§109. Standards
(a) The Secretary shall not approve plans and specifications for proposed highway projects under this chapter if they fail to provide for a facility (1) that will adequately meet the existing and probable future traffic needs and conditions in a manner conducive to safety, durability, and economy of maintenance; (2) that will be designed and constructed in accordance with standards best suited to accomplish the foregoing objectives and to conform to the particular needs of each locality.
(b) The geometric and construction standards to be adopted for the Interstate System shall be those approved by the Secretary in cooperation with the State highway departments. Such standards, as applied to each actual construction project, shall be adequate to enable such project to accommodate the types and volumes of traffic anticipated for such project for the twenty-year period commencing on the date of approval by the Secretary, under section 106 of this title, of the plans, specifications, and estimates for actual construction of such project. Such standards shall in all cases provide for at least four lanes of traffic. The right-of-way width of the Interstate System shall be adequate to permit construction of projects on the Interstate System to such standards. The Secretary shall apply such standards uniformly throughout all the States.
(c) Design and Construction Standards for NHS.-Design and construction standards to be adopted for new construction on the National Highway System, for reconstruction on the National Highway System, and for resurfacing, restoring, and rehabilitating multilane limited access highways on the National Highway System shall be those approved by the Secretary in cooperation with the State highway departments. All eligible work for such projects shall meet or exceed such standards.
(d) On any highway project in which Federal funds hereafter participate, or on any such project constructed since December 20, 1944, the location, form and character of informational, regulatory and warning signs, curb and pavement or other markings, and traffic signals installed or placed by any public authority or other agency, shall be subject to the approval of the State highway department with the concurrence of the Secretary, who is directed to concur only in such installations as will promote the safe and efficient utilization of the highways.
(e) No funds shall be approved for expenditure on any Federal-aid highway, or highway affected under chapter 2 of this title, unless proper safety protective devices complying with safety standards determined by the Secretary at that time as being adequate shall be installed or be in operation at any highway and railroad grade crossing or drawbridge on that portion of the highway with respect to which such expenditures are to be made.
(f) The Secretary shall not, as a condition precedent to his approval under section 106 of this title, require any State to acquire title to, or control of, any marginal land along the proposed highway in addition to that reasonably necessary for road surfaces, median strips, bikeways, gutters, ditches, and side slopes, and of sufficient width to provide service roads for adjacent property to permit safe access at controlled locations in order to expedite traffic, promote safety, and minimize roadside parking.
(g) The Secretary shall issue within 30 days after the day of enactment of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1970 guidelines for minimizing possible soil erosion from highway construction. Such guidelines shall apply to all proposed projects with respect to which plans, specifications, and estimates are approved by the Secretary after the issuance of such guidelines.
(h) Not later than July 1, 1972, the Secretary, after consultation with appropriate Federal and State officials, shall submit to Congress, and not later than 90 days after such submission, promulgate guidelines designed to assure that possible adverse economic, social, and environmental effects relating to any proposed project on any Federal-aid system have been fully considered in developing such project, and that the final decisions on the project are made in the best overall public interest, taking into consideration the need for fast, safe and efficient transportation, public services, and the costs of eliminating or minimizing such adverse effects and the following:
(1) air, noise, and water pollution;
(2) destruction or disruption of man-made and natural resources, aesthetic values, community cohesion and the availability of public facilities and services;
(3) adverse employment effects, and tax and property values losses;
(4) injurious displacement of people, businesses and farms; and
(5) disruption of desirable community and regional growth.
Such guidelines shall apply to all proposed projects with respect to which plans, specifications, and estimates are approved by the Secretary after the issuance of such guidelines.
(i) The Secretary, after consultation with appropriate Federal, State, and local officials, shall develop and promulgate standards for highway noise levels compatible with different land uses and after July 1, 1972, shall not approve plans and specifications for any proposed project on any Federal-aid system for which location approval has not yet been secured unless he determines that such plans and specifications include adequate measures to implement the appropriate noise level standards. The Secretary, after consultation with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and appropriate Federal, State, and local officials, may promulgate standards for the control of highway noise levels for highways on any Federal-aid system for which project approval has been secured prior to July 1, 1972. The Secretary may approve any project on a Federal-aid system to which noise-level standards are made applicable under the preceding sentence for the purpose of carrying out such standards. Such project may include, but is not limited to, the acquisition of additional rights-of-way, the construction of physical barriers, and landscaping. Sums apportioned for the Federal-aid system on which such project will be located shall be available to finance the Federal share of such project. Such project shall be deemed a highway project for all purposes of this title.
(j) The Secretary, after consultation with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, shall develop and promulgate guidelines to assure that highways constructed pursuant to this title are consistent with any approved plan for the implementation of any ambient air quality standard for any air quality control region designated pursuant to the Clean Air Act, as amended.
(k) The Secretary shall not approve any project involving approaches to a bridge under this title, if such project and bridge will significantly affect the traffic volume and the highway system of a contiguous State without first taking into full consideration the views of that State.
(l)(1) In determining whether any right-of-way on any Federal-aid highway should be used for accommodating any utility facility, the Secretary shall-
(A) first ascertain the effect such use will have on highway and traffic safety, since in no case shall any use be authorized or otherwise permitted, under this or any other provision of law, which would adversely affect safety;
(B) evaluate the direct and indirect environmental and economic effects of any loss of productive agricultural land or any impairment of the productivity of any agricultural land which would result from the disapproval of the use of such right-of-way for the accommodation of such utility facility; and
(C) consider such environmental and economic effects together with any interference with or impairment of the use of the highway in such right-of-way which would result from the use of such right-of-way for the accommodation of such utility facility.
(2) For the purpose of this subsection-
(A) the term "utility facility" means any privately, publicly, or cooperatively owned line, facility, or system for producing, transmitting, or distributing communications, power, electricity, light, heat, gas, oil, crude products, water, steam, waste, storm water not connected with highway drainage, or any other similar commodity, including any fire or police signal system or street lighting system, which directly or indirectly serves the public; and
(B) the term "right-of-way" means any real property, or interest therein, acquired, dedicated, or reserved for the construction, operation, and maintenance of a highway.
(m) The Secretary shall issue guidelines describing the criteria applicable to the Interstate System in order to insure that the condition of these routes is maintained at the level required by the purposes for which they were designed. The initial guidelines shall be issued no later than October 1, 1979.
(n) The Secretary shall not approve any project under this title that will result in the severance or destruction of an existing major route for nonmotorized transportation traffic and light motorcycles, unless such project provides a reasonably alternate route or such a route exists.
(o) It is the intent of Congress that any project for resurfacing, restoring, or rehabilitating any highway, other than a highway access to which is fully controlled, in which Federal funds participate shall be constructed in accordance with standards to preserve and extend the service life of highways and enhance highway safety.
(p) Compliance With State Laws for Non-NHS Projects.-Projects (other than highway projects on the National Highway System) shall be designed, constructed, operated, and maintained in accordance with State laws, regulations, directives, safety standards, design standards, and construction standards.
(q) Historic and Scenic Values.-If a proposed project under sections 1 103(e)(4), 133, or 144 involves a historic facility or is located in an area of historic or scenic value, the Secretary may approve such project notwithstanding the requirements of subsections (a) and (b) of this section and section 133(c) if such project is designed to standards that allow for the preservation of such historic or scenic value and such project is designed with mitigation measures to allow preservation of such value and ensure safe use of the facility.
(
Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 894
;
Pub. L. 88–157, §4, Oct. 24, 1963, 77 Stat. 277
;
Pub. L. 89–574, §§5(a), 14, Sept. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 767
, 771;
Pub. L. 91–605, title I, §136(a), (b), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1734
;
Pub. L. 93–87, title I, §§114, 152(2), 156, Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 257
, 276, 277;
Pub. L. 95–599, title I, §§113, 116(d), 141(f), (g), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2696
, 2699, 2711;
Pub. L. 96–106, §3, Nov. 9, 1979, 93 Stat. 797
;
Pub. L. 97–424, title I, §110(a), Jan. 6, 1983, 96 Stat. 2105
;
Pub. L. 102–240, title I, §1016(c)–(f)(1), Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 1946
.)
References in Text
The day of enactment of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1970, referred to in subsec. (g), is Dec. 31, 1970.
The Clean Air Act, referred to in subsec. (j), is act July 14, 1955, ch. 360, 69 Stat. 322
, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 85 (§7401 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7401 of Title 42 and Tables.
Amendments
1991-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–240, §1016(f)(1)(A), substituted "highway projects under this chapter" for "projects on any Federal-aid system".
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–240, §1016(c), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) read as follows: "Projects on the Federal-aid secondary system in which Federal funds participate shall be constructed according to specifications that will provide all-weather service and permit maintenance at a reasonable cost."
Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 102–240, §1016(f)(1)(B), substituted "highway" for "system" in introductory provisions.
Subsecs. (p), (q). Pub. L. 102–240, §1016(d), (e), added subsecs. (p) and (q).
1983-Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 97–424 added subsec. (o).
1979-Subsec. (l)(1)(A). Pub. L. 96–106 struck out "any aspect of" after "adversely affect".
1978-Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 95–599, §141(f), inserted "bikeways" after "surfaces, median strips,".
Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 95–599, §113, added subsec. (l).
Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 95–599, §116(d), added subsec. (m).
Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 95–599, §141(g), added subsec. (n).
1973-Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 93–87, §152(2), substituted "Act" for "Rct", thus correcting the popular name to read "Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1970".
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 93–87, §114, authorized promulgation of noise-level standards for highways on any Federal-aid system for which project approval has been secured prior to July 1, 1972, and approval of any project on a Federal-aid system to which noise-level standards are made applicable, described the range of the projects, made money available for financing Federal share of the project, and deemed such project a highway project for all purposes of this title.
Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 93–87, §156, added subsec. (k).
1970-Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 91–605, §136(a), substituted provisions ordering the Secretary to issue within 30 days after Dec. 31, 1970, guidelines, which will apply to all proposed projects approved by the Secretary after their issuance, for minimizing soil erosion from highway construction for provisions authorizing the Secretary to consult with the Secretary of Agriculture respecting guidelines for minimizing soil erosion from highway construction and report such guidelines to Congress not later than July 1, 1967.
Subsecs. (h) to (j). Pub. L. 91–605, §136(b), added subsecs. (h) to (j).
1966-Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 89–574, §5(a), required that in all cases the standards provide for at least four lanes of traffic.
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 89–574, §14, added subsec. (g).
1963-Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 88–157 substituted "Such standards, as applied to each actual construction project, shall be adequate to enable such project to accommodate the types and volumes of traffic anticipated for such project for the twenty-year period commencing on the date of approval by the Secretary, under section 106 of this title, of the plans, specifications, and estimates for actual construction of such project" for "Such standards shall be adequate to accommodate the types and volumes of traffic forecast for the year 1975", struck out "up" before "to such standards" and inserted "all" in phrase "throughout all the States".
Effective Date of 1991 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 102–240 effective Dec. 18, 1991, and applicable to funds authorized to be appropriated or made available after Sept. 30, 1991, and, with certain exceptions, not applicable to funds appropriated or made available on or before Sept. 30, 1991, see section 1100 of Pub. L. 102–240, set out as a note under section 104 of this title.
Use of Recycled Paving Material
Section 1038 of Pub. L. 102–240 provided that:
"(a) Asphalt Pavement Containing Recycled Rubber Demonstration Program.-Notwithstanding any other provision of title 23, United States Code, or regulation or policy of the Department of Transportation, the Secretary (or a State acting as the Department's agent) may not disapprove a highway project under chapter 1 of title 23, United States Code, on the ground that the project includes the use of asphalt pavement containing recycled rubber. Under this subsection, a patented application process for recycled rubber shall be eligible for approval under the same conditions that an unpatented process is eligible for approval.
"(b) Studies.-
"(1) In general.-The Secretary and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall coordinate and conduct, in cooperation with the States, a study to determine-
"(A) the threat to human health and the environment associated with the production and use of asphalt pavement containing recycled rubber;
"(B) the degree to which asphalt pavement containing recycled rubber can be recycled; and
"(C) the performance of the asphalt pavement containing recycled rubber under various climate and use conditions.
"(2) Division of responsibilities.-The Administrator shall conduct the part of the study relating to paragraph (1)(A) and the Secretary shall conduct the part of the study relating to paragraph (1)(C). The Administrator and the Secretary shall jointly conduct the study relating to paragraph (1)(B).
"(3) Additional study.-The Secretary and the Administrator, in cooperation with the States, shall jointly conduct a study to determine the economic savings, technical performance qualities, threats to human health and the environment, and environmental benefits of using recycled materials in highway devices and appurtenances and highway projects, including asphalt containing over 80 percent reclaimed asphalt, asphalt containing recycled glass, and asphalt containing recycled plastic.
"(4) Additional elements.-In conducting the study under paragraph (3), the Secretary and the Administrator shall examine utilization of various technologies by States and shall examine the current practices of all States relating to the reuse and disposal of materials used in federally assisted highway projects.
"(5) Report.-Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 1991], the Secretary and the Administrator shall transmit to Congress a report on the results of the studies conducted under this subsection, including a detailed analysis of the economic savings and technical performance qualities of using such recycled materials in federally assisted highway projects and the environmental benefits of using such recycled materials in such highway projects in terms of reducing air emissions, conserving natural resources, and reducing disposal of the materials in landfills.
"(c) DOT Guidance.-
"(1) Information gathering and distribution.-The Secretary shall gather information and recommendations concerning the use of asphalt containing recycled rubber in highway projects from those States that have extensively evaluated and experimented with the use of such asphalt and implemented such projects and shall make available such information and recommendations on the use of such asphalt to those States which indicate an interest in the use of such asphalt.
"(2) Encouragement of use.-The Secretary should encourage the use of recycled materials determined to be appropriate by the studies pursuant to subsection (b) in federally assisted highway projects. Procuring agencies shall comply with all applicable guidelines or regulations issued by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
"(d) Use of Asphalt Pavement Containing Recycled Rubber.-
"(1) State certification.-Beginning on January 1, 1995, and annually thereafter, each State shall certify to the Secretary that such State has satisfied the minimum utilization requirement for asphalt pavement containing recycled rubber established by this section. The minimum utilization requirement for asphalt pavement containing recycled rubber as a percentage of the total tons of asphalt laid in such State and financed in whole or part by any assistance pursuant to title 23, United States Code, shall be-
"(A) 5 percent for the year 1994;
"(B) 10 percent for the year 1995;
"(C) 15 percent for the year 1996; and
"(D) 20 percent for the year 1997 and each year thereafter.
"(2) Other materials.-Any recycled material or materials determined to be appropriate by the studies under subsection (b) may be substituted for recycled rubber under the minimum utilization requirement of paragraph (1) up to 5 percent.
"(3) Increase.-The Secretary may increase the minimum utilization requirement of paragraph (1) for asphalt pavement containing recycled rubber to be used in federally assisted highway projects to the extent it is technologically and economically feasible to do so and if an increase is appropriate to assure markets for the reuse and recycling of scrap tires. The minimum utilization requirement for asphalt pavement containing recycled rubber may not be met by any use or technique found to be unsuitable for use in highway projects by the studies under subsection (b).
"(4) Penalty.-The Secretary shall withhold from any State that fails to make a certification under paragraph (1) for any fiscal year, a percentage of the apportionments under section 104 (other than subsection (b)(5)(A)) of title 23, United States Code, that would otherwise be apportioned to such State for such fiscal year under such section equal to the percentage utilization requirement established by paragraph (1) for such fiscal year.
"(5) Secretarial waiver.-The Secretary may set aside the provisions of this subsection for any 3-year period on a determination, made in concurrence with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency with respect to subparagraphs (A) and (B) of this paragraph, that there is reliable evidence indicating-
"(A) that manufacture, application, or use of asphalt pavement containing recycled rubber substantially increases the threat to human health or the environment as compared to the threats associated with conventional pavement;
"(B) that asphalt pavement containing recycled rubber cannot be recycled to substantially the same degree as conventional pavement; or
"(C) that asphalt pavement containing recycled rubber does not perform adequately as a material for the construction or surfacing of highways and roads.
The Secretary shall consider the results of the study under subsection (b)(1) in determining whether a 3-year set-aside is appropriate.
"(6) Renewal of waiver.-Any determination made to set aside the requirements of this section may be renewed for an additional 3-year period by the Secretary, with the concurrence of the Administrator with respect to the determinations made under paragraphs (5)(A) and (5)(B). Any determination made with respect to paragraph (5)(C) may be made for specific States or regions considering climate, geography, and other factors that may be unique to the State or region and that would prevent the adequate performance of asphalt pavement containing recycled rubber.
"(7) Individual state reduction.-The Secretary shall establish a minimum utilization requirement for asphalt pavement containing recycled rubber less than the minimum utilization requirement otherwise required by paragraph (1) in a particular State, upon the request of such State and if the Secretary, with the concurrence of the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, determines that there is not a sufficient quantity of scrap tires available in the State prior to disposal to meet the minimum utilization requirement established under paragraph (1) as the result of recycling and processing uses (in that State or another State), including retreading or energy recovery.
"(e) Definitions.-For purpose of this section-
"(1) the term 'asphalt pavement containing recycled rubber' means any hot mix or spray applied binder in asphalt paving mixture that contains rubber from whole scrap tires which is used for asphalt pavement base, surface course or interlayer, or other road and highway related uses and-
"(A) is a mixture of not less than 20 pounds of recycled rubber per ton of hot mix or 300 pounds of recycled rubber per ton of spray applied binder; or
"(B) is any mixture of asphalt pavement and recycled rubber that is certified by a State and is approved by the Secretary, provided that the total amount of recycled rubber from whole scrap tires utilized in any year in such State shall be not less than the amount that would be utilized if all asphalt pavement containing recycled rubber laid in such State met the specifications of subparagraph (A) and subsection (d)(1); and
"(2) the term 'recycled rubber' is any crumb rubber derived from processing whole scrap tires or shredded tire material taken from automobiles, trucks, or other equipment owned and operated in the United States."
Survey and Report on Upgrading of Design Standards
Section 1049 of Pub. L. 102–240 directed Secretary to conduct a survey to identify current State standards relating to geometric design, traffic control devices, roadside safety, safety appurtenance design, uniform traffic control devices, and sign legibility and directional clarity for all Federal-aid highways and, not later than 2 years after Dec. 18, 1991, to transmit to Congress a report on the results of the survey and the crashworthiness of traffic lights, traffic signs, guardrails, impact attenuators, concrete barrier treatments, and breakaway utility poles for bridges and roadways currently used by States.
Erosion Control Guidelines
Section 1057 of title I of Pub. L. 102–240 provided that:
"(a) Development.-The Secretary shall develop erosion control guidelines for States to follow in carrying out construction projects funded in whole or in part under this title [see Tables for classification].
"(b) More Stringent State Requirements.-Guidelines developed under subsection (a) shall not preempt any requirement made by or under State law if such requirement is more stringent than the guidelines.
"(c) Consistency With Other Programs.-Guidelines developed under subsection (a) shall be consistent with nonpoint source management programs under section 319 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act [33 U.S.C. 1329] and coastal nonpoint pollution control guidance under section 6217(g) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 [16 U.S.C. 1455b(g)]."
Roadside Barrier Technology
Section 1058 of Pub. L. 102–240 provided that:
"(a) Requirement for Innovative Barriers.-Not less than 2½ percent of the mileage of new or replacement permanent median barriers included in awarded contracts along Federal-aid highways within the boundaries of a State in each calendar year shall be innovative safety barriers.
"(b) Certification.-Each State shall annually certify to the Secretary its compliance with the requirements of this section.
"(c) Definition of Innovative Safety Barrier.-For purposes of this section, the term 'innovative safety barrier' means a median barrier, other than a guardrail, classified by the Federal Highway Administration as 'experimental' or that was classified as 'operational' after January 1, 1985."
Roadside Barriers and Safety Appurtenances
Section 1073 of Pub. L. 102–240 provided that:
"(a) Initiation of Rulemaking Proceeding.-Not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 1991], the Secretary shall initiate a rulemaking proceeding to revise the guidelines and establish standards for installation of roadside barriers and other safety appurtenances, including longitudinal barriers, end terminals, and crash cushions. Such rulemaking shall reflect state-of-the-art designs, testing, and evaluation criteria contained in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 230, relating to approval standards which provide an enhanced level of crashworthy performance to accommodate vans, mini-vans, pickup trucks, and 4-wheel drive vehicles.
"(b) Final Rule.-Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 1991], the Secretary shall complete the rulemaking proceeding initiated under subsection (a), and issue a final rule regarding the implementation of revised guidelines and standards for acceptable roadside barriers and other safety appurtenances, including longitudinal barriers, end terminals, and crash cushions. Such revised guidelines and standards shall accommodate vans, mini-vans, pickup trucks, and 4-wheel drive vehicles and shall be applicable to the refurbishment and replacement of existing roadside barriers and safety appurtenances as well as to the installation of new roadside barriers and safety appurtenances."
Studies Relating to Establishment of Standards for Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation of Highways and to Establishment of Uniform Standards and Criteria for Testing and Inspecting Highways and Bridges
Section 110(b), (c) of Pub. L. 97–424 provided that:
"(b) The Secretary of Transportation shall enter into appropriate arrangements with the National Academy of Sciences (1) to conduct a study of the safety cost-effectiveness of geometric design criteria of standards currently in effect for construction and reconstruction of highways, other than highways access to which is fully controlled, to determine the most appropriate minimum standards to apply to resurfacing, restoration, and rehabilitation projects on such highways, which study shall include a study of the cost effectiveness of the hot dip galvanizing process for the installation, repair, or replacement of exposed structural and miscellaneous steel, and (2) to propose standards to preserve and extend the service life of such highways and enhance highway safety. The National Academy of Sciences shall conduct such study in cooperation with the National Transportation Safety Board, the Congressional Budget Office, and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Upon completion of such study, the National Academy of Sciences shall submit such study and its proposed standards to the Secretary of Transportation for review. Within ninety days after submission of such standards to the Secretary of Transportation, the Secretary shall submit such study and the proposed standards of the National Academy of Sciences, together with the recommendations of the Secretary, to Congress for approval.
"(c)(1) The Secretary of Transportation is directed to coordinate a study with the National Bureau of Standards, the American Society for Testing and Materials, and other organizations as deemed appropriate, (A) to determine the existing quality of design, construction, products, use, and systems for highways and bridges; (B) to determine the need for uniform standards and criteria for design, processing, products, and applications, including personnel training and implementation of enforcement techniques; and (C) to determine the manpower needs and costs of developing a national system for the evaluation and accreditation of testing and inspection agencies.
"(2) The Secretary shall submit such study to the Congress not later than one year after the date of enactment of this section [Jan. 6, 1983]."
Expenditure of Federal Funds for Highway Signs Using Metric System
Section 144 of Pub. L. 95–599, as amended by
Pub. L. 96–106, §14, Nov. 9, 1979, 93 Stat. 798
, which prohibited use of Federal funds for signing solely in the metric system, was repealed by
Pub. L. 102–240, title I, §1053, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2001
.
Modification of Project Agreements To Effectuate Requirement of Four-Lanes of Traffic
Authorization to modify projects agreements entered into prior to September 13, 1966, to effectuate the amendment of this section by Pub. L. 89–574 which added the requirement of four-lanes of traffic, see section 5(b) of Pub. L. 89–574, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.
Section Referred to in Other Sections
This section is referred to in sections 104, 106, 115, 117, 119, 142, 154 of this title.