CHAPTER 55 —DEFENSE PRODUCTION
SUBCHAPTER I—PRIORITIES AND ALLOCATIONS
SUBCHAPTER II—EXPANSION OF PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY AND SUPPLY
SUBCHAPTER III—GENERAL PROVISIONS
Editorial Notes
Codification
Act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Chapter is comprised of the portions of act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, as amended, that had not previously been repealed when the Act was editorially reclassified as this chapter. As enacted, this Act contained titles I through VII. Titles II, IV, V, and VI of the Act were repealed by
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Termination Date
For termination of certain provisions of this chapter, see
§4501. Short title
This chapter, divided into subchapters, may be cited as "the Defense Production Act of 1950".
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, §1,
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2061 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Short Title of 2018 Amendment
Short Title of 2009 Amendment
Short Title of 2008 Amendment
Short Title of 2007 Amendment
Short Title of 2003 Amendment
Short Title of 2001 Amendment
Short Title of 1995 Amendment
Short Title of 1992 Amendment
Short Title of 1991 Amendment
Short Title of 1986 Amendment
Short Title of 1984 Amendment
Short Title of 1980 Amendment
Short Title of 1977 Amendment
Short Title of 1975 Amendment
Short Title of 1974 Amendment
Short Title of 1955 Amendment
Act Aug. 9, 1955, ch. 655, §1,
Short Title of 1953 Amendment
Act June 30, 1953, ch. 171, §1,
Short Title of 1952 Amendment
Act June 30, 1952, ch. 530, §1,
Short Title of 1951 Amendment
Act July 31, 1951, ch. 275, §1,
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions
Functions of President under this chapter relating to production, conservation, use, control, distribution, and allocation of energy, delegated to Secretary of Energy, see section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 11790, eff. June 25, 1974, 39 F.R. 23185, set out as a note under
For delegation of certain authority of President under this chapter relating to national defense resource preparedness and statement of related policy, see Ex. Ord. No. 13603, Mar. 16, 2012, 77 F.R. 16651, set out as a note under
§4502. Declaration of policy
(a) Findings
Congress finds that—
(1) the security of the United States is dependent on the ability of the domestic industrial base to supply materials and services for the national defense and to prepare for and respond to military conflicts, natural or man-caused disasters, or acts of terrorism within the United States;
(2) to ensure the vitality of the domestic industrial base, actions are needed—
(A) to promote industrial resources preparedness in the event of domestic or foreign threats to the security of the United States;
(B) to support continuing improvements in industrial efficiency and responsiveness;
(C) to provide for the protection and restoration of domestic critical infrastructure operations under emergency conditions; and
(D) to respond to actions taken outside of the United States that could result in reduced supplies of strategic and critical materials, including energy, necessary for national defense and the general economic well-being of the United States;
(3) in order to provide for the national security, the national defense preparedness effort of the United States Government requires—
(A) preparedness programs to respond to both domestic emergencies and international threats to national defense;
(B) measures to improve the domestic industrial base for national defense;
(C) the development of domestic productive capacity to meet—
(i) essential national defense needs that can result from emergency conditions; and
(ii) unique technological requirements; and
(D) the diversion of certain materials and facilities from ordinary use to national defense purposes, when national defense needs cannot otherwise be satisfied in a timely fashion;
(4) to meet the requirements referred to in this subsection, this chapter provides the President with an array of authorities to shape national defense preparedness programs and to take appropriate steps to maintain and enhance the domestic industrial base;
(5) in order to ensure national defense preparedness, it is necessary and appropriate to assure the availability of domestic energy supplies for national defense needs;
(6) to further assure the adequate maintenance of the domestic industrial base, to the maximum extent possible, domestic energy supplies should be augmented through reliance on renewable energy sources (including solar, geothermal, wind, and biomass sources), more efficient energy storage and distribution technologies, and energy conservation measures;
(7) much of the industrial capacity that is relied upon by the United States Government for military production and other national defense purposes is deeply and directly influenced by—
(A) the overall competitiveness of the industrial economy of the United States; and
(B) the ability of industries in the United States, in general, to produce internationally competitive products and operate profitably while maintaining adequate research and development to preserve competitiveness with respect to military and civilian production; and
(8) the inability of industries in the United States, especially smaller subcontractors and suppliers, to provide vital parts and components and other materials would impair the ability to sustain the Armed Forces of the United States in combat for longer than a short period.
(b) Statement of policy
It is the policy of the United States that—
(1) to ensure the adequacy of productive capacity and supply, Federal departments and agencies that are responsible for national defense acquisition should continuously assess the capability of the domestic industrial base to satisfy production requirements under both peacetime and emergency conditions, specifically evaluating the availability of adequate production sources, including subcontractors and suppliers, materials, skilled labor, and professional and technical personnel;
(2) every effort should be made to foster cooperation between the defense and commercial sectors for research and development and for acquisition of materials, components, and equipment;
(3) plans and programs to carry out the purposes of this chapter should be undertaken with due consideration for promoting efficiency and competition;
(4) in providing United States Government financial assistance under this chapter to correct a domestic industrial base shortfall, the President should give consideration to the creation or maintenance of production sources that will remain economically viable after such assistance has ended;
(5) authorities under this chapter should be used to reduce the vulnerability of the United States to terrorist attacks, and to minimize the damage and assist in the recovery from terrorist attacks that occur in the United States;
(6) in order to ensure productive capacity in the event of an attack on the United States, the United States Government should encourage the geographic dispersal of industrial facilities in the United States to discourage the concentration of such productive facilities within limited geographic areas that are vulnerable to attack by an enemy of the United States;
(7) to ensure that essential national defense requirements are met, consideration should be given to stockpiling strategic materials, to the extent that such stockpiling is economical and feasible; and
(8) in the construction of any industrial facility owned by the United States Government, in the rendition of any financial assistance by the United States Government for the construction, expansion, or improvement of any industrial facility, and in the production of goods and services, under this chapter or any other provision of law, each department and agency of the United States Government should apply, under the coordination of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, when practicable and consistent with existing law and the desirability for maintaining a sound economy, the principle of geographic dispersal of such facilities in the interest of national defense.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, §2,
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a)(4) and (b), was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2062 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Amendments
2009—
1992—
1980—
1956—Act June 29, 1956, inserted paragraph relating to encouragement of the geographical dispersal of the industrial facilities of the United States.
1955—Act Aug. 9, 1955, provided that mobilization effort requires development of preparedness programs and expansion of productive capacity and supply in order to reduce time required for full mobilization.
1953—Act June 30, 1953, amended section generally to make it conform to the more limited scope of this chapter.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1992 Amendment
Effective Date of 1980 Amendment
Effective Date of 1955 Amendment
Act Aug. 9, 1955, ch. 655, §11,
Domestic Minerals Program Extension
Act Aug. 7, 1953, ch. 339,
"DECLARATION OF POLICY
"
"
"
[Act Aug. 7, 1953, ch. 339, set out above, was formerly classified to sections 2181 to 2183 of the former Appendix to this title and to provisions set out as a note under section 2181 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification as this note.]
SUBCHAPTER I—PRIORITIES AND ALLOCATIONS
§4511. Priority in contracts and orders
(a) Allocation of materials, services, and facilities
The President is hereby authorized (1) to require that performance under contracts or orders (other than contracts of employment) which he deems necessary or appropriate to promote the national defense shall take priority over performance under any other contract or order, and, for the purpose of assuring such priority, to require acceptance and performance of such contracts or orders in preference to other contracts or orders by any person he finds to be capable of their performance, and (2) to allocate materials, services, and facilities in such manner, upon such conditions, and to such extent as he shall deem necessary or appropriate to promote the national defense.
(b) Critical and strategic materials
The powers granted in this section shall not be used to control the general distribution of any material in the civilian market unless the President finds (1) that such material is a scarce and critical material essential to the national defense, and (2) that the requirements of the national defense for such material cannot otherwise be met without creating a significant dislocation of the normal distribution of such material in the civilian market to such a degree as to create appreciable hardship.
(c) Domestic energy; materials, equipment, and services
(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, the President may, by rule or order, require the allocation of, or the priority performance under contracts or orders (other than contracts of employment) relating to, materials, equipment, and services in order to maximize domestic energy supplies if he makes the findings required by paragraph (3) of this subsection.
(2) The authority granted by this subsection may not be used to require priority performance of contracts or orders, or to control the distribution of any supplies of materials, services, and facilities in the marketplace, unless the President finds that—
(A) such materials, services, and facilities are scarce, critical, and essential—
(i) to maintain or expand exploration, production, refining, transportation;
(ii) to conserve energy supplies; or
(iii) to construct or maintain energy facilities; and
(B) maintenance or expansion of exploration, production, refining, transportation, or conservation of energy supplies or the construction and maintenance of energy facilities cannot reasonably be accomplished without exercising the authority specified in paragraph (1) of this subsection.
(3) During any period when the authority conferred by this subsection is being exercised, the President shall take such action as may be appropriate to assure that such authority is being exercised in a manner which assures the coordinated administration of such authority with any priorities or allocations established under subsection (a) of this section and in effect during the same period.
(d) Rules; consultation among agency heads
The head of each Federal agency to which the President delegates authority under this section shall—
(1) issue, and annually review and update whenever appropriate, final rules, in accordance with
(2) as appropriate and to the extent practicable, consult with the heads of other Federal agencies to develop a consistent and unified Federal priorities and allocations system.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title I, §101,
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2071 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Amendments
2014—Subsec. (d)(1).
2009—Subsec. (d).
1991—Subsec. (a)(2).
Subsec. (c)(1).
Subsec. (c)(2) to (4).
"(2) The President shall report to the Congress within sixty days after December 22, 1975, on the manner in which the authority contained in paragraph (1) will be administered. This report shall include the manner in which allocations will be made, the procedure for requests and appeals, the criteria for determining priorities as between competing requests, and the office or agency which will administer such authorities.
"(3) The authority granted in this subsection may not be used to require priority performance of contracts or orders, or to control the distribution of any supplies of materials and equipment in the marketplace, unless the President finds that—
"(A) such supplies are scarce, critical, and essential to maintain or further (i) exploration, production, refining, transportation, or (ii) the conservation of energy supplies, or (iii) for the construction and maintenance of energy facilities; and
"(B) maintenance or furtherance of exploration, production, refining, transportation, or conservation of energy supplies or the construction and maintenance of energy facilities cannot reasonably be accomplished without exercising the authority specified in paragraph (1) of this subsection."
1975—Subsec. (c).
1953—Subsec. (a). Act June 30, 1953, struck out provisions which related to slaughtering of livestock and allocation of meat and meat products.
Subsec. (b). Act June 30, 1953, retained priorities and allocation authority for defense production but generally to discontinue such authority with respect to the civilian market except in the special cases where, because of shortages and demands of the defense effort, there otherwise would be a significant dislocation in the civilian market resulting in appreciable hardship.
1952—Act June 30, 1952, redesignated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted provisions relating to meat and meat products, and added subsec. (b).
1951—Act July 31, 1951, inserted provision relating to slaughtering of livestock.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1991 Amendment
COVID–19 Emergency Medical Supplies Enhancement
"(a)
"(b)
"(1)
"(A) in vitro diagnostic products for the detection of SARS–CoV–2 or the diagnosis of the virus that causes COVID–19, and the reagents and other materials necessary for producing, conducting, or administering such products, and the machinery, equipment, laboratory capacity, or other technology necessary to produce such products;
"(B) face masks and personal protective equipment, including face shields, nitrile gloves, N–95 filtering facepiece respirators, and any other masks or equipment (including durable medical equipment) needed to respond to the COVID–19 pandemic, and the materials, machinery, additional manufacturing lines or facilities, or other technology necessary to produce such equipment; and
"(C) drugs, devices, and biological products that are approved, cleared, licensed, or authorized for use in treating or preventing COVID–19 and symptoms related to COVID–19, and any materials, manufacturing machinery, additional manufacturing or fill-finish lines or facilities, technology, or equipment (including durable medical equipment) necessary to produce or use such drugs, biological products, or devices (including syringes, vials, or other supplies or equipment related to delivery, distribution, or administration).
"(2)
Report on Industry Preparedness
Presidential Authority To Issue Orders Relating to Domestic Energy Supplies
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions
Functions of President under this chapter relating to production, conservation, use, control, distribution, and allocation of energy, delegated to Secretary of Energy, see section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 11790, June 25, 1974, 39 F.R. 23185, set out as a note under
For delegation of certain authority of President under this section, see sections 201 to 203 of Ex. Ord. No. 13603, Mar. 16, 2012, 77 F.R. 16652, 16653, set out as a note under
Ex. Ord. No. 13909. Prioritizing and Allocating Health and Medical Resources to Respond to the Spread of COVID–19
Ex. Ord. No. 13909, Mar. 18, 2020, 85 F.R. 16227, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (
Accordingly, I find that health and medical resources needed to respond to the spread of COVID–19, including personal protective equipment and ventilators, meet the criteria specified in section 101(b) of the Act (
(a) Notwithstanding Executive Order 13603 of March 16, 2012 (National Defense Resource Preparedness) [
(b) The Secretary of Health and Human Services may use the authority under section 101 of the Act to determine, in consultation with the Secretary of Commerce and the heads of other executive departments and agencies as appropriate, the proper nationwide priorities and allocation of all health and medical resources, including controlling the distribution of such materials (including applicable services) in the civilian market, for responding to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States.
(c) The Secretary of Health and Human Services shall issue such orders and adopt and revise appropriate rules and regulations as may be necessary to implement this order.
(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
Donald J. Trump.
Ex Ord. No. 13911. Delegating Additional Authority Under the Defense Production Act With Respect to Health and Medical Resources To Respond to the Spread of COVID–19
Ex. Ord. No. 13911, Mar. 27, 2020, 85 F.R. 18403, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (
To deal with this threat, on March 18, 2020, I issued Executive Order 13909 (Prioritizing and Allocating Health and Medical Resources to Respond to the Spread of COVID–19) [set out above], in which I delegated to the Secretary of Health and Human Services the prioritization and allocation authority under section 101 of the Act with respect to health and medical resources needed to respond to the spread of COVID–19. And on March 23, 2020, I issued Executive Order 13910 (Preventing Hoarding of Health and Medical Resources to Respond to the Spread of COVID–19) [
To ensure that our healthcare systems are able to surge capacity and capability to respond to the spread of COVID–19, it is the policy of the United States to expand domestic production of health and medical resources needed to respond to the spread of COVID–19, including personal protective equipment and ventilators. Accordingly, I am delegating authority under title III of the Act [
(b) The Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary of Homeland Security may each use the authority under sections 301, 302, and 303 of the Act, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the heads of other executive departments and agencies as he deems appropriate, to respond to the spread of COVID–19.
(c) To provide additional authority to respond to the national emergency I declared in Proclamation 9994, the requirements of section 301(a)(2), section 301(d)(1)(A), and section 303(a)(1) through (a)(6) of the Act are waived during the period of that national emergency.
(d) To provide additional authority to respond to the national emergency I declared in Proclamation 9994, the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary of Homeland Security are each authorized to submit for my approval under section 302(d)(2)(B) of the Act a proposed determination that any specific loan is necessary to avert an industrial resource or critical technology shortfall that would severely impair national defense capability.
(e) Before exercising the authority delegated under this section with respect to health or medical resources, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall consult with the Secretary of Health and Human Services.
(b) The delegation made in this section is made upon the condition that the Secretary of Health and Human Services or the Secretary of Homeland Security consult with the Attorney General and with the Federal Trade Commission, and obtain the prior approval of the Attorney General, after consultation by the Attorney General with the Federal Trade Commission, as required by section 708(c)(2) of the Act, except when such consultation is waived under subsection (c) of section 3 of this order and section 708(c)(3) of the Act.
(c) The Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary of Homeland Security are each authorized to submit for my approval under section 708(c)(3) of the Act any proposed determination that any specific voluntary agreement or plan of action is necessary to meet national defense requirements resulting from an event that degrades or destroys critical infrastructure.
(d) Before exercising the authority delegated under this section with respect to health or medical resources, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall consult with the Secretary of Health and Human Services.
(b) In addition to the delegations of authority in Executive Order 13909 and Executive Order 13910, the authority of the President conferred by sections 101 and 102 of the Act (
(c) The Secretary of Homeland Security may use the authority under section 101 of the Act to determine, in consultation with the heads of other executive departments and agencies as appropriate, the proper nationwide priorities and allocation of health and medical resources, including by controlling the distribution of such materials (including applicable services) in the civilian market, for responding to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States.
(d) Before exercising the authority under section 102 of the Act, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall consult with the Secretary of Health and Human Services.
(e) The Secretary of Homeland Security shall periodically consider whether the designations made by him under section 102 of the Act pursuant to section 4(b) of this order remain necessary. Upon finding that such designation of material is no longer necessary, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall promptly publish a notice of withdrawal of the designation in the Federal Register, and in such other manner as he deems appropriate.
(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
Donald J. Trump.
Ex. Ord. No. 13917. Delegating Authority Under the Defense Production Act With Respect to Food Supply Chain Resources During the National Emergency Caused by the Outbreak of COVID–19
Ex. Ord. No. 13917, Apr. 28, 2020, 85 F.R. 26313, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (
It is important that processors of beef, pork, and poultry ("meat and poultry") in the food supply chain continue operating and fulfilling orders to ensure a continued supply of protein for Americans. However, outbreaks of COVID–19 among workers at some processing facilities have led to the reduction in some of those facilities' production capacity. In addition, recent actions in some States have led to the complete closure of some large processing facilities. Such actions may differ from or be inconsistent with interim guidance recently issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the Department of Health and Human Services and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) of the Department of Labor entitled "Meat and Poultry Processing Workers and Employers" providing for the safe operation of such facilities.
Such closures threaten the continued functioning of the national meat and poultry supply chain, undermining critical infrastructure during the national emergency. Given the high volume of meat and poultry processed by many facilities, any unnecessary closures can quickly have a large effect on the food supply chain. For example, closure of a single large beef processing facility can result in the loss of over 10 million individual servings of beef in a single day. Similarly, under established supply chains, closure of a single meat or poultry processing facility can severely disrupt the supply of protein to an entire grocery store chain.
Accordingly, I find that meat and poultry in the food supply chain meet the criteria specified in section 101(b) of the Act (
(b) The Secretary of Agriculture shall use the authority under section 101 of the Act, in consultation with the heads of such other executive departments and agencies as he deems appropriate, to determine the proper nationwide priorities and allocation of all the materials, services, and facilities necessary to ensure the continued supply of meat and poultry, consistent with the guidance for the operations of meat and poultry processing facilities jointly issued by the CDC and OSHA.
(c) The Secretary of Agriculture shall issue such orders and adopt and revise appropriate rules and regulations as may be necessary to implement this order.
(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
Donald J. Trump.
Delegating Authority Under the Defense Production Act To Ensure an Adequate Supply of Infant Formula
Determination of President of the United States, No. 2022–13, May 18, 2022, 87 F.R. 31357, provided:
Memorandum for the Secretary of Health and Human Services
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 101 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (the "Act") (
Adequate supply of infant formula is critical to the health and safety of the millions of children who depend on the formula for essential nutrition. The Federal Government has worked in the last several months to address the shortfall in infant formula, but additional measures are needed to ensure an adequate supply of infant formula in the United States and thereby protect the health and well-being of our Nation's children.
This disruption threatens the continued functioning of the national infant formula supply chain, undermining critical infrastructure that is essential to the national defense, including to national public health or safety. As the Abbott Nutrition recall shows, closure of a single formula-producing facility can severely disrupt the supply of formula nationwide. Accordingly, I hereby determine, pursuant to section 101 of the Act, that the ingredients necessary to manufacture infant formula meet the criteria specified in section 101(b) of the Act (
(b) The Secretary of Health and Human Services may use the authority under section 101 of the Act to determine, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture and the heads of other executive departments and agencies as appropriate, the proper nationwide priorities and allocation of all ingredients necessary to manufacture infant forumla, including controlling the distribution of such materials (including applicable services) in the civilian market, for responding to the shortage of infant formula within the United States.
You are authorized and directed to publish this determination in the Federal Register.
J.R. Biden, Jr.
§4512. Hoarding of designated scarce materials
In order to prevent hoarding, no person shall accumulate (1) in excess of the reasonable demands of business, personal, or home consumption, or (2) for the purpose of resale at prices in excess of prevailing market prices, materials which have been designated by the President as scarce materials or materials the supply of which would be threatened by such accumulation. The President shall order published in the Federal Register, and in such other manner as he may deem appropriate, every designation of materials the accumulation of which is unlawful and any withdrawal of such designation. In making such designations the President may prescribe such conditions with respect to the accumulation of materials in excess of the reasonable demands of business, personal, or home consumption as he deems necessary to carry out the objectives of this chapter. This section shall not be construed to limit the authority contained in
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title I, §102,
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2072 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Amendments
1951—Act July 31, 1951, authorized President to prescribe conditions and exceptions allowing maintenance of substantial inventories of critical materials in certain cases.
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions
Authorities of President under this section with respect to health and medical resources needed to respond to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States delegated to Secretary of Homeland Security, see section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 13911, Mar. 27, 2020, 85 F.R. 18404, set out as a note under
Functions of President under this chapter relating to production, conservation, use, control, distribution, and allocation of energy, delegated to Secretary of Energy, see section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 11790, June 25, 1974, 39 F.R. 23185, set out as a note under
Ex. Ord. No. 13910. Preventing Hoarding of Health and Medical Resources To Respond to the Spread of COVID–19
Ex. Ord. No. 13910, Mar. 23, 2020, 85 F.R. 17001, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (
To ensure that our Nation's healthcare systems are able to surge capacity and capability to respond to the spread of COVID–19, it is the policy of the United States that health and medical resources needed to respond to the spread of COVID–19, such as personal protective equipment and sanitizing and disinfecting products, are not hoarded. Accordingly, I am delegating to the Secretary my authority under section 102 of the Act (
(a) The Secretary is delegated the following:
(i) the authority of the President conferred by section 102 of the Act to prevent hoarding of health and medical resources necessary to respond to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States, including the authority to prescribe conditions with respect to the accumulation of such resources, and to designate any material as a scarce material, or as a material the supply of which would be threatened by persons accumulating the material either in excess of reasonable demands of business, personal, or home consumption, or for the purpose of resale at prices in excess of prevailing market prices; and
(ii) the authority of the President to implement the Act contained in subchapter III [
(b) In exercising the authority delegated under this section, the Secretary shall consult the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
(c) The Secretary shall adopt and revise appropriate rules and regulations as may be necessary to implement this order.
(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
Donald J. Trump.
§4513. Penalties
Any person who willfully performs any act prohibited, or willfully fails to perform any act required, by the provisions of this subchapter or any rule, regulation, or order thereunder, shall, upon conviction, be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title I, §103,
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2073 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
§4514. Limitation on actions without congressional authorization
(a) Wage or price controls
No provision of this chapter shall be interpreted as providing for the imposition of wage or price controls without the prior authorization of such action by a joint resolution of Congress.
(b) Chemical or biological weapons
No provision of this subchapter shall be exercised or interpreted to require action or compliance by any private person to assist in any way in the production of or other involvement in chemical or biological warfare capabilities, unless authorized by the President (or the President's designee who is serving in a position at level I of the Executive Schedule in accordance with
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title I, §104, as added
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in subsec. (a), was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2074 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Prior Provisions
A prior section 104 of act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title I, as added July 31, 1951, ch. 275, title I, §101(c),
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date
Section deemed to have become effective Mar. 1, 1992, see section 304 of
Executive Documents
Delegation of Authority
Authority of President under subsec. (b) of this section delegated to Secretary of Defense, without authority to redelegate, by section 204 of Ex. Ord. No. 13603, Mar. 16, 2012, 77 F.R. 16653, set out as a note under
§4515. Presidential power to ration gasoline among classes of end-users unaffected
Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to authorize the President to institute, without the approval of the Congress, a program for the rationing of gasoline among classes of end-users.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title I, §105, as added
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2075 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date
Section effective June 30, 1980, see section 107 of
§4516. Designation of energy as a strategic and critical material
For purposes of this chapter, "energy" shall be designated as a "strategic and critical material" after June 30, 1980: Provided, That no provision of this chapter shall, by virtue of such designation 1 grant any new direct or indirect authority to the President for the mandatory allocation or pricing of any fuel or feedstock (including, but not limited to, crude oil, residual fuel oil, any refined petroleum product, natural gas, or coal) or electricity or any other form of energy.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title I, §106, as added
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2076 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Amendments
2009—
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date
Section effective June 30, 1980, see section 107 of
1 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma.
§4517. Strengthening domestic capability
(a) In general
Utilizing the authority of subchapter II of this chapter or any other provision of law, the President may provide appropriate incentives to develop, maintain, modernize, restore, and expand the productive capacities of domestic sources for critical components, critical technology items, materials, and industrial resources essential for the execution of the national security strategy of the United States.
(b) Critical components and critical technology items
(1) Maintenance of reliable sources of supply
The President shall take appropriate actions to assure that critical components, critical technology items, essential materials, and industrial resources are available from reliable sources when needed to meet defense requirements during peacetime, graduated mobilization, and national emergency.
(2) Appropriate action
For purposes of this subsection, appropriate action may include—
(A) restricting contract solicitations to reliable sources;
(B) restricting contract solicitations to domestic sources pursuant to—
(i)
(ii)
(iii) other statutory authority;
(C) stockpiling critical components; and
(D) developing substitutes for a critical component or a critical technology item.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title I, §107, as added
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2077 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
In subsec. (b)(2)(B)(ii), "
Amendments
2021—Subsec. (b)(2)(B)(i), (ii).
"(i) section 2304(b)(1)(B) or
"(ii)
2009—Subsec. (a).
Subsec. (b).
"(A)
"(B)
Subsec. (b)(1).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date
Section deemed to have become effective Mar. 1, 1992, see section 304 of
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions
Authorities of President under this section with respect to responding to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States delegated to Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary of Homeland Security, see section 4(a) of Ex. Ord. No. 13911, Mar. 27, 2020, 85 F.R. 18404, set out as a note under
Functions of the President under this chapter relating to the production, conservation, use, control, distribution, and allocation of energy, delegated to the Secretary of Energy, see section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 11790, eff. June 25, 1974, 39 F.R. 23185, set out as a note under
For delegation of authority of President under subsecs. (a) and (b)(1) of this section, see sections 310 and 311 of Ex. Ord. No. 13603, Mar. 16, 2012, 77 F.R. 16655, set out as a note under
§4518. Modernization of small business suppliers
(a) In general
In providing any assistance under this chapter, the President shall accord a strong preference for small business concerns which are subcontractors or suppliers, and, to the maximum extent practicable, to such small business concerns located in areas of high unemployment or areas that have demonstrated a continuing pattern of economic decline, as identified by the Secretary of Labor.
(b) Modernization of equipment
(1) In general
Funds authorized under subchapter II may be used to guarantee the purchase or lease of advance manufacturing equipment, and any related services with respect to any such equipment for purposes of this chapter.
(2) Small business suppliers
In considering proposals for subchapter II projects under paragraph (1), the President shall provide a strong preference for proposals submitted by a small business supplier or subcontractor whose proposal—
(A) has the support of the department or agency which will provide the guarantee;
(B) reflects that the small business concern has made arrangements to obtain qualified outside assistance to support the effective utilization of the advanced manufacturing equipment being proposed for installation; and
(C) meets the requirements of
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title I, §108, as added
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b)(1), was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2078 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date
Section deemed to have become effective Mar. 1, 1992, see section 304 of
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions
Functions of the President under this chapter relating to the production, conservation, use, control, distribution, and allocation of energy, delegated to the Secretary of Energy, see section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 11790, eff. June 25, 1974, 39 F.R. 23185, set out as a note under
SUBCHAPTER II—EXPANSION OF PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY AND SUPPLY
Editorial Notes
Codification
Title III of the Defense Production Act of 1950, comprising this subchapter, was originally enacted as part of act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
§4531. Presidential authorization for the national defense
(a) Expediting production and deliveries or services
(1) Authorized activities
To reduce current or projected shortfalls of industrial resources, critical technology items, or essential materials needed for national defense purposes, subject to such regulations as the President may prescribe, the President may authorize a guaranteeing agency to provide guarantees of loans by private institutions for the purpose of financing any contractor, subcontractor, provider of critical infrastructure, or other person in support of production capabilities or supplies that are deemed by the guaranteeing agency to be necessary to create, maintain, expedite, expand, protect, or restore production and deliveries or services essential to the national defense.
(2) Presidential determinations required
Except during a period of national emergency declared by Congress or the President, a loan guarantee may be entered into under this section only if the President determines that—
(A) the loan guarantee is for an activity that supports the production or supply of an industrial resource, critical technology item, or material that is essential for national defense purposes;
(B) without a loan guarantee, credit is not available to the loan applicant under reasonable terms or conditions sufficient to finance the activity;
(C) the loan guarantee is the most cost effective, expedient, and practical alternative for meeting the needs of the Federal Government;
(D) the prospective earning power of the loan applicant and the character and value of the security pledged provide a reasonable assurance of repayment of the loan to be guaranteed;
(E) the loan to be guaranteed bears interest at a rate determined by the Secretary of the Treasury to be reasonable, taking into account the then-current average yield on outstanding obligations of the United States with remaining periods of maturity comparable to the maturity of the loan;
(F) the loan agreement for the loan to be guaranteed provides that no provision of the loan agreement may be amended or waived without the consent of the fiscal agent of the United States for the guarantee; and
(G) the loan applicant has provided or will provide—
(i) an assurance of repayment, as determined by the President; and
(ii) security—
(I) in the form of a performance bond, insurance, collateral, or other means acceptable to the fiscal agent of the United States; and
(II) in an amount equal to not less than 20 percent of the amount of the loan.
(3) Limitations on loans
Loans under this section may be—
(A) made or guaranteed under the authority of this section only to the extent that an appropriations Act—
(i) provides, in advance, budget authority for the cost of such guarantees, as defined in
(ii) establishes a limitation on the total loan principal that may be guaranteed; and
(B) made without regard to the limitations of existing law, other than
(b) Fiscal agents of the United States
(1) In general
Any Federal agency or any Federal reserve bank, when designated by the President, is hereby authorized to act, on behalf of any guaranteeing agency, as fiscal agent of the United States in the making of such contracts of guarantee and in otherwise carrying out the purposes of this section.
(2) Funds
All such funds as may be necessary to enable any fiscal agent described in paragraph (1) to carry out any guarantee made by it on behalf of any guaranteeing agency shall be supplied and disbursed by or under authority from such guaranteeing agency.
(3) Limit on liability
No fiscal agent described in paragraph (1) shall have any responsibility or accountability, except as agent in taking any action pursuant to or under authority of this section.
(4) Reimbursements
Each fiscal agent described in paragraph (1) shall be reimbursed by each guaranteeing agency for all expenses and losses incurred by such fiscal agent in acting as agent on behalf of such guaranteeing agency, including, notwithstanding any other provision of law, attorneys' fees and expenses of litigation.
(c) Oversight
(1) In general
All actions and operations of fiscal agents under authority of or pursuant to this section shall be subject to the supervision of the President, and to such regulations as the President may prescribe.
(2) Other authority
The President is authorized to prescribe—
(A) either specifically or by maximum limits or otherwise, rates of interest, guarantee and commitment fees, and other charges which may be made in connection with loans, discounts, advances, or commitments guaranteed by the guaranteeing agencies through fiscal agents under this section; and
(B) regulations governing the forms and procedures (which shall be uniform to the extent practicable) to be utilized in connection with such guarantees.
(d) Aggregate guarantee amounts
(1) Industrial resource and critical technology shortfalls
(A) In general
If the making of any guarantee or obligation of the Federal Government under this subchapter relating to a domestic industrial base shortfall would cause the aggregate outstanding amount of all guarantees for such shortfall to exceed $50,000,000, any such guarantee may be made only—
(i) if the President has notified the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives in writing of the proposed guarantee; and
(ii) after the 30-day period following the date on which notice under clause (i) is provided.
(B) Waivers authorized
The requirements of subparagraph (A) may be waived—
(i) during a period of national emergency declared by Congress or the President; or
(ii) upon a determination by the President, on a nondelegable basis, that a specific guarantee is necessary to avert an industrial resource or critical technology item shortfall that would severely impair national defense capability.
(2) Other limitations
The authority conferred by this section shall not be used primarily to prevent the financial insolvency or bankruptcy of any person, unless—
(A) the President certifies that the insolvency or bankruptcy would have a direct and substantially adverse effect upon national defense production; and
(B) a copy of the certification under subparagraph (A), together with a detailed justification thereof, is transmitted to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives not later than 10 days prior to the exercise of that authority for such use.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title III, §301, as added
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2091 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Prior Provisions
A prior section 301 of act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title III,
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Legislative Waiver of Loan Limitations
Limitation on Cancellation of Designation of Secretary of the Air Force as Department of Defense Executive Agent
"(a)
"(b)
"(c)
"(a)
"(1) completed the review and assessment required by subsection (b)(1); and
"(2) carried out the briefing required by subsection (c).
"(b)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) Assessment of the current management structure for the program, including analysis of the mechanisms for accountability, as well as cost and management controls currently in place.
"(B) Analysis of alternatives for proposals to modify that management structure to increase accountability, cost and management controls. Such analysis of alternatives should consider the relative merits of centralization and decentralization, roles of other military departments in program management and contracting, as well as the different roles the Office of the Secretary of Defense might play in management, oversight and execution.
"(C) Recommendations for improving the assessment and selection of projects in order to—
"(i) ensure that projects selected are appropriate for use of funds appropriated to carry out title III of the Defense Production Act of 1950;
"(ii) ensure that sufficient vetting and management controls are in place to ensure a reasonable degree of confidence that project ideas or the companies being supported will be viable; and
"(iii) increase overall successful execution for selected projects.
"(D) Such other matters as the Secretary considers appropriate.
"(c)
"(d)
"(e)
"(f)
"(1) the [sic] Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate; and
"(2) the [sic] Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives."
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions
Authority of President under this section with respect to responding to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States delegated to Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary of Homeland Security, see section 2 of Ex. Ord. No. 13911, Mar. 27, 2020, 85 F.R. 18403, set out as a note under
Functions of President under this chapter relating to production, conservation, use, control, distribution, and allocation of energy, delegated to Secretary of Energy, see section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 11790, eff. June 25, 1974, 39 F.R. 23185, set out as a note under
For delegation of authority of President under subsec. (a)(2) of this section, see section 305(a) of Ex. Ord. No. 13603, Mar. 16, 2012, 77 F.R. 16654, set out as a note under
Executive Waiver of Loan Limitations
Requirements of subsecs. (a)(2) and (d)(1)(A) of this section waived during the national emergency declared by Proc. No. 9994, Mar. 13, 2020, 85 F.R. 15337, set out as a note under
§4532. Loans to private business enterprises
(a) Loan authority
To reduce current or projected shortfalls of industrial resources, critical technology items, or materials essential for the national defense, the President may make provision for loans to private business enterprises (including nonprofit research corporations and providers of critical infrastructure) for the creation, maintenance, expansion, protection, or restoration of capacity, the development of technological processes, or the production of essential materials, including the exploration, development, and mining of strategic and critical metals and minerals.
(b) Conditions of loans
Loans may be made under this section on such terms and conditions as the President deems necessary, except that—
(1) financial assistance may be extended only to the extent that it is not otherwise available from private sources on reasonable terms; and
(2) during periods of national emergency declared by the Congress or the President, no such loan may be made unless the President determines that—
(A) the loan is for an activity that supports the production or supply of an industrial resource, critical technology item, or material that is essential to the national defense;
(B) without the loan, United States industry cannot reasonably be expected to provide the needed capacity, technological processes, or materials in a timely manner;
(C) the loan is the most cost-effective, expedient, and practical alternative method for meeting the need;
(D) the prospective earning power of the loan applicant and the character and value of the security pledged provide a reasonable assurance of repayment of the loan in accordance with the terms of the loan, as determined by the President; and
(E) the loan bears interest at a rate determined by the Secretary of the Treasury to be reasonable, taking into account the then-current average yield on outstanding obligations of the United States with remaining periods of maturity comparable to the maturity of the loan.
(c) Limitations on loans
Loans under this section may be—
(1) made or guaranteed under the authority of this section only to the extent that an appropriations Act—
(A) provides, in advance, budget authority for the cost of such guarantees, as defined in
(B) establishes a limitation on the total loan principal that may be guaranteed; and
(2) made without regard to the limitations of existing law, other than
(d) Aggregate loan amounts
(1) In general
If the making of any loan under this section to correct a shortfall would cause the aggregate outstanding amount of all obligations of the Federal Government under this subchapter relating to such shortfall to exceed $50,000,000, such loan may be made only—
(A) if the President has notified the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives, in writing, of the proposed loan; and
(B) after the 30-day period following the date on which notice under subparagraph (A) is provided.
(2) Waivers authorized
The requirements of paragraph (1) may be waived—
(A) during a period of national emergency declared by the Congress or the President; and
(B) upon a determination by the President, on a nondelegable basis, that a specific loan is necessary to avert an industrial resource or critical technology shortfall that would severely impair national defense capability.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title III, §302, as added
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2092 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Prior Provisions
A prior section 302 of act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title III,
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Increasing Access to Materials Necessary for National Security and Pandemic Recovery
"(1) during the 2-year period beginning on the date of enactment of this Act [Mar. 27, 2020], the requirements described in sections 303(a)(6)(C) and 304(e) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (
"(2) during the 1-year period beginning on the date of enactment of this Act, the requirements described in sections 302(d)(1) and 303(a)(6)(B) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (
Legislative Waiver of Loan Limitations
Requirement described in subsec. (c)(1) of this section waived for the two-year period beginning with Mar. 27, 2020, see provision of title III of div. B of
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions
Authority of President under this section with respect to responding to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States delegated to Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary of Homeland Security, see section 2 of Ex. Ord. No. 13911, Mar. 27, 2020, 85 F.R. 18403, set out as a note under
Functions of President under this chapter relating to production, conservation, use, control, distribution, and allocation of energy, delegated to Secretary of Energy, see section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 11790, June 25, 1974, 39 F.R. 23185, set out as a note under
For delegation of certain authority of President under this section, see sections 302 and 305(a) of Ex. Ord. No. 13603, Mar. 16, 2012, 77 F.R. 16654, set out as a note under
Ex. Ord. No. 13922. Delegating Authority Under the Defense Production Act to the Chief Executive Officer of the United States International Development Finance Corporation To Respond to the COVID–19 Outbreak
Ex. Ord. No. 13922, May 14, 2020, 85 F.R. 30583, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (
To ensure that our country has the capacity, capability, and strong and resilient domestic industrial base necessary to respond to the COVID–19 outbreak, it is the policy of the United States to further expand domestic production of strategic resources needed to respond to the COVID–19 outbreak, including strengthening relevant supply chains within the United States and its territories. It is important to use all resources available to the United States, including executive departments and agencies (agencies) with expertise in loan support for private institutions. Accordingly, I am delegating authority under title III of the Act [
(b) The Chief Executive Officer of the DFC may use the authority under sections 302 and 303 of the Act, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the heads of other agencies as he deems appropriate, for the domestic production of strategic resources needed to respond to the COVID–19 outbreak, or to strengthen any relevant domestic supply chains.
(c) The loan authority delegated by this order is limited to loans that create, maintain, protect, expand, or restore domestic industrial base capabilities supporting:
(i) the national response and recovery to the COVID–19 outbreak; or
(ii) the resiliency of any relevant domestic supply chains.
(d) Loans extended using the authority delegated by this order shall be made in accordance with the principles and guidelines outlined in OMB Circular A–11, OMB Circular A–129, and the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990, as amended (
(e) The Chief Executive Officer of the DFC shall adopt appropriate rules and regulations as may be necessary to implement this order.
(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
Donald J. Trump.
§4533. Other presidential action authorized
(a) In general
(1) In general
To create, maintain, protect, expand, or restore domestic industrial base capabilities essential for the national defense, the President may make provision—
(A) for purchases of or commitments to purchase an industrial resource or a critical technology item, for Government use or resale;
(B) for the encouragement of exploration, development, and mining of critical and strategic materials, and other materials;
(C) for the development of production capabilities; and
(D) for the increased use of emerging technologies in security program applications and the rapid transition of emerging technologies—
(i) from Government-sponsored research and development to commercial applications; and
(ii) from commercial research and development to national defense applications.
(2) Treatment of certain agricultural commodities
A purchase for resale under this subsection shall not include that part of the supply of an agricultural commodity which is domestically produced, except to the extent that such domestically produced supply may be purchased for resale for industrial use or stockpiling.
(3) Terms of sales
No commodity purchased under this subsection shall be sold at less than—
(A) the established ceiling price for such commodity, except that minerals, metals, and materials shall not be sold at less than the established ceiling price, or the current domestic market price, whichever is lower; or
(B) if no ceiling price has been established, the higher of—
(i) the current domestic market price for such commodity; or
(ii) the minimum sale price established for agricultural commodities owned or controlled by the Commodity Credit Corporation, as provided in
(4) Delivery dates
No purchase or commitment to purchase any imported agricultural commodity shall specify a delivery date which is more than 1 year after the date of termination of this section.
(5) Presidential determinations
Except as provided in paragraph (7), the President may not execute a contract under this subsection unless the President, on a non-delegable basis, determines, with appropriate explanatory material and in writing, that—
(A) the industrial resource, material, or critical technology item is essential to the national defense;
(B) without Presidential action under this section, United States industry cannot reasonably be expected to provide the capability for the needed industrial resource, material, or critical technology item in a timely manner; and
(C) purchases, purchase commitments, or other action pursuant to this section are the most cost effective, expedient, and practical alternative method for meeting the need.
(6) Notification to Congress of shortfall
(A) In general
Except as provided in paragraph (7), the President shall provide written notice to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives of a domestic industrial base shortfall prior to taking action under this subsection to remedy the shortfall. The notice shall include the determinations made by the President under paragraph (5).
(B) Aggregate amounts
If the taking of any action under this subsection to correct a domestic industrial base shortfall would cause the aggregate outstanding amount of all such actions for such shortfall to exceed $50,000,000, the action or actions may be taken only after the 30-day period following the date on which the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives have been notified in writing of the proposed action.
(C) Limitation
If the taking of any action or actions under this section to correct an industrial resource shortfall would cause the aggregate outstanding amount of all such actions for such industrial resource shortfall to exceed $50,000,000, no such action or actions may be taken, unless such action or actions are authorized to exceed such amount by an Act of Congress.
(7) Waivers authorized
The requirements of paragraphs (1) through (6) may be waived—
(A) during a period of national emergency declared by the Congress or the President; or
(B) upon a determination by the President, on a nondelegable basis, that action is necessary to avert an industrial resource or critical technology item shortfall that would severely impair national defense capability.
(b) Exemption for certain limitations
Subject to the limitations in subsection (a), purchases and commitments to purchase and sales under subsection (a) may be made without regard to the limitations of existing law (other than
(c) Presidential findings
(1) In general
The President may take the actions described in paragraph (2), if the President finds that—
(A) under generally fair and equitable ceiling prices, for any raw or nonprocessed material, there will result a decrease in supplies from high-cost sources of such material, and that the continuation of such supplies is necessary to carry out the objectives of this subchapter; or
(B) an increase in cost of transportation is temporary in character and threatens to impair maximum production or supply in any area at stable prices of any materials.
(2) Subsidy payments authorized
Upon a finding under paragraph (1), the President may make provision for subsidy payments on any such domestically produced material, other than an agricultural commodity, in such amounts and in such manner (including purchases of such material and its resale at a loss), and on such terms and conditions, as the President determines to be necessary to ensure that supplies from such high-cost sources are continued, or that maximum production or supply in such area at stable prices of such materials is maintained, as the case may be.
(d) Incidental authority
The procurement power granted to the President by this section shall include the power to transport and store and have processed and refined any materials procured under this section.
(e) Installation of equipment in industrial facilities
(1) Installation authorized
If the President determines that such action will aid the national defense, the President is authorized—
(A) to procure and install additional equipment, facilities, processes or improvements to plants, factories, and other industrial facilities owned by the Federal Government;
(B) to procure and install equipment owned by the Federal Government in plants, factories, and other industrial facilities owned by private persons;
(C) to provide for the modification or expansion of privately owned facilities, including the modification or improvement of production processes, when taking actions under
(D) to sell or otherwise transfer equipment owned by the Federal Government and installed under this subsection to the owners of such plants, factories, or other industrial facilities.
(2) Indemnification
The owner of any plant, factory, or other industrial facility that receives equipment owned by the Federal Government under this section shall agree—
(A) to waive any claim against the United States under
(B) to indemnify the United States against any claim described in paragraph (1) made by a third party that arises out of the presence or use of equipment owned by the Federal Government.
(f) Excess metals, minerals, and materials
(1) In general
Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, metals, minerals, and materials acquired pursuant to this section which, in the judgment of the President, are excess to the needs of programs under this chapter, shall be transferred to the National Defense Stockpile established by the Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act (
(2) Transfers at no charge
Transfers made pursuant to this subsection shall be made without charge against or reimbursement from funds appropriated for the purposes of the Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act (
(g) Substitutes
When, in the judgement of the President, it will aid the national defense, the President may make provision for the development of substitutes for strategic and critical materials, critical components, critical technology items, and other industrial resources.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title III, §303, as added
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in subsec. (f)(1), was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
The Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act, referred to in subsec. (f), is act June 7, 1939, ch. 190, as revised generally by
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2093 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Prior Provisions
A prior section 303 of act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title III,
Amendments
2014—Subsec. (a)(5).
Subsec. (a)(5)(C).
Subsec. (a)(6)(C).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2014 Amendment
Increasing Access to Materials Necessary for National Security and Pandemic Recovery
Requirement described in subsec. (a)(6)(B) of this section not applicable during the 1-year period beginning on Mar. 27, 2020, and requirement described in subsec. (a)(6)(C) of this section not applicable during the 2-year period beginning on Mar. 27, 2020, see section 4017 of
Authorization To Take Actions To Correct the Industrial Resource Shortfall for High-Purity Beryllium Metal
Resource Shortfall for Radiation-Hardened Electronics
"(a)
"(b)
"(1) the current state of the domestic industrial base for radiation-hardened electronics;
"(2) the projected requirements of the Department of Defense for radiation-hardened electronics;
"(3) the intentions of the Department of Defense for the industrial base for radiation-hardened electronics; and
"(4) the plans of the Department of Defense for use of providers of radiation-hardened electronics beyond the providers with which the Department had entered into contractual arrangements under the authority of the Defense Production Act of 1950 [
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions
Authority of President under this section delegated to Chief Executive Officer of the United States International Development Finance Corporation, see section 2 of Ex. Ord. No. 13922, May 14, 2020, 85 F.R. 30583, set out as a note under
Authority of President under this section with respect to responding to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States delegated to Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary of Homeland Security, see section 2 of Ex. Ord. No. 13911, Mar. 27, 2020, 85 F.R. 18403, set out as a note under
Functions of President under this chapter relating to production, conservation, use, control, distribution, and allocation of energy, delegated to Secretary of Energy, see section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 11790, June 25, 1974, 39 F.R. 23185, set out as a note under
For delegation of certain authority of President under this section, see sections 303(a), 304, 305(b), and 306–308 of Ex. Ord. No. 13603, Mar. 16, 2012, 77 F.R. 16654, 16655, set out as a note under
Executive Waiver of Limitations
Requirements of subsec. (a)(1) to (6) of this section waived during the national emergency declared by Proc. No. 9994, Mar. 13, 2020, 85 F.R. 15337, set out as a note under
§4534. Defense Production Act Fund
(a) Establishment of Fund
There is established in the Treasury of the United States a separate fund to be known as the "Defense Production Act Fund" (in this section referred to as the "Fund").
(b) Moneys in Fund
There shall be credited to the Fund—
(1) all moneys appropriated for the Fund, as authorized by
(2) all moneys received by the Fund on transactions entered into pursuant to
(c) Use of Fund
The Fund shall be available to carry out the provisions and purposes of this subchapter, subject to the limitations set forth in this chapter and in appropriations Acts.
(d) Duration of Fund
Moneys in the Fund shall remain available until expended.
(e) Fund balance
The Fund balance at the close of each fiscal year shall not exceed $750,000,000, excluding any moneys appropriated to the Fund during that fiscal year or obligated funds. If, at the close of any fiscal year, the Fund balance exceeds $750,000,000, the amount in excess of $750,000,000 shall be paid into the general fund of the Treasury.
(f) Fund manager
The President shall designate a Fund manager. The duties of the Fund manager shall include—
(1) determining the liability of the Fund in accordance with subsection (g);
(2) ensuring the visibility and accountability of transactions engaged in through the Fund; and
(3) reporting to the Congress each year regarding activities of the Fund during the previous fiscal year.
(g) Liabilities against Fund
When any agreement entered into pursuant to this subchapter after December 31, 1991, imposes any contingent liability upon the United States, such liability shall be considered an obligation against the Fund.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title III, §304, as added
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in subsec. (c), was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2094 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Prior Provisions
Prior sections 304 to 310 of act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, were omitted in the general amendment of title III of the Act by
Section 304, act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title III,
Section 305, act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title III, as added
Section 306, act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title III, as added
Section 307, act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title III, as added
Section 308, act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title III, as added
Section 309, act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title III, as added
Section 310, act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title III, as added
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Increasing Access to Materials Necessary for National Security and Pandemic Recovery
Requirement described in subsec. (e) of this section not applicable during the 2-year period beginning on Mar. 27, 2020, see section 4017(1) of
Defense Production Act Fund Manager
Secretary of Defense designated Defense Production Act Fund Manager in accordance with subsec. (f) of this section, see section 309 of Ex. Ord. No. 13603, Mar. 16, 2012, 77 F.R. 16655, set out as a note under
Executive Documents
Executive Order No. 12346
Ex. Ord. No. 12346, Feb. 8, 1982, 47 F.R. 5993, related to the transition of synthetic fuel responsibilities from the Department of Energy to the United States Synthetic Fuels Corporation, revoked Ex. Ord. No. 12242, and provided that the provisions of Ex. Ord. No. 12242 would continue in full force and effect with respect to any loan guarantee issued under its provisions.
SUBCHAPTER III—GENERAL PROVISIONS
Editorial Notes
Codification
Subchapter is comprised of the portions of title VII of act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, as amended, that had not previously been repealed when title VII was editorially reclassified as this subchapter.
§4551. Small business
(a) Participation
Small business concerns shall be given the maximum practicable opportunity to participate as contractors, and subcontractors at various tiers, in all programs to maintain and strengthen the Nation's industrial base and technology base undertaken pursuant to this chapter.
(b) Administration of chapter
In administering the programs, implementing regulations, policies, and procedures under this chapter, requests, applications, or appeals from small business concerns shall, to the maximum extent practicable, be expeditiously handled.
(c) Advisory committee participation
Representatives of small business concerns shall be afforded the maximum opportunity to participate in such advisory committees as may be established pursuant to this chapter.
(d) Information
Information about this chapter and activities undertaken in accordance with this chapter shall be made available to small business concerns.
(e) Allocations under section 4511
Whenever the President makes a determination to exercise any authority to allocate any material pursuant to
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title VII, §701,
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2151 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Amendments
1992—
1980—Subsec. (d).
1955—Subsec. (c). Act Aug. 9, 1955, §4, struck out specific dates which were the basis for determination of materials in civilian market and inserted provisions requiring that a business receive its fair share based on a representative period before imposition of the allocation.
Subsec. (d). Act Aug. 9, 1955, §5, added subsec. (d).
1953—Subsec. (c). Act June 30, 1953, amended subsec. (c) generally, the principal change being to provide, in the allocation to business of a fair share of available civilian supply, a new base period for allocating materials not under control on July 1, 1953.
1951—Subsec. (c). Act July 31, 1951, provided that limitations and restrictions on production of specific items shall not exclude new concerns.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1992 Amendment
Amendment by
Effective Date of 1980 Amendment
Amendment by
Effective Date of 1955 Amendment
Amendment by act Aug. 9, 1955, effective as of close of July 31, 1955, see section 11 of act Aug. 9, 1955, set out as a note under
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions
Authority of President to implement this chapter under this subchapter with respect to responding to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States delegated to Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary of Homeland Security, see section 2(a) of Ex. Ord. No. 13911, Mar. 27, 2020, 85 F.R. 18403, set out as a note under
Authority of President to implement this chapter under this subchapter with respect to hoarding of health and medical resources necessary to respond to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States delegated to Secretary of Health and Human Services, see section 2(a)(ii) of Ex. Ord. 13910, Mar. 23, 2020, 85 F.R. 17001, set out as a note under
Functions of President under this chapter relating to production, conservation, use, control, distribution, and allocation of energy, delegated to Secretary of Energy, see section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 11790, June 25, 1974, 39 F.R. 23185, set out as a note under
For delegation of certain authority of President under this subchapter, see section 802 of Ex. Ord. No. 13603, Mar. 16, 2012, 77 F.R. 16659, set out as a note under
§4552. Definitions
For purposes of this chapter, the following definitions shall apply:
(1) Critical component
The term "critical component" includes such components, subsystems, systems, and related special tooling and test equipment essential to the production, repair, maintenance, or operation of weapon systems or other items of equipment identified by the President as being essential to the execution of the national security strategy of the United States. Components identified as critical by a National Security Assessment conducted pursuant to
(2) Critical infrastructure
The term "critical infrastructure" means any systems and assets, whether physical or cyber-based, so vital to the United States that the degradation or destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact on national security, including, but not limited to, national economic security and national public health or safety.
(3) Critical technology
The term "critical technology" includes any technology designated by the President to be essential to the national defense.
(4) Critical technology item
The term "critical technology item" means materials directly employing, derived from, or utilizing a critical technology.
(5) Defense contractor
The term "defense contractor" means any person who enters into a contract with the United States—
(A) to furnish materials, industrial resources, or a critical technology for the national defense; or
(B) to perform services for the national defense.
(6) Domestic industrial base
The term "domestic industrial base" means domestic sources which are providing, or which would be reasonably expected to provide, materials or services to meet national defense requirements during peacetime, national emergency, or war.
(7) Domestic source
The term "domestic source" means a business concern—
(A) that performs in the United States or Canada substantially all of the research and development, engineering, manufacturing, and production activities required of such business concern under a contract with the United States relating to a critical component or a critical technology item; and
(B) that procures from business concerns described in subparagraph (A) substantially all of any components and assemblies required under a contract with the United States relating to a critical component or critical technology item.
(8) Facilities
The term "facilities" includes all types of buildings, structures, or other improvements to real property (but excluding farms, churches or other places of worship, and private dwelling houses), and services relating to the use of any such building, structure, or other improvement.
(9) Foreign source
The term "foreign source" means a business entity other than a "domestic source".
(10) Guaranteeing agency
The term "guaranteeing agency" means a department or agency of the United States engaged in procurement for the national defense.
(11) Homeland security
The term "homeland security" includes efforts—
(A) to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States;
(B) to reduce the vulnerability of the United States to terrorism;
(C) to minimize damage from a terrorist attack in the United States; and
(D) to recover from a terrorist attack in the United States.
(12) Industrial resources
The term "industrial resources" means materials, services, processes, or manufacturing equipment (including the processes, technologies, and ancillary services for the use of such equipment) needed to establish or maintain an efficient and modern national defense industrial base.
(13) Materials
The term "materials" includes—
(A) any raw materials (including minerals, metals, and advanced processed materials), commodities, articles, components (including critical components), products, and items of supply; and
(B) any technical information or services ancillary to the use of any such materials, commodities, articles, components, products, or items.
(14) National defense
The term "national defense" means programs for military and energy production or construction, military or critical infrastructure assistance to any foreign nation, homeland security, stockpiling, space, and any directly related activity. Such term includes emergency preparedness activities conducted pursuant to title VI of The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act [
(15) Person
The term "person" includes an individual, corporation, partnership, association, or any other organized group of persons, or legal successor or representative thereof, or any State or local government or agency thereof.
(16) Services
The term "services" includes any effort that is needed for or incidental to—
(A) the development, production, processing, distribution, delivery, or use of an industrial resource or a critical technology item;
(B) the construction of facilities;
(C) the movement of individuals and property by all modes of civil transportation; or
(D) other national defense programs and activities.
(17) Small business concern
The term "small business concern" means a business concern that meets the requirements of
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title VII, §702,
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, referred to in par. (14), is
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2152 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Amendments
2009—Par. (1).
Pars. (2), (3).
Pars. (4), (5).
Par. (6).
Pars. (7) to (9).
Pars. (10), (11).
Par. (12).
Par. (14).
Par. (16).
Par. (18).
2003—Pars. (3) to (13).
Par. (14).
Pars. (15) to (18).
1994—Par. (13).
1992—
1970—Subsec. (d).
Subsec. (f).
1953—Subsec. (d). Act June 30, 1953, amended subsec. (d) generally which, among other changes, inserted references to construction, military assistance to foreign nations and stockpiling, and struck out specific reference to "operations or activities in connection with the Mutual Defense Assistance Act of 1949, as amended".
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1992 Amendment
Amendment by
§4553. Civilian personnel
Any officer or agency head may—
(1) appoint civilian personnel without regard to
(2) fix the rate of basic pay for such personnel without regard to the provisions of
except that no individual so appointed may receive pay in excess of the annual rate of basic pay payable for GS–18 of the General Schedule, as the President deems appropriate to carry out this chapter.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title VII, §703,
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2153 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Amendments
1992—
1951—Subsec. (a). Act July 31, 1951, §109(a), provided that executive head of one agency under this chapter shall be paid at a rate comparable to that paid heads of executive departments.
Subsec. (b). Act July 31, 1951, §109(b), inserted provision to provide for State representation in regional offices.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1992 Amendment
Amendment by
References in Other Laws to GS–16, 17, or 18 Pay Rates
References in laws to the rates of pay for GS–16, 17, or 18, or to maximum rates of pay under the General Schedule, to be considered references to rates payable under specified sections of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, see section 529 [title I, §101(c)(1)] of
Executive Documents
Ex. Ord. No. 13603. National Defense Resources Preparedness
Ex. Ord. No. 13603, Mar. 16, 2012, 77 F.R. 16651, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended ([former]
PART I—PURPOSE, POLICY, AND IMPLEMENTATION
(a) identify requirements for the full spectrum of emergencies, including essential military and civilian demand;
(b) assess on an ongoing basis the capability of the domestic industrial and technological base to satisfy requirements in peacetime and times of national emergency, specifically evaluating the availability of the most critical resource and production sources, including subcontractors and suppliers, materials, skilled labor, and professional and technical personnel;
(c) be prepared, in the event of a potential threat to the security of the United States, to take actions necessary to ensure the availability of adequate resources and production capability, including services and critical technology, for national defense requirements;
(d) improve the efficiency and responsiveness of the domestic industrial base to support national defense requirements; and
(e) foster cooperation between the defense and commercial sectors for research and development and for acquisition of materials, services, components, and equipment to enhance industrial base efficiency and responsiveness.
(b) The Secretary of Homeland Security shall:
(1) advise the President on issues of national defense resource preparedness and on the use of the authorities and functions delegated by this order;
(2) provide for the central coordination of the plans and programs incident to authorities and functions delegated under this order, and provide guidance to agencies assigned functions under this order, developed in consultation with such agencies; and
(3) report to the President periodically concerning all program activities conducted pursuant to this order.
(c) The Defense Production Act Committee, described in section 701 of this order, shall:
(1) in a manner consistent with section 2(b) of the Act,
(2) prepare and coordinate an annual report to the Congress pursuant to section 722(d) of the Act,
(d) The Secretary of Commerce, in cooperation with the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and other agencies, shall:
(1) analyze potential effects of national emergencies on actual production capability, taking into account the entire production system, including shortages of resources, and develop recommended preparedness measures to strengthen capabilities for production increases in national emergencies; and
(2) perform industry analyses to assess capabilities of the industrial base to support the national defense, and develop policy recommendations to improve the international competitiveness of specific domestic industries and their abilities to meet national defense program needs.
PART II—PRIORITIES AND ALLOCATIONS
(1) the Secretary of Agriculture with respect to food resources, food resource facilities, livestock resources, veterinary resources, plant health resources, and the domestic distribution of farm equipment and commercial fertilizer;
(2) the Secretary of Energy with respect to all forms of energy;
(3) the Secretary of Health and Human Services with respect to health resources;
(4) the Secretary of Transportation with respect to all forms of civil transportation;
(5) the Secretary of Defense with respect to water resources; and
(6) the Secretary of Commerce with respect to all other materials, services, and facilities, including construction materials.
(b) The Secretary of each agency delegated authority under subsection (a) of this section (resource departments) shall plan for and issue regulations to prioritize and allocate resources and establish standards and procedures by which the authority shall be used to promote the national defense, under both emergency and non-emergency conditions. Each Secretary shall authorize the heads of other agencies, as appropriate, to place priority ratings on contracts and orders for materials, services, and facilities needed in support of programs approved under section 202 of this order.
(c) Each resource department shall act, as necessary and appropriate, upon requests for special priorities assistance, as defined by section 801(l) of this order, in a time frame consistent with the urgency of the need at hand. In situations where there are competing program requirements for limited resources, the resource department shall consult with the Secretary who made the required determination under section 202 of this order. Such Secretary shall coordinate with and identify for the resource department which program requirements to prioritize on the basis of operational urgency. In situations involving more than one Secretary making such a required determination under section 202 of this order, the Secretaries shall coordinate with and identify for the resource department which program requirements should receive priority on the basis of operational urgency.
(d) If agreement cannot be reached between two such Secretaries, then the issue shall be referred to the President through the Assistant to the President and National Security Advisor and the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism.
(e) The Secretary of each resource department, when necessary, shall make the finding required under section 101(b) of the Act,
(a) by the Secretary of Defense with respect to military production and construction, military assistance to foreign nations, military use of civil transportation, stockpiles managed by the Department of Defense, space, and directly related activities;
(b) by the Secretary of Energy with respect to energy production and construction, distribution and use, and directly related activities; and
(c) by the Secretary of Homeland Security with respect to all other national defense programs, including civil defense and continuity of Government.
PART III—EXPANSION OF PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY AND SUPPLY
(b) Each guaranteeing agency is designated and authorized to: (1) act as fiscal agent in the making of its own guarantee contracts and in otherwise carrying out the purposes of section 301 of the Act [
(c) Terms and conditions of guarantees under this authority shall be determined in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The guaranteeing agency is authorized, following such consultation, to prescribe: (1) either specifically or by maximum limits or otherwise, rates of interest, guarantee and commitment fees, and other charges which may be made in connection with such guarantee contracts; and (2) regulations governing the forms and procedures (which shall be uniform to the extent practicable) to be utilized in connection therewith.
(b) Materials acquired under section 303 of the Act,
(b) Other than any determination by the President under section 303(a)(7)(b) of the Act [probably means section 303(a)(7)(B) of the Act,
(a) procure and install additional equipment, facilities, processes, or improvements to plants, factories, and other industrial facilities owned by the Federal Government and to procure and install Government-owned equipment in plants, factories, or other industrial facilities owned by private persons;
(b) provide for the modification or expansion of privately owned facilities, including the modification or improvement of production processes, when taking actions under sections 301, 302, or 303 of the Act,
(c) sell or otherwise transfer equipment owned by the Federal Government and installed under section 303(e) of the Act,
PART IV—VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS AND ADVISORY COMMITTEES
PART V—EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONNEL
(b) The Secretary of Homeland Security shall issue necessary guidance for the NDER program, including appropriate guidance for establishment, recruitment, training, monitoring, and activation of NDER units and shall be responsible for the overall coordination of the NDER program. The authority of the President under section 710(e) of the Act,
(c) The head of any agency may implement section 501(a) of this order with respect to NDER operations in such agency.
(d) The head of each agency with an NDER unit may exercise the authority under section 703 of the Act,
(e) The head of an agency may activate an NDER unit, in whole or in part, upon the written determination of the Secretary of Homeland Security that an emergency affecting the national defense exists and that the activation of the unit is necessary to carry out the emergency program functions of the agency.
(f) Prior to activating the NDER unit, the head of the agency shall notify, in writing, the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism of the impending activation.
PART VI—LABOR REQUIREMENTS
(1) collect and maintain data necessary to make a continuing appraisal of the Nation's workforce needs for purposes of national defense;
(2) upon request by the Director of Selective Service, and in coordination with the Secretary of Defense, assist the Director of Selective Service in development of policies regulating the induction and deferment of persons for duty in the armed services;
(3) upon request from the head of an agency with authority under this order, consult with that agency with respect to: (i) the effect of contemplated actions on labor demand and utilization; (ii) the relation of labor demand to materials and facilities requirements; and (iii) such other matters as will assist in making the exercise of priority and allocations functions consistent with effective utilization and distribution of labor;
(4) upon request from the head of an agency with authority under this order: (i) formulate plans, programs, and policies for meeting the labor requirements of actions to be taken for national defense purposes; and (ii) estimate training needs to help address national defense requirements and promote necessary and appropriate training programs; and
(5) develop and implement an effective labor-management relations policy to support the activities and programs under this order, with the cooperation of other agencies as deemed appropriate by the Secretary of Labor, including the National Labor Relations Board, the Federal Labor Relations Authority, the National Mediation Board, and the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service.
(b) All agencies shall cooperate with the Secretary of Labor, upon request, for the purposes of this section, to the extent permitted by law.
PART VII—DEFENSE PRODUCTION ACT COMMITTEE
(1) The Secretary of State;
(2) The Secretary of the Treasury;
(3) The Secretary of Defense;
(4) The Attorney General;
(5) The Secretary of the Interior;
(6) The Secretary of Agriculture;
(7) The Secretary of Commerce;
(8) The Secretary of Labor;
(9) The Secretary of Health and Human Services;
(10) The Secretary of Transportation;
(11) The Secretary of Energy;
(12) The Secretary of Homeland Security;
(13) The Director of National Intelligence;
(14) The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency;
(15) The Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers;
(16) The Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and
(17) The Administrator of General Services.
(b) The Director of OMB and the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall be invited to participate in all Committee meetings and activities in an advisory role. The Chairperson, as designated by the President pursuant to section 722 of the Act,
PART VIII—GENERAL PROVISIONS
(a) "Civil transportation" includes movement of persons and property by all modes of transportation in interstate, intrastate, or foreign commerce within the United States, its territories and possessions, and the District of Columbia, and related public storage and warehousing, ports, services, equipment and facilities, such as transportation carrier shop and repair facilities. "Civil transportation" also shall include direction, control, and coordination of civil transportation capacity regardless of ownership. "Civil transportation" shall not include transportation owned or controlled by the Department of Defense, use of petroleum and gas pipelines, and coal slurry pipelines used only to supply energy production facilities directly.
(b) "Energy" means all forms of energy including petroleum, gas (both natural and manufactured), electricity, solid fuels (including all forms of coal, coke, coal chemicals, coal liquification, and coal gasification), solar, wind, other types of renewable energy, atomic energy, and the production, conservation, use, control, and distribution (including pipelines) of all of these forms of energy.
(c) "Farm equipment" means equipment, machinery, and repair parts manufactured for use on farms in connection with the production or preparation for market use of food resources.
(d) "Fertilizer" means any product or combination of products that contain one or more of the elements nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for use as a plant nutrient.
(e) "Food resources" means all commodities and products, (simple, mixed, or compound), or complements to such commodities or products, that are capable of being ingested by either human beings or animals, irrespective of other uses to which such commodities or products may be put, at all stages of processing from the raw commodity to the products thereof in vendible form for human or animal consumption. "Food resources" also means potable water packaged in commercially marketable containers, all starches, sugars, vegetable and animal or marine fats and oils, seed, cotton, hemp, and flax fiber, but does not mean any such material after it loses its identity as an agricultural commodity or agricultural product.
(f) "Food resource facilities" means plants, machinery, vehicles (including on farm), and other facilities required for the production, processing, distribution, and storage (including cold storage) of food resources, and for the domestic distribution of farm equipment and fertilizer (excluding transportation thereof).
(g) "Functions" include powers, duties, authority, responsibilities, and discretion.
(h) "Head of each agency engaged in procurement for the national defense" means the heads of the Departments of State, Justice, the Interior, and Homeland Security, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the General Services Administration, and all other agencies with authority delegated under section 201 of this order.
(i) "Health resources" means drugs, biological products, medical devices, materials, facilities, health supplies, services and equipment required to diagnose, mitigate or prevent the impairment of, improve, treat, cure, or restore the physical or mental health conditions of the population.
(j) "National defense" means programs for military and energy production or construction, military or critical infrastructure assistance to any foreign nation, homeland security, stockpiling, space, and any directly related activity. Such term includes emergency preparedness activities conducted pursuant to title VI of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act,
(k) "Offsets" means compensation practices required as a condition of purchase in either government-to-government or commercial sales of defense articles and/or defense services as defined by the Arms Export Control Act,
(l) "Special priorities assistance" means action by resource departments to assist with expediting deliveries, placing rated orders, locating suppliers, resolving production or delivery conflicts between various rated orders, addressing problems that arise in the fulfillment of a rated order or other action authorized by a delegated agency, and determining the validity of rated orders.
(m) "Strategic and critical materials" means materials (including energy) that (1) would be needed to supply the military, industrial, and essential civilian needs of the United States during a national emergency, and (2) are not found or produced in the United States in sufficient quantities to meet such need and are vulnerable to the termination or reduction of the availability of the material.
(n) "Water resources" means all usable water, from all sources, within the jurisdiction of the United States, that can be managed, controlled, and allocated to meet emergency requirements, except "water resources" does not include usable water that qualifies as "food resources."
(b) The authorities that may be exercised and performed pursuant to section 802(a) of this order shall include:
(1) the power to redelegate authorities, and to authorize the successive redelegation of authorities to agencies, officers, and employees of the Government; and
(2) the power of subpoena under section 705 of the Act,
(c) Excluded from the authorities delegated by section 802(a) of this order are authorities delegated by parts IV and V of this order, authorities in section[s] 721 and 722 of the Act,
(b) Nothing in this order shall affect the authorities assigned under Executive Order 11858 of May 7, 1975, as amended [
(c) Nothing in this order shall affect the authorities assigned under Executive Order 12472 of April 3, 1984, as amended [former
(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
Barack Obama.
§4554. Regulations and orders
(a) In general
Subject to
(b) Procurement regulations
Any procurement regulation, procedure, or form issued pursuant to subsection (a) shall be issued pursuant to section 25 of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act [now
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title VII, §704,
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in subsec. (a), was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Sections 6 and 25 of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act, referred to in subsec. (b), were sections 6 and 25 of
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2154 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Amendments
1992—
1951—Act July 31, 1951, limited authority to regulate natural gas where a State agency is handling the matter.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1992 Amendment
Amendment by
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions
Authority of President to implement the Defense Production Act of 1950 (this chapter) in this subchapter—
(1) with respect to hoarding of health and medical resources necessary to respond to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States delegated to Secretary of Health and Human Services, see section 2(a)(ii) of Ex. Ord. 13910, Mar. 23, 2020, 85 F.R. 17001, set out as a note under
(2) with respect to responding to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States delegated to Secretary of Health and Human Services and Secretary of Homeland Security, see section 2(a) of Ex. Ord. No. 13911, Mar. 27, 2020, 85 F.R. 18403, set out as a note under
(3) in addition to the delegation of authority in Ex. Ord. No. 13911, delegated to Chief Executive Officer of the United States International Development Finance Corporation, see section 2 of Ex. Ord. No. 13922, May 14, 2020, 85 F.R. 30583, set out as a note under
Functions of President under this chapter relating to production, conservation, use, control, distribution, and allocation of energy, delegated to Secretary of Energy, see section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 11790, eff. June 25, 1974, 39 F.R. 23185, set out as a note under
§4555. Investigations; records; reports; subpoenas; right to counsel
(a) Authority of President to obtain information; enforcement of subpoenas
The President shall be entitled, while this chapter is in effect and for a period of two years thereafter, by regulation, subpoena, or otherwise, to obtain such information from, require such reports and the keeping of such records by, make such inspection of the books, records, and other writings, premises or property of, and take the sworn testimony of, and administer oaths and affirmations to, any person as may be necessary or appropriate, in his discretion, to the enforcement or the administration of this chapter and the regulations or orders issued thereunder. The authority of the President under this section includes the authority to obtain information in order to perform industry studies assessing the capabilities of the United States industrial base to support the national defense. The President shall issue regulations insuring that the authority of this subsection will be utilized only after the scope and purpose of the investigation, inspection, or inquiry to be made have been defined by competent authority, and it is assured that no adequate and authoritative data are available from any Federal or other responsible agency. In case of contumacy by, or refusal to obey a subpoena served upon, any person referred to in this subsection, the district court of the United States for any district in which such person is found or resides or transacts business, upon application by the President, shall have jurisdiction to issue an order requiring such person to appear and give testimony or to appear and produce documents, or both; and any failure to obey such order of the court may be punished by such court as a contempt thereof.
(b) Production of documentary evidence; reimbursement of witnesses
The production of a person's books, records, or other documentary evidence shall not be required at any place other than the place where such person usually keeps them, if, prior to the return date specified in the regulations, subpoena, or other document issued with respect thereto, such person furnishes the President with a true copy of such books, records, or other documentary evidence (certified by such person under oath to be a true and correct copy) or enters into a stipulation with the President as to the information contained in such books, records, or other documentary evidence. Witnesses shall be paid the same fees and mileage that are paid witnesses in the courts of the United States.
(c) Performance of prohibited act or failure to perform required act
Any person who willfully performs any act prohibited or willfully fails to perform any act required by the above provisions of this section, or any rule, regulation, or order thereunder, shall upon conviction be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than one year or both.
(d) Protection of confidentiality; sanction for violation
Information obtained under this section which the President deems confidential or with reference to which a request for confidential treatment is made by the person furnishing such information shall not be published or disclosed unless the President determines that the withholding thereof is contrary to the interest of the national defense, and any person willfully violating this provision shall, upon conviction, be fined not more than $10,000, or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both.
(e) Right to record of testimony and representation by counsel
Any person subpoenaed under this section shall have the right to make a record of his testimony and to be represented by counsel.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title VII, §705,
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in subsec. (a), was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2155 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Amendments
2003—Subsec. (a).
1992—Subsec. (a).
Subsec. (b).
Subsec. (c).
Subsec. (d).
Subsecs. (e), (f).
1970—Subsec. (b).
1953—Subsec. (e). Act June 30, 1953, added second par.
1952—Subsec. (f). Act June 30, 1952, added subsec. (f).
1951—Subsec. (a). Act July 31, 1951, made it clear that President has authority to administer oaths and affirmations.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1992 Amendment
Amendment by
Effective Date of 1970 Amendment
Amendment by
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions
Authority of President to implement the Defense Production Act of 1950 (this chapter) in this subchapter—
(1) with respect to hoarding of health and medical resources necessary to respond to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States delegated to Secretary of Health and Human Services, see section 2(a)(ii) of Ex. Ord. 13910, Mar. 23, 2020, 85 F.R. 17001, set out as a note under
(2) with respect to responding to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States delegated to Secretary of Health and Human Services and Secretary of Homeland Security, see section 2(a) of Ex. Ord. No. 13911, Mar. 27, 2020, 85 F.R. 18403, set out as a note under
(3) in addition to the delegation of authority in Ex. Ord. No. 13911, delegated to Chief Executive Officer of the United States International Development Finance Corporation, see section 2 of Ex. Ord. No. 13922, May 14, 2020, 85 F.R. 30583, set out as a note under
Functions of President under this chapter relating to production, conservation, use, control, distribution, and allocation of energy, delegated to Secretary of Energy, see section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 11790, June 25, 1974, 39 F.R. 23185, set out as a note under
§4556. Jurisdiction of courts; injunctions; venue; process; effect of termination of provisions
(a) Whenever in the judgment of the President any person has engaged or is about to engage in any acts or practices which constitute or will constitute a violation of any provision of this chapter, he may make application to the appropriate court for an order enjoining such acts or practices, or for an order enforcing compliance with such provision, and upon a showing by the President that such person has engaged or is about to engage in any such acts or practices a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order, or other order, with or without such injunction or restraining order, shall be granted without bond.
(b) The district courts of the United States and the United States courts of any Territory or other place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States shall have jurisdiction of violations of this chapter or any rule, regulation, order, or subpena thereunder, and of all civil actions under this chapter to enforce any liability or duty created by, or to enjoin any violation of, this chapter or any rule, regulation, order, or subpena thereunder. Any criminal proceeding on account of any such violation may be brought in any district in which any act, failure to act, or transaction constituting the violation occurred. Any such civil action may be brought in any such district or in the district in which the defendant resides or transacts business. Process in such cases, criminal or civil, may be served in any district wherein the defendant resides or transacts business or wherever the defendant may be found; the subpena for witnesses who are required to attend a court in any district in such case may run into any other district. The termination of the authority granted in any subchapter or section of this chapter, or of any rule, regulation, or order issued thereunder, shall not operate to defeat any suit, action, or prosecution, whether theretofore or thereafter commenced, with respect to any right, liability, or offense incurred or committed prior to the termination date of such subchapter or of such rule, regulation, or order. No costs shall be assessed against the United States in any proceeding under this chapter. All litigation arising under this chapter or the regulations promulgated thereunder shall be under the supervision and control of the Attorney General.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title VII, §706,
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Amendments
1951—Subsec. (a). Act July 31, 1951, broadened relief a court may grant when Government seeks to enjoin violations.
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions
Authority of President to implement the Defense Production Act of 1950 (this chapter) in this subchapter—
(1) with respect to hoarding of health and medical resources necessary to respond to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States delegated to Secretary of Health and Human Services, see section 2(a)(ii) of Ex. Ord. 13910, Mar. 23, 2020, 85 F.R. 17001, set out as a note under
(2) with respect to responding to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States delegated to Secretary of Health and Human Services and Secretary of Homeland Security, see section 2(a) of Ex. Ord. No. 13911, Mar. 27, 2020, 85 F.R. 18403, set out as a note under
(3) in addition to the delegation of authority in Ex. Ord. No. 13911, delegated to Chief Executive Officer of the United States International Development Finance Corporation, see section 2 of Ex. Ord. No. 13922, May 14, 2020, 85 F.R. 30583, set out as a note under
Functions of President under this chapter relating to production, conservation, use, control, distribution, and allocation of energy, delegated to Secretary of Energy, see section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 11790, June 25, 1974, 39 F.R. 23185, set out as a note under
§4557. Liability for compliance with invalid regulations; discrimination against orders or contracts affected by priorities or allocations
No person shall be held liable for damages or penalties for any act or failure to act resulting directly or indirectly from compliance with a rule, regulation, or order issued pursuant to this chapter, notwithstanding that any such rule, regulation, or order shall thereafter be declared by judicial or other competent authority to be invalid. No person shall discriminate against orders or contracts to which priority is assigned or for which materials or facilities are allocated under subchapter I of this chapter or under any rule, regulation, or order issued thereunder, by charging higher prices or by imposing different terms and conditions for such orders or contracts than for other generally comparable orders or contracts, or in any other manner.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title VII, §707,
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2157 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Amendments
1952—Act June 30, 1952, in first sentence struck out "his" before "compliance with".
§4558. Voluntary agreements and plans of action for preparedness programs and expansion of production capacity and supply
(a) Immunity from civil and criminal liability or defense to action under antitrust laws; exceptions
Except as specifically provided in subsection (j) of this section, no provision of this chapter shall be deemed to convey to any person any immunity from civil or criminal liability, or to create defenses to actions, under the antitrust laws.
(b) Definitions
For purposes of this chapter—
(1) Antitrust laws
The term "antitrust laws" has the meaning given to such term in subsection (a) of
(2) Plan of action
The term "plan of action" means any of 1 or more documented methods adopted by participants in an existing voluntary agreement to implement that agreement.
(c) Prerequisites for agreements and plans of action; delegation of authority to Presidential designees
(1) Upon finding that conditions exist which may pose a direct threat to the national defense or its preparedness programs, the President may consult with representatives of industry, business, financing, agriculture, labor, and other interests in order to provide for the making by such persons, with the approval of the President, of voluntary agreements and plans of action to help provide for the national defense.
(2) The authority granted to the President in paragraph (1) and subsection (d) may be delegated by him (A) to individuals who are appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, or are holding offices to which they have been appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, (B) upon the condition that such individuals consult with the Attorney General and with the Federal Trade Commission not less than ten days before consulting with any persons under paragraph (1), and (C) upon the condition that such individuals obtain the prior approval of the Attorney General, after consultation by the Attorney General with the Federal Trade Commission, to consult under paragraph (1).
(3) Upon a determination by the President, on a nondelegable basis, that a specific voluntary agreement or plan of action is necessary to meet national defense requirements resulting from an event that degrades or destroys critical infrastructure—
(A) an individual that has been delegated authority under paragraph (1) with respect to such agreement or plan shall not be required to consult with the Attorney General or the Federal Trade Commission under paragraph (2)(B); and
(B) the President shall publish a rule in accordance with subsection (e)(2)(B) and publish notice in accordance with subsection (e)(3)(B) with respect to such agreement or plan as soon as is practicable under the circumstances.
(d) Advisory committees; establishment; applicable provisions; membership; notice and participation in meetings; verbatim transcript; availability to public
(1) To achieve the objectives of subsection (c)(1) of this section, the President or any individual designated pursuant to subsection (c)(2) may provide for the establishment of such advisory committees as he determines are necessary. In addition to the requirements specified in this section and except as provided in subsection (n), any such advisory committee shall be subject to the provisions of
(2) A full and complete verbatim transcript shall be kept of such advisory committee meetings, and shall be taken and deposited, together with any agreement resulting therefrom, with the Attorney General and the Federal Trade Commission. Such transcript and agreement shall be made available for public inspection and copying, subject to the provisions of paragraphs (1), (3), and (4) of
(e) Rules; promulgation by Presidential designees; consultation by Attorney General with Chairman of Federal Trade Commission; approval of Attorney General; procedures; incorporation of standards and procedures for development of agreements and plans of action
(1) The individual or individuals referred to in subsection (c)(2) shall, after approval of the Attorney General, after consultation by the Attorney General with the Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission, promulgate rules, in accordance with
(2) In addition to the requirements of
(A) general notice of the proposed rulemaking referred to in paragraph (1) shall be published in the Federal Register, and such notice shall include—
(i) a statement of the time, place, and nature of the proposed rulemaking proceedings;
(ii) reference to the legal authority under which the rule is being proposed; and
(iii) either the terms of substance of the proposed rule or a description of the subjects and issues involved;
(B) the required publication of a rule shall be made not less than thirty days before its effective date; and
(C) the individual or individuals referred to in paragraph (1) shall give interested persons the right to petition for the issuance, amendment, or repeal of a rule.
(3) The rules promulgated pursuant to this subsection incorporating standards and procedures by which voluntary agreements may be developed shall provide, among other things, that—
(A) such agreements shall be developed at meetings which include—
(i) the Attorney General or his delegate,
(ii) the Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission or his delegate, and
(iii) an individual designated by the President in subsection (c)(2) or his delegate,
and which are chaired by the individual referred to in clause (iii);
(B) at least seven days prior to any such meeting, notice of the time, place, and nature of the meeting shall be published in the Federal Register;
(C) interested persons may submit written data and views concerning the proposed voluntary agreement, with or without opportunity for oral presentation;
(D) interested persons may attend any such meeting unless the individual designated by the President in subsection (c)(2) finds that the matter or matters to be discussed at such meeting falls within the purview of matters described in
(E) a full and verbatim transcript shall be made of any such meeting and shall be transmitted by the chairman of the meeting to the Attorney General and to the Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission;
(F) any voluntary agreement resulting from the meetings shall be transmitted by the chairman of the meetings to the Attorney General, the Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission, and the Congress; and
(G) any transcript referred to in subparagraph (E) and any voluntary agreement referred to in subparagraph (F) shall be available for public inspection and copying, subject to paragraphs (1), (3), and (4) of
(f) Commencement of agreements and plans of action; expiration date; extensions
(1) A voluntary agreement or plan of action may not become effective unless and until—
(A) the individual referred to in subsection (c)(2) who is to administer the agreement or plan approves it and certifies, in writing, that the agreement or plan is necessary to carry out the purposes of subsection (c)(1) and submits a copy of such agreement or plan to the Congress; and
(B) the Attorney General (after consultation with the Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission) finds, in writing, that such purpose may not reasonably be achieved through a voluntary agreement or plan of action having less anticompetitive effects or without any voluntary agreement or plan of action and publishes such finding in the Federal Register.
(2) Each voluntary agreement or plan of action which becomes effective under paragraph (1) shall expire 5 years after the date it becomes effective (and at 5-year intervals thereafter, as the case may be), unless (immediately prior to such expiration date) the individual referred to in subsection (c)(2) who administers the agreement or plan and the Attorney General (after consultation with the Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission) make the certification or finding, as the case may be, described in paragraph (1) with respect to such voluntary agreement or plan of action and publish such certification or finding in the Federal Register, in which case, the voluntary agreement or plan of action may be extended for an additional period of 5 years.
(g) Monitoring of agreements and plans of action by Attorney General and Chairman of Federal Trade Commission
The Attorney General and the Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission shall monitor the carrying out of any voluntary agreement or plan of action to assure—
(1) that the agreement or plan is carrying out the purposes of subsection (c)(1);
(2) that the agreement or plan is being carried out under rules promulgated pursuant to subsection (e);
(3) that the participants are acting in accordance with the terms of the agreement or plan; and
(4) the protection and fostering of competition and the prevention of anticompetitive practices and effects.
(h) Required provisions of rules for implementation of agreements and plans of action
The rules promulgated under subsection (e) with respect to the carrying out of voluntary agreements and plans of action shall provide—
(1) for the maintenance, by participants in any voluntary agreement or plan of action, of documents, minutes of meetings, transcripts, records, and other data related to the carrying out of any voluntary agreement or plan of action;
(2) that participants in any voluntary agreement or plan of action agree, in writing, to make available to the individual designated by the President in subsection (c)(2) to administer the voluntary agreement or plan of action, the Attorney General and the Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission for inspection and copying at reasonable times and upon reasonable notice any item maintained pursuant to paragraph (1);
(3) that any item made available to the individual designated by the President in subsection (c)(2) to administer the voluntary agreement or plan of action, the Attorney General, or the Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission pursuant to paragraph (2) shall be available from such individual, the Attorney General, or the Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission, as the case may be, for public inspection and copying, subject to paragraph (1), (3), or (4) of
(4) that the individual designated by the President in subsection (c)(2) to administer the voluntary agreement or plan of action, the Attorney General, and the Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission, or their delegates, may attend meetings to carry out any voluntary agreement or plan of action;
(5) that a Federal employee (other than an individual employed pursuant to
(6) that participants in any voluntary agreement or plan of action provide the individual designated by the President in subsection (c)(2) to administer the voluntary agreement or plan of action, the Attorney General, and the Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission with adequate prior notice of the time, place, and nature of any meeting to be held to carry out the voluntary agreement or plan of action;
(7) for the attendance by interested persons of any meeting held to carry out any voluntary agreement or plan of action, unless the individual designated by the President in subsection (c)(2) to administer the voluntary agreement or plan of action finds that the matter or matters to be discussed at such meeting falls within the purview of matters described in
(8) that the individual designated by the President in subsection (c)(2) to administer the voluntary agreement or plan of action has published in the Federal Register prior notification of the time, place, and nature of any meeting held to carry out any voluntary agreement or plan of action, unless he finds that the matter or matters to be discussed at such meeting falls within the purview of matters described in
(9) that—
(A) the Attorney General (after consultation with the Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission and the individual designated by the President in subsection (c)(2) to administer a voluntary agreement or plan of action), or
(B) the individual designated by the President in subsection (c)(2) to administer a voluntary agreement or plan of action (after consultation with the Attorney General and the Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission),
may terminate or modify, in writing, the voluntary agreement or plan of action at any time, and that effective, immediately upon such termination or modification, any antitrust immunity conferred upon the participants in the voluntary agreement or plan of action by subsection (j) shall not apply to any act or omission occurring after the time of such termination or modification;
(10) that participants in any voluntary agreement or plan of action be reasonably representative of the appropriate industry or segment of such industry; and
(11) that the individual designated by the President in subsection (c)(2) to administer the voluntary agreement or plan of action shall provide prior written notification of the time, place, and nature of any meeting to carry out a voluntary agreement or plan of action to the Attorney General, the Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission and the Congress.
(i) Rules; promulgation by Attorney General and Chairman of Federal Trade Commission
The Attorney General and the Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission shall each promulgate such rules as each deems necessary or appropriate to carry out his responsibility under this section.
(j) Defenses
(1) In general
Subject to paragraph (4), there shall be available as a defense for any person to any civil or criminal action brought under the antitrust laws (or any similar law of any State) with respect to any action taken to develop or carry out any voluntary agreement or plan of action under this section that—
(A) such action was taken—
(i) in the course of developing a voluntary agreement initiated by the President or a plan of action adopted under any such agreement; or
(ii) to carry out a voluntary agreement initiated by the President and approved in accordance with this section or a plan of action adopted under any such agreement, and
(B) such person—
(i) complied with the requirements of this section and any regulation prescribed under this section; and
(ii) acted in accordance with the terms of the voluntary agreement or plan of action.
(2) Scope of defense
Except in the case of actions taken to develop a voluntary agreement or plan of action, the defense established in paragraph (1) shall be available only if and to the extent that the person asserting the defense demonstrates that the action was specified in, or was within the scope of, an approved voluntary agreement initiated by the President and approved in accordance with this section or a plan of action adopted under any such agreement and approved in accordance with this section. The defense established in paragraph (1) shall not be available unless the President or the President's designee has authorized and actively supervised the voluntary agreement or plan of action.
(3) Burden of persuasion
Any person raising the defense established in paragraph (1) shall have the burden of proof to establish the elements of the defense.
(4) Exception for actions taken to violate the antitrust laws
The defense established in paragraph (1) shall not be available if the person against whom the defense is asserted shows that the action was taken for the purpose of violating the antitrust laws.
(k) Surveys and studies by Attorney General and Federal Trade Commission; content; annual report to Congress and President by Attorney General
The Attorney General and the Federal Trade Commission shall each make surveys for the purpose of determining any factors which may tend to eliminate competition, create or strengthen monopolies, injure small business, or otherwise promote undue concentration of economic power in the course of the administration of this section. Such surveys shall include studies of the voluntary agreements and plans of action authorized by this section. The Attorney General shall (after consultation with the Federal Trade Commission) submit to the Congress and the President at least once every year reports setting forth the results of such studies of voluntary agreements and plans of action.
(l) Annual report to Congress and President by Presidential designees; contents
The individual or individuals designated by the President in subsection (c)(2) shall submit to the Congress and the President at least once every year reports describing each voluntary agreement or plan of action in effect and its contribution to achievement of the purpose of subsection (c)(1).
(m) Jurisdiction to enjoin statutory exemption or suspension and order for production of transcripts, etc.; procedures
On complaint, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia shall have jurisdiction to enjoin any exemption or suspension pursuant to subsections (d)(2), (e)(3)(D) and (G), and (h)(3), (7), and (8), and to order the production of transcripts, agreements, items, or other records maintained pursuant to this section by the Attorney General, the Federal Trade Commission or any individual designated under subsection (c)(2), where the court determines that such transcripts, agreements, items, or other records have been improperly withheld from the complainant. In such a case the court shall determine the matter de novo, and may examine the contents of such transcripts, agreements, items, or other records in camera to determine whether such transcripts, agreements, items, or other records or any parts thereof shall be withheld under any of the exemption or suspension provisions referred to in this subsection, and the burden is on the Attorney General, the Federal Trade Commission, or such designated individual, as the case may be, to sustain its action.
(n) Exemption from chapter 10 of title 5
Notwithstanding any other provision of law,
(1) the consultations referred to in subsection (c)(1); or
(2) any activity conducted under a voluntary agreement or plan of action approved pursuant to this section that complies with the requirements of this section.
(o) Preemption of contract law in emergencies
In any action in any Federal or State court for breach of contract, there shall be available as a defense that the alleged breach of contract was caused predominantly by action taken during an emergency to carry out a voluntary agreement or plan of action authorized and approved in accordance with this section. Such defense shall not release the party asserting it from any obligation under applicable law to mitigate damages to the greatest extent possible.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title VII, §708,
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b), and (d)(1), was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2158 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Amendments
2022—Subsec. (d)(1).
Subsec. (n).
2009—Subsec. (c)(1).
Subsec. (c)(3).
Subsec. (f)(2).
Subsec. (n).
1991—Subsec. (a).
Subsec. (b).
Subsec. (c)(1).
Subsec. (c)(2).
Subsec. (d)(1).
Subsec. (d)(2).
Subsec. (e)(1).
Subsec. (e)(3)(D).
Subsec. (e)(3)(F).
Subsec. (e)(3)(G).
Subsec. (f)(1).
Subsec. (f)(1)(A).
Subsec. (f)(1)(B).
Subsec. (f)(2).
Subsec. (g).
Subsec. (g)(1) to (3).
Subsec. (h).
Subsec. (h)(1), (2).
Subsec. (h)(3).
Subsec. (h)(4) to (6).
Subsec. (h)(7), (8).
Subsec. (h)(9), (10).
Subsec. (h)(11).
Subsec. (j).
"(1) such act or omission to act was taken in good faith by that person—
"(A) in the course of developing a voluntary agreement under this section, or
"(B) to carry out a voluntary agreement under this section; and
"(2) such person fully complied with this section and the rules promulgated hereunder, and acted in accordance with the terms of the voluntary agreement."
Subsec. (k).
Subsec. (l).
Subsecs. (n), (o).
1975—Subsec. (a).
Subsec. (b).
Subsec. (c).
Subsec. (d).
Subsec. (e).
Subsecs. (f) to (m).
1969—Subsec. (b).
Subsec. (f).
1961—Subsec. (e).
1955—Subsec. (b). Act Aug. 9, 1955, §6(1), inserted proviso.
Subsec. (d). Act Aug. 9, 1955, §6(2), exempted subsequent acts or omissions to act upon withdrawal by Attorney General of his approval of voluntary agreement or program.
Subsec. (e). Act Aug. 9, 1955, §6(3), (4), included studies of voluntary agreements and programs in surveys and reports, and required Attorney General to report to Congress at least once every three months.
1952—Subsec. (f). Act June 30, 1952, added subsec. (f).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1991 Amendment
Amendment by
Effective Date of 1975 Amendment
Effective Date of 1955 Amendment
Amendment by act Aug. 9, 1955, effective as of the close of July 31, 1955, see section 11 of act Aug. 9, 1955, set out as a note under
Continuation in Effect of Existing Voluntary Agreements
"(a) Any voluntary agreement—
"(1) entered into under section 708 of the Defense Production Act of 1950 [
"(2) in effect immediately prior to such date may continue in effect (except as otherwise provided in section 708A(o) of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended by this Act) and shall be carried out in accordance with such section 708 [
"(b) No provision of the Defense Production Act of 1950 [
"(c) Effective on the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 16, 1975], the immunity conferred by section 708 or 708A of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended by this Act, shall not apply to any action taken or authorized to be taken by or under the Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act of 1973 [
[Section 708A of the Defense Production Act of 1950, referred to in section 4 of
Termination of Advisory Committees
Advisory committees in existence on Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period following Jan. 5, 1973, unless, in the case of a committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such committee is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a committee established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided by law. Advisory committees established after Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period beginning on the date of their establishment, unless, in the case of a committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such committee is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a committee established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided by law. See section 14 of
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions
Authority of President under subsecs. (c)(1) and (d) of this section with respect to responding to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States delegated to Secretary of Health and Human Services and Secretary of Homeland Security, see section 3 of Ex. Ord. No. 13911, Mar. 27, 2020, 85 F.R. 18404, set out as a note under
Functions conferred upon President under this section necessary to effect changes in composition of, or to take other action respecting voluntary agreements and programs relating to, small business production pools approved prior to July 31, 1953, delegated to Administrator of Small Business Administration by Ex. Ord. No. 10493, Oct. 14, 1953, 18 F.R. 6583, set out as a note under
Functions of President under this chapter relating to production, conservation, use, control, distribution, and allocation of energy, delegated to Secretary of Energy, see section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 11790, June 25, 1974, 39 F.R. 23185, set out as a note under
For delegation of authority of President under subsecs. (c) and (d) of this section, see sections 401 and 402 of Ex. Ord. No. 13603, Mar. 16, 2012, 77 F.R. 16656, set out as a note under
§4559. Public participation in rulemaking
(a) Exemption from Administrative Procedure Act
Any regulation issued under this chapter shall not be subject to
(b) Opportunity for notice and comment
(1) In general
Except as provided in subsection (c), any regulation issued under this chapter shall be published in the Federal Register and opportunity for public comment shall be provided for not less than 30 days, consistent with the requirements of
(2) Waiver for temporary provisions
The requirements of paragraph (1) may be waived, if—
(A) the officer authorized to issue the regulation finds that urgent and compelling circumstances make compliance with such requirements impracticable;
(B) the regulation is issued on a temporary basis; and
(C) the publication of such temporary regulation is accompanied by the finding made under subparagraph (A) (and a brief statement of the reasons for such finding) and an opportunity for public comment is provided for not less than 30 days before any regulation becomes final.
(3) Consideration of public comments
All comments received during the public comment period specified pursuant to paragraph (1) or (2) shall be considered and the publication of the final regulation shall contain written responses to such comments.
(c) Public comment on procurement regulations
Any procurement policy, regulation, procedure, or form (including any amendment or modification of any such policy, regulation, procedure, or form) issued under this chapter shall be subject to
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title VII, §709,
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2159 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
In subsec. (c), "
Amendments
1992—
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1992 Amendment
§4560. Employment of personnel; appointment policies; nucleus executive reserve; use of confidential information by employees; printing and distribution of reports
(a) Repealed. June 28, 1955, ch. 189, §12(c)(1), 69 Stat. 180
(b) Presidential appointments
(1) The President is further authorized, to the extent he deems it necessary and appropriate in order to carry out the provisions of this chapter and subject to such regulations as he may issue, to employ persons of outstanding experience and ability without compensation;
(2) The President shall be guided in the exercise of the authority provided in this subsection by the following policies:
(i) So far as possible, operations under this chapter shall be carried on by full-time, salaried employees of the Government, and appointments under this authority shall be to advisory or consultative positions only.
(ii) Appointments to positions other than advisory or consultative may be made under this authority only when the requirements of the position are such that the incumbent must personally possess outstanding experience and ability not obtainable on a full-time, salaried basis.
(3) Appointees under this subsection shall, when policy matters are involved, be limited to advising appropriate full-time salaried Government officials who are responsible for making policy decisions.
(4) Appointments under this subsection shall be supported by written certification by the head of the employing department or agency—
(i) that the appointment is necessary and appropriate in order to carry out the provisions of this chapter;
(ii) that the duties of the position to which the appointment is being made require outstanding experience and ability;
(iii) that the appointee has the outstanding experience and ability required by the position; and
(iv) that the department or agency head has been unable to obtain a person with the qualifications necessary for the position on a full-time, salaried basis.
(5)
(A)
(B)
(6) The Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall carry out a biennial survey of appointments made under this subsection and shall report his or her findings to the President and make such recommendations as he or she may deem proper.
(7) Persons appointed under the authority of this subsection may be allowed reimbursement for travel, subsistence, and other necessary expenses incurred by them in carrying out the functions for which they were appointed in the same manner as persons employed intermittently in the Federal Government are allowed expenses under
(c) Employment of experts and consultants
The President is authorized, to the extent he deems it necessary and appropriate in order to carry out the provisions of this chapter to employ experts and consultants or organizations thereof, as authorized by
(d) Utilization of other services
The President may utilize the services of Federal, State, and local agencies and may utilize and establish such regional, local, or other agencies, and utilize such voluntary and uncompensated services, as may from time to time be needed.
(e) Nucleus executive reserve
The President is further authorized to provide for the establishment and training of a nucleus executive reserve for employment in executive positions in Government during periods of national defense emergency, as determined by the President. Members of this executive reserve who are not full-time Government employees may be allowed transportation and per diem in lieu of subsistence, in accordance with title 5 (with respect to individuals serving without pay, while away from their homes or regular places of business), for the purpose of participating in the executive reserve training program.
(f) Use of confidential information for speculation
Whoever, being an officer or employee of the United States or any department or agency thereof (including any Member of the Senate or House of Representatives), receives, by virtue of his office or employment, confidential information, and (1) uses such information in speculating directly or indirectly on any commodity exchange, or (2) discloses such information for the purpose of aiding any other person so to speculate, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. As used in this section, the term "speculate" shall not include a legitimate hedging transaction, or a purchase or sale which is accompanied by actual delivery of the commodity.
(g) Printing and distribution of reports
The President, when he deems such action necessary, may make provision for the printing and distribution of reports, in such number and in such manner as he deems appropriate, concerning the actions taken to carry out the objectives of this chapter.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title VII, §710,
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (b), (c), and (g), was in the original "this Act" or "the Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2160 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
In subsec. (c), "
Amendments
2022—Subsec. (b)(5)(B).
2009—Subsec. (b)(2)(iii).
Subsec. (b)(4), (5).
Subsec. (b)(6).
Subsec. (b)(7), (8).
Subsec. (c).
Subsec. (d).
Subsec. (e).
1992—Subsec. (b)(6).
Subsec. (b)(7).
Subsec. (b)(8).
1975—Subsec. (e).
1955—Subsec. (a). Act June 28, 1955, repealed subsec. (a) which authorized President to place positions and employ persons temporarily in grades 16, 17, and 18 of the General Schedule established by Classification Act of 1949.
Subsec. (b). Act Aug. 9, 1955, §7, imposed additional restrictions on employment of persons without compensation by establishing guides to be used by President, requiring written certification, publication of statements, and a survey of appointments.
Subsecs. (e) to (g). Act Aug. 9, 1955, §8, added subsec. (e) and redesignated former subsecs. (e) and (f) as (f) and (g), respectively.
1951—Subsec. (f). Act July 31, 1951, added subsec. (f).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1992 Amendment
Amendment by
Effective Date of 1975 Amendment
Amendment by
Effective Date of 1955 Amendments
Amendment by act Aug. 9, 1955, effective as of close of July 31, 1955, see section 11 of act Aug. 9, 1955, set out as a note under
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions
Authority of President to implement the Defense Production Act of 1950 (this chapter) in this subchapter—
(1) with respect to hoarding of health and medical resources necessary to respond to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States delegated to Secretary of Health and Human Services, see section 2(a)(ii) of Ex. Ord. 13910, Mar. 23, 2020, 85 F.R. 17001, set out as a note under
(2) with respect to responding to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States delegated to Secretary of Health and Human Services and Secretary of Homeland Security, see section 2(a) of Ex. Ord. No. 13911, Mar. 27, 2020, 85 F.R. 18403, set out as a note under
(3) in addition to the delegation of authority in Ex. Ord. No. 13911, delegated to Chief Executive Officer of the United States International Development Finance Corporation, see section 2 of Ex. Ord. No. 13922, May 14, 2020, 85 F.R. 30583, set out as a note under
Functions of President under this chapter relating to production, conservation, use, control, distribution, and allocation of energy, delegated to Secretary of Energy, see section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 11790, June 25, 1974, 39 F.R. 23185, set out under
For delegation of authority of President under subsecs. (b), (c), and (e) of this section, see sections 501(b) and 502 of Ex. Ord. No. 13603, Mar. 16, 2012, 77 F.R. 16656, set out as a note under
§4561. Authorization of appropriations; availability of funds
There is authorized to be appropriated $133,000,000 for fiscal year 2015 and each fiscal year thereafter for the carrying out of the provisions and purposes of this chapter by the President and such agencies as he may designate or create. In addition to the appropriations authorized by the previous sentence, there is authorized to be appropriated $117,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2020 through 2024 to carry out subchapter II.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title VII, §711,
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2161 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Amendments
2019—
2014—
2009—
2008—Subsec. (b).
2003—Subsec. (b).
2001—Subsec. (b).
2000—Subsec. (b).
1999—Subsec. (b).
1998—Subsec. (b).
1995—Subsec. (a).
Subsecs. (b) to (d).
1992—Subsec. (a).
Subsec. (a)(1).
Subsec. (a)(2).
Subsec. (a)(3).
Subsec. (a)(4).
Subsec. (b).
Subsec. (c).
Subsec. (d).
1991—Subsec. (a)(4).
"(4)(A) There are authorized to be appropriated for fiscal year 1990, not to exceed $50,000,000 to carry out the provisions of
"(B) The aggregate amount of loans, guarantees, purchase agreements, and other actions under
1989—Subsec. (a)(4).
"(A) There are authorized to be appropriated for fiscal years 1987, 1988, and 1989 not to exceed $150,000,000 to carry out the provisions of
"(B) The aggregate amount of loans, guarantees, purchase agreements, and other actions under
1986—Subsec. (a)(4).
"(A) There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out the provisions of
"(B) The aggregate amount of loans, guarantees, purchase agreements, and other actions under
1984—Subsec. (a)(1), (4).
1980—Subsec. (a).
1974—
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1992 Amendment
Amendment by
Effective Date of 1991 Amendment
Amendment by
Effective Date of 1980 Amendment
Amendment by
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions
Functions of President under this chapter relating to production, conservation, use, control, distribution, and allocation of energy, delegated to Secretary of Energy, see section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 11790, June 25, 1974, 39 F.R. 23185, set out as a note under
§4562. Territorial application of chapter
The provisions of this chapter shall be applicable to the United States, its Territories and possessions, and the District of Columbia.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title VII, §713,
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2163 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
§4563. Separability
If any provision of this chapter or the application of such provision to any person or circumstances shall be held invalid, the remainder of the chapter, and the application of such provision to persons or circumstances other than those as to which it is held invalid, shall not be affected thereby.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title VII, §715, formerly §714,
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter and the chapter, referred to in text, were in the original "this Act" and "the Act", respectively, meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2164 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
§4564. Termination of chapter
(a) Termination
Subchapter I (except
(b) Continuation of agencies
Notwithstanding subsection (a), any agency created under a provision of law that is terminated under subsection (a) may continue in existence, for purposes of liquidation, for a period not to exceed 6 months, beginning on the date of termination of the provision authorizing the creation of such agency under subsection (a).
(c) Disbursement of funds or fulfillment of obligations not affected
The termination of any section of this chapter, or of any agency or corporation utilized under this chapter, shall not affect the disbursement of funds under, or the carrying out of, any contract, guarantee, commitment or other obligation entered into pursuant to this chapter prior to the date of such termination, or the taking of any action necessary to preserve or protect the interests of the United States in any amounts advanced or paid out in carrying on operations under this chapter, or the taking of any action (including the making of new guarantees) deemed by a guaranteeing agency to be necessary to accomplish the orderly liquidation, adjustment or settlement of any loans guaranteed under this chapter, including actions deemed necessary to avoid undue hardship to borrowers in reconverting to normal civilian production; and all of the authority granted to the President, guaranteeing agencies, and fiscal agents, under
(d) Conditions on recovery of certain cooperative payments
No action for the recovery of any cooperative payment made to a cooperative association by a Market Administrator under an invalid provision of a milk marketing order issued by the Secretary of Agriculture pursuant to the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 [
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title VII, §717, formerly §716,
Editorial Notes
References in Text
Subchapter III, referred to in subsec. (a), was in the original "title VII", meaning title VII of act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (c) and (d), was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
The Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, referred to in subsec. (d), is act June 3, 1937, ch. 296,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2166 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Amendments
2018—Subsec. (a).
2014—Subsec. (a).
2009—Subsec. (a).
Subsec. (b).
"(1) The Congress by concurrent resolution or the President by proclamation may terminate this chapter prior to the termination otherwise provided therefor.
"(2) The Congress may also provide by concurrent resolution that any section of this chapter and all authority conferred thereunder shall terminate prior to the termination otherwise provided therefor.
"(3) Any agency created under this chapter may be continued in existence for purposes of liquidation for not to exceed six months after the termination of the provision authorizing the creation of such agency."
Subsec. (c).
2008—Subsec. (a).
2003—Subsec. (a).
2001—Subsec. (a).
2000—Subsec. (a).
1999—Subsec. (a).
1998—Subsec. (a).
1995—Subsec. (a).
1992—Subsec. (a).
1991—Subsec. (a).
1990—Subsec. (a).
1989—Subsec. (a).
1986—Subsec. (a).
1984—Subsec. (a).
1983—Subsec. (a).
1982—
1981—Subsec. (a).
1980—Subsec. (a).
1979—Subsec. (a).
1977—Subsec. (a).
1975—Subsec. (a).
1974—Subsec. (a).
1972—Subsec. (a).
1971—Subsec. (a).
1970—Subsec. (a).
1968—Subsec. (a).
1966—Subsec. (a).
1964—Subsec. (a).
1962—Subsec. (a).
1960—Subsec. (a).
1958—Subsec. (a).
1956—Subsec. (a). Act June 29, 1956, extended termination date from June 30, 1956, to June 30, 1958.
1955—Subsec. (a). Act Aug. 9, 1955, extended termination date from July 31, 1955, to June 30, 1956.
Act June 30, 1955, extended termination date from June 30, 1955, to July 31, 1955.
1953—Subsec. (a). Act June 30, 1953, ch. 171, §11, extended termination date of subchapters I to III from June 30, 1953, to June 30, 1955.
Subsec. (c). Act June 30, 1953, ch. 171, §12, inserted "or the taking of any action (including the making of new guarantees) deemed by a guaranteeing agency to be necessary to accomplish the orderly liquidation, adjustment or settlement of any loans guaranteed under this chapter, including actions deemed necessary to avoid undue hardship to borrowers in reconverting to normal civilian production; and all of the authority granted to the President, guaranteeing agencies, and fiscal agents, under
Act June 30, 1953, ch. 170, added second par.
1952—Subsec. (a). Act June 30, 1952, §121(b), extended termination dates from Apr. 30, 1952, to Apr. 30, 1953, and from June 30, 1952, to June 30, 1953.
Subsec. (d). Act June 30, 1952, §120, added subsec. (d).
1951—Subsec. (a). Acts July 31, 1951, §111, and June 30, 1951. Act July 31, 1951, struck out subsec. (a) relating to termination of certain titles of act Sept. 8, 1950, and substituted present subsec. (a). Act June 30, 1951, extended termination date from June 30, 1951, to July 31, 1951.
Subsec. (b). Act July 31, 1951, redesignated subsec. (c) as (b) and struck out former subsec. (b) which related to termination date of certain titles of act Sept. 8, 1950. Former subsec. (b) was amended by act June 30, 1951, to extend termination date from June 30, 1951, to July 31, 1951.
Subsecs. (c), (d). Act July 31, 1951, §111, redesignated subsec. (d) as (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (b).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1992 Amendment
Amendment by
Effective Date of 1991 Amendments
Amendment by
Effective Date of 1980 Amendment
Amendment by
Effective Date of 1975 Amendment
Amendment by
Effective Date of 1955 Amendment
Amendment by act Aug. 9, 1955, effective as of close of July 31, 1955, see section 11 of act Aug. 9, 1955, set out as a note under
§4565. Authority to review certain mergers, acquisitions, and takeovers
(a) Definitions
In this section:
(1) Clarification
The term "national security" shall be construed so as to include those issues relating to "homeland security", including its application to critical infrastructure.
(2) Committee; chairperson
The terms "Committee" and "chairperson" mean the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States and the chairperson thereof, respectively.
(3) Control
The term "control" means the power, direct or indirect, whether exercised or not exercised, to determine, direct, or decide important matters affecting an entity, subject to regulations prescribed by the Committee.
(4) Covered transaction
(A) In general
Except as otherwise provided, the term "covered transaction" means—
(i) any transaction described in subparagraph (B)(i); and
(ii) any transaction described in clauses (ii) through (v) of subparagraph (B) that is proposed, pending, or completed on or after the effective date set forth in section 1727 of the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act of 2018.
(B) Transactions described
A transaction described in this subparagraph is any of the following:
(i) Any merger, acquisition, or takeover that is proposed or pending after August 23, 1988, by or with any foreign person that could result in foreign control of any United States business, including such a merger, acquisition, or takeover carried out through a joint venture.
(ii) Subject to subparagraphs (C) and (E), the purchase or lease by, or a concession to, a foreign person of private or public real estate that—
(I) is located in the United States;
(II)(aa) is, is located within, or will function as part of, an air or maritime port; or
(bb)(AA) is in close proximity to a United States military installation or another facility or property of the United States Government that is sensitive for reasons relating to national security;
(BB) could reasonably provide the foreign person the ability to collect intelligence on activities being conducted at such an installation, facility, or property; or
(CC) could otherwise expose national security activities at such an installation, facility, or property to the risk of foreign surveillance; and
(III) meets such other criteria as the Committee prescribes by regulation, except that such criteria may not expand the categories of real estate to which this clause applies beyond the categories described in subclause (II).
(iii) Any other investment, subject to regulations prescribed under subparagraphs (D) and (E), by a foreign person in any unaffiliated United States business that—
(I) owns, operates, manufactures, supplies, or services critical infrastructure;
(II) produces, designs, tests, manufactures, fabricates, or develops one or more critical technologies; or
(III) maintains or collects sensitive personal data of United States citizens that may be exploited in a manner that threatens national security.
(iv) Any change in the rights that a foreign person has with respect to a United States business in which the foreign person has an investment, if that change could result in—
(I) foreign control of the United States business; or
(II) an investment described in clause (iii).
(v) Any other transaction, transfer, agreement, or arrangement, the structure of which is designed or intended to evade or circumvent the application of this section, subject to regulations prescribed by the Committee.
(C) Real estate transactions
(i) Exception for certain real estate transactions
A real estate purchase, lease, or concession described in subparagraph (B)(ii) does not include a purchase, lease, or concession of—
(I) a single "housing unit", as defined by the Census Bureau; or
(II) real estate in "urbanized areas", as defined by the Census Bureau in the most recent census, except as otherwise prescribed by the Committee in regulations in consultation with the Secretary of Defense.
(ii) Definition of close proximity
With respect to a real estate purchase, lease, or concession described in subparagraph (B)(ii)(II)(bb)(AA), the Committee shall prescribe regulations to ensure that the term "close proximity" refers only to a distance or distances within which the purchase, lease, or concession of real estate could pose a national security risk in connection with a United States military installation or another facility or property of the United States Government described in that subparagraph.
(D) Other investments
(i) Other investment defined
For purposes of subparagraph (B)(iii), the term "other investment" means an investment, direct or indirect, by a foreign person in a United States business described in that subparagraph that is not an investment described in subparagraph (B)(i) and that affords the foreign person—
(I) access to any material nonpublic technical information in the possession of the United States business;
(II) membership or observer rights on the board of directors or equivalent governing body of the United States business or the right to nominate an individual to a position on the board of directors or equivalent governing body; or
(III) any involvement, other than through voting of shares, in substantive decisionmaking of the United States business regarding—
(aa) the use, development, acquisition, safekeeping, or release of sensitive personal data of United States citizens maintained or collected by the United States business;
(bb) the use, development acquisition, or release of critical technologies; or
(cc) the management, operation, manufacture, or supply of critical infrastructure.
(ii) Material nonpublic technical information defined
(I) In general
For purposes of clause (i)(I), and subject to regulations prescribed by the Committee, the term "material nonpublic technical information" means information that—
(aa) provides knowledge, know-how, or understanding, not available in the public domain, of the design, location, or operation of critical infrastructure; or
(bb) is not available in the public domain, and is necessary to design, fabricate, develop, test, produce, or manufacture critical technologies, including processes, techniques, or methods.
(II) Exemption for financial information
Notwithstanding subclause (I), for purposes of this subparagraph, the term "material nonpublic technical information" does not include financial information regarding the performance of a United States business.
(iii) Regulations
(I) In general
The Committee shall prescribe regulations providing guidance on the types of transactions that the Committee considers to be "other investment" for purposes of subparagraph (B)(iii).
(II) United States businesses that own, operate, manufacture, supply, or service critical infrastructure
The regulations prescribed by the Committee with respect to an investment described in subparagraph (B)(iii)(I) shall—
(aa) specify the critical infrastructure subject to that subparagraph based on criteria intended to limit application of that subparagraph to the subset of critical infrastructure that is likely to be of importance to the national security of the United States; and
(bb) enumerate specific types and examples of such critical infrastructure.
(iv) Specific clarification for investment funds
(I) Treatment of certain investment fund investments
Notwithstanding clause (i)(II) and subject to regulations prescribed by the Committee, an indirect investment by a foreign person in a United States business described in subparagraph (B)(iii) through an investment fund that affords the foreign person (or a designee of the foreign person) membership as a limited partner or equivalent on an advisory board or a committee of the fund shall not be considered an "other investment" for purposes of subparagraph (B)(iii) if—
(aa) the fund is managed exclusively by a general partner, a managing member, or an equivalent;
(bb) the general partner, managing member, or equivalent is not a foreign person;
(cc) the advisory board or committee does not have the ability to approve, disapprove, or otherwise control—
(AA) investment decisions of the fund; or
(BB) decisions made by the general partner, managing member, or equivalent related to entities in which the fund is invested;
(dd) the foreign person does not otherwise have the ability to control the fund, including the authority—
(AA) to approve, disapprove, or otherwise control investment decisions of the fund;
(BB) to approve, disapprove, or otherwise control decisions made by the general partner, managing member, or equivalent related to entities in which the fund is invested; or
(CC) to unilaterally dismiss, prevent the dismissal of, select, or determine the compensation of the general partner, managing member, or equivalent;
(ee) the foreign person does not have access to material nonpublic technical information as a result of its participation on the advisory board or committee; and
(ff) the investment otherwise meets the requirements of this subparagraph.
(II) Treatment of certain waivers
(aa) In general
For the purposes of items (cc) and (dd) of subclause (I) and except as provided in item (bb), a waiver of a potential conflict of interest, a waiver of an allocation limitation, or a similar activity, applicable to a transaction pursuant to the terms of an agreement governing an investment fund shall not be considered to constitute control of investment decisions of the fund or decisions relating to entities in which the fund is invested.
(bb) Exception
The Committee may prescribe regulations providing for exceptions to item (aa) for extraordinary circumstances.
(v) Exception for air carriers
For purposes of subparagraph (B)(iii), the term "other investment" does not include an investment involving an air carrier, as defined in
(vi) Rule of construction
Any definition of "critical infrastructure" established under any provision of law other than this section shall not be determinative for purposes of this section.
(E) Country specification
The Committee shall prescribe regulations that further define the term "foreign person" for purposes of clauses (ii) and (iii) of subparagraph (B). In prescribing such regulations, the Committee shall specify criteria to limit the application of such clauses to the investments of certain categories of foreign persons. Such criteria shall take into consideration how a foreign person is connected to a foreign country or foreign government, and whether the connection may affect the national security of the United States.
(F) Transfers of certain assets pursuant to bankruptcy proceedings or other defaults
The Committee shall prescribe regulations to clarify that the term "covered transaction" includes any transaction described in subparagraph (B) that arises pursuant to a bankruptcy proceeding or other form of default on debt.
(5) Critical infrastructure
The term "critical infrastructure" means, subject to regulations prescribed by the Committee, systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems or assets would have a debilitating impact on national security.
(6) Critical technologies
(A) In general
The term "critical technologies" means the following:
(i) Defense articles or defense services included on the United States Munitions List set forth in the International Traffic in Arms Regulations under subchapter M of chapter I of title 22, Code of Federal Regulations.
(ii) Items included on the Commerce Control List set forth in Supplement No. 1 to part 774 of the Export Administration Regulations under subchapter C of chapter VII of title 15, Code of Federal Regulations, and controlled—
(I) pursuant to multilateral regimes, including for reasons relating to national security, chemical and biological weapons proliferation, nuclear nonproliferation, or missile technology; or
(II) for reasons relating to regional stability or surreptitious listening.
(iii) Specially designed and prepared nuclear equipment, parts and components, materials, software, and technology covered by part 810 of title 10, Code of Federal Regulations (relating to assistance to foreign atomic energy activities).
(iv) Nuclear facilities, equipment, and material covered by part 110 of title 10, Code of Federal Regulations (relating to export and import of nuclear equipment and material).
(v) Select agents and toxins covered by part 331 of title 7, Code of Federal Regulations, part 121 of title 9 of such Code, or part 73 of title 42 of such Code.
(vi) Emerging and foundational technologies controlled pursuant to
(B) Recommendations
(i) In general
The chairperson may recommend technologies for identification under the interagency process set forth in
(ii) Matters informing recommendations
Recommendations by the chairperson under clause (i) shall draw upon information arising from reviews and investigations conducted under subsection (b), notices submitted under subsection (b)(1)(C)(i), declarations filed under subsection (b)(1)(C)(v), and non-notified and non-declared transactions identified under subsection (b)(1)(H).
(7) Foreign government-controlled transaction
The term "foreign government-controlled transaction" means any covered transaction that could result in the control of any United States business by a foreign government or an entity controlled by or acting on behalf of a foreign government.
(8) Intelligence community
The term "intelligence community" has the meaning given that term in
(9) Investment
The term "investment" means the acquisition of equity interest, including contingent equity interest, as further defined in regulations prescribed by the Committee.
(10) Lead agency
The term "lead agency" means the agency or agencies designated as the lead agency or agencies pursuant to subsection (k)(5).
(11) Party
The term "party" has the meaning given that term in regulations prescribed by the Committee.
(12) United States
The term "United States" means the several States, the District of Columbia, and any territory or possession of the United States.
(13) United States business
The term "United States business" means a person engaged in interstate commerce in the United States.
(b) National security reviews and investigations
(1) National security reviews
(A) In general
Upon receiving written notification under subparagraph (C) of any covered transaction, or pursuant to a unilateral notification initiated under subparagraph (D) with respect to any covered transaction, the President, acting through the Committee—
(i) shall review the covered transaction to determine the effects of the transaction on the national security of the United States; and
(ii) shall consider the factors specified in subsection (f) for such purpose, as appropriate.
(B) Control by foreign government
If the Committee determines that the covered transaction is a foreign government-controlled transaction, the Committee shall conduct an investigation of the transaction under paragraph (2).
(C) Written notice
(i) In general
(I) In general
Any party or parties to any covered transaction may initiate a review of the transaction under this paragraph by submitting a written notice of the transaction to the Chairperson of the Committee.
(II) Comments and acceptance
(aa) In general
Subject to item (cc), the Committee shall provide comments on a draft or formal written notice or accept a formal written notice submitted under subclause (I) with respect to a covered transaction not later than the date that is 10 business days after the date of submission of the draft or formal written notice.
(bb) Completeness
If the Committee determines that a draft or formal written notice described in item (aa) is not complete, the Committee shall notify the party or parties to the transaction in writing that the notice is not complete and provide an explanation of all material respects in which the notice is incomplete.
(cc) Stipulations required
The timing requirement under item (aa) shall apply only in a case in which the parties stipulate under clause (vi) that the transaction is a covered transaction.
(ii) Withdrawal of notice
No covered transaction for which a notice was submitted under clause (i) may be withdrawn from review, unless a written request for such withdrawal is submitted to the Committee by any party to the transaction and approved by the Committee.
(iii) Continuing discussions
A request for withdrawal under clause (ii) shall not be construed to preclude any party to the covered transaction from continuing informal discussions with the Committee or any member thereof regarding possible resubmission for review pursuant to this paragraph.
(iv) Inclusion of partnership and side agreements
The Committee may require a written notice submitted under clause (i) to include a copy of any partnership agreements, integration agreements, or other side agreements relating to the transaction, as specified in regulations prescribed by the Committee.
(v) Declarations for certain covered transactions
(I) In general
A party to any covered transaction may submit to the Committee a declaration with basic information regarding the transaction instead of a written notice under clause (i).
(II) Regulations
The Committee shall prescribe regulations establishing requirements for declarations submitted under this clause. In prescribing such regulations, the Committee shall ensure that such declarations are submitted as abbreviated notifications that would not generally exceed 5 pages in length.
(III) Committee response to declaration
(aa) In general
Upon receiving a declaration under this clause with respect to a covered transaction, the Committee may, at the discretion of the Committee—
(AA) request that the parties to the transaction file a written notice under clause (i);
(BB) inform the parties to the transaction that the Committee is not able to complete action under this section with respect to the transaction on the basis of the declaration and that the parties may file a written notice under clause (i) to seek written notification from the Committee that the Committee has completed all action under this section with respect to the transaction;
(CC) initiate a unilateral review of the transaction under subparagraph (D); or
(DD) notify the parties in writing that the Committee has completed all action under this section with respect to the transaction.
(bb) Timing
The Committee shall take action under item (aa) not later than 30 days after receiving a declaration under this clause.
(cc) Rule of construction
Nothing in this subclause (other than item (aa)(CC)) shall be construed to affect the authority of the President or the Committee to take any action authorized by this section with respect to a covered transaction.
(IV) Mandatory declarations
(aa) Regulations
The Committee shall prescribe regulations specifying the types of covered transactions for which the Committee requires a declaration under this subclause.
(bb) Certain covered transactions with foreign government interests
(AA) In general
Except as provided in subitem (BB), the parties to a covered transaction shall submit a declaration described in subclause (I) with respect to the transaction if the transaction involves an investment that results in the acquisition, directly or indirectly, of a substantial interest in a United States business described in subsection (a)(4)(B)(iii) by a foreign person in which a foreign government has, directly or indirectly, a substantial interest.
(BB) Substantial interest defined
In this item, the term "substantial interest" has the meaning given that term in regulations which the Committee shall prescribe. In developing those regulations, the Committee shall consider the means by which a foreign government could influence the actions of a foreign person, including through board membership, ownership interest, or shareholder rights. An interest that is excluded under subparagraph (D) of subsection (a)(4) from the term "other investment" as used in subparagraph (B)(iii) of that subsection or that is less than a 10 percent voting interest shall not be considered a substantial interest.
(CC) Waiver
The Committee may waive, with respect to a foreign person, the requirement under subitem (AA) for the submission of a declaration described in subclause (I) if the Committee determines that the foreign person demonstrates that the investments of the foreign person are not directed by a foreign government and the foreign person has a history of cooperation with the Committee.
(cc) Other declarations required by Committee
The Committee may require the submission of a declaration described in subclause (I) with respect to any covered transaction identified under regulations prescribed by the Committee for purposes of this item, at the discretion of the Committee, that involves a United States business described in subsection (a)(4)(B)(iii)(II).
(dd) Exception
The submission of a declaration described in subclause (I) shall not be required pursuant to this subclause with respect to an investment by an investment fund if—
(AA) the fund is managed exclusively by a general partner, a managing member, or an equivalent;
(BB) the general partner, managing member, or equivalent is not a foreign person; and
(CC) the investment fund satisfies, with respect to any foreign person with membership as a limited partner on an advisory board or a committee of the fund, the criteria specified in items (cc) and (dd) of subsection (a)(4)(D)(iv).
(ee) Submission of written notice as an alternative
Parties to a covered transaction for which a declaration is required under this subclause may instead elect to submit a written notice under clause (i).
(ff) Timing and refiling of submission
(AA) In general
In the regulations prescribed under item (aa), the Committee may not require a declaration to be submitted under this subclause with respect to a covered transaction more than 45 days before the completion of the transaction.
(BB) Refiling of declaration
The Committee may not request or recommend that a declaration submitted under this subclause be withdrawn and refiled, except to permit parties to a covered transaction to correct material errors or omissions in the declaration submitted with respect to that transaction.
(gg) Penalties
The Committee may impose a penalty pursuant to subsection (h)(3) with respect to a party that fails to comply with this subclause.
(vi) Stipulations regarding transactions
(I) In general
In a written notice submitted under clause (i) or a declaration submitted under clause (v) with respect to a transaction, a party to the transaction may—
(aa) stipulate that the transaction is a covered transaction; and
(bb) if the party stipulates that the transaction is a covered transaction under item (aa), stipulate that the transaction is a foreign government-controlled transaction.
(II) Basis for stipulation
A written notice submitted under clause (i) or a declaration submitted under clause (v) that includes a stipulation under subclause (I) shall include a description of the basis for the stipulation.
(D) Unilateral initiation of review
Subject to subparagraph (G), the President or the Committee may initiate a review under subparagraph (A) of—
(i) any covered transaction (other than a covered transaction described in subparagraph (E));
(ii) any covered transaction described in subparagraph (E), if any party to the transaction submitted false or misleading material information to the Committee in connection with the Committee's consideration of the transaction or omitted material information, including material documents, from information submitted to the Committee; or
(iii) any covered transaction described in subparagraph (E), if—
(I) any party to the transaction or the entity resulting from consummation of the transaction materially breaches a mitigation agreement or condition described in subsection (l)(3)(A);
(II) such breach is certified to the Committee by the lead department or agency monitoring and enforcing such agreement or condition as a material breach; and
(III) the Committee determines that there are no other adequate and appropriate remedies or enforcement tools available to address such breach.
(E) Covered transactions described
A covered transaction is described in this subparagraph if—
(i) the Committee has informed the parties to the transaction in writing that the Committee has completed all action under this section with respect to the transaction; or
(ii) the President has announced a decision not to exercise the President's authority under subsection (d) with respect to the transaction.
(F) Timing
Any review under this paragraph shall be completed before the end of the 45-day period beginning on the date of the acceptance of written notice under subparagraph (C) by the chairperson, or beginning on the date of the initiation of the review in accordance with subparagraph (D), as applicable.
(G) Limit on delegation of certain authority
The authority of the Committee to initiate a review under subparagraph (D) may not be delegated to any person, other than the Deputy Secretary or an appropriate Under Secretary of the department or agency represented on the Committee.
(H) Identification of non-notified and non-declared transactions
The Committee shall establish a process to identify covered transactions for which—
(i) a notice under clause (i) of subparagraph (C) or a declaration under clause (v) of that subparagraph is not submitted to the Committee; and
(ii) information is reasonably available.
(2) National security investigations
(A) In general
In each case described in subparagraph (B), the Committee shall immediately conduct an investigation of the effects of a covered transaction on the national security of the United States, and take any necessary actions in connection with the transaction to protect the national security of the United States.
(B) Applicability
Subparagraph (A) shall apply in each case in which—
(i) a review of a covered transaction under paragraph (1) results in a determination that—
(I) the transaction threatens to impair the national security of the United States and the risk has not been mitigated during or prior to the review of a covered transaction under paragraph (1);
(II) the transaction is a foreign government-controlled transaction; or
(III) the transaction would result in control of any critical infrastructure of or within the United States by or on behalf of any foreign person, if the Committee determines that the transaction could impair national security, and that such impairment to national security has not been mitigated by assurances provided or renewed with the approval of the Committee, as described in subsection (l), during the review period under paragraph (1); or
(ii) the lead agency recommends, and the Committee concurs, that an investigation be undertaken.
(C) Timing
(i) In general
Except as provided in clause (ii), any investigation under subparagraph (A) shall be completed before the end of the 45-day period beginning on the date on which the investigation commenced.
(ii) Extension for extraordinary circumstances
(I) In general
In extraordinary circumstances (as defined by the Committee in regulations), the chairperson may, at the request of the head of the lead agency, extend an investigation under subparagraph (A) for one 15-day period.
(II) Nondelegation
The authority of the chairperson and the head of the lead agency referred to in subclause (I) may not be delegated to any person other than the Deputy Secretary of the Treasury or the deputy head (or equivalent thereof) of the lead agency, as the case may be.
(III) Notification to parties
If the Committee extends the deadline under subclause (I) with respect to a covered transaction, the Committee shall notify the parties to the transaction of the extension.
(D) Exception
(i) In general
Notwithstanding subparagraph (B)(i), an investigation of a foreign government-controlled transaction described in subclause (II) of subparagraph (B)(i) or a transaction involving critical infrastructure described in subclause (III) of subparagraph (B)(i) shall not be required under this paragraph, if the Secretary of the Treasury and the head of the lead agency jointly determine, on the basis of the review of the transaction under paragraph (1), that the transaction will not impair the national security of the United States.
(ii) Nondelegation
The authority of the Secretary or the head of an agency referred to in clause (i) may not be delegated to any person, other than the Deputy Secretary of the Treasury or the deputy head (or the equivalent thereof) of the lead agency, respectively.
(E) Guidance on certain transactions with national security implications
The Chairperson shall, not later than 180 days after the effective date of the Foreign Investment and National Security Act of 2007, publish in the Federal Register guidance on the types of transactions that the Committee has reviewed and that have presented national security considerations, including transactions that may constitute covered transactions that would result in control of critical infrastructure relating to United States national security by a foreign government or an entity controlled by or acting on behalf of a foreign government.
(3) Certifications to Congress
(A) Certified notice at completion of review or assessment
Upon completion of a review under this subsection that concludes action under this section, or upon the Committee making a notification under paragraph (1)(C)(v)(III)(aa)(DD), the chairperson and the head of the lead agency shall transmit a certified notice to the members of Congress specified in subparagraph (C)(iii).
(B) Certified report at completion of investigation
As soon as is practicable after completion of an investigation under subsection (b) that concludes action under this section, the chairperson and the head of the lead agency shall transmit to the members of Congress specified in subparagraph (C)(iii) a certified written report (consistent with the requirements of subsection (c)) on the results of the investigation, unless the matter under investigation has been sent to the President for decision.
(C) Certification procedures
(i) In general
Each certified notice and report required under subparagraphs (A) and (B), respectively, shall be submitted to the members of Congress specified in clause (iii), and shall include—
(I) a description of the actions taken by the Committee with respect to the transaction;
(II) a certification that all relevant national security factors have received full consideration; and
(III) whether the transaction is described under clause (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), or (v) of subsection (a)(4)(B).
(ii) Content of certification
Each certified notice and report required under subparagraphs (A) and (B), respectively, shall be signed by the chairperson and the head of the lead agency, and shall state that, in the determination of the Committee, there are no unresolved national security concerns with the transaction that is the subject of the notice or report.
(iii) Members of Congress
Each certified notice and report required under subparagraphs (A) and (B), respectively, shall be transmitted—
(I) to the Majority Leader and the Minority Leader of the Senate;
(II) to the chair and ranking member of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and of any committee of the Senate having oversight over the lead agency;
(III) to the Speaker and the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives;
(IV) to the chair and ranking member of the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives and of any committee of the House of Representatives having oversight over the lead agency; and
(V) with respect to covered transactions involving critical infrastructure, to the members of the Senate from the State in which the principal place of business of the acquired United States person is located, and the member from the Congressional District in which such principal place of business is located.
(iv) Signatures; limit on delegation
(I) In general
Each certified notice and report required under subparagraphs (A) and (B), respectively, shall be signed by the chairperson and the head of the lead agency, which signature requirement may only be delegated in accordance with subclause (II).
(II) Delegation of certifications
(aa) In general
Subject to item (bb), the chairperson, in consultation with the Committee, may determine the level of official to whom the signature requirement under subclause (I) for the chairperson and the head of the lead agency may be delegated. The level of official to whom the signature requirement may be delegated may differ based on any factor relating to a transaction that the chairperson, in consultation with the Committee, deems appropriate, including the type or value of the transaction.
(bb) Limitation on delegation with respect to certain transactions
The signature requirement under subclause (I) may be delegated not below the level of the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury or an equivalent official of the lead agency.
(v) Authority to consolidate documents
Instead of transmitting a separate certified notice or certified report under subparagraph (A) or (B) with respect to each covered transaction, the Committee may, on a monthly basis, transmit such notices and reports in a consolidated document to the Members of Congress specified in clause (iii).
(4) Analysis by Director of National Intelligence
(A) Analysis required
(i) In general
Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the Director of National Intelligence shall expeditiously carry out a thorough analysis of any threat to the national security of the United States posed by any covered transaction, which shall include the identification of any recognized gaps in the collection of intelligence relevant to the analysis.
(ii) Views of intelligence community
The Director shall seek and incorporate into the analysis required by clause (i) the views of all affected or appropriate agencies of the intelligence community with respect to the transaction.
(iii) Updates
At the request of the lead agency, the Director shall update the analysis conducted under clause (i) with respect to a covered transaction with respect to which an agreement was entered into under subsection (l)(3)(A).
(iv) Independence and objectivity
The Committee shall ensure that its processes under this section preserve the ability of the Director to conduct analysis under clause (i) that is independent, objective, and consistent with all applicable directives, policies, and analytic tradecraft standards of the intelligence community.
(B) Basic threat information
(i) In general
The Director of National Intelligence may provide the Committee with basic information regarding any threat to the national security of the United States posed by a covered transaction described in clause (ii) instead of conducting the analysis required by subparagraph (A).
(ii) Covered transaction described
A covered transaction is described in this clause if—
(I) the transaction is described in subsection (a)(4)(B)(ii);
(II) the Director of National Intelligence has completed an analysis pursuant to subparagraph (A) involving each foreign person that is a party to the transaction during the 12 months preceding the review or investigation of the transaction under this section; or
(III) the transaction otherwise meets criteria agreed upon by the Committee and the Director for purposes of this subparagraph.
(C) Timing
The analysis required under subparagraph (A) shall be provided by the Director of National Intelligence to the Committee not later than 30 days after the date on which notice of the transaction is accepted by the Committee under paragraph (1)(C), but such analysis may be supplemented or amended, as the Director considers necessary or appropriate, or upon a request for additional information by the Committee. The Director may begin the analysis at any time prior to acceptance of the notice, in accordance with otherwise applicable law.
(D) Interaction with intelligence community
The Director of National Intelligence shall ensure that the intelligence community remains engaged in the collection, analysis, and dissemination to the Committee of any additional relevant information that may become available during the course of any investigation conducted under subsection (b) with respect to a transaction.
(E) Independent role of Director
The Director of National Intelligence shall be a nonvoting, ex officio member of the Committee, and shall be provided with all notices received by the Committee under paragraph (1)(C) regarding covered transactions, but shall serve no policy role on the Committee, other than to provide analysis under subparagraphs (A) and (C) in connection with a covered transaction.
(F) Assessment of operational impact
The Director may provide to the Committee an assessment, separate from the analyses under subparagraphs (A) and (B), of any operational impact of a covered transaction on the intelligence community and a description of any actions that have been or will be taken to mitigate any such impact.
(G) Submission to Congress
The Committee shall submit the analysis required by subparagraph (A) with respect to a covered transaction to the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives upon the conclusion of action under this section (other than compliance plans under subsection (l)(6)) with respect to the transaction.
(5) Submission of additional information
No provision of this subsection shall be construed as prohibiting any party to a covered transaction from submitting additional information concerning the transaction, including any proposed restructuring of the transaction or any modifications to any agreements in connection with the transaction, while any review or investigation of the transaction is ongoing.
(6) Notice of results to parties
The Committee shall notify the parties to a covered transaction of the results of a review or investigation under this section, promptly upon completion of all action under this section.
(7) Regulations
Regulations prescribed under this section shall include standard procedures for—
(A) submitting any notice of a covered transaction to the Committee;
(B) submitting a request to withdraw a covered transaction from review;
(C) resubmitting a notice of a covered transaction that was previously withdrawn from review; and
(D) providing notice of the results of a review or investigation to the parties to the covered transaction, upon completion of all action under this section.
(8) Tolling of deadlines during lapse in appropriations
Any deadline or time limitation under this subsection shall be tolled during a lapse in appropriations.
(c) Confidentiality of information
(1) In general
Except as provided in paragraph (2), any information or documentary material filed with the President or the President's designee pursuant to this section shall be exempt from disclosure under
(2) Exceptions
Paragraph (1) shall not prohibit the disclosure of the following:
(A) Information relevant to any administrative or judicial action or proceeding.
(B) Information to Congress or any duly authorized committee or subcommittee of Congress.
(C) Information important to the national security analysis or actions of the Committee to any domestic governmental entity, or to any foreign governmental entity of a United States ally or partner, under the exclusive direction and authorization of the chairperson, only to the extent necessary for national security purposes, and subject to appropriate confidentiality and classification requirements.
(D) Information that the parties have consented to be disclosed to third parties.
(3) Cooperation with allies and partners
(A) In general
The chairperson, in consultation with other members of the Committee, should establish a formal process for the exchange of information under paragraph (2)(C) with governments of countries that are allies or partners of the United States, in the discretion of the chairperson, to protect the national security of the United States and those countries.
(B) Requirements
The process established under subparagraph (A) should, in the discretion of the chairperson—
(i) be designed to facilitate the harmonization of action with respect to trends in investment and technology that could pose risks to the national security of the United States and countries that are allies or partners of the United States;
(ii) provide for the sharing of information with respect to specific technologies and entities acquiring such technologies as appropriate to ensure national security; and
(iii) include consultations and meetings with representatives of the governments of such countries on a recurring basis.
(d) Action by the President
(1) In general
Subject to paragraph (4), the President may take such action for such time as the President considers appropriate to suspend or prohibit any covered transaction that threatens to impair the national security of the United States.
(2) Announcement by the President
The President shall announce the decision on whether or not to take action pursuant to paragraph (1) with respect to a covered transaction not later than 15 days after the earlier of—
(A) the date on which the investigation of the transaction under subsection (b) is completed; or
(B) the date on which the Committee otherwise refers the transaction to the President under subsection (l)(2).
(3) Enforcement
The President may direct the Attorney General of the United States to seek appropriate relief, including divestment relief, in the district courts of the United States, in order to implement and enforce this subsection.
(4) Findings of the President
The President may exercise the authority conferred by paragraph (1), only if the President finds that—
(A) there is credible evidence that leads the President to believe that a foreign person that would acquire an interest in a United States business or its assets as a result of the covered transaction might take action that threatens to impair the national security; and
(B) provisions of law, other than this section and the International Emergency Economic Powers Act [
(5) Factors to be considered
For purposes of determining whether to take action under paragraph (1), the President shall consider, among other factors each of the factors described in subsection (f), as appropriate.
(e) Actions and findings nonreviewable
(1) In general
The actions of the President under paragraph (1) of subsection (d) and the findings of the President under paragraph (4) of subsection (d) shall not be subject to judicial review.
(2) Civil actions
A civil action challenging an action or finding under this section may be brought only in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
(3) Procedures for review of privileged information
If a civil action challenging an action or finding under this section is brought, and the court determines that protected information in the administrative record, including classified or other information subject to privilege or protections under any provision of law, is necessary to resolve the challenge, that information shall be submitted ex parte and in camera to the court and the court shall maintain that information under seal.
(4) Applicability of use of information provisions
The use of information provisions of
(f) Factors to be considered
For purposes of this section, the President or the President's designee may, taking into account the requirements of national security, consider—
(1) domestic production needed for projected national defense requirements,
(2) the capability and capacity of domestic industries to meet national defense requirements, including the availability of human resources, products, technology, materials, and other supplies and services,
(3) the control of domestic industries and commercial activity by foreign citizens as it affects the capability and capacity of the United States to meet the requirements of national security,
(4) the potential effects of the proposed or pending transaction on sales of military goods, equipment, or technology to any country—
(A) identified by the Secretary of State—
(i) under section 4605(j) 1 of this title, as a country that supports terrorism;
(ii) under section 4605(l) 1 of this title, as a country of concern regarding missile proliferation; or
(iii) under section 4605(m) 1 of this title, as a country of concern regarding the proliferation of chemical and biological weapons;
(B) identified by the Secretary of Defense as posing a potential regional military threat to the interests of the United States; or
(C) listed under
(5) the potential effects of the proposed or pending transaction on United States international technological leadership in areas affecting United States national security;
(6) the potential national security-related effects on United States critical infrastructure, including major energy assets;
(7) the potential national security-related effects on United States critical technologies;
(8) whether the covered transaction is a foreign government-controlled transaction, as determined under subsection (b)(1)(B);
(9) as appropriate, and particularly with respect to transactions requiring an investigation under subsection (b)(1)(B), a review of the current assessment of—
(A) the adherence of the subject country to nonproliferation control regimes, including treaties and multilateral supply guidelines, which shall draw on, but not be limited to, the annual report on "Adherence to and Compliance with Arms Control, Nonproliferation and Disarmament Agreements and Commitments" required by
(B) the relationship of such country with the United States, specifically on its record on cooperating in counter-terrorism efforts, which shall draw on, but not be limited to, the report of the President to Congress under section 7120 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004; and
(C) the potential for transshipment or diversion of technologies with military applications, including an analysis of national export control laws and regulations;
(10) the long-term projection of United States requirements for sources of energy and other critical resources and material; and
(11) such other factors as the President or the Committee may determine to be appropriate, generally or in connection with a specific review or investigation.
(g) Additional information to Congress; confidentiality
(1) Briefing requirement on request
The Committee shall, upon request from any Member of Congress specified in subsection (b)(3)(C)(iii), promptly provide briefings on a covered transaction for which all action has concluded under this section, or on compliance with a mitigation agreement or condition imposed with respect to such transaction, on a classified basis, if deemed necessary by the sensitivity of the information. Briefings under this paragraph may be provided to the congressional staff of such a Member of Congress having appropriate security clearance.
(2) Application of confidentiality provisions
(A) In general
The disclosure of information under this subsection shall be consistent with the requirements of subsection (c). Members of Congress and staff of either House of Congress or any committee of Congress, shall be subject to the same limitations on disclosure of information as are applicable under subsection (c).
(B) Proprietary information
Proprietary information which can be associated with a particular party to a covered transaction shall be furnished in accordance with subparagraph (A) only to a committee of Congress, and only when the committee provides assurances of confidentiality, unless such party otherwise consents in writing to such disclosure.
(h) Regulations
(1) In general
The President shall direct, subject to notice and comment, the issuance of regulations to carry out this section.
(2) Content
Regulations issued under this subsection shall—
(A) provide for the imposition of civil penalties for any violation of this section, including any mitigation agreement entered into, conditions imposed, or order issued pursuant to this section;
(B) to the extent possible—
(i) minimize paperwork burdens; and
(ii) coordinate reporting requirements under this section with reporting requirements under any other provision of Federal law;
(C) provide for an appropriate role for the Secretary of Labor with respect to mitigation agreements; and
(D) provide that, in any review or investigation of a covered transaction conducted by the Committee under subsection (b), the Committee should—
(i) consider the factors specified in subsection (f); and
(ii) as appropriate, require parties to provide to the Committee the information necessary to consider such factors.
(i) Effect on other law
No provision of this section shall be construed as altering or affecting any other authority, process, regulation, investigation, enforcement measure, or review provided by or established under any other provision of Federal law, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act [
(j) Technology risk assessments
In any case in which an assessment of the risk of diversion of defense critical technology is performed by a designee of the President, a copy of such assessment shall be provided to any other designee of the President responsible for reviewing or investigating a transaction under this section.
(k) Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States
(1) Establishment
The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, established pursuant to Executive Order No. 11858, shall be a multi agency committee to carry out this section and such other assignments as the President may designate.
(2) Membership
The Committee shall be comprised of the following members or the designee of any such member:
(A) The Secretary of the Treasury.
(B) The Secretary of Homeland Security.
(C) The Secretary of Commerce.
(D) The Secretary of Defense.
(E) The Secretary of State.
(F) The Attorney General of the United States.
(G) The Secretary of Energy.
(H) The Secretary of Labor (nonvoting, ex officio).
(I) The Director of National Intelligence (nonvoting, ex officio).
(J) The heads of any other executive department, agency, or office, as the President determines appropriate, generally or on a case-by-case basis.
(3) Chairperson
The Secretary of the Treasury shall serve as the chairperson of the Committee.
(4) Hiring authority
(A) Senior officials
(i) In general
Each member of the Committee shall designate an Assistant Secretary, or an equivalent official, who is appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to carry out such duties related to the Committee as the member of the Committee may delegate.
(ii) Department of the Treasury
(I) In general
There shall be established in the Office of International Affairs at the Department of the Treasury 2 additional positions of Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to carry out such duties related to the Committee as the Secretary of the Treasury may delegate, consistent with this section.
(II) Assistant Secretary for Investment Security
One of the positions of Assistant Secretary of the Treasury authorized under subclause (I) shall be the Assistant Secretary for Investment Security, whose duties shall be principally related to the Committee, as delegated by the Secretary of the Treasury under this section.
(B) Special hiring authority
The heads of the departments and agencies represented on the Committee may appoint, without regard to the provisions of
(5) Designation of lead agency
The Secretary of the Treasury shall designate, as appropriate, a member or members of the Committee to be the lead agency or agencies on behalf of the Committee—
(A) for each covered transaction, and for negotiating any mitigation agreements or other conditions necessary to protect national security; and
(B) for all matters related to the monitoring of the completed transaction, to ensure compliance with such agreements or conditions and with this section.
(6) Other members
The chairperson shall consult with the heads of such other Federal departments, agencies, and independent establishments in any review or investigation under subsection (a), as the chairperson determines to be appropriate, on the basis of the facts and circumstances of the covered transaction under review or investigation (or the designee of any such department or agency head).
(7) Meetings
The Committee shall meet upon the direction of the President or upon the call of the chairperson, without regard to
(l) Actions by the Committee to address national security risks
(1) Suspension of transactions
The Committee, acting through the chairperson, may suspend a proposed or pending covered transaction that may pose a risk to the national security of the United States for such time as the covered transaction is under review or investigation under subsection (b).
(2) Referral to President
The Committee may, at any time during the review or investigation of a covered transaction under subsection (b), complete the action of the Committee with respect to the transaction and refer the transaction to the President for action pursuant to subsection (d).
(3) Mitigation
(A) Agreements and conditions
(i) In general
The Committee or a lead agency may, on behalf of the Committee, negotiate, enter into or impose, and enforce any agreement or condition with any party to the covered transaction in order to mitigate any risk to the national security of the United States that arises as a result of the covered transaction.
(ii) Abandonment of transactions
If a party to a covered transaction has voluntarily chosen to abandon the transaction, the Committee or lead agency, as the case may be, may negotiate, enter into or impose, and enforce any agreement or condition with any party to the covered transaction for purposes of effectuating such abandonment and mitigating any risk to the national security of the United States that arises as a result of the covered transaction.
(iii) Agreements and conditions relating to completed transactions
The Committee or lead agency, as the case may be, may negotiate, enter into or impose, and enforce any agreement or condition with any party to a completed covered transaction in order to mitigate any interim risk to the national security of the United States that may arise as a result of the covered transaction until such time that the Committee has completed action pursuant to subsection (b) or the President has taken action pursuant to subsection (d) with respect to the transaction.
(B) Treatment of outdated agreements or conditions
The chairperson and the head of the lead agency shall periodically review the appropriateness of an agreement or condition imposed under subparagraph (A) and terminate, phase out, or otherwise amend the agreement or condition if a threat no longer requires mitigation through the agreement or condition.
(C) Limitations
An agreement may not be entered into or condition imposed under subparagraph (A) with respect to a covered transaction unless the Committee determines that the agreement or condition resolves the national security concerns posed by the transaction, taking into consideration whether the agreement or condition is reasonably calculated to—
(i) be effective;
(ii) allow for compliance with the terms of the agreement or condition in an appropriately verifiable way; and
(iii) enable effective monitoring of compliance with and enforcement of the terms of the agreement or condition.
(D) Jurisdiction
The provisions of
(4) Risk-based analysis required
(A) In general
Any determination of the Committee to suspend a covered transaction under paragraph (1), to refer a covered transaction to the President under paragraph (2), or to negotiate, enter into or impose, or enforce any agreement or condition under paragraph (3)(A) with respect to a covered transaction, shall be based on a risk-based analysis, conducted by the Committee, of the effects on the national security of the United States of the covered transaction, which shall include an assessment of the threat, vulnerabilities, and consequences to national security related to the transaction.
(B) Actions of members of the Committee
(i) In general
Any member of the Committee who concludes that a covered transaction poses an unresolved national security concern shall recommend to the Committee that the Committee suspend the transaction under paragraph (1), refer the transaction to the President under paragraph (2), or negotiate, enter into or impose, or enforce any agreement or condition under paragraph (3)(A) with respect to the transaction. In making that recommendation, the member shall propose or contribute to the risk-based analysis required by subparagraph (A).
(ii) Failure to reach consensus
If the Committee fails to reach consensus with respect to a recommendation under clause (i) regarding a covered transaction, the members of the Committee who support an alternative recommendation shall produce—
(I) a written statement justifying the alternative recommendation; and
(II) as appropriate, a risk-based analysis that supports the alternative recommendation.
(C) Definitions
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the terms "threat", "vulnerabilities", and "consequences to national security" shall have the meanings given those terms by the Committee by regulation.
(5) Tracking authority for withdrawn notices
(A) In general
If any written notice of a covered transaction that was submitted to the Committee under this section is withdrawn before any review or investigation by the Committee under subsection (b) is completed, the Committee shall establish, as appropriate—
(i) interim protections to address specific concerns with such transaction that have been raised in connection with any such review or investigation pending any resubmission of any written notice under this section with respect to such transaction and further action by the President under this section;
(ii) specific time frames for resubmitting any such written notice; and
(iii) a process for tracking any actions that may be taken by any party to the transaction, in connection with the transaction, before the notice referred to in clause (ii) is resubmitted.
(B) Designation of agency
The lead agency, other than any entity of the intelligence community, shall, on behalf of the Committee, ensure that the requirements of subparagraph (A) with respect to any covered transaction that is subject to such subparagraph are met.
(6) Negotiation, modification, monitoring, and enforcement
(A) Designation of lead agency
The lead agency shall negotiate, modify, monitor, and enforce, on behalf of the Committee, any agreement entered into or condition imposed under paragraph (3) with respect to a covered transaction, based on the expertise with and knowledge of the issues related to such transaction on the part of the designated department or agency. The lead agency may, at its discretion, seek and receive the assistance of other departments or agencies in carrying out the purposes of this paragraph.
(B) Reporting by designated agency
The lead agency in connection with any agreement entered into or condition imposed with respect to a covered transaction shall—
(i) provide periodic reports to the Committee on any material modification to any such agreement or condition imposed with respect to the transaction; and
(ii) ensure that any material modification to any such agreement or condition is reported to the Director of National Intelligence, the Attorney General of the United States, and any other Federal department or agency that may have a material interest in such modification.
(C) Compliance plans
(i) In general
In the case of a covered transaction with respect to which an agreement is entered into under paragraph (3)(A), the Committee or lead agency, as the case may be, shall formulate, adhere to, and keep updated a plan for monitoring compliance with the agreement.
(ii) Elements
Each plan required by clause (i) with respect to an agreement entered into under paragraph (3)(A) shall include an explanation of—
(I) which member of the Committee will have primary responsibility for monitoring compliance with the agreement;
(II) how compliance with the agreement will be monitored;
(III) how frequently compliance reviews will be conducted;
(IV) whether an independent entity will be utilized under subparagraph (E) to conduct compliance reviews; and
(V) what actions will be taken if the parties fail to cooperate regarding monitoring compliance with the agreement.
(D) Effect of lack of compliance
If, at any time after a mitigation agreement or condition is entered into or imposed under paragraph (3)(A), the Committee or lead agency, as the case may be, determines that a party or parties to the agreement or condition are not in compliance with the terms of the agreement or condition, the Committee or lead agency may, in addition to the authority of the Committee to impose penalties pursuant to subsection (h)(3) and to unilaterally initiate a review of any covered transaction under subsection (b)(1)(D)(iii)—
(i) negotiate a plan of action for the party or parties to remediate the lack of compliance, with failure to abide by the plan or otherwise remediate the lack of compliance serving as the basis for the Committee to find a material breach of the agreement or condition;
(ii) require that the party or parties submit a written notice under clause (i) of subsection (b)(1)(C) or a declaration under clause (v) of that subsection with respect to a covered transaction initiated after the date of the determination of noncompliance and before the date that is 5 years after the date of the determination to the Committee to initiate a review of the transaction under subsection (b); or
(iii) seek injunctive relief.
(E) Use of independent entities to monitor compliance
If the parties to an agreement entered into under paragraph (3)(A) enter into a contract with an independent entity from outside the United States Government for the purpose of monitoring compliance with the agreement, the Committee shall take such action as is necessary to prevent a conflict of interest from arising by ensuring that the independent entity owes no fiduciary duty to the parties.
(F) Successors and assigns
Any agreement or condition entered into or imposed under paragraph (3)(A) shall be considered binding on all successors and assigns unless and until the agreement or condition terminates on its own terms or is otherwise terminated by the Committee in its sole discretion.
(G) Additional compliance measures
Subject to subparagraphs (A) through (F), the Committee shall develop and agree upon methods for evaluating compliance with any agreement entered into or condition imposed with respect to a covered transaction that will allow the Committee to adequately ensure compliance without unnecessarily diverting Committee resources from assessing any new covered transaction for which a written notice under clause (i) of subsection (b)(1)(C) or declaration under clause (v) of that subsection has been filed, and if necessary, reaching a mitigation agreement with or imposing a condition on a party to such covered transaction or any covered transaction for which a review has been reopened for any reason.
(m) Annual report to Congress
(1) In general
The chairperson shall transmit a report to the chairman and ranking member of the committee of jurisdiction in the Senate and the House of Representatives, before July 31 of each year on all of the reviews and investigations of covered transactions completed under subsection (b) during the 12-month period covered by the report.
(2) Contents of report relating to covered transactions
The annual report under paragraph (1) shall contain the following information, with respect to each covered transaction, for the reporting period:
(A) A list of all notices filed and all reviews or investigations of covered transactions completed during the period, with—
(i) a description of the outcome of each review or investigation, including whether an agreement was entered into or condition was imposed under subsection (l)(3)(A) with respect to the transaction being reviewed or investigated, and whether the President took any action under this section with respect to that transaction;
(ii) basic information on each party to each such transaction;
(iii) the nature of the business activities or products of the United States business with which the transaction was entered into or intended to be entered into; and
(iv) information about any withdrawal from the process.
(B) Specific, cumulative, and, as appropriate, trend information on the numbers of filings, investigations, withdrawals, and decisions or actions by the President under this section.
(C) Cumulative and, as appropriate, trend information on the business sectors involved in the filings which have been made, and the countries from which the investments have originated.
(D) Information on whether companies that withdrew notices to the Committee in accordance with subsection (b)(1)(C)(ii) have later refiled such notices, or, alternatively, abandoned the transaction.
(E) The types of security arrangements and conditions the Committee has used to mitigate national security concerns about a transaction, including a discussion of the methods that the Committee and any lead agency are using to determine compliance with such arrangements or conditions.
(F) A detailed discussion of all perceived adverse effects of covered transactions on the national security or critical infrastructure of the United States that the Committee will take into account in its deliberations during the period before delivery of the next report, to the extent possible.
(G) Statistics on compliance plans conducted and actions taken by the Committee under subsection (l)(6), including subparagraph (D) of that subsection, during that period, a general assessment of the compliance of parties with agreements entered into and conditions imposed under subsection (l)(3)(A) that are in effect during that period, including a description of any actions taken by the Committee to impose penalties or initiate a unilateral review pursuant to subsection (b)(1)(D)(iii), and any recommendations for improving the enforcement of such agreements and conditions.
(H) Cumulative and, as appropriate, trend information on the number of declarations filed under subsection (b)(1)(C)(v), the actions taken by the Committee in response to those declarations, the business sectors involved in those declarations, and the countries involved in those declarations.
(I) A description of—
(i) the methods used by the Committee to identify non-notified and non-declared transactions under subsection (b)(1)(H);
(ii) potential methods to improve such identification and the resources required to do so; and
(iii) the number of transactions identified through the process established under that subsection during the reporting period and the number of such transactions flagged for further review.
(J) A summary of the hiring practices and policies of the Committee pursuant to subsection (k)(4).
(K) A list of the waivers granted by the Committee under subsection (b)(1)(C)(v)(IV)(bb)(CC).
(3) Contents of report relating to critical technologies
In order to assist Congress in its oversight responsibilities with respect to this section, the President and such agencies as the President shall designate shall include in the annual report submitted under paragraph (1)—
(A) an evaluation of whether there is credible evidence of a coordinated strategy by 1 or more countries or companies to acquire United States companies involved in research, development, or production of critical technologies for which the United States is a leading producer;
(B) an evaluation of whether there are industrial espionage activities directed or directly assisted by foreign governments against private United States companies aimed at obtaining commercial secrets related to critical technologies; and
(C) a description of the technologies recommended by the chairperson under subsection (a)(6)(B) for identification under the interagency process set forth in
(4) Form of report
(A) In general
All appropriate portions of the annual report under paragraph (1) may be classified. An unclassified version of the report, as appropriate, consistent with safeguarding national security and privacy, shall be made available to the public.
(B) Inclusion in classified version
If the Committee recommends that the President suspend or prohibit a covered transaction because the transaction threatens to impair the national security of the United States, the Committee shall, in the classified version of the report required under paragraph (1), notify Congress of the recommendation and, upon request, provide a classified briefing on the recommendation.
(C) Inclusions in unclassified version
The unclassified version of the report required under paragraph (1) shall include, with respect to covered transactions for the reporting period—
(i) the number of notices submitted under subsection (b)(1)(C)(i);
(ii) the number of declarations submitted under subsection (b)(1)(C)(v) and the number of such declarations that were required under subclause (IV) of that subsection;
(iii) the number of declarations submitted under subsection (b)(1)(C)(v) for which the Committee required resubmission as notices under subsection (b)(1)(C)(i);
(iv) the average number of days that elapsed between submission of a declaration under subsection (b)(1)(C)(v) and the acceptance of the declaration by the Committee;
(v) the median and average number of days that elapsed between acceptance of a declaration by the Committee and a response described in subsection (b)(1)(C)(v)(III);
(vi) information on the time it took the Committee to provide comments on, or to accept, notices submitted under subsection (b)(1)(C)(i), including—
(I) the average number of business days that elapsed between the date of submission of a draft notice and the date on which the Committee provided written comments on the draft notice;
(II) the average number of business days that elapsed between the date of submission of a formal written notice and the date on which the Committee accepted or provided written comments on the formal written notice; and
(III) if the average number of business days for a response by the Committee reported under subclause (I) or (II) exceeded 10 business days—
(aa) an explanation of the causes of such delays, including whether such delays are caused by resource shortages, unusual fluctuations in the volume of notices, transaction characteristics, or other factors; and
(bb) an explanation of the steps that the Committee anticipates taking to mitigate the causes of such delays and otherwise to improve the ability of the Committee to provide comments on, or to accept, notices within 10 business days;
(vii) the number of reviews or investigations conducted under subsection (b);
(viii) the number of investigations that were subject to an extension under subsection (b)(2)(C)(ii);
(ix) information on the duration of those reviews and investigations, including the median and average number of days required to complete those reviews and investigations;
(x) the number of notices submitted under subsection (b)(1)(C)(i) and declarations submitted under subsection (b)(1)(C)(v) that were rejected by the Committee;
(xi) the number of such notices and declarations that were withdrawn by a party to the covered transaction;
(xii) the number of such withdrawals that were followed by the submission of a subsequent such notice or declaration relating to a substantially similar covered transaction; and
(xiii) such other specific, cumulative, or trend information that the Committee determines is advisable to provide for an assessment of the time required for reviews and investigations of covered transactions under this section.
(n) Certification of notices and assurances
(1) In general
Each notice, and any followup information, submitted under this section and regulations prescribed under this section to the President or the Committee by a party to a covered transaction, and any information submitted by any such party in connection with any action for which a report is required pursuant to paragraph (6)(B) of subsection (l), with respect to the implementation of any mitigation agreement or condition described in paragraph (3)(A) of subsection (l), or any material change in circumstances, shall be accompanied by a written statement by the chief executive officer or the designee of the person required to submit such notice or information certifying that, to the best of the knowledge and belief of that person—
(A) the notice or information submitted fully complies with the requirements of this section or such regulation, agreement, or condition; and
(B) the notice or information is accurate and complete in all material respects.
(2) Effect of failure to submit
The Committee may not complete a review under this section of a covered transaction and may recommend to the President that the President suspend or prohibit the transaction under subsection (d) if the Committee determines that a party to the transaction has—
(A) failed to submit a statement required by paragraph (1); or
(B) included false or misleading information in a notice or information described in paragraph (1) or omitted material information from such notice or information.
(3) Applicability of law on fraud and false statements
The Committee shall prescribe regulations expressly providing for the application of
(o) Testimony
(1) In general
Not later than March 31 of each year, the chairperson, or the designee of the chairperson, shall appear before the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate to present testimony on—
(A) anticipated resources necessary for operations of the Committee in the following fiscal year at each of the departments or agencies represented on the Committee;
(B) the adequacy of appropriations for the Committee in the current and the previous fiscal year to—
(i) ensure that thorough reviews and investigations are completed as expeditiously as possible;
(ii) monitor and enforce mitigation agreements; and
(iii) identify covered transactions for which a notice under clause (i) of subsection (b)(1)(C) or a declaration under clause (v) of that subsection was not submitted to the Committee;
(C) management efforts to strengthen the ability of the Committee to meet the requirements of this section; and
(D) activities of the Committee undertaken in order to—
(i) educate the business community, with a particular focus on the technology sector and other sectors of importance to national security, on the goals and operations of the Committee;
(ii) disseminate to the governments of countries that are allies or partners of the United States best practices of the Committee that—
(I) strengthen national security reviews of relevant investment transactions; and
(II) expedite such reviews when appropriate; and
(iii) promote openness to foreign investment, consistent with national security considerations.
(2) Sunset
This subsection shall have no force or effect on or after the date that is 7 years after August 13, 2018.
(p) Funding
(1) Establishment of Fund
There is established in the Treasury of the United States a fund, to be known as the "Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States Fund" (in this subsection referred to as the "Fund"), to be administered by the chairperson.
(2) Authorization of appropriations for the Committee
There are authorized to be appropriated to the Fund for each of fiscal years 2019 through 2023 $20,000,000 to perform the functions of the Committee.
(3) Filing fees
(A) In general
The Committee may assess and collect a fee in an amount determined by the Committee in regulations, to the extent provided in advance in appropriations Acts, without regard to
(B) Determination of amount of fee
(i) In general
The amount of the fee to be assessed under subparagraph (A) with respect to a covered transaction—
(I) may not exceed an amount equal to the lesser of—
(aa) 1 percent of the value of the transaction; or
(bb) $300,000, adjusted annually for inflation pursuant to regulations prescribed by the Committee; and
(II) shall be based on the value of the transaction, taking into account—
(aa) the effect of the fee on small business concerns (as defined in
(bb) the expenses of the Committee associated with conducting activities under this section;
(cc) the effect of the fee on foreign investment; and
(dd) such other matters as the Committee considers appropriate.
(ii) Updates
The Committee shall periodically reconsider and adjust the amount of the fee to be assessed under subparagraph (A) with respect to a covered transaction to ensure that the amount of the fee does not exceed the costs of administering this section and otherwise remains appropriate.
(C) Deposit and availability of fees
Notwithstanding
(i) be deposited into the Fund solely for use in carrying out activities under this section;
(ii) to the extent and in the amounts provided in advance in appropriations Acts, be available to the chairperson;
(iii) remain available until expended; and
(iv) be in addition to any appropriations made available to the members of the Committee.
(D) Study on prioritization fee
(i) In general
Not later than 270 days after August 13, 2018, the chairperson, in consultation with the Committee, shall complete a study of the feasibility and merits of establishing a fee or fee scale to prioritize the timing of the response of the Committee to a draft or formal written notice during the period before the Committee accepts the formal written notice under subsection (b)(1)(C)(i), in the event that the Committee is unable to respond during the time required by subclause (II) of that subsection because of an unusually large influx of notices, or for other reasons.
(ii) Submission to Congress
After completing the study required by clause (i), the chairperson, or a designee of the chairperson, shall submit to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives a report on the findings of the study.
(4) Transfer of funds
To the extent provided in advance in appropriations Acts, the chairperson may transfer any amounts in the Fund to any other department or agency represented on the Committee for the purpose of addressing emerging needs in carrying out activities under this section. Amounts so transferred shall be in addition to any other amounts available to that department or agency for that purpose.
(q) Centralization of certain Committee functions
(1) In general
The chairperson, in consultation with the Committee, may centralize certain functions of the Committee within the Department of the Treasury for the purpose of enhancing interagency coordination and collaboration in carrying out the functions of the Committee under this section.
(2) Functions
Functions that may be centralized under paragraph (1) include identifying non-notified and non-declared transactions pursuant to subsection (b)(1)(H), and other functions as determined by the chairperson and the Committee.
(3) Rule of construction
Nothing in this section shall be construed as limiting the authority of any department or agency represented on the Committee to represent its own interests before the Committee.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title VII, §721, as added
Editorial Notes
References in Text
Section 1727 of the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act of 2018, referred to in subsec. (a)(4)(A)(ii), is section 1727 of
For the effective date of the Foreign Investment and National Security Act of 2007, referred to in subsec. (b)(2)(E), see section 12 of
The International Emergency Economic Powers Act, referred to in subsecs. (d)(4)(B) and (i), is title II of
Section 7120 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, referred to in subsec. (f)(9)(B), is section 7120 of
Executive Order 11858, referred to in subsec. (k)(1), is set out as a note under this section.
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2170 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Amendments
2021—Subsec. (b)(3)(A).
Subsec. (b)(3)(C)(i)(III).
2018—Subsec. (a).
Subsec. (b)(1)(C)(i).
Subsec. (b)(1)(C)(iv) to (vi).
Subsec. (b)(1)(D).
Subsec. (b)(1)(D)(i).
Subsec. (b)(1)(D)(ii).
Subsec. (b)(1)(D)(iii).
Subsec. (b)(1)(D)(iii)(I).
Subsec. (b)(1)(D)(iii)(II).
Subsec. (b)(1)(D)(iii)(III).
Subsec. (b)(1)(E).
Subsec. (b)(1)(F).
Subsec. (b)(1)(G).
Subsec. (b)(1)(H).
Subsec. (b)(2)(B)(i)(I).
Subsec. (b)(2)(C).
Subsec. (b)(3)(C)(i)(II).
Subsec. (b)(3)(C)(iv)(II).
Subsec. (b)(3)(C)(v).
Subsec. (b)(4)(A).
Subsec. (b)(4)(B) to (E).
Subsec. (b)(4)(F), (G).
Subsec. (b)(8).
Subsec. (c)(1).
Subsec. (c)(2), (3).
Subsec. (d)(2).
"(A) the date on which the investigation of the transaction under subsection (b) is completed; or
"(B) the date on which the Committee otherwise refers the transaction to the President under subsection (l)(2)"
for "not later than 15 days after the date on which an investigation described in subsection (b) is completed".
Subsec. (d)(4)(A).
Subsec. (e).
Subsec. (h)(2).
Subsec. (h)(2)(A).
Subsec. (h)(2)(D).
Subsec. (h)(3).
Subsec. (j).
Subsec. (k)(4).
Subsec. (l).
Subsec. (l)(1), (2).
Subsec. (l)(3).
Subsec. (l)(3)(A).
Subsec. (l)(3)(B) to (D).
Subsec. (l)(4).
Subsec. (l)(5).
Subsec. (l)(5)(B).
Subsec. (l)(6).
Subsec. (l)(6)(A).
Subsec. (l)(6)(B).
"(I) unnecessarily diverting Committee resources from assessing any new covered transaction for which a written notice has been filed pursuant to subsection (b)(1)(C), and if necessary, reaching a mitigation agreement with or imposing a condition on a party to such covered transaction or any covered transaction for which a review has been reopened for any reason; or
"(II) placing unnecessary burdens on a party to a covered transaction."
Subsec. (l)(6)(C) to (G).
Subsec. (m)(2)(A).
Subsec. (m)(2)(G) to (K).
Subsec. (m)(3).
Subsec. (m)(4).
Subsec. (n).
Subsec. (o).
Subsec. (p).
Subsec. (q).
2007—Subsec. (a).
Subsec. (b).
"(1) commence not later than 30 days after receipt by the President or the President's designee of written notification of the proposed or pending merger, acquisition, or takeover, as prescribed by regulations promulgated pursuant to this section; and
"(2) shall be completed not later than 45 days after its commencement."
Subsec. (d).
Subsec. (e).
"(1) there is credible evidence that leads the President to believe that the foreign interest exercising control might take action that threatens to impair the national security, and
"(2) provisions of law, other than this section and the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (
The provisions of subsection (d) of this section shall not be subject to judicial review."
Subsec. (f).
Subsec. (f)(4)(B), (C).
Subsec. (f)(6) to (11).
Subsec. (g).
Subsec. (h).
Subsec. (i).
Subsec. (k).
Subsec. (l).
Subsec. (m).
Subsec. (n).
1994—Subsec. (k)(1)(B).
1992—Subsecs. (b) to (e).
Subsec. (f).
Subsec. (g).
Subsecs. (h), (i).
Subsec. (j).
Subsec. (k).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2018 Amendment
"(a)
"(1) Sections 1705, 1707, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, and 1725 [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] and any amendments made by those sections.
"(2) Section 1712 [amending this section] and the amendments made by that section (except for clause (iii) of section 721(b)(4)(A) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 [
"(3) Paragraphs (1), (2), (3), (4)(A)(i), (4)(B)(i), (4)(B)(iv)(I), (4)(B)(v), (4)(F), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), and (13) of subsection (a) of section 721 of the Defense Production Act of 1950 [
"(4) Section 721(m)(4) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 [
"(b)
"(1)
"(A) take effect on the earlier of—
"(i) the date that is 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 13, 2018]; or
"(ii) the date that is 30 days after publication in the Federal Register of a determination by the chairperson of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States that the regulations, organizational structure, personnel, and other resources necessary to administer the new provisions are in place; and
"(B) apply with respect to any covered transaction the review or investigation of which is initiated under section 721 of the Defense Production Act of 1950 [
"(2)
[
Effective Date of 2007 Amendment
Amendment by
Effective Date of 1992 Amendment
Amendment by
Severability
Findings regarding Foreign Investment Risk Review
"(1) According to a February 2016 report by the International Trade Administration of the Department of Commerce, 12,000,000 United States workers, equivalent to 8.5 percent of the labor force, have jobs resulting from foreign investment, including 3,500,000 jobs in the manufacturing sector alone.
"(2) In 2016, new foreign direct investment in United States manufacturing totaled $129,400,000,000.
"(3) The Bureau of Economic Analysis of the Department of Commerce concluded that, in 2015—
"(A) foreign-owned affiliates in the United States—
"(i) contributed $894,500,000,000 in value added to the United States economy;
"(ii) exported goods valued at $352,800,000,000, accounting for nearly a quarter of total exports of goods from the United States; and
"(iii) undertook $56,700,000,000 in research and development; and
"(B) the 7 countries investing the most in the United States, all of which are United States allies (the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, France, Canada, Switzerland, and the Netherlands) accounted for 72.1 percent of the value added by foreign-owned affiliates in the United States and more than 80 percent of research and development expenditures by such entities.
"(4) According to the Government Accountability Office, from 2011 to 2016, the number of transactions reviewed by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (commonly referred to as 'CFIUS') grew by 55 percent, while the staff of the Committees assigned to the reviews increased by 11 percent.
"(5) According to a February 2018 report of the Government Accountability Office on the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (GAO–18–249): 'Officials from Treasury and other member agencies are aware of pressures on their CFIUS staff given the current workload and have expressed concerns about possible workload increases.'. The Government Accountability Office concluded: 'Without attaining an understanding of the staffing levels needed to address the current and future CFIUS workload, particularly if legislative changes to CFIUS's authorities further expand its workload, CFIUS may be limited in its ability to fulfill its objectives and address threats to the national security of the United States.'.
"(6) On March 30, 1954, Dwight David Eisenhower—five-star general, Supreme Allied Commander, and 34th President of the United States—in his 'Special Message to the Congress on Foreign Economic Policy', counseled: 'Great mutual advantages to buyer and seller, to producer and consumer, to investor and to the community where investment is made, accrue from high levels of trade and investment.'. President Eisenhower continued: 'The internal strength of the American economy has evolved from such a system of mutual advantage. In the press of other problems and in the haste to meet emergencies, this nation—and many other nations of the free world—have all too often lost sight of this central fact.'. President Eisenhower concluded: 'If we fail in our trade policy, we may fail in all. Our domestic employment, our standard of living, our security, and the solidarity of the free world—all are involved.'."
Procedures for Recusal of Members of Committee for Conflicts of Interest
"(1) establish procedures for the recusal of any member of the Committee that has a conflict of interest with respect to a covered transaction (as defined in section 721(a) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 [
"(2) submit to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives a report describing those procedures; and
"(3) brief the committees specified in paragraph (1) on the report required by paragraph (2)."
Implementation of 2018 Amendment
"(a)
"(1) develop plans to implement this subtitle [subtitle A (§§1701–1728) of title XVII of div. A of
"(2) submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the plans developed under paragraph (1), which shall include a description of—
"(A) the timeline and process to implement the provisions of, and amendments made by, this subtitle;
"(B) any additional staff necessary to implement the plans; and
"(C) the resources required to effectively implement the plans.
"(b)
"(c)
"(d)
"(1) the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and
"(2) the Committee on Financial Services and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives."
Assessment of Need for Additional Resources for Committee
"(1) determine whether and to what extent the expansion of the responsibilities of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States pursuant to the amendments made by this subtitle [subtitle A (§§1701–1728) of title XVII of div. A of
"(2) if the President determines that additional resources are necessary, include in the budget of the President for fiscal year 2019 and each fiscal year thereafter submitted to Congress under
Authorization for Pilot Programs
"(1)
"(2)
Study and Report on Foreign Direct Investments in United States
"(1)
"(A) foreign governments, entities controlled by or acting on behalf of a foreign government, or persons of foreign countries which comply with any boycott of Israel; or
"(B) foreign governments, entities controlled by or acting on behalf of a foreign government, or persons of foreign countries which do not ban organizations designated by the Secretary of State as foreign terrorist organizations.
"(2)
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions
For delegation of functions of President under subsecs. (b)(1)(A), (D), (h), and (m)(3)(A) of this section, see section 4(a), (b) of Ex. Ord. No. 11858, May 7, 1975, 40 F.R. 20263, set out below.
Ex. Ord. No. 11858. Foreign Investment in the United States
Ex. Ord. No. 11858, May 7, 1975, 40 F.R. 20263, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 12188, Jan. 2, 1980, 45 F.R. 989; Ex. Ord. No. 12661, Dec. 27, 1988, 54 F.R. 779; Ex. Ord. No. 12860, Sept. 3, 1993, 58 F.R. 47201; Ex. Ord. No. 13286, §57, Feb. 28, 2003, 68 F.R. 10629; Ex. Ord. No. 13456, §1, Jan. 23, 2008, 73 F.R. 4677, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 721 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (
(b) Terms used in this order that are defined in subsection 721(a) of the Act [
(c) "Risk mitigation measure" as used in this order means any provision of a risk mitigation agreement or a condition to which section 7 of this order refers.
(b) In addition to the members specified in the Act, the following heads of departments, agencies, or offices shall be members of the Committee:
(i) The United States Trade Representative;
(ii) The Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy; and
(iii) The heads of any other executive department, agency, or office, as the President or the Secretary of the Treasury determines appropriate, on a case-by-case basis.
(c) The following officials (or their designees) shall observe and, as appropriate, participate in and report to the President on the Committee's activities:
(i) The Director of the Office of Management and Budget;
(ii) The Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers;
(iii) The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs;
(iv) The Assistant to the President for Economic Policy; and
(v) The Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism.
(a) The functions of the President under subsections (b)(1)(A) (relating to review and consideration after notification), (b)(1)(D) (relating to unilateral initiation of review and consideration), and (m)(3)(A) (relating to inclusion in annual report and designation) of the Act [now
(b) The Secretary of the Treasury shall perform the function of issuance of regulations under section 721(h) of the Act [
(c) Except as otherwise provided in the Act or this order, the chairperson shall have the authority, exclusive of the heads of departments or agencies, after consultation with the Committee:
(i) to act, or authorize others to act, on behalf of the Committee; and
(ii) to communicate on behalf of the Committee with the Congress and the public.
(d) The chairperson shall coordinate the preparation of and transmit the annual report to the Congress provided for in the Act and may assign to any member of the Committee, as the chairperson determines appropriate and consistent with the Act, responsibility for conducting studies and providing analyses necessary for the preparation of the report.
(e) After consultation with the Committee, the chairperson may request that the Director of National Intelligence begin preparing the analysis required by the Act at any time, including prior to acceptance of the notice of a transaction, in accordance with otherwise applicable law. The Director of National Intelligence shall provide the Director's analysis as soon as possible and consistent with section 721(b)(4) of the Act [
(b) In acting on behalf of the Committee, the lead agency shall keep the Committee fully informed of its activities. In addition, the lead agency shall notify the chairperson of any material action that the lead agency proposes to take on behalf of the Committee, sufficiently in advance to allow adequate time for the chairperson to consult the Committee and provide the Committee's direction to the lead agency not to take, or to amend, such action.
(a) Any member of the Committee may conduct its own inquiry with respect to the potential national security risk posed by a transaction, but communication with the parties to a transaction shall occur through or in the presence of the lead agency, or the chairperson if no lead agency has been designated.
(b) The Committee shall undertake an investigation of a transaction in any case, in addition to the circumstances described in the Act, in which following a review a member of the Committee advises the chairperson that the member believes that the transaction threatens to impair the national security of the United States and that the threat has not been mitigated.
(c) The Committee shall send a report to the President requesting the President's decision with respect to a review or investigation of a transaction in the following circumstances:
(i) the Committee recommends that the President suspend or prohibit the transaction;
(ii) the Committee is unable to reach a decision on whether to recommend that the President suspend or prohibit the transaction; or
(iii) the Committee requests that the President make a determination with regard to the transaction.
(d) Upon completion of a review or investigation of a transaction, the lead agency shall prepare for the approval of the chairperson the appropriate certified notice or report to the Congress called for under the Act. The chairperson shall transmit such notice or report to the Congress, as appropriate.
(b) Prior to the Committee or a department or agency proposing risk mitigation measures to the parties to a transaction, the department or agency seeking to propose any such measure shall prepare and provide to the Committee a written statement that: (1) identifies the national security risk posed by the transaction based on factors including the threat (taking into account the Director of National Intelligence's threat analysis), vulnerabilities, and potential consequences; and (2) sets forth the risk mitigation measures the department or agency believes are reasonably necessary to address the risk. If the Committee agrees that mitigation is appropriate and approves the risk mitigation measures, the lead agency shall seek to negotiate such measures with the parties to the transaction.
(c) A risk mitigation measure shall not, except in extraordinary circumstances, require that a party to a transaction recognize, state its intent to comply with, or consent to the exercise of any authorities under existing provisions of law.
(d) The lead agency designated for the purpose of monitoring a risk mitigation measure shall seek to ensure that adequate resources are available for such monitoring. When designating a lead agency for those purposes, the Secretary of the Treasury shall consider the agency's views on the adequacy of its resources for such purposes.
(e)(i) Nothing in this order shall be construed to limit the ability of a department or agency, in the exercise of authorities other than those provided under the Act, to:
(A) conduct inquiries with respect to a transaction;
(B) communicate with the parties to a transaction; or
(C) negotiate, enter into, impose, or enforce contractual provisions with the parties to a transaction.
(ii) A department or agency shall not condition actions or the exercise of authorities to which paragraph (i) of this subsection refers upon the exercise, or forbearance in the exercise, of its authority under the Act or this order, and no authority under the Act shall be available for the enforcement of such actions or authorities.
(f) The Committee may initiate a review of a transaction that has previously been reviewed by the Committee only in the extraordinary circumstances provided in the Act.
(a) obtain, consolidate, and analyze information on foreign investment in the United States;
(b) monitor and, where necessary, improve procedures for the collection and dissemination of information on foreign investment in the United States;
(c) prepare for the public, the President or heads of departments or agencies, as appropriate, reports, analyses of trends, and analyses of significant developments in appropriate categories of foreign investment in the United States; and
(d) compile and evaluate data on significant transactions involving foreign investment in the United States.
(b) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:
(i) authority granted by law to a department or agency or the head thereof;
(ii) functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budget, administrative, or legislative proposals; or
(iii) existing mitigation agreements.
(c) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(d) Officers of the United States with authority or duties under the Act or this order shall ensure that, in carrying out the Act and this order, the actions of departments, agencies, and the Committee are consistent with the President's constitutional authority to: (i) conduct the foreign affairs of the United States; (ii) withhold information the disclosure of which could impair the foreign relations, the national security, the deliberative processes of the Executive, or the performance of the Executive's constitutional duties; (iii) recommend for congressional consideration such measures as the President may judge necessary and expedient; and (iv) supervise the unitary executive branch.
Ex. Ord. No. 14083. Ensuring Robust Consideration of Evolving National Security Risks by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States
Ex. Ord. No. 14083, Sept. 15, 2022, 87 F.R. 57369, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 721 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (
It is important to ensure that the foreign investment review process remains responsive to an evolving national security landscape and the nature of the investments that pose related risks to national security, as the Congress recognized in section 1702(b)(4) of FIRRMA [
In light of these risks, this order provides direction to the Committee to ensure that, in reviewing transactions within its jurisdiction (covered transactions), the Committee's review remains responsive to evolving national security risks, including by elaborating and expanding on the factors identified in subsections (f)(1)–(10) of section 721. This order shall be implemented consistent with the Committee's statutory mandate to determine the effects of each covered transaction reviewed by the Committee on the national security of the United States.
(i) It is important to national security that the Committee continues to assess the effect of foreign investment on domestic capacity to meet national security requirements, including those requirements that fall outside of the defense industrial base. In particular, the resilience of certain critical United States supply chains may have national security implications. The United States recognizes the importance of cooperating with its allies and partners to secure supply chains; however, certain foreign investment may undermine supply chain resilience efforts and therefore national security by making the United States vulnerable to future supply disruptions. These vulnerabilities may occur if an investment shifts ownership, rights, or control with respect to certain manufacturing capabilities, services, critical mineral resources, or technologies that are fundamental to national security—including because they are critical to United States supply chain resilience—to a foreign person who might take actions that threaten to impair the national security of the United States as a result of the transaction, or to other foreign persons, including foreign governments, to whom the foreign person has commercial, investment, non-economic, or other ties (relevant third-party ties) that might cause the transaction to pose a threat to national security.
(ii) The Committee shall consider, as appropriate, the covered transaction's effect on supply chain resilience and security, both within and outside of the defense industrial base, in manufacturing capabilities, services, critical mineral resources, or technologies that are fundamental to national security, including: microelectronics, artificial intelligence, biotechnology and biomanufacturing, quantum computing, advanced clean energy (such as battery storage and hydrogen), climate adaptation technologies, critical materials (such as lithium and rare earth elements), elements of the agriculture industrial base that have implications for food security, and any other sectors identified in section 3(b) or section 4(a) of Executive Order 14017 of February 24, 2021 (America's Supply Chains) [86 F.R. 11849].
(A) The Committee shall consider, as appropriate, the degree of involvement in the United States supply chain by a foreign person who is a party to the covered transaction and who might take actions that threaten to impair the national security of the United States as a result of the transaction, or who might have relevant third-party ties that might cause the transaction to pose such a threat.
(B) The Committee shall consider, as appropriate, the United States capability with respect to manufacturing capabilities, services, critical mineral resources, or technologies, including those described in subsection (a)(ii) of this section; the degree of diversification through alternative suppliers across the supply chain, including suppliers located in allied or partner economies; whether the United States business that is party to the covered transaction supplies, directly or indirectly, the United States Government, the energy sector industrial base, or the defense industrial base; and the concentration of ownership or control by the foreign person in a given supply chain, among other factors that the Committee determines to be appropriate in considering whether the covered transaction may undermine the resilience and security of supply chains critical to national security.
(b) In considering the factors described in subsection (f)(5) of section 721, the Committee shall, taking into account the requirements of national security, consider the following, as appropriate:
(i) Although foreign investments can in many circumstances help to foster domestic innovation, it is important to protect United States technological leadership by addressing the risks posed by investments by foreign persons who might take actions that threaten to impair the national security of the United States as a result of the transaction, and by addressing whether such persons have relevant third-party ties that might cause the transaction to pose such a threat.
(ii) The Committee shall consider, as appropriate, whether a covered transaction involves manufacturing capabilities, services, critical mineral resources, or technologies that are fundamental to United States technological leadership and therefore national security, such as microelectronics, artificial intelligence, biotechnology and biomanufacturing, quantum computing, advanced clean energy, and climate adaptation technologies. The Committee shall also consider, as appropriate, relevant third-party ties that might cause the transaction to threaten to impair the national security of the United States.
(iii) The Committee shall consider, as appropriate, whether a covered transaction could reasonably result in future advancements and applications in technology that could undermine national security.
(iv) The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), in consultation with other members of the Committee, shall periodically publish a list of technology sectors, including those technologies listed in subsection (b)(ii) of this section, that it assesses are fundamental to United States technological leadership in areas relevant to national security. OSTP shall, as appropriate, draw on the findings of other United States Government efforts to identify technology sectors that are fundamental to United States technological leadership. The Committee shall consider the list described in this subsection, as appropriate.
(i) Incremental investments over time in a sector or technology may cede, part-by-part, domestic development or control in that sector or technology and may give a foreign person who might take actions that threaten to impair the national security of the United States as a result of the transaction, or their relevant third-party ties that might cause the transaction to pose such a threat, control of or rights in United States businesses in a manner that may result in national security risk. A series of acquisitions in the same, similar, or related United States businesses involved in activities that are fundamental to national security or on terms that implicate national security may result in a particular covered transaction giving rise to a national security risk when considered in the context of transactions that preceded it. In aggregate, these transactions may facilitate harmful technology transfer in key industries or otherwise harm national security through the cumulative effect of these investments. As the Congress identified in section 1702(c)(2) of FIRRMA [
(ii) The Committee shall consider, as appropriate, as part of the Committee's review of a covered transaction, the risks arising from the covered transaction in the context of multiple acquisitions or investments in a single sector or in related manufacturing capabilities, services, critical mineral resources, or technologies, by any foreign person who might take actions that threaten to impair the national security of the United States as a result of the transaction, or involving relevant third-party ties that might cause the transaction to pose such a threat.
(iii) The Committee may request, as part of the Committee's review of a covered transaction, that the Department of Commerce's International Trade Administration provide the Committee an analysis of the industry or industries in which the United States business operates, and the cumulative control of, or pattern of recent transactions by, a foreign person, including, directly or indirectly, a foreign government, in that sector or industry.
(b) In addition to the factors identified in subsections (f)(1)–(10) of section 721, the Committee shall consider, in reviewing the effects of a covered transaction on the national security of the United States, the following factors relating to cybersecurity risks resulting from a covered transaction that threaten to impair national security:
(i) It is important for the United States to ensure that foreign investment in United States businesses does not erode United States cybersecurity. Investments by foreign persons with the capability and intent to conduct cyber intrusions or other malicious cyber-enabled activity—such as activity designed to affect the outcome of any election for Federal, State, Tribal, local, or territorial office; the operation of United States critical infrastructure; or the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of United States communications—may pose a risk to national security. The Congress, in section 1702(c)(6) of FIRRMA [
(ii) The Committee shall consider, as appropriate, whether a covered transaction may provide a foreign person who might take actions that threaten to impair the national security of the United States as a result of the transaction, or their relevant third-party ties that might cause the transaction to pose such a threat, with direct or indirect access to capabilities or information databases and systems on which threat actors could engage in malicious cyber-enabled activities affecting the interests of the United States or United States persons, including:
(A) activity designed to undermine the protection or integrity of data in storage or databases or systems housing sensitive data;
(B) activity designed to interfere with United States elections, United States critical infrastructure, the defense industrial base, or other cybersecurity national security priorities set forth in Executive Order 14028 of May 12, 2021 (Improving the Nation's Cybersecurity) [
(C) the sabotage of critical energy infrastructure, including smart grids.
(iii) The Committee shall also consider, as appropriate, the cybersecurity posture, practices, capabilities, and access of both the foreign person and the United States business that could allow a foreign person who might take actions that threaten to impair the national security of the United States as a result of the transaction, or their relevant third-party ties that might cause the transaction to pose such a threat, to manifest cyber intrusion and other malicious cyber-enabled activity within the United States.
(c) In addition to the factors identified in subsections (f)(1)–(10) of section 721, the Committee shall consider, in reviewing the effects of a covered transaction on the national security of the United States, the following factors relating to national security concerns surrounding sensitive data:
(i) Data is an increasingly powerful tool for the surveillance, tracing, tracking, and targeting of individuals or groups of individuals, with potential adverse impacts on national security. In section 1702(c)(5) of FIRRMA [
(ii) The Committee shall consider, as appropriate, whether a covered transaction involves a United States business that:
(A) has access to United States persons' sensitive data, including United States persons' health, digital identity, or other biological data and any data that could be identifiable or de-anonymized, that could be exploited to distinguish or trace an individual's identity in a manner that threatens national security; or
(B) has access to data on sub-populations in the United States that could be used by a foreign person to target individuals or groups of individuals in the United States in a manner that threatens national security.
(iii) The Committee shall also consider, as appropriate, whether a covered transaction involves the transfer of United States persons' sensitive data to a foreign person who might take actions that threaten to impair the national security of the United States as a result of the transaction, and whether the foreign person has relevant third-party ties that have sought to exploit such information or have the ability to exploit such information to the detriment of national security, including through the use of commercial or other means.
(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, affect the requirements in section 721 relating to the scope of the Committee's jurisdiction.
(d) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
J.R. Biden, Jr.
Interim Directive Regarding Disposition of Certain Mergers, Acquisitions, and Takeovers
Memorandum of the President of the United States, Oct. 26, 1988, 53 F.R. 43999, provided:
Memorandum for the Secretary of the Treasury
By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and statutes of the United States, including without limitation
Pending the issuance of an Executive order to implement the Act, the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby designated and empowered to perform the following-described functions of the President: The authority vested in the President by Section 721 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended [
The Secretary of the Treasury shall consult with the Committee on Foreign investment in the United States, established pursuant to Executive Order No. 11858 [set out above] and chaired by the representative of the Secretary of the Treasury, to take such actions or make such recommendations as requested by the Secretary of the Treasury.
The delegation provided herein shall terminate, and this interim directive shall be without any further effect, except as may be provided in the Executive order implementing the Act, upon the effective date of such order.
This interim directive shall be published in the Federal Register.
Ronald Reagan.
1 See References in Text note below.
§4566. Prohibition on purchase of United States defense contractors by entities controlled by foreign governments
(a) In general
No entity controlled by a foreign government may merge with, acquire, or take over a company engaged in interstate commerce in the United States that—
(1) is performing a Department of Defense contract, or a Department of Energy contract under a national security program, that cannot be performed satisfactorily unless that company is given access to information in a proscribed category of information; or
(2) during the previous fiscal year, was awarded—
(A) Department of Defense prime contracts in an aggregate amount in excess of $500,000,000; or
(B) Department of Energy prime contracts under national security programs in an aggregate amount in excess of $500,000,000.
(b) Inapplicability to certain cases
The limitation in subsection (a) shall not apply if a merger, acquisition, or takeover is not suspended or prohibited pursuant to
(c) Definitions
In this section:
(1) The term "entity controlled by a foreign government" includes—
(A) any domestic or foreign organization or corporation that is effectively owned or controlled by a foreign government; and
(B) any individual acting on behalf of a foreign government,
as determined by the President.
(2) The term "proscribed category of information" means a category of information that—
(A) with respect to Department of Defense contracts—
(i) includes special access information;
(ii) is determined by the Secretary of Defense to include information the disclosure of which to an entity controlled by a foreign government is not in the national security interests of the United States; and
(iii) is defined in regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense for the purposes of this section; and
(B) with respect to Department of Energy contracts—
(i) is determined by the Secretary of Energy to include information described in subparagraph (A)(ii); and
(ii) is defined in regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Energy for the purposes of this section.
(
Editorial Notes
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2170a of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Section was enacted as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, and not as part of the Defense Production Act of 1950 which comprises this chapter.
§4567. Defense Production Act Committee
(a) Committee established
There is established the Defense Production Act Committee (in this section referred to as the "Committee"), which shall coordinate and plan for on 1 the effective use of the priorities and allocations authorities under this chapter by the departments, agencies, and independent establishments of the Federal Government to which the President has delegated authority under this chapter.
(b) Membership
(1)
(A) the head of each Federal agency to which the President has delegated authority under this chapter; and
(B) the Chairperson of the Council of Economic Advisors.
(2) The Chairperson of the Committee shall be the head of the agency to which the President has delegated primary responsibility for government-wide coordination of the authorities in this chapter.
(c) Coordination of Committee activities
The Chairperson shall appoint one person to coordinate all of the activities of the Committee, and such person shall—
(1) be a full-time employee of the Federal Government;
(2) report to the Chairperson; and
(3) carry out such activities relating to the Committee as the Chairperson may determine appropriate.
(d) Report
The Committee shall issue a report each year by March 31 to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives a report signed by the Chairperson that contains—
(1) a description of the contingency planning by each department, agency, or independent establishment of the Federal Government to which the President has delegated authority under this chapter for events that might require the use of the priorities and allocations authorities;
(2) recommendations for the effective use of the priorities and allocations authorities in this chapter in a manner consistent with the statement of policy under
(3) recommendations for legislation actions, as appropriate, to support the effective use of the priorities and allocations authorities in this chapter;
(4) recommendations for improving information sharing between departments, agencies, and independent establishments of the Federal Government relating to the use of the priorities and allocations authorities in this chapter;
(5) up-to-date copies of the rules described under
(6) short attestations signed by each member of the Committee stating their concurrence in the report.
(e) Chapter 10 of title 5
The provisions of
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title VII, §722, as added
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b), and (d), was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2171 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Amendments
2022—Subsec. (e).
2014—Subsec. (a).
Subsec. (b)(2).
Subsec. (c).
"(1)
"(A) be responsible to the Chairperson of the Committee; and
"(B) carry out such activities relating to the Committee as the Chairperson may determine.
"(2)
"(3)
Subsec. (d).
Subsec. (d)(1).
Subsec. (d)(2).
Subsec. (d)(3).
Subsec. (d)(4).
Subsec. (d)(5), (6).
2009—
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date
Section deemed to have become effective Mar. 1, 1992, see section 304 of
Executive Documents
Designating the Chairperson of the Defense Production Act Committee
Memorandum of President of the United States, May 19, 2010, 75 F.R. 32087, provided:
Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense [and] the Secretary of Homeland Security
Pursuant to the authority vested in me by section 722(b)(2) of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (section 11 of
Furthermore, the Chairperson shall invite to each meeting of the Committee all Members of the Committee as defined in section 722(b) of the Act [
The Secretary of Homeland Security is hereby authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.
Barack Obama.
1 So in original. The word "on" probably should not appear.
§4568. Annual report on impact of offsets
(a) Report required
(1) In general
The President shall submit to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives, a detailed annual report on the impact of offsets on the defense preparedness, industrial competitiveness, employment, and trade of the United States.
(2) Duties of the Secretary of Commerce
The Secretary of Commerce (hereafter in this subsection referred to as the "Secretary") shall—
(A) prepare the report required by paragraph (1);
(B) consult with the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of State, and the United States Trade Representative in connection with the preparation of such report; and
(C) function as the President's Executive Agent for carrying out this section.
(b) Interagency studies and related data
(1) Purpose of report
Each report required under subsection (a) shall identify the cumulative effects of offset agreements on—
(A) the full range of domestic defense productive capability (with special attention paid to the firms serving as lower-tier subcontractors or suppliers); and
(B) the domestic defense technology base as a consequence of the technology transfers associated with such offset agreements.
(2) Use of data
Data developed or compiled by any agency while conducting any interagency study or other independent study or analysis shall be made available to the Secretary to facilitate the execution of the Secretary's responsibilities with respect to trade offset and countertrade policy development.
(c) Notice of offset agreements
(1) In general
If a United States firm enters into a contract for the sale of a weapon system or defense-related item to a foreign country or foreign firm and such contract is subject to an offset agreement exceeding $5,000,000 in value, such firm shall furnish to the official designated in the regulations promulgated pursuant to paragraph (2) information concerning such sale.
(2) Regulations
The information to be furnished under paragraph (1) shall be prescribed in regulations promulgated by the Secretary. Such regulations shall provide protection from public disclosure for such information, unless public disclosure is subsequently specifically authorized by the firm furnishing the information.
(d) Contents of report
(1) In general
Each report under subsection (a) shall include—
(A) a net assessment of the elements of the industrial base and technology base covered by the report;
(B) recommendations for appropriate remedial action under the authority of this chapter, or other law or regulations;
(C) a summary of the findings and recommendations of any interagency studies conducted during the reporting period under subsection (b);
(D) a summary of offset arrangements concluded during the reporting period for which information has been furnished pursuant to subsection (c); and
(E) a summary and analysis of any bilateral and multilateral negotiations relating to the use of offsets completed during the reporting period.
(2) Alternative findings or recommendations
Each report required under this section shall include any alternative findings or recommendations offered by any departmental Secretary, agency head, or the United States Trade Representative to the Secretary.
(e) Utilization of annual report in negotiations
The findings and recommendations of the reports required by subsection (a), and any interagency reports and analyses shall be considered by representatives of the United States during bilateral and multilateral negotiations to minimize the adverse effects of offsets.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title VII, §723, as added
Termination of Section
For termination of section, see
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in subsec. (d)(1)(B), was in the original "this Act", meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932,
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 2172 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Report on Impact of Offsets on Domestic Contractors and Lower Tier Subcontractors
"(1)
"(A) detail the number of foreign contracts involving domestic contractors that use offsets, industrial participation agreements, or similar arrangements during the preceding 5-year period;
"(B) calculate the aggregate, median, and mean values of the contracts and the offsets, industrial participation agreements, and similar arrangements during the preceding 5-year period; and
"(C) describe the impact of international or foreign sales of United States defense products and related offsets, industrial participation agreements, and similar arrangements on domestic prime contractors and, to the extent practicable, the first 3 tiers of domestic contractors and subcontractors during the preceding 5-year period in terms of domestic employment, including any job losses, on an annual basis.
"(2)
"(3)
"(A)
"(B)
[
Defense Offsets Disclosure
"SEC. 1241. SHORT TITLE.
"This subtitle may be cited as the 'Defense Offsets Disclosure Act of 1999'.
"SEC. 1242. FINDINGS AND DECLARATION OF POLICY.
"(a)
"(1) A fair business environment is necessary to advance international trade, economic stability, and development worldwide, is beneficial for American workers and businesses, and is in the United States national interest.
"(2) In some cases, mandated offset requirements can cause economic distortions in international defense trade and undermine fairness and competitiveness, and may cause particular harm to small- and medium-sized businesses.
"(3) The use of offsets may lead to increasing dependence on foreign suppliers for the production of United States weapons systems.
"(4) The offset demands required by some purchasing countries, including some close allies of the United States, equal or exceed the value of the base contract they are intended to offset, mitigating much of the potential economic benefit of the exports.
"(5) Offset demands often unduly distort the prices of defense contracts.
"(6) In some cases, United States contractors are required to provide indirect offsets which can negatively impact nondefense industrial sectors.
"(7) Unilateral efforts by the United States to prohibit offsets may be impractical in the current era of globalization and would severely hinder the competitiveness of the United States defense industry in the global market.
"(8) The development of global standards to manage and restrict demands for offsets would enhance United States efforts to mitigate the negative impact of offsets.
"(b)
"SEC. 1243. DEFINITIONS.
"In this subtitle:
"(1)
"(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; and
"(B) the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] of the House of Representatives.
"(2) G–8.—The term 'G–8' means the group consisting of France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Italy, and Russia established to facilitate economic cooperation among the eight major economic powers.
"(3)
"(4)
"(5)
"(6)
"(7)
"SEC. 1244. SENSE OF CONGRESS.
"It is the sense of Congress that—
"(1) the executive branch should pursue efforts to address trade fairness by establishing reasonable, business-friendly standards for the use of offsets in international business transactions between the United States and its trading partners and competitors;
"(2) the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Commerce, and the United States Trade Representative, or their designees, should raise with other industrialized nations at every suitable venue the need for transparency and reasonable standards to govern the role of offsets in international defense trade;
"(3) the United States Government should enter into discussions regarding the establishment of multilateral standards for the use of offsets in international defense trade through the appropriate multilateral fora, including such organizations as the Transatlantic Economic Partnership, the Wassenaar Arrangement, the G–8, and the World Trade Organization; and
"(4) the United States Government, in entering into the discussions described in paragraph (3), should take into account the distortions produced by the provision of other benefits and subsidies, such as export financing, by various countries to support defense trade.
"SEC. 1245. REPORTING OF OFFSET AGREEMENTS.
"[Amended
"SEC. 1246. EXPANDED PROHIBITION ON INCENTIVE PAYMENTS.
"[Amended
"SEC. 1247. ESTABLISHMENT OF REVIEW COMMISSION.
"(a)
"(b)
"(1) representatives from the private sector, including—
"(A) one each from—
"(i) a labor organization,
"(ii) a United States defense manufacturing company dependent on foreign sales,
"(iii) a United States company dependent on foreign sales that is not a defense manufacturer, and
"(iv) a United States company that specializes in international investment, and
"(B) two members from academia with widely recognized expertise in international economics; and
"(2) five members from the executive branch, including a member from—
"(A) the Office of Management and Budget,
"(B) the Department of Commerce,
"(C) the Department of Defense,
"(D) the Department of State, and
"(E) the Department of Labor.
The member designated from the Office of Management and Budget shall serve as Chairperson of the Commission. The President shall ensure that the Commission is nonpartisan and that the full range of perspectives on the subject of offsets in the defense industry is adequately represented.
"(c)
"(1) the full range of current practices by foreign governments in requiring offsets in purchasing agreements and the extent and nature of offsets offered by United States and foreign defense industry contractors;
"(2) the impact of the use of offsets on defense subcontractors and nondefense industrial sectors affected by indirect offsets; and
"(3) the role of offsets, both direct and indirect, on domestic industry stability, United States trade competitiveness and national security.
"(d)
"(1) an analysis of—
"(A) the collateral impact of offsets on industry sectors that may be different than those of the contractor providing the offsets, including estimates of contracts and jobs lost as well as an assessment of damage to industrial sectors;
"(B) the role of offsets with respect to competitiveness of the United States defense industry in international trade and the potential damage to the ability of United States contractors to compete if offsets were prohibited or limited; and
"(C) the impact on United States national security, and upon United States nonproliferation objectives, of the use of coproduction, subcontracting, and technology transfer with foreign governments or companies that results from fulfilling offset requirements, with particular emphasis on the question of dependency upon foreign nations for the supply of critical components or technology;
"(2) proposals for unilateral, bilateral, or multilateral measures aimed at reducing any detrimental effects of offsets; and
"(3) an identification of the appropriate executive branch agencies to be responsible for monitoring the use of offsets in international defense trade.
"(e)
"(f)
"(g)
"(h)
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(A)
"(B)
"(4)
"(5)
"(i)
"SEC. 1248. MULTILATERAL STRATEGY TO ADDRESS OFFSETS.
"(a)
"(b)
"(c)
"(1) a description of the United States efforts to pursue multilateral negotiations on standards for the use of offsets in international defense trade;
"(2) an evaluation of existing multilateral fora as appropriate venues for establishing such negotiations;
"(3) a description on a country-by-country basis of any United States efforts to engage in negotiations to establish bilateral treaties or agreements with respect to the use of offsets in international defense trade; and
"(4) an evaluation on a country-by-country basis of any foreign government efforts to address the use of offsets in international defense trade.
"(d)
Declaration of Offset Policy
"(a)
"(1) no agency of the United States Government shall encourage, enter directly into, or commit United States firms to any offset arrangement in connection with the sale of defense goods or services to foreign governments;
"(2) United States Government funds shall not be used to finance offsets in security assistance transactions, except in accordance with policies and procedures that were in existence on March 1, 1992;
"(3) nothing in this section shall prevent agencies of the United States Government from fulfilling obligations incurred through international agreements entered into before March 1, 1992; and
"(4) the decision whether to engage in offsets, and the responsibility for negotiating and implementing offset arrangements, reside with the companies involved.
"(b)
"(c)
"(1)
"(A)
"(B)
"(C)
"(2)
"(A) research, development, or production of defense equipment; or
"(B) the reciprocal procurement of defense items."
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions
For directive to Secretary of Commerce to prepare and submit annual report required by this section, see section 702 of Ex. Ord. No. 13603, Mar. 16, 2012, 77 F.R. 16658, set out as a note under
Ex. Ord. No. 13177. National Commission on the Use of Offsets in Defense Trade and President's Council on the Use of Offsets in Commercial Trade
Ex. Ord. No. 13177, Dec. 4, 2000, 65 F.R. 76558, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 13316, §3(f), Sept. 17, 2003, 68 F.R. 55256, provided:
By the authority vested in the President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including
(b) Members of the Commission who are not officers or employees of the Federal Government will be compensated at a rate of basic pay prescribed for level IV of the Executive Schedule under
(c) Members of the Commission will be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, under sub
(d) The Commission will terminate 30 days after transmitting the report required in section 1248(b) of
[