce the costs of space transportation and related services;
"(17) recognizing that communications advancements are critical to all United States space activities, the Administration should continue research and development efforts for future advances in space communications technologies;
"(18) the goal of aeronautical research and technology development and validation activities should be to contribute to a national technology base that will enhance United States preeminence in civil and military aviation and improve the safety and efficiency of the United States air transportation system; and
"(19) aeronautical research and technology development and validation activities should-
"(A) emphasize emerging technologies with potential for breakthrough advances;
"(B) consist of-
"(i) fundamental research in all aeronautical disciplines, aimed at greater understanding of aeronautical phenomena and development of new aeronautical concepts; and
"(ii) technology development and validation activities aimed at laboratory-scale development and proof-of-concept demonstration of selected concepts with high payoff potential;
"(C) assure maintenance of robust aeronautical laboratories, including a first-rate technical staff and modern national facilities for the conduct of research and testing activities;
"(D) be conducted with the close, active participation of the United States aircraft industry so as to accelerate the transfer of research results to aviation products;
"(E) include providing technical assistance and facility support to other government agencies and United States industry;
"(F) include conducting joint projects with other government agencies where such projects contribute materially to the goals set forth in this section;
"(G) assure strong participation of United States universities both in carrying out aeronautical research and training future aeronautical research personnel; and
"(H) be conducted, where practical, so that United States industry receives research results before foreign competitors."
Space Settlements
Section 217 of
"(a) The Congress declares that the extension of human life beyond Earth's atmosphere, leading ultimately to the establishment of space settlements, will fulfill the purposes of advancing science, exploration, and development and will enhance the general welfare.
"(b) In pursuit of the establishment of an International Space Year in 1992 pursuant to
"(c) Once every 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 17, 1988], the National Aeronautics and Space Administration shall submit a report to the President and to the Congress which-
"(1) provides a review of all activities undertaken under this section including an analysis of the focused research and development activities on the Space Station, Moon, and other outposts that are necessary to accomplish a manned mission to Mars;
"(2) analyzes ways in which current science and technology can be applied in the establishment of space settlements;
"(3) identifies scientific and technological capacity for establishing space settlements, including a description of what steps must be taken to develop such capacity;
"(4) examines alternative space settlement locations and architectures;
"(5) examines the status of technologies necessary for extraterrestrial resource development and use and energy production;
"(6) reviews the ways in which the existence of space settlements would enhance science, exploration, and development;
"(7) reviews mechanisms and institutional options which could foster a broad-based plan for international cooperation in establishing space settlements;
"(8) analyzes the economics of financing space settlements, especially with respect to private sector and international participation;
"(9) discusses sociological factors involved in space settlement such as psychology, political science, and legal issues; and
"(10) addresses such other topics as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration considers appropriate."
Ten Year Strategic Plan
Title III of
"aeronautics and space strategic plan
"
"(1) the robotic exploration of other solar system bodies;
"(2) the study and observation of other celestial bodies and phenomena at spectral wave lengths and resolutions that will enhance our understanding of the universe;
"(3) the enhanced study and monitoring of Earth as an interacting system;
"(4) the development of a full understanding of the behavior of biological systems in the space environment; and
"(5) the development of a full understanding of physics and chemistry of the macroscopic behavior of materials in the microgravity environment.
"space research and technology strategic plan
"
"(1) fundamental and innovative research as the seedbed for enabling technologies for future civil space missions;
"(2) focused technology programs keyed to long range, high priority civil space missions;
"(3) technology research and demonstrations, extending laboratory activities from Earth to space-based facilities such as the Space Shuttle, Space Station, orbital platforms, and eventually the Moon and other planetary bodies; and
"(4) cooperation with, and service to, other space program sectors with advanced technology and use of ground and space-based facilities.
"space exploration strategic plan
"
"(1) the establishment of an operational United States International Space Station that shall be permanently manned; and
"(2) the development of those technologies and systems required for manned exploration of space beyond earth orbit.
"space transportation strategic plan
"
"(1) the continued enhancement of the space shuttle and its ground system in order to increase safety and efficiency and reduce costs;
"(2) the completion of the development of a heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle if consistent with mission requirements of the Administration, the Department of Defense, and other Federal agencies; and
"(3) the initiation of preliminary design activities for the next generation of a manned space launch system beyond the space shuttle.
"aeronautical research and technology development and validation long-range plan
"
"(1) a vigorous program in aeronautics research and technology development and validation, emphasizing emerging technologies with the potential for breakthrough advances to enhance United States preeminence in civil and military aviation; and
"(2) in cooperation with the Department of Defense, a technology development program (with an option for a flight demonstration in 1995) to prove the feasibility of an air-breathing hypersonic aerospaceplane capable of single-stage-to-orbit operation and hypersonic cruise in the atmosphere."
Permanently Manned Space Station
"
"(1) the conduct of scientific experiments, applications experiments, and engineering experiments;
"(2) the servicing, rehabilitation, and construction of satellites and space vehicles;
"(3) the development and demonstration of commercial products and processes; and
"(4) the establishment of a space base for other civilian and commercial space activities.
"(b) The space station shall be developed and operated in a manner that supports other science and space activities.
"(c) In order to reduce the cost of operations of the space station and its ground support system, the Administrator shall undertake the development of such advanced technologies as may be appropriate within the level of funding authorized in this Act [see Tables for classifications].
"(d) The Administrator shall seek to have portions of the space station constructed and operated by the private sector, where appropriate.
"(e) The Administrator shall promote international cooperation in the space station program by undertaking the development, construction, and operation of the space station in conjunction with (but not limited to) the Governments of Europe, Japan, and Canada.
"(f) The space station shall be designed, developed, and operated in a manner that enables evolutionary enhancement.
"
"(b) For fiscal year 1989, the capital development plan shall also include a statement outlining the total cost, schedule, and configuration of the Administration's space station proposal, as well as an analysis of the 'Report of the Committee on the Space Station of the National Research Council'. Such analysis shall examine alternatives for the configuration of the space station including but not limited to low cost alternatives.
"
"
"(b) Not later than January 15, 1988, the Administrator shall submit a preliminary report on the cost-effective use of space transportation systems for the launch of space station elements during the development and operation of the space station. The Administrator shall consider-
"(1) the potential use of future advanced or heavy lift expendable launch vehicles for purposes of the assembly and operation of the space station;
"(2) the use of existing expendable launch vehicles of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Defense, and the Private Sector;
"(3) the requirement for space shuttle launches; and
"(4) the risk of capital losses from the use of expendable launch vehicles and the space shuttle.
"
"(b) The Administrator shall set user fees so as to-
"(1) promote the use of the space station consistent with the policy set forth in section 106;
"(2) recover the costs of the use of the space station, including reasonable charges for any enhancement needed for such use; and
"(3) conserve and efficiently allocate the resources of the space station.
"(c) The Administrator may, on a case-by-case basis, waive or modify such user fees when in the Administrator's judgment such waiver or modification will further the goals and purposes of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 [42 U.S.C. 2451 et seq.], including-
"(1) the advancement of scientific or engineering knowledge;
"(2) international cooperation; and
"(3) the commercial use of space.
"
"
Feasibility Study on Flight Opportunities for Diverse Segment of American Public
National Commission on Space
Executive Order No. 10946
Ex. Ord. No. 10946, May 26, 1961, 26 F.R. 4629, which related to labor disputes at missile and space sites, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11374, Oct. 11, 1967, 32 F.R. 14199, set out below.
Ex Ord. No. 11374. Abolition of Missile Sites Labor Commission
Ex. Ord. No. 11374, Oct. 11, 1967, 32 F.R. 14199, provided:
By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, it is ordered as follows:
Lyndon B. Johnson.
Executive Order No. 12490
Ex. Ord. No. 12490, Oct. 12, 1984, 49 F.R. 40393, which related to the establishment, functions, administration, and termination of the National Commission on Space, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12610, Sept. 30, 1987, 52 F.R. 36901, formerly set out as a note under section 14 of the Federal Advisory Committee Act in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
Ex. Ord. No. 12675. Establishing the National Space Council
Ex. Ord. No. 12675, Apr. 20, 1989, 54 F.R. 17691, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 12712, Apr. 26, 1990, 55 F.R. 18095; Ex. Ord. No. 12869, §4(f), Sept. 30, 1993, 58 F.R. 51752, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States of America, and in order to provide a coordinated process for developing a national space policy and strategy and for monitoring its implementation, it is hereby ordered as follows:
(a) There is established the National Space Council ("the Council").
(b) The Council shall be composed of the following members:
(1) The Vice President, who shall be Chairman of the Council;
(2) The Secretary of State;
(3) The Secretary of the Treasury;
(4) The Secretary of Defense;
(5) The Secretary of Commerce;
(6) The Secretary of Transportation;
(7) The Secretary of Energy;
(8) The Director of the Office of Management and Budget;
(9) The Chief of Staff to the President;
(10) The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs;
(11) The Assistant to the President for Science and Technology;
(12) The Director of Central Intelligence; and
(13) The Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
(c) The Chairman shall, from time to time, invite the following to participate in meetings of the Council:
(1) The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; and
(2) The heads of other executive departments and agencies and other senior officials in the Executive Office of the President.
(b) In addition, the Council is directed to:
(1) review United States Government space policy, including long-range goals, and develop a strategy for national space activities;
(2) develop recommendations for the President on space policy and space-related issues;
(3) monitor and coordinate implementation of the objectives of the President's national space policy by executive departments and agencies; and
(4) foster close coordination, cooperation, and technology and information exchange among the civil, national security, and commercial space sectors, and facilitate resolution of differences concerning major space and space-related policy issues.
(c) The creation and operation of the Council shall not interfere with existing lines of authority and responsibilities in the departments and agencies.
(b) The Chairman shall, in consultation with the members of the Council, establish procedures for the Council and establish the agenda for Council activities.
(c) The Chairman shall report to the President on the activities and recommendations of the Council. The Chairman shall advise the Council as appropriate regarding the President's directions with respect to the Council's activities and national space policy generally.
(d) The Chairman shall authorize the establishment of such committees of the Council, including an executive committee, and of such working groups, composed of senior designees of the Council members and of other officials invited to participate in Council meetings, as he deems necessary or appropriate for the efficient conduct of Council functions.
(b) To implement this process, each agency represented on the Council shall provide such information regarding its current and planned space activities as the Chairman shall request.
(c) The head of each executive department and agency shall ensure that its space-related activities conform to national space policy and strategy.
(b) The President shall appoint an Executive Secretary who shall appoint such staff as may be necessary to assist in the performance of the Council's functions.
(c) All Federal departments, agencies, and interagency councils and committees having an impact on space policy shall extend, as appropriate, such cooperation and assistance to the Council as is necessary to carry out its responsibilities under this order.
(d) The head of each agency serving on the Council or represented on any working group or committee of the Council shall provide such administrative support as may be necessary, in accordance with law and subject to the availability of appropriations, to enable the agency head or its representative to carry out his responsibilities.
Section Referred to in Other Sections
This section is referred to in section 2476 of this title.