CHAPTER 111—JUVENILE JUSTICE AND DELINQUENCY PREVENTION

SUBCHAPTER I—GENERALLY

        

SUBCHAPTER II—PROGRAMS AND OFFICES

Part A—Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Office

        

Part B—Charles Grassley Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Program

        

Part C—Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Block Grant Program

        

Part D—Research; Evaluation; Technical Assistance; Training

        

Part E—Developing, Testing, and Demonstrating Promising New Initiatives and Programs

        

Part F—General and Administrative Provisions

        

SUBCHAPTER III—RUNAWAY AND HOMELESS YOUTH

        

Part A—Basic Center Grant Program

        

Part B—Transitional Living Grant Program

        

Part C—National Communications System

        

Part D—Coordinating, Training, Research, and Other Activities

        

Part E—Sexual Abuse Prevention Program

        

Part F—General Provisions

        

SUBCHAPTER IV—MISSING CHILDREN

        

SUBCHAPTER V—INCENTIVE GRANTS FOR LOCAL DELINQUENCY PREVENTION PROGRAMS

        

SUBCHAPTER VI—AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS; ACCOUNTABILITY AND OVERSIGHT

        

SUBCHAPTER I—GENERALLY

§11101. Findings

(a) The Congress finds the following:

(1) Although the juvenile violent crime arrest rate in 1999 was the lowest in the decade, there remains a consensus that the number of crimes and the rate of offending by juveniles nationwide is still too high.

(2) According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, allowing 1 youth to leave school for a life of crime and of drug abuse costs society $1,700,000 to $2,300,000 annually.

(3) One in every 6 individuals (16.2 percent) arrested for committing violent crime in 1999 was less than 18 years of age. In 1999, juveniles accounted for 9 percent of murder arrests, 17 percent of forcible rape arrests, 25 percent of robbery arrest, 14 percent of aggravated assault arrests, and 24 percent of weapons arrests.

(4) More than ½ of juvenile murder victims are killed with firearms. Of the nearly 1,800 murder victims less than 18 years of age, 17 percent of the victims less than 13 years of age were murdered with a firearm, and 81 percent of the victims 13 years of age or older were killed with a firearm.

(5) Juveniles accounted for 13 percent of all drug abuse violation arrests in 1999. Between 1990 and 1999, juvenile arrests for drug abuse violations rose 132 percent.

(6) Over the last 3 decades, youth gang problems have increased nationwide. In the 1970's, 19 States reported youth gang problems. By the late 1990's, all 50 States and the District of Columbia reported gang problems. For the same period, the number of cities reporting youth gang problems grew 843 percent, and the number of counties reporting gang problems increased more than 1,000 percent.

(7) According to a national crime survey of individuals 12 years of age or older during 1999, those 12 to 19 years old are victims of violent crime at higher rates than individuals in all other age groups. Only 30.8 percent of these violent victimizations were reported by youth to police in 1999.

(8) One-fifth of juveniles 16 years of age who had been arrested were first arrested before attaining 12 years of age. Juveniles who are known to the juvenile justice system before attaining 13 years of age are responsible for a disproportionate share of serious crimes and violence.

(9) The increase in the arrest rates for girls and young juvenile offenders has changed the composition of violent offenders entering the juvenile justice system.

(10) These problems should be addressed through a 2-track common sense approach that addresses the needs of individual juveniles and society at large by promoting—

(A) quality prevention programs that—

(i) work with juveniles, their families, local public agencies, and community-based organizations, and take into consideration such factors as whether or not juveniles have been the victims of family violence (including child abuse and neglect); and

(ii) are designed to reduce risks and develop competencies in at-risk juveniles that will prevent, and reduce the rate of, violent delinquent behavior; and

(B) programs that assist in holding juveniles accountable for their actions and in developing the competencies necessary to become responsible and productive members of their communities, including a system of graduated sanctions to respond to each delinquent act, requiring juveniles to make restitution, or perform community service, for the damage caused by their delinquent acts, and methods for increasing victim satisfaction with respect to the penalties imposed on juveniles for their acts.

(11) Coordinated juvenile justice and delinquency prevention projects that meet the needs of juveniles through the collaboration of the many local service systems juveniles encounter can help prevent juveniles from becoming delinquent and help delinquent youth return to a productive life.

(b) Congress must act now to reform this program by focusing on juvenile delinquency prevention programs, as well as programs that hold juveniles accountable for their acts and which provide opportunities for competency development. Without true reform, the juvenile justice system will not be able to overcome the challenges it will face in the coming years when the number of juveniles is expected to increase by 18 percent between 2000 and 2030.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title I, §101, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1109; Pub. L. 96–509, §3, Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2750; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §611, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2107; Pub. L. 102–586, §1(a), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4982; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12202, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1869.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5601 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

2002—Pub. L. 107–273 amended heading and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(a) The Congress hereby finds that—

"(1) juveniles accounted for almost half the arrests for serious crimes in the United States in 1974 and for less than one-third of such arrests in 1983;

"(2) recent trends show an upsurge in arrests of adolescents for murder, assault, and weapon use;

"(3) the small number of youth who commit the most serious and violent offenses are becoming more violent;

"(4) understaffed, overcrowded juvenile courts, prosecutorial and public defender offices, probation services, and correctional facilities and inadequately trained staff in such courts, services, and facilities are not able to provide individualized justice or effective help;

"(5) present juvenile courts, foster and protective care programs, and shelter facilities are inadequate to meet the needs of children, who, because of this failure to provide effective services, may become delinquents;

"(6) existing programs have not adequately responded to the particular problems of the increasing numbers of young people who are addicted to or who abuse alcohol and other drugs, particularly nonopiate or polydrug abusers;

"(7) juvenile delinquency can be reduced through programs designed to keep students in elementary and secondary schools through the prevention of unwarranted and arbitrary suspensions and expulsions;

"(8) States and local communities which experience directly the devastating failures of the juvenile justice system do not presently have sufficient technical expertise or adequate resources to deal comprehensively with the problems of juvenile delinquency;

"(9) existing Federal programs have not provided the direction, coordination, resources, and leadership required to meet the crisis of delinquency;

"(10) the juvenile justice system should give additional attention to the problem of juveniles who commit serious crimes, with particular attention given to the areas of sentencing, providing resources necessary for informed dispositions, and rehabilitation;

"(11) emphasis should be placed on preventing youth from entering the juvenile justice system to begin with; and

"(12) the incidence of juvenile delinquency can be reduced through public recreation programs and activities designed to provide youth with social skills, enhance self esteem, and encourage the constructive use of discretionary time.

"(b) Congress finds further that the high incidence of delinquency in the United States today results in enormous annual cost and immeasurable loss of human life, personal security, and wasted human resources and that juvenile delinquency constitutes a growing threat to the national welfare requiring immediate and comprehensive action by the Federal Government to reduce and prevent delinquency."

1992—Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Pub. L. 102–586, §1(a)(2), added pars. (2) and (3). Former pars. (2) and (3) redesignated (4) and (5), respectively.

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 102–586, §1(a)(1), (3), redesignated par. (2) as (4) and inserted "prosecutorial and public defender offices,". Former par. (4) redesignated (6).

Subsec. (a)(5) to (10). Pub. L. 102–586, §1(a)(1), redesignated pars. (3) to (8) as (5) to (10), respectively.

Subsec. (a)(11), (12). Pub. L. 102–586, §1(a)(4)–(6), added pars. (11) and (12).

1984—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 98–473, §611(1), substituted "accounted" for "account" and "in 1974 and for less than one-third of such arrests in 1983" for "today".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 98–473, §611(2), inserted "and inadequately trained staff in such courts, services, and facilities".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 98–473, §611(3), struck out "the countless, abandoned, and dependent" before "children, who".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 98–473, §611(4), substituted "reduced" for "prevented".

1980—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 96–509, §3(1), inserted reference to alcohol abuse.

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 96–509, §3(2)–(4), added par. (8).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12223, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1896, as amended by Pub. L. 108–7, div. B, title I, §110(2), (3), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 67, provided that:

"(a) Effective Date.—Except as provided in subsection (b), this subtitle [subtitle B (§§12201–12223) of title II of div. C of Pub. L. 107–273, see Tables for classification] and the amendments made by this subtitle shall take effect on the effective date provided in section 12102(b) [set out as a note under section 10401 of this title].

"(b) Application of Amendments.—The amendments made by this subtitle shall apply only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the effective date provided in subsection (a)."

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7296, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4463, as amended by Pub. L. 101–204, title X, §1001(d), Dec. 7, 1989, 103 Stat. 1827, provided that:

"(a) Effective Date.—Except as provided in subsection (b), this subtitle [subtitle F (§§7250–7296) of title VII of Pub. L. 100–690, see Tables for classification] and the amendments made by this Act [probably should be subtitle] shall take effect on October 1, 1988.

"(b) Application of Amendments.—(1) The amendments made by section 7258(a) [amending section 11133 of this title] shall not apply to a State with respect to a fiscal year beginning before the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 18, 1988] if the State plan is approved before such date by the Administrator for such fiscal year.

"(2) The amendments made by section 7253(b)(1) [amending section 11114 of this title] and section 7278 [enacting section 11277 of this title] shall not apply with respect to fiscal year 1989.

"(3) Notwithstanding the 180-day period provided in—

"(A) section 207 of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (42 U.S.C. 5611 et seq.) [now 34 U.S.C. 11117], as added by section 7255;

"(B) section 361 of the Runaway and Homeless Youth Act (42 U.S.C. 5701 et seq.) [now 34 U.S.C. 11273], as redesignated by section 7273(e)(2) and amended by section 7274; and

"(C) section 404(a)(5) [now 404(a)(6)] of the Missing Children's Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5773(a)(5) [now 34 U.S.C. 11293(a)(6)]), as amended by section 7285(a)(3);

the reports required by such sections to be submitted with respect to fiscal year 1988 shall be submitted not later than August 1, 1989."

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §670, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2129, provided that:

"(a) Except as provided in subsection (b), this division [division II (§§610–670) of chapter VI of title II of Pub. L. 98–473, see Tables for classification] and the amendments made by this division shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this joint resolution [Oct. 12, 1984] or October 1, 1984, whichever occurs later.

"(b) Paragraph (2) of section 331(c) of the Runaway and Homeless Youth Act [34 U.S.C. 11280], as added by section 657(d) of this division, shall not apply with respect to any grant or payment made before the effective date of this joint resolution [Oct. 12, 1984]."

Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §263(c), as added by Pub. L. 95–115, §6(d)(2), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1058, which provided that except as otherwise provided by the Juvenile Justice Amendments of 1977 (see Short Title of 1977 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables), the amendments made by the Juvenile Justice Amendments of 1977 were to take effect on Oct. 1, 1977, was repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449.

Effective Date

Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §263(a), (b), Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1129, as amended by Pub. L. 94–273, §32(a), Apr. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 380; Pub. L. 95–115, §6(d)(1), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1058, which provided that (a) except as provided by subsections (b) and (c) (formerly set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note above), the foregoing provisions of such Act (enacting subchapters I and II of this chapter and amending section 5108 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees) were to take effect on Sept. 7, 1974, and that (b) section 5614(b)(5) and 5614(b)(6) of this title was to become effective at the close of the thirty-first day of the twelfth calendar month of 1974 and section 5614(l) of this title was to become effective at the close of the thirtieth day of the eleventh month of 1976, was repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449.

§11102. Purposes

The purposes of this subchapter and subchapter II are—

(1) to support State, tribal, and local programs that prevent juvenile involvement in delinquent behavior;

(2) to assist State, tribal, and local governments in promoting public safety by encouraging accountability for acts of juvenile delinquency;

(3) to assist State, tribal, and local governments in addressing juvenile crime through the provision of technical assistance, research, training, evaluation, and the dissemination of current and relevant information on effective and evidence-based programs and practices for combating juvenile delinquency; and

(4) to support a continuum of evidence-based or promising programs (including delinquency prevention, intervention, mental health, behavioral health and substance abuse treatment, family services, and services for children exposed to violence) that are trauma informed, reflect the science of adolescent development, and are designed to meet the needs of at-risk youth and youth who come into contact with the justice system.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title I, §102, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1110; Pub. L. 96–509, §4, Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2750; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §612, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2108; Pub. L. 102–586, §1(b), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4982; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12203, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1871; Pub. L. 115–385, title I, §101, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5124.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5602 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers or references in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections or references prior to editorial reclassification.

Amendments

2018—Par. (1). Pub. L. 115–385, §101(1), inserted ", tribal," after "State".

Par. (2). Pub. L. 115–385, §101(2), inserted ", tribal," after "State" and struck out "and" at end.

Par. (3). Pub. L. 115–385, §101(3), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: "to assist State and local governments in addressing juvenile crime through the provision of technical assistance, research, training, evaluation, and the dissemination of information on effective programs for combating juvenile delinquency."

Par. (4). Pub. L. 115–385, §101(4), added par. (4).

2002—Pub. L. 107–273 amended heading and text generally. Prior to text, section read as follows:

"(a) It is the purpose of this chapter—

"(1) to provide for the thorough and ongoing evaluation of all federally assisted juvenile justice and delinquency prevention programs;

"(2) to provide technical assistance to public and private nonprofit juvenile justice and delinquency prevention programs;

"(3) to establish training programs for persons, including professionals, paraprofessionals, and volunteers, who work with delinquents or potential delinquents or whose work or activities relate to juvenile delinquency programs;

"(4) to establish a centralized research effort on the problems of juvenile delinquency, including the dissemination of the findings of such research and all data related to juvenile delinquency;

"(5) to develop and encourage the implementation of national standards for the administration of juvenile justice, including recommendations for administrative, budgetary, and legislative action at the Federal, State, and local level to facilitate the adoption of such standards;

"(6) to assist States and local communities with resources to develop and implement programs to keep students in elementary and secondary schools and to prevent unwarranted and arbitrary suspensions and expulsions;

"(7) to establish a Federal assistance program to deal with the problems of runaway and homeless youth;

"(8) to strengthen families in which juvenile delinquency has been a problem;

"(9) to assist State and local governments in removing juveniles from jails and lockups for adults;

"(10) to assist State and local governments in improving the administration of justice and services for juveniles who enter the system; and

"(11) to assist States and local communities to prevent youth from entering the justice system to begin with.

"(b) It is therefore the further declared policy of Congress to provide the necessary resources, leadership, and coordination (1) to develop and implement effective methods of preventing and reducing juvenile delinquency, including methods with a special focus on preserving and strengthening families so that juveniles may be retained in their homes; (2) to develop and conduct effective programs to prevent delinquency, to divert juveniles from the traditional juvenile justice system and to provide critically needed alternatives to institutionalization; (3) to improve the quality of juvenile justice in the United States; (4) to increase the capacity of State and local governments and public and private agencies to conduct effective juvenile justice and delinquency prevention and rehabilitation programs and to provide research, evaluation, and training services in the field of juvenile delinquency prevention; (5) to encourage parental involvement in treatment and alternative disposition programs; and (6) to provide for coordination of services between State, local, and community-based agencies and to promote interagency cooperation in providing such services."

1992—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 102–586, §1(b)(1)(A), substituted "justice and delinquency prevention" for "delinquency".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 102–586, §1(b)(1)(B), substituted "nonprofit juvenile justice and delinquency prevention programs" for "agencies, institutions, and individuals in developing and implementing juvenile delinquency programs".

Subsec. (a)(8), (9). Pub. L. 102–586, §1(b)(1)(C)–(E), added par. (8) and redesignated former par. (8) as (9).

Subsec. (a)(10), (11). Pub. L. 102–586, §1(b)(1)(F), (G), added pars. (10) and (11).

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 102–586, §1(b)(2)(A), substituted "preserving and strengthening families" for "maintaining and strengthening the family unit".

Subsec. (b)(5), (6). Pub. L. 102–586, §1(b)(2)(B), (C), added cls. (5) and (6).

1984—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 98–473, §612(1), substituted "ongoing" for "prompt".

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 98–473, §612(2), substituted "the dissemination of" for "an information clearinghouse to disseminate".

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 98–473, §612(3), inserted "and homeless".

1980—Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 96–509, §4(a), added par. (8).

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 96–509, §4(b), inserted reference to methods with a special focus on maintaining and strengthening the family unit so that juveniles may be retained in their homes.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Pub. L. 115–385, §3, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5123, provided that: "The amendments made by this Act [see Short Title of 2018 Amendment note set out under section 10101 of this title] shall not apply with respect to funds appropriated for any fiscal year that begins before the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 21, 2018]."

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–273 effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–473 effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 670(a) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

§11103. Definitions

For purposes of this chapter—

(1) the term "community based" facility, program, or service means a small, open group home or other suitable place located near the juvenile's home or family and programs of community supervision and service which maintain community and consumer participation in the planning operation, and evaluation of their programs which may include, but are not limited to, medical, educational, vocational, social, and psychological guidance, training, special education, counseling, alcoholism treatment, drug treatment, and other rehabilitative services;

(2) the term "Federal juvenile delinquency program" means any juvenile delinquency program which is conducted, directly, or indirectly, or is assisted by any Federal department or agency, including any program funded under this chapter;

(3) the term "juvenile delinquency program" means any program or activity related to juvenile delinquency prevention, control, diversion, treatment, rehabilitation, planning, education, training, and research, including drug and alcohol abuse programs; the improvement of the juvenile justice system; and any program or activity designed to reduce known risk factors for juvenile delinquent behavior, provides ¹ activities that build on protective factors for, and develop competencies in, juveniles to prevent, and reduce the rate of, delinquent juvenile behavior;

(4)(A) the term "Bureau of Justice Assistance" means the bureau established by section 10141 of this title;

(B) the term "Office of Justice Programs" means the office established by section 10101 of this title;

(C) the term "National Institute of Justice" means the institute established by section 10122(a) of this title; and

(D) the term "Bureau of Justice Statistics" means the bureau established by section 10132(a) of this title;

(5) the term "Administrator" means the agency head designated by section 11111(b) of this title;

(6) the term "law enforcement and criminal justice" means any activity pertaining to crime prevention, control, or reduction or the enforcement of the criminal law, including, but not limited to police efforts to prevent, control, or reduce crime or to apprehend criminals, activities of courts having criminal jurisdiction and related agencies (including prosecutorial and defender services), activities of corrections, probation, or parole authorities, and programs relating to the prevention, control, or reduction of juvenile delinquency or narcotic addiction;

(7) the term "State" means any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands;

(8) the term "unit of local government" means—

(A) any city, county, township, town, borough, parish, village, or other general purpose political subdivision of a State;

(B) any law enforcement district or judicial enforcement district that—

(i) is established under applicable State law; and

(ii) has the authority to, in a manner independent of other State entities, establish a budget and raise revenues; or

(C) for the purposes of assistance eligibility, any agency of the government of the District of Columbia or the Federal Government that performs law enforcement functions in and for—

(i) the District of Columbia; or

(ii) any Trust Territory of the United States;

(9) the term "combination" as applied to States or units of local government means any grouping or joining together of such States or units for the purpose of preparing, developing, or implementing a juvenile justice and delinquency prevention plan;

(10) the term "construction" means acquisition, expansion, remodeling, and alteration of existing buildings, and initial equipment of any such buildings, or any combination of such activities (including architects' fees but not the cost of acquisition of land for buildings);

(11) the term "public agency" means any State, unit of local government, combination of such States or units, or any department, agency, or instrumentality of any of the foregoing;

(12) the term "secure detention facility" means any public or private residential facility which—

(A) includes construction fixtures designed to physically restrict the movements and activities of juveniles or other individuals held in lawful custody in such facility; and

(B) is used for the temporary placement of any juvenile who is accused of having committed an offense or of any other individual accused of having committed a criminal offense;

(13) the term "secure correctional facility" means any public or private residential facility which—

(A) includes construction fixtures designed to physically restrict the movements and activities of juveniles or other individuals held in lawful custody in such facility; and

(B) is used for the placement, after adjudication and disposition, of any juvenile who has been adjudicated as having committed an offense or any other individual convicted of a criminal offense;

(14) the term "serious crime" means criminal homicide, forcible rape or other sex offenses punishable as a felony, mayhem, kidnapping, aggravated assault, drug trafficking, robbery, larceny or theft punishable as a felony, motor vehicle theft, burglary or breaking and entering, extortion accompanied by threats of violence, and arson punishable as a felony;

(15) the term "treatment" includes but is not limited to medical, educational, special education, social, psychological, and vocational services, corrective and preventive guidance and training, and other rehabilitative services designed to protect the public, including services designed to benefit addicts and other users by eliminating their dependence on alcohol or other addictive or nonaddictive drugs or by controlling their dependence and susceptibility to addiction or use;

(16) the term "valid court order" means a court order given by a juvenile court judge to a juvenile—

(A) who was brought before the court and made subject to such order; and

(B) who received, before the issuance of such order, the full due process rights guaranteed to such juvenile by the Constitution of the United States;

(17) the term "Council" means the Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention established in section 11116(a)(1) of this title;

(18) for purposes of subchapter II, the term "Indian tribe" means—

(A) a federally recognized Indian tribe; or

(B) an Alaskan Native organization;

that has a law enforcement function, as determined by the Secretary of the Interior in consultation with the Attorney General;

(19) the term "comprehensive and coordinated system of services" means a system that—

(A) ensures that services and funding for the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency are consistent with policy goals of preserving families and providing appropriate services in the least restrictive environment so as to simultaneously protect juveniles and maintain public safety;

(B) identifies, and intervenes early for the benefit of, young children who are at risk of developing emotional or behavioral problems because of physical or mental stress or abuse, and for the benefit of their families;

(C) increases interagency collaboration and family involvement in the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency; and

(D) encourages private and public partnerships in the delivery of services for the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency;

(20) the term "gender-specific services" means services designed to address needs unique to the gender of the individual to whom such services are provided;

(21) the term "home-based alternative services" means services provided to a juvenile in the home of the juvenile as an alternative to incarcerating the juvenile, and includes home detention;

(22) the term "jail or lockup for adults" means a secure facility that is used by a State, unit of local government, or law enforcement authority to detain or confine adult inmates;

(23) the term "nonprofit organization" means an organization described in section 501(c)(3) of title 26 that is exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of title 26;

(24) the term "graduated sanctions" means an accountability-based, graduated series of sanctions (including incentives, treatment, and services) applicable to juveniles within the juvenile justice system to hold such juveniles accountable for their actions and to protect communities from the effects of juvenile delinquency by providing appropriate sanctions for every act for which a juvenile is adjudicated delinquent, by inducing their law-abiding behavior, and by preventing their subsequent involvement with the juvenile justice system;

(25) the term "sight or sound contact" means any physical, clear visual, or verbal contact that is not brief and inadvertent;

(26) the term "adult inmate"—

(A) means an individual who—

(i) has reached the age of full criminal responsibility under applicable State law; and

(ii) has been arrested and is in custody for or awaiting trial on a criminal charge, or is convicted of a criminal offense; and

(B) does not include an individual who—

(i) at the time of the offense, was younger than the maximum age at which a youth can be held in a juvenile facility under applicable State law; and

(ii) was committed to the care and custody or supervision, including post-placement or parole supervision, of a juvenile correctional agency by a court of competent jurisdiction or by operation of applicable State law;

(27) the term "violent crime" means—

(A) murder or nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, or robbery, or

(B) aggravated assault committed with the use of a firearm;

(28) the term "collocated facilities" means facilities that are located in the same building, or are part of a related complex of buildings located on the same grounds;

(29) the term "related complex of buildings" means 2 or more buildings that share—

(A) physical features, such as walls and fences, or services beyond mechanical services (heating, air conditioning, water and sewer); or

(B) the specialized services that are allowable under section 31.303(e)(3)(i)(C)(3) of title 28 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect on December 10, 1996;

(30) the term "core requirements"—

(A) means the requirements described in paragraphs (11), (12), (13), and (15) of section 11133(a) of this title; and

(B) does not include the data collection requirements described in subparagraphs (A) through (K) of section 11117(1) of this title;

(31) the term "chemical agent" means a spray or injection used to temporarily incapacitate a person, including oleoresin capsicum spray, tear gas, and 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile gas;

(32) the term "isolation"—

(A) means any instance in which a youth is confined alone for more than 15 minutes in a room or cell; and

(B) does not include—

(i) confinement during regularly scheduled sleeping hours;

(ii) separation based on a treatment program approved by a licensed medical or mental health professional;

(iii) confinement or separation that is requested by the youth; or

(iv) the separation of the youth from a group in a nonlocked setting for the limited purpose of calming;

(33) the term "restraints" has the meaning given that term in section 290ii of title 42;

(34) the term "evidence-based" means a program or practice that—

(A) is demonstrated to be effective when implemented with fidelity;

(B) is based on a clearly articulated and empirically supported theory;

(C) has measurable outcomes relevant to juvenile justice, including a detailed description of the outcomes produced in a particular population, whether urban or rural; and

(D) has been scientifically tested and proven effective through randomized control studies or comparison group studies and with the ability to replicate and scale;

(35) the term "promising" means a program or practice that—

(A) is demonstrated to be effective based on positive outcomes relevant to juvenile justice from one or more objective, independent, and scientifically valid evaluations, as documented in writing to the Administrator; and

(B) will be evaluated through a well-designed and rigorous study, as described in paragraph (34)(D);

(36) the term "dangerous practice" means an act, procedure, or program that creates an unreasonable risk of physical injury, pain, or psychological harm to a juvenile subjected to the act, procedure, or program;

(37) the term "screening" means a brief process—

(A) designed to identify youth who may have mental health, behavioral health, substance abuse, or other needs requiring immediate attention, intervention, and further evaluation; and

(B) the purpose of which is to quickly identify a youth with possible mental health, behavioral health, substance abuse, or other needs in need of further assessment;

(38) the term "assessment" includes, at a minimum, an interview and review of available records and other pertinent information—

(A) by an appropriately trained professional who is licensed or certified by the applicable State in the mental health, behavioral health, or substance abuse fields; and

(B) which is designed to identify significant mental health, behavioral health, or substance abuse treatment needs to be addressed during a youth's confinement;

(39) for purposes of section 11133(a)(15) of this title, the term "contact" means the points at which a youth and the juvenile justice system or criminal justice system officially intersect, including interactions with a juvenile justice, juvenile court, or law enforcement official;

(40) the term "trauma-informed" means—

(A) understanding the impact that exposure to violence and trauma have on a youth's physical, psychological, and psychosocial development;

(B) recognizing when a youth has been exposed to violence and trauma and is in need of help to recover from the adverse impacts of trauma; and

(C) responding in ways that resist retraumatization;

(41) the term "racial and ethnic disparity" means minority youth populations are involved at a decision point in the juvenile justice system at disproportionately higher rates than non-minority youth at that decision point;

(42) the term "status offender" means a juvenile who is charged with or who has committed an offense that would not be criminal if committed by an adult;

(43) the term "rural" means an area that is not located in a metropolitan statistical area, as defined by the Office of Management and Budget;

(44) the term "internal controls" means a process implemented to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in—

(A) effectiveness and efficiency of operations, such as grant management practices;

(B) reliability of reporting for internal and external use; and

(C) compliance with applicable laws and regulations, as well as recommendations of the Office of Inspector General and the Government Accountability Office; and

(45) the term "tribal government" means the governing body of an Indian Tribe.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title I, §103, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1111; Pub. L. 95–115, §2, Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1048; Pub. L. 96–509, §§5, 19(a), Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2751, 2762; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §613, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2108; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §§7251(a), 7252(b)(1), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4435, 4436; Pub. L. 102–586, §1(c), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4983; Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(1)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–50, 2681-75; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12204, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1871; Pub. L. 115–385, title I, §102, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5124.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 93–415, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1109, known as the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1974 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5603 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers or references in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections or references prior to editorial reclassification.

Amendments

2018—Par. (8)(C), (D). Pub. L. 115–385, §102(1), redesignated subpar. (D) as (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: "an Indian Tribe that performs law enforcement functions, as determined by the Secretary of the Interior; or".

Par. (18). Pub. L. 115–385, §102(2), inserted "for purposes of subchapter II," before "the term" in introductory provisions and inserted concluding provisions.

Par. (22). Pub. L. 115–385, §102(3), amended par. (22) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (22) read as follows: "the term 'jail or lockup for adults' means a locked facility that is used by a State, unit of local government, or any law enforcement authority to detain or confine adults—

"(A) pending the filing of a charge of violating a criminal law;

"(B) awaiting trial on a criminal charge; or

"(C) convicted of violating a criminal law;".

Par. (25). Pub. L. 115–385, §102(4), amended par. (25) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (25) read as follows: "the term 'contact' means the degree of interaction allowed between juvenile offenders in a secure custody status and incarcerated adults under section 31.303(d)(1)(i) of title 28, Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect on December 10, 1996;".

Par. (26). Pub. L. 115–385, §102(5), amended par. (26) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (26) read as follows: "the term 'adult inmate' means an individual who—

"(A) has reached the age of full criminal responsibility under applicable State law; and

"(B) has been arrested and is in custody for or awaiting trial on a criminal charge, or is convicted of a criminal offense;".

Pars. (30) to (45). Pub. L. 115–385, §102(6)–(8), added pars. (30) to (45).

2002—Par. (3). Pub. L. 107–273, §12204(1), substituted "designed to reduce known risk factors for juvenile delinquent behavior, provides activities that build on protective factors for, and develop competencies in, juveniles to prevent, and reduce the rate of, delinquent juvenile behavior" for "to help prevent juvenile delinquency".

Par. (4). Pub. L. 107–273, §12204(2), made technical amendment to references in original act which appear in text as references to sections 3741, 3711, 3722 and 3732 of this title.

Par. (7). Pub. L. 107–273, §12204(3), struck out "the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands," after "Puerto Rico,".

Par. (12)(B). Pub. L. 107–273, §12204(4), struck out ", of any nonoffender," after "committed an offense".

Par. (13)(B). Pub. L. 107–273, §12204(5), struck out ", any nonoffender," after "committed an offense".

Par. (14). Pub. L. 107–273, §12204(6), inserted "drug trafficking," after "aggravated assault,".

Par. (16)(C). Pub. L. 107–273, §12204(7), struck out subpar. (C) which read as follows: "with respect to whom an appropriate public agency (other than a court or law enforcement agency), before the issuance of such order—

"(i) reviewed the behavior of such juvenile and the circumstances under which such juvenile was brought before the court and made subject to such order;

"(ii) determined the reasons for the behavior that caused such juvenile to be brought before the court and made subject to such order;

"(iii) determined that all dispositions (including treatment), other than placement in a secure detention facility or a secure correctional facility, have been exhausted or are clearly inappropriate; and

"(iv) submitted to the court a written report stating the results of the review conducted under clause (i) and the determinations made under clauses (ii) and (iii);".

Par. (22). Pub. L. 107–273, §12204(8)(A), redesignated cls. (i) to (iii) as subpars. (A) to (C), respectively.

Pars. (24) to (29). Pub. L. 107–273, §12204(8)(B)–(10), added pars. (24) to (29).

1998—Par. (8). Pub. L. 105–277, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(1)(A)], added par. (8) and struck out former par. (8) which read as follows: "the term 'unit of general local government' means any city, county, township, town, borough, parish, village, or other general purpose political subdivision of a State, an Indian tribe which performs law enforcement functions as determined by the Secretary of the Interior, or, for the purpose of assistance eligibility, any agency of the District of Columbia government performing law enforcement functions in and for the District of Columbia and funds appropriated by the Congress for the activities of such agency may be used to provide the non-Federal share of the cost of programs or projects funded under this subchapter;".

Par. (9). Pub. L. 105–277, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(1)(B)], substituted "units of local government" for "units of general local government".

1992—Par. (16). Pub. L. 102–586, §1(c)(1), amended par. (16) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (16) read as follows: "the term 'valid court order' means a court order given by a juvenile court judge to a juvenile who has been brought before the court and made subject to a court order. The use of the word 'valid' permits the incarceration of juveniles for violation of a valid court order only if they received their full due process rights as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States;".

Pars. (19) to (23). Pub. L. 102–586, §1(c)(2)–(4), added pars. (19) to (23).

1988—Par. (5). Pub. L. 100–690, §7252(b)(1), substituted "section 5611(b)" for "section 5611(c)".

Pars. (17), (18). Pub. L. 100–690, §7251(a), added pars. (17) and (18).

1984—Par. (3). Pub. L. 98–473, §613(1), struck out "for neglected, abandoned, or dependent youth and other youth" before "to help" and inserted "juvenile" after "prevent".

Par. (4)(A). Pub. L. 98–473, §613(2), substituted " 'Bureau of Justice Assistance' means the bureau established by section 3741 of this title" for " 'Office of Justice Assistance, Research, and Statistics' means the office established by section 3781(a) of this title".

Par. (4)(B). Pub. L. 98–473, §613(2), substituted " 'Office of Justice Programs' means the office established by section 3711 of this title" for " 'Law Enforcement Assistance Administration' means the administration established by section 3711 of this title".

Par. (6). Pub. L. 98–473, §613(3), substituted "services)," for "services," before "activities of".

Par. (14). Pub. L. 98–473, §613(4)(A), inserted "or other sex offenses punishable as a felony".

Par. (16). Pub. L. 98–473, §613(4)(B)–(6), added par. (16).

1980—Par. (1). Pub. L. 96–509, §5(a), inserted reference to special education.

Par. (4). Pub. L. 96–509, §5(b), designated existing provisions as subpar. (B) and added subpars. (A), (C), and (D).

Par. (5). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(a), substituted "section 5611(c) of this title" for "section 3711(c) of this title".

Par. (7). Pub. L. 96–509, §5(c), substituted "the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands" for "and any territory or possession of the United States".

Par. (9). Pub. L. 96–509, §5(d), substituted "juvenile justice and delinquency prevention" for "law enforcement".

Par. (12). Pub. L. 96–509, §5(e), substituted definition of "secure detention facility" for definition of "correctional institution or facility".

Pars. (13), (14). Pub. L. 96–509, §5(f), added pars. (13) and (14). Former par. (13) redesignated (15).

Par. (15). Pub. L. 96–509, §5(f), (g), redesignated former par. (13) as (15), inserted reference to special education, and substituted "protect the public, including services designed to benefit addicts and other users by eliminating their dependence on alcohol or other addictive or nonaddictive drugs or by controlling their dependence and susceptibility to addiction or use" for "protect the public and benefit the addict or other user by eliminating his dependence on addicting or other drugs or by controlling his dependence, and his susceptibility to addiction or use".

1977—Par. (3). Pub. L. 95–115 substituted "to help prevent delinquency" for "who are in danger of becoming delinquent".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–385 not applicable with respect to funds appropriated for any fiscal year that begins before Dec. 21, 2018, see section 3 of Pub. L. 115–385, set out as a note under section 11102 of this title.

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–273 effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–690 effective Oct. 1, 1988, see section 7296(a) of Pub. L. 100–690, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–473 effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 670(a) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–115 effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 263(c) of Pub. L. 93–415, as added by Pub. L. 95–115 and repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449, formerly set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Termination of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

For termination of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, see note set out preceding section 1681 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions.

¹ So in original. Probably should be "provide".

SUBCHAPTER II—PROGRAMS AND OFFICES

Part A—Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Office

§11111. Establishment

(a) Placement within Department of Justice under general authority of Attorney General

There is hereby established an Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (hereinafter in this division ¹ referred to as the "Office") within the Department of Justice under the general authority of the Attorney General.

(b) Administrator; head, appointment, authorities, etc.

The Office shall be headed by an Administrator (hereinafter in this subchapter referred to as the "Administrator") appointed by the President from among individuals who have had experience in juvenile justice programs. The Administrator is authorized to prescribe regulations consistent with this chapter to award, administer, modify, extend, terminate, monitor, evaluate, reject, or deny all grants and contracts from, and applications for, funds made available under this subchapter. The Administrator shall have the same reporting relationship with the Attorney General as the directors of other offices and bureaus within the Office of Justice Programs have.

(c) Deputy Administrator; appointment, functions, etc.

There shall be in the Office a Deputy Administrator who shall be appointed by the Attorney General. The Deputy Administrator shall perform such functions as the Administrator may from time to time assign or delegate and shall act as the Administrator during the absence or disability of the Administrator.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §201(a)–(f), Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1112, 1113; Pub. L. 95–115, §3(a)(1)–(3)(A), (4), (5), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1048, 1049; Pub. L. 96–509, §§6, 19(b), Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2752, 2762; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §620, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2108; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7252(a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4436; Pub. L. 102–586, §2(a), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4984; Pub. L. 112–166, §2(h)(4), Aug. 10, 2012, 126 Stat. 1285.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This division, referred to in subsec. (a), probably means division II (§§610–670) of chapter VI of title II of Pub. L. 98–473, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2107, which made numerous amendments to this chapter. For complete classification of this division to the Code, see Short Title of 1984 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (b), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 93–415, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1109, known as the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1974 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5611 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers or references in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections or references prior to editorial reclassification.

Amendments

2012—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–166 struck out ", by and with the advice and consent of the Senate," after "President".

1992—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–586 amended third sentence generally, substituting "The Administrator shall have the same reporting relationship with the Attorney General as the directors of other offices and bureaus within the Office of Justice Programs have" for "The Administrator shall report to the Attorney General through the Assistant Attorney General who heads the Office of Justice Programs under part A of title I of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968".

1988—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–690 struck out "and whose function shall be to supervise and direct the National Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention established by section 5651 of this title" after "Attorney General" in first sentence and "also" after "The Deputy Administrator shall" in second sentence.

1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–473, in amending subsec. (a) generally, substituted provisions relating to establishment of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention for former provisions which also provided for the establishment of the Office and its administration by an Administrator.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–473, in amending subsec. (b) generally, substituted provisions relating to functions and duties of the Administrator for former provisions which related to administration of the program.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–473, in amending subsec. (c) generally, substituted provisions relating to Deputy Administrator for former provisions which related to nomination of the Administrator by the President.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–473, in amending section generally, struck out subsec. (d) which related to powers of the Administrator. See subsec. (b) of this section.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98–473, in amending section generally, struck out subsec. (e) which related to Deputy Administrator. See subsec. (c) of this section.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 98–473, in amending section generally, struck out subsec. (f) which related to supervision of the National Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

1980—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–509, §6(a), substituted "under the general authority of the Attorney General" for "Law Enforcement Assistance Administration".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(b)(1), substituted "Administrator" for "Associate Administrator" as the name of the official heading the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention and struck out provisions that had governed the meaning to be placed upon the use of the title "Associate Administrator".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 96–509, §§6(b), 19(b)(2), substituted "Administrator" for "Associate Administrator" wherever appearing, struck out provisions that had required the former Associate Administrator to report directly to the Administrator, and provided that the Administrator exercise all necessary powers under the general authority of the Attorney General rather than the Administrator of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, clarified that the Administrator of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention is authorized to prescribe regulations for all grants and contracts available under part B and part C of this subchapter, and provided that the Administrator of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration and the Director of the National Institute of Justice may delegate authority to the Administrator for all juvenile justice and delinquency prevention grants and contracts for funds made available under the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 96–509, §§6(c), 19(b)(3), substituted "Deputy Administrator" for "Deputy Associate Administrator", "Administrator" for "Associate Administrator", "Attorney General" for "Administrator of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration", and "office" for "Office".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 96–509, §§6(d), 19(b)(4), substituted "Deputy Administrator" for "Deputy Associate Administrator" and "Attorney General" for "Administrator".

1977—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(a)(1), inserted provisions relating to administration of provisions of this chapter.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(a)(2), (3)(A), inserted provisions relating to statutory references to the Associate Administrator and substituted "an Associate" for "an Assistant".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(a)(3)(A), (4), inserted provisions relating to powers of the Associate Administrator over grants and contracts and provisions relating to reporting requirement and substituted "The Associate Administrator shall exercise" for "The Assistant Administrator shall exercise".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(a)(3)(A), (5), substituted references to Deputy Associate Administrator and Associate Administrator for references to Deputy Assistant Administrator and Assistant Administrator, respectively, wherever appearing.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(a)(5), substituted "Associate" for "Assistant".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2012 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–166 effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 2012, and applicable to appointments made on and after that effective date, including any nomination pending in the Senate on that date, see section 6(a) of Pub. L. 112–166, set out as a note under section 113 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–690 effective Oct. 1, 1988, see section 7296(a) of Pub. L. 100–690, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–473 effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 670(a) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–115 effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 263(c) of Pub. L. 93–415, as added by Pub. L. 95–115 and repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449, formerly set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Mentoring Matches for Youth

Pub. L. 109–248, title VI, subtitle A, July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 631, 632, provided that:

"SEC. 601. SHORT TITLE.

"This subtitle may be cited as the 'Mentoring Matches for Youth Act of 2006'.

"SEC. 602. FINDINGS.

"Congress finds the following:

"(1) Big Brothers Big Sisters of America, which was founded in 1904 and chartered by Congress in 1958, is the oldest and largest mentoring organization in the United States.

"(2) There are over 450 Big Brothers Big Sisters of America local agencies providing mentoring programs for at-risk children in over 5,000 communities throughout every State, Guam, and Puerto Rico.

"(3) Over the last decade, Big Brothers Big Sisters of America has raised a minimum of 75 percent of its annual operating budget from private sources and is continually working to grow private sources of funding to maintain this ratio of private to Federal funds.

"(4) In 2005, Big Brothers Big Sisters of America provided mentors for over 235,000 children.

"(5) Big Brothers Big Sisters of America has a goal to provide mentors for 1,000,000 children per year.

"SEC. 603. GRANT PROGRAM FOR EXPANDING BIG BROTHERS BIG SISTERS MENTORING PROGRAM.

"In each of fiscal years 2007 through 2012, the Administrator of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (hereafter in this Act referred to as the 'Administrator') may make grants to Big Brothers Big Sisters of America to use for expanding the capacity of and carrying out the Big Brothers Big Sisters mentoring programs for at-risk youth.

"SEC. 604. BIANNUAL REPORT.

"(a) In General.—Big Brothers Big Sisters of America shall submit 2 reports to the Administrator in each of fiscal years 2007 through 2013. Big Brothers Big Sisters of America shall submit the first report in a fiscal year not later than April 1 of that fiscal year and the second report in a fiscal year not later than September 30 of that fiscal year.

"(b) Required Content.—Each such report shall include the following:

"(1) A detailed statement of the progress made by Big Brothers Big Sisters of America in expanding the capacity of and carrying out mentoring programs for at-risk youth.

"(2) A detailed statement of how the amounts received under this Act have been used.

"(3) A detailed assessment of the effectiveness of the mentoring programs.

"(4) Recommendations for continued grants and the appropriate amounts for such grants.

"SEC. 605. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

"There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this Act—

"(1) $9,000,000 for fiscal year 2007;

"(2) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2008;

"(3) $11,500,000 for fiscal year 2009;

"(4) $13,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; and

"(5) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2011."

¹ See References in Text note below.

§11112. Personnel

(a) Selection; employment; compensation

The Administrator is authorized to select, employ, and fix the compensation of such officers and employees, including attorneys, as are necessary to perform the functions vested in the Administrator and to prescribe their functions.

(b) Special personnel

The Administrator is authorized to select, appoint, and employ not to exceed three officers and to fix their compensation at rates not to exceed the rate now or hereafter payable under section 5376 of title 5.

(c) Personnel from other agencies

Upon the request of the Administrator, the head of any Federal agency is authorized to detail, on a reimbursable basis, any of its personnel to the Administrator to assist the Administrator in carrying out the functions of the Administrator under this subchapter.

(d) Experts and consultants

The Administrator may obtain services as authorized by section 3109 of title 5, at rates not to exceed the rate now or hereafter payable under section 5376 of title 5.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §202, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1113; Pub. L. 95–115, §3(a)(3)(A), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1048; Pub. L. 96–509, §19(c), Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2763; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §621, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2109; Pub. L. 102–586, §2(b), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4984; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12221(a)(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1894.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5612 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

2002—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–273 substituted "payable under section 5376" for "prescribed for GS–18 of the General Schedule by section 5332".

1992—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(b)(1), which directed the substitution of "payable under section 5376" for "prescribes for GS–18 of the General Schedule by section 5332", could not be executed because the phrase "prescribes for GS–18 of the General Schedule by section 5332" did not appear in text.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(b)(2), substituted "subchapter" for "chapter".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(b)(3), substituted "payable under section 5376" for "prescribed for GS–18 of the General Schedule by section 5332".

1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–473, §621(a), substituted "the Administrator" for "him" before "and to prescribe".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–473, §621(b), substituted "the Administrator" for "him" before "in carrying out" and "the functions of the Administrator" for "his functions".

1980—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(c)(1), substituted "Administrator" for "Associate Administrator".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(c)(2), substituted "title 5" for "title I" after "section 5332 of".

1977—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–115 substituted "Associate" for "Assistant".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–273 effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–473 effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 670(a) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–115 effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 263(c) of Pub. L. 93–415, as added by Pub. L. 95–115 and repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449, formerly set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

§11113. Voluntary and uncompensated services

The Administrator is authorized to accept and employ, in carrying out the provisions of this chapter, voluntary and uncompensated services notwithstanding the provisions of section 1342 of title 31.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §203, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1113.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 93–415, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1109, known as the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1974 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5613 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

"Section 1342 of title 31" substituted in text for "section 3679(b) of the Revised Statutes (31 U.S.C. 665(b))" on authority of Pub. L. 97–258, §4(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1067, the first section of which enacted Title 31, Money and Finance.

§11114. Concentration of Federal efforts

(a) Implementation of policy by Administrator; consultation with Council and Advisory Committee

(1) The Administrator shall develop objectives, priorities, and a long-term plan to improve the juvenile justice system in the United States, taking into account scientific knowledge regarding adolescent development and behavior and regarding the effects of delinquency prevention programs and juvenile justice interventions on adolescents, and shall implement overall policy and a strategy to carry out such plan, for all Federal juvenile delinquency programs and activities relating to prevention, diversion, training, treatment, rehabilitation, evaluation, and research. In carrying out the functions of the Administrator, the Administrator shall consult with the Council.

(2)(A) The plan described in paragraph (1) shall—

(i) contain specific goals and criteria for making grants and contracts, for conducting research, and for carrying out other activities under this subchapter; and

(ii) provide for coordinating the administration programs and activities under this subchapter with the administration of all other Federal juvenile delinquency programs and activities, including proposals for joint funding to be coordinated by the Administrator.

(B) The Administrator shall review the plan described in paragraph (1) annually, revise the plan as the Administrator considers appropriate, and publish the plan in the Federal Register during the 30-day period ending on October 1 of each year.

(b) Duties of Administrator

In carrying out the purposes of this chapter, the Administrator shall—

(1) advise the President through the Attorney General as to all matters relating to federally assisted juvenile delinquency programs and Federal policies regarding juvenile delinquency;

(2) assist operating agencies which have direct responsibilities for the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency in the development and promulgation of regulations, guidelines, requirements, criteria, standards, procedures, and budget requests in accordance with the policies, priorities, and objectives the Administrator establishes;

(3) conduct and support evaluations and studies of the performance and results achieved by Federal juvenile delinquency programs and activities;

(4) implement Federal juvenile delinquency programs and activities among Federal departments and agencies and between Federal juvenile delinquency programs and activities and other Federal programs and activities which the Administrator determines may have an important bearing on the success of the entire Federal juvenile delinquency effort;

(5) not later than 1 year after December 21, 2018, in consultation with Indian Tribes, develop a policy for the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention to collaborate with representatives of Indian Tribes with a criminal justice function on the implementation of the provisions of this chapter relating to Indian Tribes;

(6)(A) develop for each fiscal year, and publish annually in the Federal Register for public comment, a proposed comprehensive plan describing the particular activities which the Administrator intends to carry out under parts D and E in such fiscal year, specifying in detail those activities designed to satisfy the requirements of parts D and E; and

(B) taking into consideration comments received during the 45-day period beginning on the date the proposed plan is published, develop and publish a final plan, before December 31 of such fiscal year, describing the particular activities which the Administrator intends to carry out under parts D and E in such fiscal year, specifying in detail those activities designed to satisfy the requirements of parts D and E; and

(7) provide for the auditing of systems required under section 11133(a)(14) of this title for monitoring compliance.

(c) Information, reports, studies, and surveys from other agencies

The Administrator may require, through appropriate authority, Federal departments and agencies engaged in any activity involving any Federal juvenile delinquency program to provide the Administrator with such information as may be appropriate to prevent the duplication of efforts, and to coordinate activities, related to the prevention of juvenile delinquency.

(d) Delegation of functions

The Administrator shall have the sole authority to delegate any of the functions of the Administrator under this chapter.

(e) Utilization of services and facilities of other agencies; reimbursement

The Administrator is authorized to utilize the services and facilities of any agency of the Federal Government and of any other public agency or institution in accordance with appropriate agreements, and to pay for such services either in advance or by way of reimbursement as may be agreed upon.

(f) Coordination of functions of Administrator and Secretary of Health and Human Services

All functions of the Administrator under this subchapter shall be coordinated as appropriate with the functions of the Secretary of Health and Human Services under subchapter III of this chapter.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §204, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1113; Pub. L. 94–273, §§8(3), 12(3), Apr. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 378; Pub. L. 95–115, §3(a)(3)(A), (b), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1048, 1049; Pub. L. 96–509, §§7, 19(d), Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2752, 2763; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §622, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2109; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7253, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4436; Pub. L. 102–586, §2(c), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4984; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12205, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1872; Pub. L. 115–385, title II, §201, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5127.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (b), (d), and (f), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 93–415, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1109, known as the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1974 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5614 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers or references in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections or references prior to editorial reclassification.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–385, §201(1)(A), substituted "a long-term plan to improve the juvenile justice system in the United States, taking into account scientific knowledge regarding adolescent development and behavior and regarding the effects of delinquency prevention programs and juvenile justice interventions on adolescents, and shall implement" for "a long-term plan, and implement" and "and research" for "research, and improvement of the juvenile justice system in the United States".

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–385, §201(1)(B), substituted "Federal Register during the 30-day period ending on October 1 of each year." for "Federal Register—

"(i) not later than 240 days after November 4, 1992, in the case of the initial plan required by paragraph (1); and

"(ii) except as provided in clause (i), in the 30-day period ending on October 1 of each year."

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 115–385, §201(2)(C), added par. (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (6).

Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 115–385, §201(2)(B), (D), redesignated par. (5) as (6) and inserted "and" at end. Former par. (6) redesignated (7).

Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 115–385, §201(2)(A), (B), (E), redesignated par. (6) as (7), substituted "auditing of systems required under section 11133(a)(14) of this title for monitoring compliance." for "auditing of monitoring systems required under section 11133(a)(15) of this title to review the adequacy of such systems; and", and struck out former par. (7) which read as follows: "not later than 1 year after November 2, 2002, issue model standards for providing mental health care to incarcerated juveniles."

2002—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 107–273, §12205(1)(A), struck out "and of the prospective performance and results that might be achieved by alternative programs and activities supplementary to or in lieu of those currently being administered" before semicolon at end.

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 107–273, §12205(1)(B), substituted "parts D and E" for "parts C and D" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 107–273, §12205(1)(C), amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: "not later than 1 year after November 4, 1992, issue model standards for providing health care to incarcerated juveniles."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–273, §12205(2), substituted "as may be appropriate to prevent the duplication of efforts, and to coordinate activities, related to the prevention of juvenile delinquency" for "and reports, and to conduct such studies and surveys, as the Administrator may deem to be necessary to carry out the purposes of this part".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–273, §12205(3), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows: "The Administrator may delegate any of the functions of the Administrator under this subchapter, to any officer or employee of the Office."

Subsecs. (f), (h). Pub. L. 107–273, §12205(5), redesignated subsec. (h) as (f).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 107–273, §12205(4), struck out subsec. (i) which read as follows:

"(1) The Administrator shall require through appropriate authority each Federal agency which administers a Federal juvenile delinquency program to submit annually to the Council a juvenile delinquency development statement. Such statement shall be in addition to any information, report, study, or survey which the Administrator may require under subsection (c) of this section.

"(2) Each juvenile delinquency development statement submitted to the Administrator under paragraph (1) shall contain such information, data, and analyses as the Administrator may require. Such analyses shall include an analysis of the extent to which the juvenile delinquency program of the Federal agency submitting such development statement conforms with and furthers Federal juvenile delinquency prevention and treatment goals and policies.

"(3) The Administrator shall review and comment upon each juvenile delinquency development statement transmitted to the Administrator under paragraph (1). Such development statement, together with the comments of the Administrator, shall be included by the Federal agency involved in every recommendation or request made by such agency for Federal legislation which significantly affects juvenile delinquency prevention and treatment."

1992—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(c)(1), designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted "develop objectives, priorities, and a long-term plan, and implement overall policy and a strategy to carry out such plan," for "implement overall policy and develop objectives and priorities", and added par. (2).

Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(c)(2), (3), added par. (7).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(c)(4), struck out subsec. (f) which read as follows: "The Administrator is authorized to transfer funds appropriated under this section to any agency of the Federal Government to develop or demonstrate new methods in juvenile delinquency prevention and rehabilitation and to supplement existing delinquency prevention and rehabilitation programs which the Administrator finds to be exceptionally effective or for which the Administrator finds there exists exceptional need."

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(c)(4), struck out subsec. (g) which read as follows: "The Administrator is authorized to make grants to, or enter into contracts with, any public or private agency, organization, institution, or individual to carry out the purposes of this subchapter."

1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–690, §7253(a), struck out "and the National Advisory Committee for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention" before period at end.

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 100–690, §7253(b)(1), amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) read as follows: "develop annually with the assistance of the Advisory Committee and the Coordinating Council and submit to the President and the Congress, after the first year following October 3, 1977, prior to December 31, an analysis and evaluation of Federal juvenile delinquency programs conducted and assisted by Federal departments and agencies, the expenditures made, the results achieved, the plans developed, and problems in the operations and coordination of such programs and a brief but precise comprehensive plan for Federal juvenile delinquency programs, with particular emphasis on the prevention of juvenile delinquency and the development of programs and services which will encourage increased diversion of juveniles from the traditional juvenile justice system, which analysis and evaluation shall include recommendations for modifications in organization, management, personnel, standards, budget requests, and implementation plans necessary to increase the effectiveness of these programs;".

Subsec. (b)(6), (7). Pub. L. 100–690, §7253(b)(2), (3), redesignated par. (7) as (6) and struck out former par. (6) which read as follows: "provide technical assistance and training assistance to Federal, State, and local governments, courts, public and private agencies, institutions, and individuals, in the planning, establishment, funding, operation, or evaluation of juvenile delinquency programs; and".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–690, §7253(c)(1), (3), redesignated subsec. (f) as (c) and struck out former subsec. (c) which read as follows: "The President shall, no later than ninety days after receiving each annual report under subsection (b)(5) of this section, submit a report to the Congress and to the Council containing a detailed statement of any action taken or anticipated with respect to recommendations made by each annual report."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–690, §7253(c)(1), (3), redesignated subsec. (g) as (d) and struck out former subsec. (d) which read as follows:

"(1) The first annual report submitted to the President and the Congress by the Administrator under subsection (b)(5) of this section shall contain, in addition to information required by subsection (b)(5) of this section, a detailed statement of criteria developed by the Administrator for identifying the characteristics of juvenile delinquency, juvenile delinquency prevention, diversion of youths from the juvenile justice system, and the training, treatment, and rehabilitation of juvenile delinquents.

"(2) The second such annual report shall contain, in addition to information required by subsection (b)(5) of this section, an identification of Federal programs which are related to juvenile delinquency prevention or treatment, together with a statement of the moneys expended for each such program during the most recent complete fiscal year. Such identification shall be made by the Administrator through the use of criteria developed under paragraph (1)."

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–690, §7253(c)(1), (3), redesignated subsec. (h) as (e) and struck out former subsec. (e) which read as follows: "The third such annual report submitted to the President and the Congress by the Administrator under subsection (b)(5) of this section shall contain, in addition to the comprehensive plan required by subsection (b)(5) of this section, a detailed statement of procedures to be used with respect to the submission of juvenile delinquency development statements to the Administrator by Federal agencies under subsection (l) of this section. Such statement submitted by the Administrator shall include a description of information, data, and analyses which shall be contained in each such development statement."

Subsecs. (f) to (h). Pub. L. 100–690, §7253(c)(3), redesignated subsecs. (i) to (k) as (f) to (h), respectively. Former subsecs. (f) to (h) redesignated (c) to (e), respectively.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 100–690, §7253(c)(2), (3), redesignated subsec. (l) as (i), struck out "which meets any criterion developed by the Administrator under subsection (d)(1) of this section" after "juvenile delinquency program" and substituted "subsection (c)" for "subsection (f)" in par. (1), and struck out "shall be submitted in accordance with procedure established by the Administrator under subsection (e) of this section and" after "under paragraph (1)" and "under subsection (e) of this section" after "Administrator may require" in par. (2). Former subsec. (i) redesignated (f).

Subsecs. (j) to (l). Pub. L. 100–690, §7253(c)(3), redesignated subsecs. (j) to (l) as (g) to (i), respectively.

Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 100–690, §7253(c)(4), struck out subsec. (m) which read as follows: "To carry out the purposes of this section, there is authorized to be appropriated for each fiscal year an amount which does not exceed 7.5 percent of the total amount appropriated to carry out this subchapter."

1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–473, §622(a), substituted "the functions of the Administrator" for "his functions".

Subsec. (b)(2), (4). Pub. L. 98–473, §622(b)(1), (2), substituted "the Administrator" for "he".

Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 98–473, §622(b)(3)–(5), added par. (7).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98–473, §622(c), substituted "subsection (l)" for "subsection ('l')".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 98–473, §622(d), substituted "the Administrator" for "him" before "with such information" and for "he" before "may deem to be".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 98–473, §622(e), substituted "the functions of the Administrator" for "his functions".

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 98–473, §622(f), substituted "section" for "subchapter" and "the Administrator" for "he" before "finds there exists".

Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 98–473, §622(g)(1), substituted "subsection (d)(1) of this section" for "section 5614(d)(1) of this title" and "subsection (f) of this section" for "section 5614(f) of this title".

Subsec. (l)(2). Pub. L. 98–473, §622(g)(2), substituted "paragraph (1)" for "subsection ('l')" and "subsection (e) of this section" for "section 5614(e) of this title" in two places.

Subsec. (l)(3). Pub. L. 98–473, §622(g)(3), substituted "the Administrator" for "him" after "transmitted to" and "paragraph (1)" for "subsection ('l')".

1980—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–509, §7(a), struck out reference to the Associate Administrator in provisions preceding par. (1) and in par. (6) inserted reference to training assistance.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(d)(1), substituted "Administrator for identifying" for "Associate Administrator for identifying".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(d)(2), substituted "Office" for "Administration".

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(d)(3), substituted "Administrator finds" for "Associate Administrator finds".

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(d)(4), substituted "Health and Human Services" for "the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare".

Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(d)(5), substituted "developed by the Administrator" for "developed by the Associate Administrator".

Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 96–509, §7(b), added subsec. (m).

1977—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(b)(1), in introductory text inserted requirement for assistance of the Associate Administrator, added par. (5), and redesignated par. (7) as (6). Former par. (5), relating to an analysis and evaluation of Federal juvenile delinquency programs, and former par. (6), relating to a comprehensive plan for Federal juvenile delinquency programs, were struck out.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(b)(2), inserted "Associate" before "Administrator for".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(b)(3), substituted "(5)" for "(6)" in two places.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(b)(4), inserted "Federal" after "appropriate authority,".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(b)(5), substituted "subchapter" for "part, except the making of regulations".

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(a)(3)(A), substituted "Associate" for "Assistant".

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(b)(6), inserted "organization," after "agency," and substituted "subchapter" for "part".

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(b)(7), substituted "subchapter" for "part" and "subchapter III of this chapter" for "the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Act".

Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(b)(8), inserted "Associate" before "Administrator under".

1976—Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 94–273, §8(3), substituted "December 31" for "September 30".

Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 94–273, §12(3), substituted "June" for "March".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–385 not applicable with respect to funds appropriated for any fiscal year that begins before Dec. 21, 2018, see section 3 of Pub. L. 115–385, set out as a note under section 11102 of this title.

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–273 effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–690 effective Oct. 1, 1988, but amendment by section 7253(b)(1) of Pub. L. 100–690 not applicable with respect to fiscal year 1989, see section 7296(a), (b)(2) of Pub. L. 100–690, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–473 effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 670(a) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–115 effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 263(c) of Pub. L. 93–415, as added by Pub. L. 95–115 and repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449, formerly set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date

Section effective Sept. 7, 1974, except that subsec. (b)(5), (6) effective at close of thirty-first day of twelfth calendar month of 1974, and subsec. (l) effective at close of thirtieth day of eleventh calendar month of 1976, see section 263(a), (b) of Pub. L. 93–415, repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449, formerly set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Termination of Advisory Committees

Advisory committees established after Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period beginning on the date of their establishment unless in the case of a committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such committee is renewed by appropriate action prior to the end of such 2-year period, or in the case of a committee established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided by law. See section 14 of Pub. L. 92–463, Oct. 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 776, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

§11115. Joint funding; non-Federal share requirements

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, where funds are made available by more than one Federal agency to be used by any agency, organization, institution, or individual to carry out a Federal juvenile delinquency program or activity, any one of the Federal agencies providing funds may be requested by the Administrator to act for all in administering the funds advanced whenever the Administrator finds the program or activity to be exceptionally effective or for which the Administrator finds exceptional need. In such cases, a single non-Federal share requirement may be established according to the proportion of funds advanced by each Federal agency, and the Administrator may order any such agency to waive any technical grant or contract requirement (as defined in such regulations) which is inconsistent with the similar requirement of the administering agency or which the administering agency does not impose.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §205, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1116; Pub. L. 95–115, §3(c), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1049; Pub. L. 96–509, §19(e), Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2763.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5615 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

1980—Pub. L. 96–509 struck out "Associate" before "Administrator finds" in two places.

1977—Pub. L. 95–115 inserted provisions relating to functions of the Associate Administrator with respect to joint funding.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–115 effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 263(c) of Pub. L. 93–415, as added by Pub. L. 95–115 and repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449, formerly set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

§11116. Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

(a) Establishment; membership

(1) There is hereby established, as an independent organization in the executive branch of the Federal Government a Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention composed of the Attorney General, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Assistant Secretary for Mental Health and Substance Use, the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Education, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, the Administrator of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy, the Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation for National and Community Service, the Assistant Secretary for Immigration and Customs Enforcement, such other officers of Federal agencies who hold significant decisionmaking authority as the President may designate, and individuals appointed under paragraph (2).

(2)(A) Ten members shall be appointed, without regard to political affiliation, to the Council in accordance with this paragraph from among individuals who are practitioners in the field of juvenile justice and who are not officers or employees of the Federal Government.

(B)(i) Three members shall be appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, after consultation with the minority leader of the House of Representatives.

(ii) Three members shall be appointed by the majority leader of the Senate, after consultation with the minority leader of the Senate.

(iii) Three members shall be appointed by the President.

(iv) One member shall be appointed by the Chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs of the Senate, in consultation with the Vice Chairman of that Committee and the Chairman and Ranking Member of the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives.

(C)(i) Of the members appointed under each of clauses (i), (ii), and (iii)—

(I) 1 shall be appointed for a term of 1 year;

(II) 1 shall be appointed for a term of 2 years; and

(III) 1 shall be appointed for a term of 3 years;

as designated at the time of appointment.

(ii) Except as provided in clause (iii), a vacancy arising during the term for which an appointment is made may be filled only for the remainder of such term.

(iii) After the expiration of the term for which a member is appointed, such member may continue to serve until a successor is appointed.

(b) Chairman and Vice Chairman

The Attorney General shall serve as Chairman of the Council. The Administrator of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention shall serve as Vice Chairman of the Council. The Vice Chairman shall act as Chairman in the absence of the Chairman.

(c) Functions

(1) The function of the Council shall be to coordinate all Federal juvenile delinquency programs (in cooperation with State and local juvenile justice programs) all Federal programs and activities that detain or care for unaccompanied juveniles, and all Federal programs relating to missing and exploited children. The Council shall examine how the separate programs can be coordinated among Federal, State, and local governments to better serve at-risk children and juveniles and shall make recommendations to the President, and to the Congress, at least annually with respect to the coordination of overall policy and development of objectives and priorities for all Federal juvenile delinquency programs and activities and all Federal programs and activities that detain or care for unaccompanied juveniles. The Council shall review the programs and practices of Federal agencies and report on the degree to which Federal agency funds are used for purposes which are consistent or inconsistent with the mandates of the core requirements. The Council shall review, and make recommendations with respect to, any joint funding proposal undertaken by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention and any agency represented on the Council. The Council shall review the reasons why Federal agencies take juveniles into custody and shall make recommendations regarding how to improve Federal practices and facilities for holding juveniles in custody.

(2) In addition to performing their functions as members of the Council, the members appointed under subsection (a)(2) shall collectively, on an annual basis—

(A) make recommendations regarding the development of the objectives, priorities, and the long-term plan, and the implementation of overall policy and the strategy to carry out such plan, referred to in section 11114(a)(1) of this title; and

(B) not later than 120 days after the completion of the last meeting of the Council during any fiscal year, submit to the Committee on Education and the Workforce of the House of Representatives and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate a report that—

(i) contains the recommendations described in subparagraph (A);

(ii) includes a detailed account of the activities conducted by the Council during the fiscal year, including a complete detailed accounting of expenses incurred by the Council to conduct operations in accordance with this section;

(iii) is published on the websites of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Council, and the Department of Justice; and

(iv) is in addition to the annual report required under section 11117 of this title.

(d) Meetings

The Council shall meet at least quarterly.

(e) Appointment of personnel or staff support by Administrator

The Administrator shall, with the approval of the Council, appoint such personnel or staff support as the Administrator considers necessary to carry out the purposes of this subchapter.

(f) Expenses of Council members; reimbursement

Members appointed under subsection (a)(2) shall serve without compensation. Members of the Council shall be reimbursed for travel, subsistence, and other necessary expenses incurred by them in carrying out the duties of the Council.

(g) Authorization of appropriations

Of sums available to carry out this part, not more than $200,000 shall be available to carry out this section.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §206, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1116; Pub. L. 94–237, §4(c)(5)(D), Mar. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 244; Pub. L. 95–115, §3(a)(3)(A), (5), (d), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1048–1050; Pub. L. 96–509, §§8, 19(f), Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2753, 2763; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §623, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2110; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §§7251(b), 7252(b)(2), 7254, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4435–4437; Pub. L. 102–586, §2(d), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4985; Pub. L. 103–82, title IV, §405(k), Sept. 21, 1993, 107 Stat. 922; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12206, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1872; Pub. L. 111–211, title II, §246(b), July 29, 2010, 124 Stat. 2296; Pub. L. 115–385, title II, §202, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5128.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5616 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers or references in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections or references prior to editorial reclassification.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–385, §202(1)(A), inserted "the Assistant Secretary for Mental Health and Substance Use, the Secretary of the Interior," after "the Secretary of Health and Human Services," and substituted "Assistant Secretary for Immigration and Customs Enforcement" for "Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization".

Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 115–385, §202(1)(B), substituted "Federal Government" for "United States".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 115–385, §202(2)(A), substituted "the core requirements" for "paragraphs (12)(A), (13), and (14) of section 11133(a) of this title".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 115–385, §202(2)(B)(i), inserted ", on an annual basis" after "collectively" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–385, §202(2)(B)(ii), added subpar. (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "not later than 180 days after November 4, 1992, submit such recommendations to the Administrator, the Chairman of the Committee on Education and the Workforce of the House of Representatives, and the Chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate."

2010—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 111–211, §246(b)(1), substituted "Ten" for "Nine".

Subsec. (a)(2)(B)(iv). Pub. L. 111–211, §246(b)(2), added cl. (iv).

2002—Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 107–273 substituted "Education and the Workforce" for "Education and Labor".

1993—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–82 substituted "the Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation for National and Community Service" for "the Director of the ACTION Agency".

1992—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(d)(1)(A), substituted "the Administrator of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy, the Director of the ACTION Agency, the Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization, such other officers of Federal agencies who hold significant decisionmaking authority as the President may designate, and individuals appointed under paragraph (2)" for "the Director of the Office of Community Services, the Director of the Office of Drug Abuse Policy, the Director of the ACTION Agency, the Director of the Bureau of Prisons, the Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Director for the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation Services, the Commissioner for the Administration for Children, Youth, and Families, and the Director of the Youth Development Bureau, or their respective designees, the Assistant Attorney General who heads the Office of Justice Programs, the Director of the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Administrator of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Director of the National Institute of Justice, and representatives of such other agencies as the President shall designate".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(d)(1)(B), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "Any individual designated under this section shall be selected from individuals who exercise significant decisionmaking authority in the Federal agency involved."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(d)(2), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted "(in cooperation with State and local juvenile justice programs) all Federal programs and activities that detain or care for unaccompanied juveniles,", "shall examine how the separate programs can be coordinated among Federal, State, and local governments to better serve at-risk children and juveniles and" and "and all Federal programs and activities that detain or care for unaccompanied juveniles", and added par. (2).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(d)(3), inserted "Members appointed under subsection (a)(2) shall serve without compensation." before "Members of the Council" and struck out "who are employed by the Federal Government full time" before "shall be".

1988—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 100–690, §§7251(b), 7252(b)(2), struck out "(hereinafter referred to as the 'Council')" after "Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention" and "the Deputy Administrator of the Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention," after "Administrator of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention,".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–690, §7254(a)(1)–(3), struck out ", in consultation with the Advisory Board on Missing Children," after "programs and" in first sentence, substituted "shall" for "is authorized to" and "paragraphs (12)(A), (13), and (14) of section 5633(a) of this title" for "section 5633(a)(12)(A) and (13) of this title" in third sentence, and inserted at end "The Council shall review the reasons why Federal agencies take juveniles into custody and shall make recommendations regarding how to improve Federal practices and facilities for holding juveniles in custody."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–690, §7254(b), struck out provision that annual report required by section 5614(b)(5) of this title include a description of the activities of the Council.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 100–690, §7254(c), amended subsec. (g) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (g) read as follows: "To carry out the purposes of this section there is authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary, not to exceed $200,000 for each fiscal year."

1984—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 98–473, §623(a), substituted "Office of Community Services" for "Community Services Administration", "Assistant Attorney General who heads the Office of Justice Programs" for "Director of the Office of Justice Assistance, Research, and Statistics", and "Director of the Bureau of Justice Assistance" for "Administrator of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–473, §623(b), substituted "delinquency programs and, in consultation with the Advisory Board on Missing Children, all Federal programs relating to missing and exploited children" for "delinquency programs".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98–473, §623(c), substituted "the Administrator" for "he" before "considers necessary".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 98–473, §623(d), substituted "$200,000" for "$500,000".

1980—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 96–509, §§8(a), 19(f)(1), substituted "the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Education, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, the Director of the Community Services Administration, the Director of the Office of Drug Abuse Policy, the Director of the ACTION Agency, the Director of the Bureau of Prisons, the Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Director of the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation Services, the Commissioner for the Administration for Children, Youth, and Families, and the Director of the Youth Development Bureau, or their respective designees, the Director of the Office of Justice Assistance, Research and Statistics, the Administrator of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, the Administrator of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Deputy Administrator of the Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Director of the National Institute of Justice, and representatives" for "the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, the Secretary of Labor, the Director of the Office of Drug Abuse Policy, the Commissioner of the Office of Education, the Director of the ACTION Agency, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, or their respective designees, the Associate Administrator of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Deputy Associate Administrator of the Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and representatives".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(f)(2), struck out "Associate" before "Administrator".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–509, §8(b), provided that the Coordinating Council make its annual recommendations to the Congress as well as the President and that the Coordinating Council review and make recommendations with respect to any joint funding proposal undertaken by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention and any agency represented on the Council and struck out "the Attorney General and".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 96–509, §8(c), substituted "at least quarterly" for "a minimum of four times per year".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 96–509, §§8(d), 19(f)(3), substituted "The Administrator shall" for "The Associate Administrator may".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 96–509, §8(e), placed a limit of $500,000 for each fiscal year on the amount authorized to be appropriated to carry out the purposes of this section.

1977—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(a)(3)(A), (5), (d)(1), inserted references to the Commissioner of the Office of Education and the Director of the ACTION Agency, and substituted "Associate" for "Assistant" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(a)(3)(A), substituted "Associate" for "Assistant".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(d)(2), inserted provisions relating to review functions of the Council.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(d)(3), substituted "four" for "six".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(d)(4), redesignated former par. (3) as entire subsec. (e) and, as so redesignated, inserted "or staff support" after "personnel" and substituted "Associate Administrator" for "Executive Secretary". Former pars. (1) and (2), which related to appointment and responsibilities of the Executive Secretary, respectively, were struck out.

1976—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 94–237 substituted "Office of Drug Abuse Policy" for "Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Committee on Education and the Workforce of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Education and Labor of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, Jan. 9, 2019.

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–385 not applicable with respect to funds appropriated for any fiscal year that begins before Dec. 21, 2018, see section 3 of Pub. L. 115–385, set out as a note under section 11102 of this title.

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–273 effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1993 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–82 effective Apr. 4, 1994, see section 406(b) of Pub. L. 103–82, set out as a note under section 8332 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–690 effective Oct. 1, 1988, see section 7296(a) of Pub. L. 100–690, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–473 effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 670(a) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–115 effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 263(c) of Pub. L. 93–415, as added by Pub. L. 95–115 and repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449, formerly set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Termination of Reporting Requirements

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions in subsec. (c)(1) of this section relating to the Council making recommendations to Congress at least annually, see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and item 1 on page 159 of House Document No. 103–7.

Abolition of Immigration and Naturalization Service and Transfer of Functions

For abolition of Immigration and Naturalization Service, transfer of functions, and treatment of related references, see note set out under section 1551 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.

§11117. Annual report

Not later than 180 days after the end of each fiscal year, the Administrator shall submit to the President, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the President pro tempore of the Senate a report that contains the following with respect to such fiscal year:

(1) A detailed summary and analysis of the most recent data available regarding the number of juveniles taken into custody, the rate at which juveniles are taken into custody, and the trends demonstrated by the data required by subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C). Such summary and analysis shall set out the information required by subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), and (D) separately for juvenile nonoffenders, juvenile status offenders, and other juvenile offenders. Such summary and analysis shall separately address with respect to each category of juveniles specified in the preceding sentence—

(A) the types of offenses with which the juveniles are charged;

(B) the race, gender, and ethnicity, as such term is defined by the Bureau of the Census, of the juveniles;

(C) the ages of the juveniles;

(D) the types of facilities used to hold the juveniles (including juveniles treated as adults for purposes of prosecution) in custody, including secure detention facilities, secure correctional facilities, jails, and lockups;

(E) the number of juveniles who died while in custody and the circumstances under which they died;

(F) the educational status of juveniles, including information relating to learning and other disabilities, failing performance, grade retention, and dropping out of school;

(G) a summary of data from 1 month of the applicable fiscal year of the use of restraints and isolation upon juveniles held in the custody of secure detention and correctional facilities operated by a State or unit of local government;

(H) the number of status offense cases petitioned to court, number of status offenders held in secure detention, the findings used to justify the use of secure detention, and the average period of time a status offender was held in secure detention;

(I) the number of juveniles released from custody and the type of living arrangement to which they are released;

(J) the number of juveniles whose offense originated on school grounds, during school-sponsored off-campus activities, or due to a referral by a school official, as collected and reported by the Department of Education or similar State educational agency; and

(K) the number of juveniles in the custody of secure detention and correctional facilities operated by a State or unit of local or tribal government who report being pregnant.

(2) A description of the activities for which funds are expended under this part, including the objectives, priorities, accomplishments, and recommendations of the Council.

(3) A description, based on the most recent data available, of the extent to which each State complies with section 11133 of this title and with the plan submitted under such section by the State for such fiscal year.

(4) An evaluation of the programs funded under this subchapter and their effectiveness in reducing the incidence of juvenile delinquency, particularly violent crime, committed by juveniles.

(5) A description of the criteria used to determine what programs qualify as evidence-based and promising programs under this subchapter and subchapter V and a comprehensive list of those programs the Administrator has determined meet such criteria in both rural and urban areas.

(6) A description of funding provided to Indian Tribes under this chapter or for a juvenile delinquency or prevention program under the Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010 (Public Law 111–211; 124 Stat. 2261), including direct Federal grants and funding provided to Indian Tribes through a State or unit of local government.

(7) An analysis and evaluation of the internal controls at the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention to determine if grantees are following the requirements of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention grant programs and what remedial action the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention has taken to recover any grant funds that are expended in violation of the grant programs, including instances—

(A) in which supporting documentation was not provided for cost reports;

(B) where unauthorized expenditures occurred; or

(C) where subrecipients of grant funds were not compliant with program requirements.

(8) An analysis and evaluation of the total amount of payments made to grantees that the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention recouped from grantees that were found to be in violation of policies and procedures of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention grant programs, including—

(A) the full name and location of the grantee;

(B) the violation of the program found;

(C) the amount of funds sought to be recouped by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; and

(D) the actual amount recouped by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §207, as added Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7255, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4437; amended Pub. L. 102–586, §2(e), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4986; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12207, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1872; Pub. L. 115–385, title II, §203, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5128.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in par. (6), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 93–415, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1109, known as the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1974 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

The Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010, referred to in par. (6), is title II of Pub. L. 111–211, July 29, 2010, 124 Stat. 2261. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2010 Amendment note set out under section 2801 of Title 25, Indians, and Tables.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5617 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 207 of title II of Pub. L. 93–415, as added Pub. L. 96–509, §9, Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2753, related to establishment and functions of National Advisory Committee for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, prior to repeal eff. Oct. 12, 1984, by Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §624, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2111.

Another prior section 207 of title II of Pub. L. 93–415, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1117; Pub. L. 95–115, §3(e), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1050, related to National Advisory Committee for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, its membership, terms of office, etc., prior to repeal by Pub. L. 96–509, §9, Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2753.

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–385, §203(1), substituted "each fiscal year" for "a fiscal year" in introductory provisions.

Par. (1)(B). Pub. L. 115–385, §203(2)(A), substituted ", gender, and ethnicity, as such term is defined by the Bureau of the Census," for "and gender".

Par. (1)(F). Pub. L. 115–385, §203(2)(C), inserted "and other" before "disabilities," and substituted semicolon for period at end.

Par. (1)(G) to (K). Pub. L. 115–385, §203(2)(B), (D), added subpars. (G) to (K).

Pars. (5) to (8). Pub. L. 115–385, §203(3), added pars. (5) to (8).

2002—Pars. (4), (5). Pub. L. 107–273 added par. (4) and struck out former pars. (4) and (5) which read as follows:

"(4) A summary of each program or activity for which assistance is provided under part C or D of this subchapter, an evaluation of the results of such program or activity, and a determination of the feasibility and advisability of replicating such program or activity in other locations.

"(5) A description of selected exemplary delinquency prevention programs for which assistance is provided under this subchapter, with particular attention to community-based juvenile delinquency prevention programs that involve and assist families of juveniles."

1992—Par. (1)(D). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(e)(1)(A), inserted "(including juveniles treated as adults for purposes of prosecution)".

Par. (1)(F). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(e)(1)(B), (2), (3), added subpar. (F).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–385 not applicable with respect to funds appropriated for any fiscal year that begins before Dec. 21, 2018, see section 3 of Pub. L. 115–385, set out as a note under section 11102 of this title.

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–273 effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date

Section effective Oct. 1, 1988, with the report required by this section with respect to fiscal year 1988 to be submitted not later than Aug. 1, 1989, notwithstanding the 180-day period provided in this section, see section 7296(a), (b)(3) of Pub. L. 100–690, as amended, set out as an Effective Date of 1988 Amendment note under section 11101 of this title.

Termination of Reporting Requirements

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions in this section relating to submittal to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate of an annual report, see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and item 10 on page 177 of House Document No. 103–7.

Part B—Charles Grassley Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Program

Editorial Notes

Codification

Pub. L. 115–385, title II, §204(c)(1), Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5130, substituted "Charles Grassley Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Program" for "Federal Assistance for State and Local Programs" in part heading.

Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7263(a)(1)(A), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4443, struck out subpart I heading "Formula Grants" in part B.

§11131. Authority to make grants and contracts

(a) The Administrator is authorized to make grants to States and units of local government or combinations thereof to assist them in planning, establishing, operating, coordinating, and evaluating projects directly or through grants and contracts with public and private agencies for the development of more effective education, training, research, prevention, diversion, treatment, and rehabilitation programs in the area of juvenile delinquency and programs to improve the juvenile justice system.

(b)(1) With not to exceed 5 percent of the funds available in a fiscal year to carry out this part, the Administrator shall make grants to and enter into contracts with public and private agencies, organizations, and individuals to provide technical assistance to States, units of general local governments ¹ (and combinations thereof), and local private agencies to facilitate compliance with section 11133 of this title and implementation of the State plan approved under section 11133(c) of this title.

(2) Grants and contracts may be made under paragraph (1) only to public and private agencies, organizations, and individuals that have experience in providing such technical assistance.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §221, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1118; Pub. L. 95–115, §4(a), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1050; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §625(a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2111; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7256, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4438; Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(1), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4987; Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(2)(A)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–50, 2681-75; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12221(a)(2), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1894; Pub. L. 115–385, title II, §204(a), Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5130.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5631 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers or references in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections or references prior to editorial reclassification.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–385 substituted "5 percent" for "2 percent".

2002—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 107–273 struck out at end "In providing such technical assistance, the recipient of a grant or contract under this subsection shall coordinate its activities with the State agency described in section 5671(c)(1) of this title."

1998—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–277 substituted "units of local government" for "units of general local government".

1992—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(1)(A), which directed the substitution of "experience" for "existence", could not be executed because "existence" did not appear in text.

Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(1)(B), made technical amendment to reference to section 5671 of this title to reflect renumbering of corresponding section of original act.

1988—Pub. L. 100–690 inserted "and contracts" after "grants" in section catchline, designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), and added subsec. (b).

1984—Pub. L. 98–473 amended section catchline.

1977—Pub. L. 95–115 inserted "grants and" before "contracts" and substituted "units of general local government or combinations thereof" for "local governments".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–385 not applicable with respect to funds appropriated for any fiscal year that begins before Dec. 21, 2018, see section 3 of Pub. L. 115–385, set out as a note under section 11102 of this title.

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–273 effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–690 effective Oct. 1, 1988, see section 7296(a) of Pub. L. 100–690, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–115 effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 263(c) of Pub. L. 93–415, as added by Pub. L. 95–115 and repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449, formerly set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

¹ So in original. Probably should be "units of local governments".

§11132. Allocation of funds

(a) Time; basis; amounts

(1) Subject to paragraph (2) and in accordance with regulations promulgated under this part, funds shall be allocated annually among the States on the basis of relative population of people under 18 years of age, based on the most recent data available from the Bureau of the Census.

(2)(A) If the aggregate amount appropriated for a fiscal year to carry out this subchapter is less than $75,000,000, then—

(i) the amount allocated to each State other than a State described in clause (ii) for that fiscal year shall be not less than $400,000; and

(ii) the amount allocated to the United States Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands for that fiscal year shall be not less than $75,000.

(B) If the aggregate amount appropriated for a fiscal year to carry out this subchapter is not less than $75,000,000, then—

(i) the amount allocated to each State other than a State described in clause (ii) for that fiscal year shall be not less than $600,000; and

(ii) the amount allocated to the United States Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands for that fiscal year shall be not less than $100,000.

(b) Reallocation of unobligated funds

If any amount so allocated remains unobligated at the end of the fiscal year, such funds shall be reallocated in a manner equitable and consistent with the purpose of this part. Any amount so reallocated shall be in addition to the amounts already allocated and available to the State, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands for the same period.

(c) Use of allocated funds for development, etc., of State plans; limitations; matching requirements

In accordance with regulations promulgated under this part, a portion of any allocation to any State under this part shall be available to develop a State plan or for other pre-award activities associated with such State plan, and to pay that portion of the expenditures which are necessary for effective and efficient administration of funds, including the designation of not less than one individual who shall coordinate efforts to achieve and sustain compliance with the core requirements and certify whether the State is in compliance with such requirements. Not more than 10 percent of the total annual allocation of such State shall be available for such purposes except that any amount expended or obligated by such State, or by units of local government or any combination thereof, from amounts made available under this subsection shall be matched (in an amount equal to any such amount so expended or obligated) by such State, or by such units or combinations, from State or local funds, as the case may be. The State shall make available needed funds for planning and administration to units of local government or combinations thereof within the State on an equitable basis.

(d) Minimum annual allocation for assistance of advisory group

In accordance with regulations promulgated under this part, not more than 5 percent of the annual allocation to any State under this part shall be available to assist the advisory group established under section 11133(a)(3) of this title.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §222, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1118; Pub. L. 95–115, §4(b)(1), (2)(A)–(C), (3), (4), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1051; Pub. L. 96–509, §10, Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2755; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §625(b), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2111; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7257, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4438; Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(2), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4987; Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(2)(B)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–50, 2681-75; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12208, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1873; Pub. L. 115–385, title II, §204(b), Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5130.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5632 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers or references in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections or references prior to editorial reclassification.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–385, §204(b)(1)(A), substituted "18 years of age, based on the most recent data available from the Bureau of the Census" for "age eighteen".

Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Pub. L. 115–385, §204(b)(1)(B), added par. (2) and struck out former pars. (2) and (3) which set out allocated amounts to States depending on whether aggregate appropriations were less than, equal to, or more than $75,000,000 and stipulated a condition if the amount allocated would be less than the amount allocated to the State for fiscal year 2000.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–385, §204(b)(2), substituted "effective and efficient administration of funds, including the designation of not less than one individual who shall coordinate efforts to achieve and sustain compliance with the core requirements and certify whether the State is in compliance with such requirements" for "efficient administration, including monitoring, evaluation, and one full-time staff position".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–385, §204(b)(3), substituted "not more than 5 percent of the" for "5 per centum of the minimum".

2002—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 107–273, §12208(1)(A)(i), struck out "(other than parts D and E)" after "carry out this subchapter", substituted "amount up to $400,000" for "amount, up to $400,000,", "fiscal year 2000, except" for "fiscal year 1992 except", "amount up to $100,000" for "amount, up to $100,000,", and "fiscal year 2000, each" for "fiscal year 1992, each", and struck out "the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands," after "American Samoa,".

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 107–273, §12208(1)(A)(ii), struck out "(other than part D)" after "carry out this subchapter", substituted "less than $600,000" for "less than $400,000", "amount up to $100,000" for "amount, up to $100,000,", and "fiscal year 2000," for "fiscal year 1992", and struck out "or such greater amount, up to $600,000, as is available to be allocated if appropriations have been enacted and made available to carry out parts D and E of this subchapter in the full amounts authorized by section 5671(a)(1) and (3) of this title" before "except that" and "the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands," after "American Samoa,".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 107–273, §12208(1)(B), substituted "fiscal year 2000" for "fiscal year 1992" in two places and "allocate" for "allot".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–273, §12208(2), struck out "the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands," after "Guam,".

1998—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–277 substituted "units of local government" for "units of general local government" in two places.

1992—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(2)(A), (B)(i), substituted "parts D and E" for "part D", substituted "allocated" for "allotted" in two places, and inserted "or such greater amount, up to $400,000, as is available to be allocated without reducing the amount of any State or territory's allocation below the amount allocated for fiscal year 1992" and ", or such greater amount, up to $100,000, as is available to be allocated without reducing the amount of any State or territory's allocation below the amount allocated for fiscal year 1992,".

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(2)(A), (B)(ii), substituted "allocated" for "allotted" in two places and inserted "or such greater amount, up to $600,000, as is available to be allocated if appropriations have been enacted and made available to carry out parts D and E of this subchapter in the full amounts authorized by section 5671(a)(1) and (3) of this title" and ", or such greater amount, up to $100,000, as is available to be allocated without reducing the amount of any State or territory's allocation below the amount allocated for fiscal year 1992".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(2)(A), (B)(iii), substituted "allocated" for "allotted" wherever appearing and "1992" for "1988" in two places.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(2)(A), substituted "allocated" for "allotted" in two places.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(2)(A), (C), substituted "allocation" for "allotment" in two places, ", evaluation, and one full-time staff position" for "and evaluation", and "10 percent" for "7½ per centum".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(2)(A), substituted "allocation" for "allotment".

1988—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 100–690, §7257(a)(1), (2), designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted "Subject to paragraph (2) and in" for "In", and struck out at end "No such allotment to any State shall be less than $225,000, except that for the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands no allotment shall be less than $56,250."

Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Pub. L. 100–690, §7257(a)(3), added pars. (2) and (3).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–690, §7257(b), substituted "If" for "Except for funds appropriated for fiscal year 1975, if" and struck out after first sentence "Funds appropriated for fiscal year 1975 may be obligated in accordance with subsection (a) until June 30, 1976, after which time they may be reallocated."

1984—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–473 substituted "the Trust Territory" for "and the Trust Territory" and inserted ", and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands" after "Pacific Islands".

1980—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–509 inserted reference to the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.

1977—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(b)(1), substituted "$225,000" for "$200,000" and "$56,250" for "$50,000".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(b)(2)(A), (B), (3), inserted provisions relating to pre-award activities, monitoring and evaluation payments, and matching requirements for expended or obligated amounts, and substituted "7½" for "15" and "units of general local government or combinations thereof" for "local governments".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(b)(2)(C), (4)(B), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d). Former subsec. (d), relating to limitations on financial assistance under this section, was struck out.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(b)(4)(A), (B), added subsec. (e) and redesignated former subsec. (e) as (d).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–385 not applicable with respect to funds appropriated for any fiscal year that begins before Dec. 21, 2018, see section 3 of Pub. L. 115–385, set out as a note under section 11102 of this title.

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–273 effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–690 effective Oct. 1, 1988, see section 7296(a) of Pub. L. 100–690, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–473 effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 670(a) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

Amendment by section 4(b)(1), (3) of Pub. L. 95–115 effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 263(c) of Pub. L. 93–415, as added by Pub. L. 95–115 and repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449, formerly set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Pub. L. 95–115, §4(b)(2)(D), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1051, provided that: "The amendments made by this paragraph [amending this section] shall take effect on October 1, 1978."

Pub. L. 95–115, §4(b)(4)(B), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1051, provided that the amendment made by such section 4(b)(4)(B) is effective Oct. 1, 1978.

§11133. State plans

(a) Requirements

In order to receive formula grants under this part, a State shall submit a plan for carrying out its purposes applicable to a 3-year period. Such plan shall be amended annually to include new programs, projects, and activities. The State shall submit annual performance reports to the Administrator which shall describe progress in implementing programs contained in the original plan, and shall describe how the State plan is supported by or takes account of scientific knowledge regarding adolescent development and behavior and regarding the effects of delinquency prevention programs and juvenile justice interventions on adolescents. Not later than 60 days after the date on which a plan or amended plan submitted under this subsection is finalized, a State shall make the plan or amended plan publicly available by posting the plan or amended plan on the State's publicly available website. In accordance with regulations which the Administrator shall prescribe, such plan shall—

(1) designate the State agency as designated by the chief executive officer of the State as the sole agency for supervising the preparation and administration of the plan;

(2) contain satisfactory evidence that the State agency designated in accordance with paragraph (1) has or will have authority, by legislation if necessary, to implement such plan in conformity with this part;

(3) provide for an advisory group that—

(A) shall consist of not less than 15 and not more than 33 members appointed by the chief executive officer of the State—

(i) which members have training, experience, or special knowledge concerning adolescent development, the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency, the administration of juvenile justice, or the reduction of juvenile delinquency;

(ii) which members include—

(I) at least 1 locally elected official representing general purpose local government;

(II) representatives of law enforcement and juvenile justice agencies, including juvenile and family court judges, prosecutors, counsel for children and youth, and probation workers;

(III) representatives of public agencies concerned with delinquency prevention or treatment, such as welfare, social services, child and adolescent mental health, education, child and adolescent substance abuse, special education, services for youth with disabilities, recreation, and youth services;

(IV) representatives of private nonprofit organizations, including persons with a special focus on preserving and strengthening families, parent groups and parent self-help groups, youth development, delinquency prevention and treatment, neglected or dependent children, the quality of juvenile justice, education, and social services for children;

(V) volunteers who work with delinquent youth or youth at risk of delinquency;

(VI) representatives of programs that are alternatives to incarceration, including programs providing organized recreation activities;

(VII) persons with special experience and competence in addressing problems related to school violence and vandalism and alternatives to suspension and expulsion;

(VIII) persons, licensed or certified by the applicable State, with expertise and competence in preventing and addressing mental health and substance abuse needs in delinquent youth and youth at risk of delinquency;

(IX) representatives of victim or witness advocacy groups, including at least one individual with expertise in addressing the challenges of sexual abuse and exploitation and trauma, particularly the needs of youth who experience disproportionate levels of sexual abuse, exploitation, and trauma before entering the juvenile justice system; and

(X) for a State in which one or more Indian Tribes are located, an Indian tribal representative (if such representative is available) or other individual with significant expertise in tribal law enforcement and juvenile justice in Indian tribal communities;

(iii) a majority of which members (including the chairperson) shall not be full-time employees of the Federal, State, or local government;

(iv) at least one-fifth of which members shall be under the age of 28 at the time of initial appointment; and

(v) at least 3 members who have been or are currently under the jurisdiction of the juvenile justice system or, if not feasible and in appropriate circumstances, who is the parent or guardian of someone who has been or is currently under the jurisdiction of the juvenile justice system;

(B) shall participate in the development and review of the State's juvenile justice plan prior to submission to the supervisory board for final action;

(C) shall be afforded the opportunity to review and comment, not later than 45 days after their submission to the advisory group, on all juvenile justice and delinquency prevention grant applications submitted to the State agency designated under paragraph (1);

(D) shall, consistent with this subchapter—

(i) advise the State agency designated under paragraph (1) and its supervisory board;

(ii) submit to the chief executive officer and the legislature of the State at least every 2 years a report and necessary recommendations regarding State compliance with the core requirements; and

(iii) contact and seek regular input from juveniles currently under the jurisdiction of the juvenile justice system; and

(E) may, consistent with this subchapter—

(i) advise on State supervisory board and local criminal justice advisory board composition; and

(ii) review progress and accomplishments of projects funded under the State plan;

(4) provide for the active consultation with and participation of units of local government or combinations thereof in the development of a State plan which adequately takes into account the needs and requests of units of local government, except that nothing in the plan requirements, or any regulations promulgated to carry out such requirements, shall be construed to prohibit or impede the State from making grants to, or entering into contracts with, local private agencies or the advisory group;

(5) unless the provisions of this paragraph are waived at the discretion of the Administrator for any State in which the services for delinquent or other youth are organized primarily on a statewide basis, provide that at least 662/3 per centum of funds received by the State under section 11132 of this title reduced by the percentage (if any) specified by the State under the authority of paragraph (25) and excluding funds made available to the State advisory group under section 11132(d) of this title, shall be expended—

(A) through programs of units of local government or combinations thereof, to the extent such programs are consistent with the State plan;

(B) through programs of local private agencies, to the extent such programs are consistent with the State plan, except that direct funding of any local private agency by a State shall be permitted only if such agency requests such funding after it has applied for and been denied funding by any unit of local government or combination thereof; and

(C) to provide funds for programs of Indian Tribes that agree to attempt to comply with the core requirements applicable to the detention and confinement of juveniles, an amount that bears the same ratio to the aggregate amount to be expended through programs referred to in subparagraphs (A) and (B) as the population under 18 years of age in the geographical areas in which such tribes perform such functions bears to the State population under 18 years of age,¹

(6) provide for an equitable distribution of the assistance received under section 11132 of this title within the State, including in rural areas;

(7)(A) provide for an analysis of juvenile delinquency problems in, and the juvenile delinquency control and delinquency prevention needs (including educational needs) of, the State (including any geographical area in which an Indian tribe has jurisdiction), a description of the services to be provided, and a description of performance goals and priorities, including a specific statement of the manner in which programs are expected to meet the identified juvenile crime problems (including the joining of gangs that commit crimes) and juvenile justice and delinquency prevention needs (including educational needs) of the State; and

(B) contain—

(i) an analysis of gender-specific services for the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency, including the types of such services available and the need for such services;

(ii) a plan for providing needed gender-specific services for the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency;

(iii) a plan for providing needed services for the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency in rural areas;

(iv) a plan to provide alternatives to detention for status offenders, survivors of commercial sexual exploitation, and others, where appropriate, such as specialized or problem-solving courts or diversion to home-based or community-based services or treatment for those youth in need of mental health, substance abuse, or co-occurring disorder services at the time such juveniles first come into contact with the juvenile justice system;

(v) a plan to reduce the number of children housed in secure detention and corrections facilities who are awaiting placement in residential treatment programs;

(vi) a plan to engage family members, where appropriate, in the design and delivery of juvenile delinquency prevention and treatment services, particularly post-placement;

(vii) a plan to use community-based services to respond to the needs of at-risk youth or youth who have come into contact with the juvenile justice system;

(viii) a plan to promote evidence-based and trauma-informed programs and practices; and

(ix) not later than 1 year after December 21, 2018, a plan which shall be implemented not later than 2 years after December 21, 2018, to—

(I) eliminate the use of restraints of known pregnant juveniles housed in secure juvenile detention and correction facilities, during labor, delivery, and post-partum recovery, unless credible, reasonable grounds exist to believe the detainee presents an immediate and serious threat of hurting herself, staff, or others; and

(II) eliminate the use of abdominal restraints, leg and ankle restraints, wrist restraints behind the back, and four-point restraints on known pregnant juveniles, unless—

(aa) credible, reasonable grounds exist to believe the detainee presents an immediate and serious threat of hurting herself, staff, or others; or

(bb) reasonable grounds exist to believe the detainee presents an immediate and credible risk of escape that cannot be reasonably minimized through any other method;

(8) provide for the coordination and maximum utilization of evidence-based and promising juvenile delinquency programs, programs operated by public and private agencies and organizations, and other related programs (such as education, special education, recreation, health, and welfare programs) in the State;

(9) provide that not less than 75 percent of the funds available to the State under section 11132 of this title, other than funds made available to the State advisory group under section 11132(d) of this title, whether expended directly by the State, by the unit of local government, or by a combination thereof, or through grants and contracts with public or private nonprofit agencies, shall be used for, with priority in funding given to entities meeting the criteria for evidence-based or promising programs—

(A) community-based alternatives (including home-based alternatives) to incarceration and institutionalization including—

(i) for status offenders and other youth who need temporary placement: crisis intervention, shelter, and after-care;

(ii) for youth who need residential placement: a continuum of foster care or group home alternatives that provide access to a comprehensive array of services; and

(iii) for youth who need specialized intensive and comprehensive services that address the unique issues encountered by youth when they become involved with gangs;

(B) community-based programs and services to work with—

(i) status offenders, other youth, and the parents and other family members of such offenders and youth to strengthen families, including parent self-help groups, so that juveniles may remain in their homes;

(ii) juveniles during their incarceration, and with their families, to ensure the safe return of such juveniles to their homes and to strengthen the families; and

(iii) parents with limited English-speaking ability, particularly in areas where there is a large population of families with limited-English speaking ability;

(C) comprehensive juvenile justice and delinquency prevention programs that meet the needs of youth through the collaboration of the many local systems before which a youth may appear, including schools, courts, law enforcement agencies, child protection agencies, mental health agencies, welfare services, health care agencies, and private nonprofit agencies offering youth services;

(D) programs that provide treatment to juvenile offenders who are victims of child abuse or neglect, and to their families, in order to reduce the likelihood that such juvenile offenders will commit subsequent violations of law;

(E) educational programs or supportive services for at-risk or delinquent youth or other juveniles—

(i) to encourage juveniles to remain in elementary and secondary schools or in alternative learning situations, including for truancy prevention and reduction;

(ii) to provide services to assist juveniles in making the transition to the world of work and self-sufficiency; and

(iii) enhance ² coordination with the local schools that such juveniles would otherwise attend, to ensure that—

(I) the instruction that juveniles receive outside school is closely aligned with the instruction provided in school; and

(II) information regarding any learning problems identified in such alternative learning situations are communicated to the schools;

(F) programs to expand the use of probation officers—

(i) particularly for the purpose of permitting nonviolent juvenile offenders (including status offenders) to remain at home with their families as an alternative to incarceration or institutionalization; and

(ii) to ensure that juveniles follow the terms of their probation;

(G) programs—

(i) to ensure youth have access to appropriate legal representation; and

(ii) to expand access to publicly supported, court-appointed legal counsel who are trained to represent juveniles in adjudication proceedings,

except that the State may not use more than 2 percent of the funds received under section 11132 of this title for these purposes;

(H) counseling, training, and mentoring programs, which may be in support of academic tutoring, vocational and technical training, and drug and violence prevention counseling, that are designed to link at-risk juveniles, juvenile offenders, or juveniles who have a parent or legal guardian who is or was incarcerated in a Federal, State, tribal, or local correctional facility or who is otherwise under the jurisdiction of a Federal, State, tribal, or local criminal justice system, particularly juveniles residing in low-income and high-crime areas and juveniles experiencing educational failure, with responsible individuals (such as law enforcement officials, Department of Defense personnel, individuals working with local businesses, and individuals working with community-based and faith-based organizations and agencies) who are properly screened and trained;

(I) programs designed to develop and implement projects relating to juvenile delinquency and learning disabilities, including on-the-job training programs to assist community services, law enforcement, and juvenile justice personnel to more effectively recognize and provide for learning disabled and other juveniles with disabilities;

(J) projects designed both to deter involvement in illegal activities and to promote involvement in lawful activities on the part of gangs whose membership is substantially composed of youth;

(K) programs and projects designed to provide for the treatment of youths' dependence on or abuse of alcohol or other addictive or nonaddictive drugs;

(L) programs for positive youth development that assist delinquent and other at-risk youth in obtaining—

(i) a sense of safety and structure;

(ii) a sense of belonging and membership;

(iii) a sense of self-worth and social contribution;

(iv) a sense of independence and control over one's life; and

(v) a sense of closeness in interpersonal relationships;

(M) programs that, in recognition of varying degrees of the seriousness of delinquent behavior and the corresponding gradations in the responses of the juvenile justice system in response to that behavior, are designed to—

(i) encourage courts to develop and implement a continuum of pre-adjudication and post-adjudication alternatives that bridge the gap between traditional probation and confinement in a correctional setting (including specialized or problem-solving courts, expanded use of probation, mediation, restitution, community service, treatment, home detention, intensive supervision, electronic monitoring, and similar programs, and secure community-based treatment facilities linked to other support services such as health, mental health, education (remedial and special), job training, and recreation); and

(ii) assist in the provision of information and technical assistance, including technology transfer, in the design and utilization of risk assessment mechanisms to aid juvenile justice personnel in determining appropriate sanctions for delinquent behavior;

(N) community-based programs and services to work with juveniles, their parents, and other family members during and after incarceration in order to strengthen families and reduce the risk of recidivism;

(O) programs (including referral to literacy programs and social service programs) to assist families with limited English-speaking ability that include delinquent juveniles to overcome language and other barriers that may prevent the complete treatment of such juveniles and the preservation of their families;

(P) programs designed to prevent and to reduce hate crimes committed by juveniles;

(Q) after-school programs that provide at-risk juveniles and juveniles in the juvenile justice system with a range of age-appropriate activities, including tutoring, mentoring, and other educational and enrichment activities;

(R) community-based programs that provide follow-up post-placement services to adjudicated juveniles, to promote successful reintegration into the community;

(S) projects designed to develop and implement programs to protect the rights of juveniles affected by the juvenile justice system;

(T) programs designed to provide mental health or co-occurring disorder services for court-involved or incarcerated juveniles in need of such services, including assessment, development of individualized treatment plans, provision of treatment, and development of discharge plans;

(U) programs and projects designed—

(i) to inform juveniles of the opportunity and process for sealing and expunging juvenile records; and

(ii) to assist juveniles in pursuing juvenile record sealing and expungements for both adjudications and arrests not followed by adjudications;

except that the State may not use more than 2 percent of the funds received under section 11132 of this title for these purposes;

(V) programs that address the needs of girls in or at risk of entering the juvenile justice system, including pregnant girls, young mothers, survivors of commercial sexual exploitation or domestic child sex trafficking, girls with disabilities, and girls of color, including girls who are members of an Indian Tribe; and

(W) monitoring for compliance with the core requirements and providing training and technical assistance on the core requirements to secure facilities;

(10) provide for the development of an adequate research, training, and evaluation capacity within the State;

(11)(A) in accordance with rules issued by the Administrator, provide that a juvenile shall not be placed in a secure detention facility or a secure correctional facility, if—

(i) the juvenile is charged with or has committed an offense that would not be criminal if committed by an adult, excluding—

(I) a juvenile who is charged with or has committed a violation of section 922(x)(2) of title 18 or of a similar State law;

(II) a juvenile who is charged with or has committed a violation of a valid court order issued and reviewed in accordance with paragraph (23); and

(III) a juvenile who is held in accordance with the Interstate Compact on Juveniles as enacted by the State; or

(ii) the juvenile—

(I) is not charged with any offense; and

(II)(aa) is an alien; or

(bb) is alleged to be dependent, neglected, or abused; and

(B) require that—

(i) not later than 3 years after December 21, 2018, unless a court finds, after a hearing and in writing, that it is in the interest of justice, juveniles awaiting trial or other legal process who are treated as adults for purposes of prosecution in criminal court and housed in a secure facility—

(I) shall not have sight or sound contact with adult inmates; and

(II) except as provided in paragraph (13), may not be held in any jail or lockup for adults;

(ii) in determining under clause (i) whether it is in the interest of justice to permit a juvenile to be held in any jail or lockup for adults, or have sight or sound contact with adult inmates, a court shall consider—

(I) the age of the juvenile;

(II) the physical and mental maturity of the juvenile;

(III) the present mental state of the juvenile, including whether the juvenile presents an imminent risk of harm to the juvenile;

(IV) the nature and circumstances of the alleged offense;

(V) the juvenile's history of prior delinquent acts;

(VI) the relative ability of the available adult and juvenile detention facilities to not only meet the specific needs of the juvenile but also to protect the safety of the public as well as other detained youth; and

(VII) any other relevant factor; and

(iii) if a court determines under clause (i) that it is in the interest of justice to permit a juvenile to be held in any jail or lockup for adults—

(I) the court shall hold a hearing not less frequently than once every 30 days, or in the case of a rural jurisdiction, not less frequently than once every 45 days, to review whether it is still in the interest of justice to permit the juvenile to be so held or have such sight or sound contact; and

(II) the juvenile shall not be held in any jail or lockup for adults, or permitted to have sight or sound contact with adult inmates, for more than 180 days, unless the court, in writing, determines there is good cause for an extension or the juvenile expressly waives this limitation;

(12) provide that—

(A) juveniles alleged to be or found to be delinquent or juveniles within the purview of paragraph (11) will not be detained or confined in any institution in which they have sight or sound contact with adult inmates; and

(B) there is in effect in the State a policy that requires individuals who work with both such juveniles and such adult inmates, including in collocated facilities, have been trained and certified to work with juveniles;

(13) provide that no juvenile will be detained or confined in any jail or lockup for adults except—

(A) juveniles who are accused of nonstatus offenses and who are detained in such jail or lockup for a period not to exceed 6 hours—

(i) for processing or release;

(ii) while awaiting transfer to a juvenile facility; or

(iii) in which period such juveniles make a court appearance;

and only if such juveniles do not have sight or sound contact with adult inmates and only if there is in effect in the State a policy that requires individuals who work with both such juveniles and adult inmates in collocated facilities have been trained and certified to work with juveniles;

(B) juveniles who are accused of nonstatus offenses, who are awaiting an initial court appearance that will occur within 48 hours after being taken into custody (excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays), and who are detained in a jail or lockup—

(i) in which—

(I) such juveniles do not have sight or sound contact with adult inmates; and

(II) there is in effect in the State a policy that requires individuals who work with both such juveniles and adults inmates in collocated facilities have been trained and certified to work with juveniles; and

(ii) that—

(I) is located outside a metropolitan statistical area (as defined by the Office of Management and Budget) and has no existing acceptable alternative placement available;

(II) is located where conditions of distance to be traveled or the lack of highway, road, or transportation do not allow for court appearances within 48 hours (excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays) so that a brief (not to exceed an additional 48 hours) delay is excusable; or

(III) is located where conditions of safety exist (such as severe adverse, life-threatening weather conditions that do not allow for reasonably safe travel), in which case the time for an appearance may be delayed until 24 hours after the time that such conditions allow for reasonable safe travel;

(14) provide for an effective system of monitoring jails, lock-ups, detention facilities, and correctional facilities to ensure that the core requirements are met, and for annual reporting of the results of such monitoring to the Administrator, except that such reporting requirements shall not apply in the case of a State which is in compliance with the other requirements of this paragraph, which is in compliance with the requirements in paragraphs (11) and (12), and which has enacted legislation which conforms to such requirements and which contains sufficient enforcement mechanisms to ensure that such legislation will be administered effectively;

(15) implement policy, practice, and system improvement strategies at the State, territorial, local, and tribal levels, as applicable, to identify and reduce racial and ethnic disparities among youth who come into contact with the juvenile justice system, without establishing or requiring numerical standards or quotas, by—

(A) establishing or designating existing coordinating bodies, composed of juvenile justice stakeholders, (including representatives of the educational system) at the State, local, or tribal levels, to advise efforts by States, units of local government, and Indian Tribes to reduce racial and ethnic disparities;

(B) identifying and analyzing data on race and ethnicity at decision points in State, local, or tribal juvenile justice systems to determine which such points create racial and ethnic disparities among youth who come into contact with the juvenile justice system; and

(C) developing and implementing a work plan that includes measurable objectives for policy, practice, or other system changes, based on the needs identified in the data collection and analysis under subparagraph (B);

(16) provide assurance that youth in the juvenile justice system are treated equitably on the basis of gender, race, ethnicity, family income, and disability;

(17) provide assurance that consideration will be given to and that assistance will be available for approaches designed to strengthen the families of delinquent and other youth to prevent juvenile delinquency (which approaches should include the involvement of grandparents or other extended family members when possible and appropriate and the provision of family counseling during the incarceration of juvenile family members and coordination of family services when appropriate and feasible);

(18) provide for procedures to be established for protecting the rights of recipients of services and for assuring appropriate privacy with regard to records relating to such services provided to any individual under the State plan;

(19) provide assurances that—

(A) any assistance provided under this chapter will not cause the displacement (including a partial displacement, such as a reduction in the hours of nonovertime work, wages, or employment benefits) of any currently employed employee;

(B) activities assisted under this chapter will not impair an existing collective bargaining relationship, contract for services, or collective bargaining agreement; and

(C) no such activity that would be inconsistent with the terms of a collective bargaining agreement shall be undertaken without the written concurrence of the labor organization involved;

(20) provide for such fiscal control and fund accounting procedures necessary to assure prudent use, proper disbursement, and accurate accounting of funds received under this subchapter;

(21) provide reasonable assurance that Federal funds made available under this part for any period will be so used as to supplement and increase (but not supplant) the level of the State, local, tribal, and other non-Federal funds that would in the absence of such Federal funds be made available for the programs described in this part, and will in no event replace such State, local, tribal, and other non-Federal funds;

(22) provide that the State agency designated under paragraph (1) will—

(A) to the extent practicable give priority in funding to programs and activities that are based on rigorous, systematic, and objective research that is scientifically based;

(B) from time to time, but not less than annually, review its plan and submit to the Administrator an analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of the programs and activities carried out under the plan, and any modifications in the plan, including the survey of State and local needs, that it considers necessary; and

(C) not expend funds to carry out a program if the recipient of funds who carried out such program during the preceding 2-year period fails to demonstrate, before the expiration of such 2-year period, that such program achieved substantial success in achieving the goals specified in the application submitted by such recipient to the State agency;

(23) provide that if a juvenile is taken into custody for violating a valid court order issued for committing a status offense—

(A) an appropriate public agency shall be promptly notified that such status offender is held in custody for violating such order;

(B) not later than 24 hours during which such status offender is so held, an authorized representative of such agency shall interview, in person, such status offender;

(C) not later than 48 hours during which such status offender is so held—

(i) such representative shall submit an assessment to the court that issued such order, regarding the immediate needs of such status offender;

(ii) such court shall conduct a hearing to determine—

(I) whether there is reasonable cause to believe that such status offender violated such order; and

(II) the appropriate placement of such status offender pending disposition of the violation alleged; and

(iii) if such court determines the status offender should be placed in a secure detention facility or correctional facility for violating such order—

(I) the court shall issue a written order that—

(aa) identifies the valid court order that has been violated;

(bb) specifies the factual basis for determining that there is reasonable cause to believe that the status offender has violated such order;

(cc) includes findings of fact to support a determination that there is no appropriate less restrictive alternative available to placing the status offender in such a facility, with due consideration to the best interest of the juvenile;

(dd) specifies the length of time, not to exceed 7 days, that the status offender may remain in a secure detention facility or correctional facility, and includes a plan for the status offender's release from such facility; and

(ee) may not be renewed or extended; and

(II) the court may not issue a second or subsequent order described in subclause (I) relating to a status offender unless the status offender violates a valid court order after the date on which the court issues an order described in subclause (I); and

(D) there are procedures in place to ensure that any status offender held in a secure detention facility or correctional facility pursuant to a court order described in this paragraph does not remain in custody longer than 7 days or the length of time authorized by the court, whichever is shorter;

(24) provide an assurance that if the State receives under section 11132 of this title for any fiscal year an amount that exceeds 105 percent of the amount the State received under such section for fiscal year 2000, all of such excess shall be expended through or for programs that are part of a comprehensive and coordinated community system of services;

(25) specify a percentage (if any), not to exceed 5 percent, of funds received by the State under section 11132 of this title (other than funds made available to the State advisory group under section 11132(d) of this title) that the State will reserve for expenditure by the State to provide incentive grants to units of general local government that reduce the caseload of probation officers within such units;

(26) provide that the State, to the maximum extent practicable, and in accordance with confidentiality concerns, will implement a system to ensure that if a juvenile is before a court in the juvenile justice system, public child welfare records (including child protective services records) relating to such juvenile that are on file in the geographical area under the jurisdiction of such court will be made known to such court, so as to provide for—

(A) data in child abuse or neglect reports relating to juveniles entering the juvenile justice system with a prior reported history of arrest, court intake, probation and parole, juvenile detention, and corrections; and

(B) a plan to use the data described in subparagraph (A) to provide necessary services for the treatment of such victims of child abuse or neglect;

(27) provide assurances that juvenile offenders whose placement is funded through section 672 of title 42 receive the protections specified in section 671 of title 42, including a case plan and case plan review as defined in section 675 of title 42;

(28) provide for the coordinated use of funds provided under this subchapter with other Federal and State funds directed at juvenile delinquency prevention and intervention programs;

(29) describe the policies, procedures, and training in effect for the staff of juvenile State correctional facilities to eliminate the use of dangerous practices, unreasonable restraints, and unreasonable isolation, including by developing effective behavior management techniques;

(30) describe—

(A) the evidence-based methods that will be used to conduct mental health and substance abuse screening, assessment, referral, and treatment for juveniles who—

(i) request a screening;

(ii) show signs of needing a screening; or

(iii) are held for a period of more than 24 hours in a secure facility that provides for an initial screening; and

(B) how the State will seek, to the extent practicable, to provide or arrange for mental health and substance abuse disorder treatment for juveniles determined to be in need of such treatment;

(31) describe how reentry planning by the State for juveniles will include—

(A) a written case plan based on an assessment of needs that includes—

(i) the pre-release and post-release plans for the juveniles;

(ii) the living arrangement to which the juveniles are to be discharged; and

(iii) any other plans developed for the juveniles based on an individualized assessment; and

(B) review processes;

(32) provide an assurance that the agency of the State receiving funds under this subchapter collaborates with the State educational agency receiving assistance under part A of title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 6311 et seq.) to develop and implement a plan to ensure that, in order to support educational progress—

(A) the student records of adjudicated juveniles, including electronic records if available, are transferred in a timely manner from the educational program in the juvenile detention or secure treatment facility to the educational or training program into which the juveniles will enroll;

(B) the credits of adjudicated juveniles are transferred; and

(C) adjudicated juveniles receive full or partial credit toward high school graduation for secondary school coursework satisfactorily completed before and during the period of time during which the juveniles are held in custody, regardless of the local educational agency or entity from which the credits were earned; and

(33) describe policies and procedures to—

(A) screen for, identify, and document in records of the State the identification of victims of domestic human trafficking, or those at risk of such trafficking, upon intake; and

(B) divert youth described in subparagraph (A) to appropriate programs or services, to the extent practicable.

(b) Approval by State agency

The State agency designated under subsection (a)(1), after receiving and considering the advice and recommendations of the advisory group referred to in subsection (a), shall approve the State plan and any modification thereof prior to submission to the Administrator.

(c) Compliance with statutory requirements

(1) If a State fails to comply with any of the core requirements in any fiscal year, then—

(A) subject to subparagraph (B), the amount allocated to such State under section 11132 of this title for the subsequent fiscal year shall be reduced by not less than 20 percent for each core requirement with respect to which the failure occurs; and

(B) the State shall be ineligible to receive any allocation under such section for such fiscal year unless—

(i) the State agrees to expend 50 percent of the amount allocated to the State for such fiscal year to achieve compliance with any such core requirement with respect to which the State is in noncompliance; or

(ii) the Administrator determines that the State—

(I) has achieved substantial compliance with such applicable requirements with respect to which the State was not in compliance; and

(II) has made, through appropriate executive or legislative action, an unequivocal commitment to achieving full compliance with such applicable requirements within a reasonable time.

(2) Of the total amount of funds not allocated for a fiscal year under paragraph (1)—

(A) 50 percent of the unallocated funds shall be reallocated under section 11132 of this title to States that have not failed to comply with the core requirements; and

(B) 50 percent of the unallocated funds shall be used by the Administrator to provide additional training and technical assistance to States for the purpose of promoting compliance with the core requirements.

(d) Nonsubmission or nonqualification of plan; expenditure of allotted funds; availability of reallocated funds

In the event that any State chooses not to submit a plan, fails to submit a plan, or submits a plan or any modification thereof, which the Administrator, after reasonable notice and opportunity for hearing, in accordance with sections 10222 and 10223 of this title and 3785 of title 42 ³, determines does not meet the requirements of this section, the Administrator shall endeavor to make that State's allocation under the provisions of section 11132(a) of this title, excluding funds the Administrator shall make available to satisfy the requirement specified in section 11132(d) of this title, available to local public and private nonprofit agencies within such State for use in carrying out activities of the kinds described in the core requirements. The Administrator shall make funds which remain available after disbursements are made by the Administrator under the preceding sentence, and any other unobligated funds, available on an equitable basis and to those States that have achieved full compliance with the core requirements.

(e) Administrative and supervisory board membership requirements

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Administrator shall establish appropriate administrative and supervisory board membership requirements for a State agency designated under subsection (a)(1) and permit the State advisory group appointed under subsection (a)(3) to operate as the supervisory board for such agency, at the discretion of the chief executive officer of the State.

(f) Technical assistance

(1) In general

The Administrator shall provide technical and financial assistance to an eligible organization composed of member representatives of the State advisory groups appointed under subsection (a)(3) to assist such organization to carry out the functions specified in paragraph (2).

(2) Assistance

To be eligible to receive such assistance, such organization shall agree to carry out activities that include—

(A) disseminating information, data, standards, advanced techniques, and program models;

(B) reviewing Federal policies regarding juvenile justice and delinquency prevention;

(C) advising the Administrator with respect to particular functions or aspects of the work of the Office; and

(D) advising the President and Congress with regard to State perspectives on the operation of the Office and Federal legislation pertaining to juvenile justice and delinquency prevention.

(g) Compliance determination

(1) In general

For each fiscal year, the Administrator shall make a determination regarding whether each State receiving a grant under this subchapter is in compliance or out of compliance with respect to each of the core requirements.

(2) Reporting

The Administrator shall—

(A) issue an annual public report—

(i) describing any determination described in paragraph (1) made during the previous year, including a summary of the information on which the determination is based and the actions to be taken by the Administrator (including a description of any reduction imposed under subsection (c)); and

(ii) for any such determination that a State is out of compliance with any of the core requirements, describing the basis for the determination; and

(B) make the report described in subparagraph (A) available on a publicly available website.

(3) Determinations required

The Administrator may not—

(A) determine that a State is "not out of compliance", or issue any other determination not described in paragraph (1), with respect to any core requirement; or

(B) otherwise fail to make the compliance determinations required under paragraph (1).

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §223, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1119; Pub. L. 94–503, title I, §130(b), Oct. 15, 1976, 90 Stat. 2425; Pub. L. 95–115, §§3(a)(3)(B), 4(c), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1048, 1051; Pub. L. 96–509, §§11, 19(g), Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2755, 2764; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §626, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2111; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §§7258, 7263(b)(1), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4439, 4447; Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4987; Pub. L. 103–322, title XI, §110201(d), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2012; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §604(b)(28), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3508; Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(2)(C)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–50, 2681-76; Pub. L. 106–554, §1(a)(4) [div. B, title I, §142], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A-235; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12209, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1873; Pub. L. 109–162, title III, §305, Jan. 5, 2006, 119 Stat. 3016; Pub. L. 115–385, title II, §205, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5131.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (a)(18), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 93–415, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1109, known as the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1974 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, referred to in subsec. (a)(32), is Pub. L. 89–10, Apr. 11, 1965, 79 Stat. 27. Part A of title I of the Act is classified generally to part A (§6311 et seq.) of subchapter I of chapter 70 of Title 20, Education. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 6301 of Title 20 and Tables.

Section 3785 of title 42, referred to in subsec. (d), was repealed by Pub. L. 109–162, title XI, §1155(3), Jan. 5, 2006, 119 Stat. 3114.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5633 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers or references in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections or references prior to editorial reclassification.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(A), in introductory provisions, substituted "and shall describe how the State plan is supported by or takes account of scientific knowledge regarding adolescent development and behavior and regarding the effects of delinquency prevention programs and juvenile justice interventions on adolescents. Not later than 60 days after the date on which a plan or amended plan submitted under this subsection is finalized, a State shall make the plan or amended plan publicly available by posting the plan or amended plan on the State's publicly available website." for "and shall describe the status of compliance with State plan requirements."

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(B), substituted "as designated by the chief executive officer of the State" for "described in section 11181(c)(1) of this title".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(i). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(i)(I), inserted "adolescent development," after "concerning".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(ii)(III). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(i)(II)(aa), substituted "child and adolescent mental health, education, child and adolescent substance abuse, special education, services for youth with disabilities" for "mental health, education, special education".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(ii)(V). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(i)(II)(bb), substituted "delinquent youth or youth at risk of delinquency" for "delinquents or potential delinquents".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(ii)(VI). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(i)(II)(cc), substituted "representatives of" for "youth workers involved with".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(ii)(VIII) to (X). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(i)(II)(dd), (ee), added subcls. (VIII) to (X) and struck out former subcl. (VIII) which read as follows: "persons with special experience and competence in addressing problems related to learning disabilities, emotional difficulties, child abuse and neglect, and youth violence;".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(i)(III), substituted "28 at the time of initial appointment" for "24 at the time of appointment".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(v). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(i)(IV), inserted "or, if not feasible and in appropriate circumstances, who is the parent or guardian of someone who has been or is currently under the jurisdiction of the juvenile justice system" after "juvenile justice system".

Subsec. (a)(3)(C). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(ii), substituted "45 days" for "30 days".

Subsec. (a)(3)(D)(i). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(iii)(I), struck out "and" at end.

Subsec. (a)(3)(D)(ii). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(iii)(II), substituted "at least every 2 years a report and necessary recommendations regarding State compliance with the core requirements" for "at least annually recommendations regarding State compliance with the requirements of paragraphs (11), (12), and (13)".

Subsec. (a)(3)(E)(i). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(iv)(I), inserted "and" at end.

Subsec. (a)(3)(E)(ii). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(iv)(II), substituted semicolon for period at end.

Subsec. (a)(5)(C). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(D), substituted "Indian Tribes that agree to attempt to comply with the core requirements applicable to the detention and confinement of juveniles" for "Indian tribes that perform law enforcement functions (as determined by the Secretary of the Interior) and that agree to attempt to comply with the requirements specified in paragraphs (11), (12), and (13), applicable to the detention and confinement of juveniles".

Subsec. (a)(7)(A). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(E)(i), substituted "has jurisdiction" for "performs law enforcement functions".

Subsec. (a)(7)(B)(iv) to (ix). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(E)(ii), added cls. (iv) to (ix) and struck out former cl. (iv) which read as follows: "a plan for providing needed mental health services to juveniles in the juvenile justice system, including information on how such plan is being implemented and how such services will be targeted to those juveniles in such system who are in greatest need of such services;".

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(F), substituted "evidence-based and promising" for "existing".

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(i), inserted ", with priority in funding given to entities meeting the criteria for evidence-based or promising programs" after "used for" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(9)(A)(i). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(ii)(I)(aa), inserted "status offenders and other" before "youth who need".

Subsec. (a)(9)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(ii)(I)(bb)–(III), added cl. (iii).

Subsec. (a)(9)(B)(i). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(iii), substituted "status offenders, other youth, and the parents and other family members of such offenders and youth" for "parents and other family members" and "remain" for "be retained".

Subsec. (a)(9)(E). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(iv)(I), substituted "at-risk or delinquent youth" for "delinquent" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(9)(E)(i). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(iv)(II), inserted ", including for truancy prevention and reduction" before semicolon at end.

Subsec. (a)(9)(F). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(v), substituted "programs to expand" for "expanding" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(9)(G). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(vii), added subpar. (G). Former subpar. (G) redesignated (H).

Subsec. (a)(9)(H). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(vi), (viii), redesignated subpar. (G) as (H) and substituted "State, tribal," for "State," in two places. Former subpar. (H) redesignated (I).

Subsec. (a)(9)(I) to (L). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(vi), redesignated subpars. (H) to (K) as (I) to (L), respectively. Former subpar. (L) redesignated (M).

Subsec. (a)(9)(M). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(vi), redesignated subpar. (L) as (M). Former subpar. (M) redesignated (N).

Subsec. (a)(9)(M)(i). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(ix)(I), substituted "continuum of pre-adjudication and post-adjudication alternatives" for "continuum of post-adjudication restraints" and inserted "specialized or problem-solving courts," after "(including".

Subsec. (a)(9)(M)(ii). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(ix)(II), struck out "by the provision by the Administrator" before "of information" and "to States" before "in the design".

Subsec. (a)(9)(N). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(vi), (x), redesignated subpar. (M) as (N), inserted "and reduce the risk of recidivism" after "families", and struck out "so that such juveniles may be retained in their homes" before semicolon at end. Former subpar. (N) redesignated (O).

Subsec. (a)(9)(O) to (R). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(vi), redesignated subpars. (N) to (Q) as (O) to (R), respectively. Former subpar. (R) redesignated (S).

Subsec. (a)(9)(S). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(vi), (xi), redesignated subpar. (R) as (S) and struck out "and" at end. Former subpar. (S) redesignated (T).

Subsec. (a)(9)(T). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(vi), (xii), redesignated subpar. (S) as (T) and substituted "mental health or co-occurring disorder services for court-involved or incarcerated juveniles in need of such services, including assessment, development of individualized treatment plans, provision of treatment, and development of discharge plans;" for "mental health services for incarcerated juveniles suspected to be in need of such services, including assessment, development of individualized treatment plans, and discharge plans."

Subsec. (a)(9)(U) to (W). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(xiii), added subpars. (U) to (W).

Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(H), added par. (11) and struck out former par. (11) which prohibited placement of juveniles in secure detention facilities or secure correctional facilities under certain circumstances.

Subsec. (a)(12)(A). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(I), substituted "sight or sound contact" for "contact".

Subsec. (a)(13). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(J), substituted "sight or sound contact" for "contact" in concluding provisions of subpar. (A) and in subpar. (B)(i)(I).

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(K), substituted "an effective system of monitoring jails, lock-ups, detention facilities, and correctional facilities to ensure that the core requirements are met" for "an adequate system of monitoring jails, detention facilities, correctional facilities, and non-secure facilities to insure that the requirements of paragraphs (11), (12), and (13) are met" and struck out ", in the opinion of the Administrator," before "sufficient enforcement mechanisms".

Subsec. (a)(15). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(O), added par. (15). Former par. (15) redesignated (16).

Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(N), (P), redesignated par. (15) as (16) and inserted "ethnicity," after "race,". Former par. (16) redesignated (17).

Subsec. (a)(17) to (20). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(N), redesignated pars. (16) to (19) as (17) to (20), respectively. Former par. (20) redesignated (21).

Subsec. (a)(21). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(N), (Q), redesignated par. (20) as (21) and substituted "local, tribal," for "local," in two places. Former par. (21) redesignated (22).

Subsec. (a)(22). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(L), (N), redesignated par. (21) as (22) and struck out former par. (22) which read as follows: "address juvenile delinquency prevention efforts and system improvement efforts designed to reduce, without establishing or requiring numerical standards or quotas, the disproportionate number of juvenile members of minority groups, who come into contact with the juvenile justice system;".

Subsec. (a)(23). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(R)(i), substituted "such status offender" for "such juvenile" wherever appearing in subpars. (A) to (C).

Subsec. (a)(23)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(R)(iii), added cl. (iii).

Subsec. (a)(23)(D). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(R)(ii), (iv), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (a)(26). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(S), inserted "and in accordance with confidentiality concerns," after "maximum extent practicable," and substituted "known to such court, so as to provide for—" and subpars. (A) and (B) for "known to such court;".

Subsec. (a)(27). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(L), (M), redesignated par. (28) as (27) and struck out former par. (27) which read as follows: "establish policies and systems to incorporate relevant child protective services records into juvenile justice records for purposes of establishing and implementing treatment plans for juvenile offenders; and".

Subsec. (a)(28) to (33). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(T), (U), added pars. (28) to (33). Former par. (28) redesignated (27).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(2), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) set out consequences for States that failed to comply with certain statutory requirements in subsec. (a) of this section in any fiscal year beginning after Sept. 30, 2001.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(3), substituted "described in the core requirements" for "described in paragraphs (11), (12), (13), and (22) of subsection (a)" and "the core requirements" for "the requirements under paragraphs (11), (12), (13), and (22) of subsection (a)".

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(4), redesignated subpars. (B) to (E) as (A) to (D), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: "conducting an annual conference of such member representatives for purposes relating to the activities of such State advisory groups;".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(5), added subsec. (g).

2006—Subsec. (a)(7)(B)(i) to (iv). Pub. L. 109–162 added cl. (i) and redesignated former cls. (i) to (iii) as (ii) to (iv), respectively.

2002—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(A), substituted ", projects, and activities" for "and challenge activities subsequent to State participation in part E of this subchapter" in second sentence of introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(B)(i), substituted "that—" for ", which—" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(i). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(B)(ii), substituted ", the administration of juvenile justice, or the reduction of juvenile delinquency" for "or the administration of juvenile justice".

Subsec. (a)(3)(D)(i). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(B)(iii)(I), inserted "and" at end.

Subsec. (a)(3)(D)(ii). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(B)(iii)(II), substituted "paragraphs (11), (12), and (13)" for "paragraphs (12), (13), and (14) and with progress relating to challenge activities carried out pursuant to part E of this subchapter".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(C)(i), substituted "reduced by the percentage (if any) specified by the State under the authority of paragraph (25) and excluding" for ", other than" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(5)(C). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(C)(ii), substituted "paragraphs (11), (12), and (13)" for "paragraphs (12)(A), (13), and (14)".

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(D), (S), redesignated par. (7) as (6) and struck out former par. (6) which read as follows: "provide that the chief executive officer of the unit of local government shall assign responsibility for the preparation and administration of the local government's part of a State plan, or for the supervision of the preparation and administration of the local government's part of the State plan, to that agency within the local government's structure or to a regional planning agency (hereinafter in this part referred to as the 'local agency') which can most effectively carry out the purposes of this part and shall provide for supervision of the programs funded under this part by that local agency;".

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (8) as (7). Former par. (7) redesignated (6).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(E), inserted ", including in rural areas" before semicolon at end.

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (9) as (8). Former par. (8) redesignated (7).

Subsec. (a)(8)(A). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(F)(i), substituted "for an analysis of juvenile delinquency problems in, and the juvenile delinquency control and delinquency prevention needs (including educational needs) of, the State" for "for (i) an analysis of juvenile crime problems (including the joining of gangs that commit crimes) and juvenile justice and delinquency prevention needs (including educational needs) within the relevant jurisdiction" and "of the State; and" for "of the jurisdiction; (ii) an indication of the manner in which the programs relate to other similar State or local programs which are intended to address the same or similar problems; and (iii) a plan for the concentration of State efforts which shall coordinate all State juvenile delinquency programs with respect to overall policy and development of objectives and priorities for all State juvenile delinquency programs and activities, including provision for regular meetings of State officials with responsibility in the area of juvenile justice and delinquency prevention;".

Subsec. (a)(8)(B). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(F)(ii), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "contain—

"(i) an analysis of gender-specific services for the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency, including the types of such services available and the need for such services for females; and

"(ii) a plan for providing needed gender-specific services for the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency;".

Subsec. (a)(8)(C), (D). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(F)(iii), struck out subpars. (C) and (D) which read as follows:

"(C) contain—

"(i) an analysis of services for the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency in rural areas, including the need for such services, the types of such services available in rural areas, and geographically unique barriers to providing such services; and

"(ii) a plan for providing needed services for the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency in rural areas; and

"(D) contain—

"(i) an analysis of mental health services available to juveniles in the juvenile justice system (including an assessment of the appropriateness of the particular placements of juveniles in order to receive such services) and of barriers to access to such services; and

"(ii) a plan for providing needed mental health services to juveniles in the juvenile justice system;".

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (10) as (9). Former par. (9) redesignated (8).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(G), amended par. (9) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (9) read as follows: "provide for the active consultation with and participation of private agencies in the development and execution of the State plan; and provide for coordination and maximum utilization of existing juvenile delinquency programs and other related programs, such as education, special education, recreation, health, and welfare within the State;".

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (11) as (10). Former par. (10) redesignated (9).

Subsec. (a)(10)(A). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(i), substituted "including" for ", specifically" in introductory provisions, redesignated cls. (ii) and (iii) as (i) and (ii), respectively, and struck out former cl. (i) which read as follows: "for youth who can remain at home with assistance: home probation and programs providing professional supervised group activities or individualized mentoring relationships with adults that involve the family and provide counseling and other supportive services;".

Subsec. (a)(10)(D). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(ii), amended subpar. (D) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (D) read as follows: "projects designed to develop and implement programs stressing advocacy activities aimed at improving services for and protecting the rights of youth affected by the juvenile justice system;".

Subsec. (a)(10)(E). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(iii), substituted "juveniles—" for "juveniles, provided equitably regardless of sex, race, or family income, designed to—" in introductory provisions, added cls. (i) and (ii), redesignated former cl. (ii) as (iii), and struck out former cl. (i) which read as follows: "encourage juveniles to remain in elementary and secondary schools or in alternative learning situations, including—

"(I) education in settings that promote experiential, individualized learning and exploration of academic and career options;

"(II) assistance in making the transition to the world of work and self-sufficiency;

"(III) alternatives to suspension and expulsion; and

"(IV) programs to counsel delinquent juveniles and other juveniles regarding the opportunities that education provides; and".

Subsec. (a)(10)(F). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(iv), amended subpar. (F) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (F) read as follows: "expanded use of home probation and recruitment and training of home probation officers, other professional and paraprofessional personnel, and volunteers to work effectively to allow youth to remain at home with their families as an alternative to incarceration or institutionalization;".

Subsec. (a)(10)(G). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(v), amended subpar. (G) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (G) read as follows: "youth-initiated outreach programs designed to assist youth (including youth with limited proficiency in English) who otherwise would not be reached by traditional youth assistance programs;".

Subsec. (a)(10)(H). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(vii), substituted "juveniles with disabilities" for "handicapped youth".

Subsec. (a)(10)(K). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(viii), (xiii), redesignated subpar. (L) as (K) and struck out former subpar. (K) which read as follows: "law-related education programs (and projects) for delinquent and at-risk youth designed to prevent juvenile delinquency;".

Subsec. (a)(10)(L). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(xiii), redesignated subpar. (M) as (L). Former subpar. (L) redesignated (K).

Subsec. (a)(10)(L)(vi). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(ix), struck out cl. (vi) which read as follows: "a sense of competence and mastery including health and physical competence, personal and social competence, cognitive and creative competence, vocational competence, and citizenship competence, including ethics and participation;".

Subsec. (a)(10)(M). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(xiii), redesignated subpar. (N) as (M). Former subpar. (M) redesignated (L).

Subsec. (a)(10)(M)(i). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(x), struck out "boot camps" after "electronic monitoring,".

Subsec. (a)(10)(N). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(xiii), redesignated subpar. (O) as (N). Former subpar. (N) redesignated (M).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(xi), amended subpar. (N) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (N) read as follows: "programs designed to prevent and reduce hate crimes committed by juveniles, including educational programs and sentencing programs designed specifically for juveniles who commit hate crimes and that provide alternatives to incarceration; and".

Subsec. (a)(10)(O). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(xiv), added subpar. (O). Former subpar. (O) redesignated (N).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(xii), substituted "other barriers" for "cultural barriers" and semicolon for period at end.

Subsec. (a)(10)(P) to (S). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(xiv), added subpars. (P) to (S).

Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (12) as (11). Former par. (11) redesignated (10).

Subsec. (a)(12). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (13) as (12). Former par. (12) redesignated (11).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(I), amended par. (12) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (12) read as follows:

"(A) provide within three years after submission of the initial plan that juveniles who are charged with or who have committed offenses that would not be criminal if committed by an adult or offenses (other than an offense that constitutes a violation of a valid court order or a violation of section 922(x) of title 18 or a similar State law), or alien juveniles in custody, or such nonoffenders as dependent or neglected children, shall not be placed in secure detention facilities or secure correctional facilities; and

"(B) provide that the State shall submit annual reports to the Administrator containing a review of the progress made by the State to achieve the deinstitutionalization of juveniles described in subparagraph (A) and a review of the progress made by the State to provide that such juveniles, if placed in facilities, are placed in facilities which (i) are the least restrictive alternatives appropriate to the needs of the child and the community; (ii) are in reasonable proximity to the family and the home communities of such juveniles; and (iii) provide the services described in section 5603(1) of this title;".

Subsec. (a)(13). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (14) as (13). Former par. (13) redesignated (12).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(J), amended par. (13) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (13) read as follows: "provide that juveniles alleged to be or found to be delinquent and youths within the purview of paragraph (12) shall not be detained or confined in any institution in which they have contact with adult persons incarcerated because they have been convicted of a crime or are awaiting trial on criminal charges or with the part-time or full-time security staff (including management) or direct-care staff of a jail or lockup for adults;".

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (15) as (14). Former par. (14) redesignated (13).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(K), amended par. (14) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (14) read as follows: "provide that no juvenile shall be detained or confined in any jail or lockup for adults, except that the Administrator shall, through 1997, promulgate regulations which make exceptions with regard to the detention of juveniles accused of nonstatus offenses who are awaiting an initial court appearance pursuant to an enforceable State law requiring such appearances within twenty-four hours (except in the case of Alaska where such time limit may be forty-eight hours in fiscal years 2000 through 2002) after being taken into custody (excluding weekends and holidays) provided that such exceptions are limited to areas that are in compliance with paragraph (13) and—

"(A)(i) are outside a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area; and

"(ii) have no existing acceptable alternative placement available;

"(B) are located where conditions of distance to be traveled or the lack of highway, road, or other ground transportation do not allow for court appearances within 24 hours, so that a brief (not to exceed 48 hours) delay is excusable; or

"(C) are located where conditions of safety exist (such as severely adverse, life-threatening weather conditions that do not allow for reasonably safe travel), in which case the time for an appearance may be delayed until 24 hours after the time that such conditions allow for reasonably safe travel;".

Subsec. (a)(15). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (16) as (15). Former par. (15) redesignated (14).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(L), substituted "paragraphs (11), (12), and (13)" for "paragraph (12)(A), paragraph (13), and paragraph (14)" and "paragraphs (11) and (12)" for "paragraph (12)(A) and paragraph (13)".

Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (17) as (16). Former par. (16) redesignated (15).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(M), substituted "disability" for "mentally, emotionally, or physically handicapping conditions".

Subsec. (a)(17), (18). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated pars. (18) and (19) as (17) and (18), respectively. Former par. (17) redesignated (16).

Subsec. (a)(19). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (20) as (19). Former par. (19) redesignated (18).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(N), amended par. (19) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (19) read as follows: "provide that fair and equitable arrangements shall be made to protect the interests of employees affected by assistance under this chapter and shall provide for the terms and conditions of such protective arrangements established pursuant to this section, and such protective arrangements shall, to the maximum extent feasible, include, without being limited to, such provisions as may be necessary for—

"(A) the preservation of rights, privileges, and benefits (including continuation of pension rights and benefits) under existing collective-bargaining agreements or otherwise;

"(B) the continuation of collective-bargaining rights;

"(C) the protection of individual employees against a worsening of their positions with respect to their employment;

"(D) assurances of employment to employees of any State or political subdivision thereof who will be affected by any program funded in whole or in part under provisions of this chapter; and

"(E) training or retraining programs;".

Subsec. (a)(20), (21). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated pars. (21) and (22) as (20) and (21), respectively. Former par. (20) redesignated (19).

Subsec. (a)(22). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (23) as (22). Former par. (22) redesignated (21).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(O), amended par. (22) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (22) read as follows: "provide that the State agency designated under paragraph (1) will from time to time, but not less often than annually, review its plan and submit to the Administrator an analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of the programs and activities carried out under the plan, and any modifications in the plan, including the survey of State and local needs, which it considers necessary;".

Subsec. (a)(23). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (24) as (23). Former par. (23) redesignated (22).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(P), amended par. (23) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (23) read as follows: "address efforts to reduce the proportion of juveniles detained or confined in secure detention facilities, secure correctional facilities, jails, and lockups who are members of minority groups if such proportion exceeds the proportion such groups represent in the general population;".

Subsec. (a)(24). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (25) as (24). Former par. (24) redesignated (23).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(Q), amended par. (24) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (24) read as follows: "contain such other terms and conditions as the Administrator may reasonably prescribe to assure the effectiveness of the programs assisted under this subchapter; and".

Subsec. (a)(25). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(T), added par. (25).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (25) as (24).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(R), substituted "fiscal year 2000" for "fiscal year 1992" and a semicolon for period at end.

Subsec. (a)(26) to (28). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(T), added pars. (26) to (28).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(2), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) read as follows:

"(1) Subject to paragraph (2), the Administrator shall approve any State plan and any modification thereof that meets the requirements of this section.

"(2) Failure to achieve compliance with the subsection (a)(12)(A) requirement within the 3-year time limitation shall terminate any State's eligibility for funding under this part for a fiscal year beginning before January 1, 1993, unless the Administrator determines that the State is in substantial compliance with the requirement, through achievement of deinstitutionalization of not less than 75 percent of such juveniles or through removal of 100 percent of such juveniles from secure correctional facilities, and has made, through appropriate executive or legislative action, an unequivocal commitment to achieving full compliance within a reasonable time not exceeding 2 additional years.

"(3) If a State fails to comply with the requirements of subsection (a), (12)(A), (13), (14), or (23) of this section in any fiscal year beginning after January 1, 1993—

"(A) subject to subparagraph (B), the amount allotted under section 5632 of this title to the State for that fiscal year shall be reduced by 25 percent for each such paragraph with respect to which noncompliance occurs; and

"(B) the State shall be ineligible to receive any allotment under that section for such fiscal year unless—

"(i) the State agrees to expend all the remaining funds the State receives under this part (excluding funds required to be expended to comply with section 5632(c) and (d) of this title and with subsection (a)(5)(C) of this section) for that fiscal year only to achieve compliance with any such paragraph with respect to which the State is in noncompliance; or

"(ii) the Administrator determines, in the discretion of the Administrator, that the State—

"(I) has achieved substantial compliance with each such paragraph with respect to which the State was not in compliance; and

"(II) has made, through appropriate executive or legislative action, an unequivocal commitment to achieving full compliance within a reasonable time."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(3), substituted "allocation" for "allotment" and substituted "paragraphs (11), (12), (13), and (22) of subsection (a)" for "subsection (a)(12)(A), (13), (14) and (23)" in two places.

Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(4), added subsecs. (e) and (f).

2000—Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 106–554 inserted "(except in the case of Alaska where such time limit may be forty-eight hours in fiscal years 2000 through 2002)" after "twenty-four hours" in introductory provisions.

1998—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 105–277, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(2)(C)(i)], substituted "units of local government" for "units of general local government" after "participation of" and "units of local government" for "local governments" after "requests of".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 105–277, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(2)(C)(ii)], substituted "units of local government" for "units of general local government" in subpar. (A) and "unit of local government" for "unit of general local government" in subpar. (B).

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 105–277, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(2)(C)(iii)], substituted "unit of local government" for "unit of general local government".

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 105–277, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(2)(C)(iv)], substituted "unit of local government" for "unit of general local government" in introductory provisions.

1996—Subsec. (a)(12)(A). Pub. L. 104–294 substituted "similar State law)" for "similar State law)."

1994—Subsec. (a)(12)(A). Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "(other than an offense that constitutes a violation of a valid court order or a violation of section 922(x) of title 18 or a similar State law)." for "which do not constitute violations of valid court orders".

1992—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(I), substituted "programs and challenge activities subsequent to State participation in part E of this subchapter. The State" for "programs, and the State" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(II), made technical amendment to reference to section 5671 of this title to reflect renumbering of corresponding section of original act.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(III), amended par. (3) generally, revising and restating as subpars. (A) to (E) provisions formerly appearing in text containing unindented subpars. (A) to (F).

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(IV), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), redesignated former cls. (A) to (C) as (i) to (iii), respectively, inserted "(including educational needs)" after "delinquency prevention needs" in two places in cl. (i), and added subpars. (B) to (D).

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(V), inserted "recreation," after "special education,".

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(VI), amended par. (10) generally, revising and restating as introductory provisions and subpars. (A) to (O) provisions of former introductory provisions and subpars. (A) to (L).

Subsec. (a)(12)(A). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(VII), inserted "or alien juveniles in custody," after "court orders,".

Subsec. (a)(13). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(VIII), struck out "regular" before "contact with" and inserted "or with the part-time or full-time security staff (including management) or direct-care staff of a jail or lockup for adults".

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(IX)(bb), (cc), in introductory provisions substituted "1997" for "1993" and "areas that are in compliance with paragraph (13) and" for "areas which", added subpars. (A) to (C), and struck out former subpars. (A) to (C) which read as follows:

"(A) are outside a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area,

"(B) have no existing acceptable alternative placement available, and

"(C) are in compliance with the provisions of paragraph (13);".

Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(IX)(aa), which directed the amendment of par. (14) by striking out "; beginning after the five-year period following December 8, 1980," was executed by striking out ", beginning after the five-year period following December 8, 1980," after "provide that" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(X), amended par. (16) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (16) read as follows: "provide assurance that assistance will be available on an equitable basis to deal with disadvantaged youth including, but not limited to, females, minority youth, and mentally retarded and emotionally or physically handicapped youth;".

Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(XI), substituted "the families" for "and maintain the family units" and "delinquency (which" for "delinquency. Such" and inserted before semicolon "and the provision of family counseling during the incarceration of juvenile family members and coordination of family services when appropriate and feasible)".

Subsec. (a)(25). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(XII)–(XIV), added par. (25).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(ii), amended subsec. (c) generally, revising and restating as pars. (1) to (3) provisions of former pars. (1) to (4).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(iii), inserted ", excluding funds the Administrator shall make available to satisfy the requirement specified in section 5632(d) of this title," and substituted "activities of the kinds described in subsection (a)(12)(A), (13), (14) and (23)" for "the purposes of subsection (a)(12)(A), subsection (a)(13), or subsection (a)(14)" and "subsection (a)(12)(A), (13), (14) and (23)" for "subsection (a)(12)(A) and subsection (a)(13)".

1988—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 100–690, §7263(b)(1), made technical amendment to reference to section 5671 of this title to reflect renumbering of corresponding section of original act.

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 100–690, §7258(a)(1), substituted in introductory provisions "shall be expended" for "shall be expended through", in subpar. (A) substituted "through programs" for "programs" and struck out "and" at end, in subpar. (B) substituted "through programs" for "programs" and inserted "and" after semicolon, and added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (a)(8)(A). Pub. L. 100–690, §7258(a)(2), substituted "relevant jurisdiction (including any geographical area in which an Indian tribe performs law enforcement functions)" for "relevant jurisdiction" and "juvenile crime problems (including the joining of gangs that commit crimes)" for "juvenile crime problems" in two places.

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 100–690, §7258(b), substituted "1993" for "1989", substituted a semicolon for the period at end of subpar. (iii), and redesignated subpars. (i) to (iii) as subpars. (A) to (C), respectively.

Subsec. (a)(23), (24). Pub. L. 100–690, §7258(c), added par. (23) and redesignated former par. (23) as (24).

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 100–690, §7258(d)(1)–(3), designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted "part" for "subpart", and struck out last sentence which read as follows: "Failure to achieve compliance with the requirements of subsection (a)(14) of this section, within the 5-year time limitation shall terminate any State's eligibility for funding under this subpart, unless the Administrator determines that (1) the State is in substantial compliance with such requirements through the achievement of not less than 75 percent removal of juveniles from jails and lockups for adults; and (2) the State has made, through appropriate executive or legislative action, an unequivocal commitment to achieving full compliance within a reasonable time, not to exceed 3 additional years."

Subsec. (c)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 100–690, §7258(d)(4), added pars. (2) to (4).

1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(9), (10), struck out provision after numbered paragraphs which read as follows: "such plan may at the discretion of the Associate Administrator be incorporated into the plan specified in section 3743 of this title. Such plan shall be modified by the State, as soon as practicable after December 8, 1980, in order to comply with the requirements of paragraph (14)."

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(1), substituted "agency described in section 5671(c)(1) of this title" for "criminal justice council established by the State under section 3742(b)(1) of this title".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(2), struck out "(hereafter referred to in this part as the 'State criminal justice council')" before "has or will have authority".

Subsec. (a)(3)(C). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(3)(A), in amending subpar. (C) generally, designated provisions following "representatives of private organizations" as cl. (i) and inserted ", including those with a special focus on maintaining and strengthening the family unit", designated provisions following "which utilize" as cl. (ii) and inserted "representatives of organizations which", added cl. (iii), designated provisions following "business groups" as cl. (iv), designated the remainder of subpar. (C) as cl. (v) and substituted "family, school violence and vandalism, and learning disabilities," for "school violence and vandalism and the problem of learning disabilities; and organizations which represent employees affected by this chapter,".

Subsec. (a)(3)(F). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(3)(B)(i), substituted "agency designated under paragraph (1)" for "criminal justice council" in three places.

Subsec. (a)(3)(F)(ii). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(3)(B)(ii), substituted "paragraphs (12), (13), and (14)" for "paragraph (12)(A) and paragraph (13)".

Subsec. (a)(3)(F)(iv). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(3)(B)(iii), substituted "paragraphs (12), (13), and (14)" for "paragraph (12)(A) and paragraph (13)" and struck out "in advising on the State's maintenance of effort under section 3793a of this title," before "and in review".

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(4), inserted "special education,".

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(5)(A), in provisions preceding subpar. (A), substituted "programs for juveniles, including those processed in the criminal justice system," for "programs for juveniles" and "provide for effective rehabilitation, and facilitate the coordination of services between the juvenile justice and criminal justice systems" for "and provide for effective rehabilitation".

Subsec. (a)(10)(E). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(5)(B), inserted ", including programs to counsel delinquent youth and other youth regarding the opportunities which education provides".

Subsec. (a)(10)(F). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(5)(C), inserted "and their families".

Subsec. (a)(10)(H)(iii). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(5)(D)(i), substituted "National Advisory Committee for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention made before October 12, 1984, standards for the improvement of juvenile justice within the State;" for "Advisory Committee, standards for the improvement of juvenile justice within the State; or".

Subsec. (a)(10)(H)(v). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(5)(D)(ii), (iii), added cl. (v).

Subsec. (a)(10)(I). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(5)(E), struck out "and" at end.

Subsec. (a)(10)(J). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(5)(F), struck out "juvenile gangs and their members" and inserted "gangs whose membership is substantially composed of juveniles".

Subsec. (a)(10)(K), (L). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(5)(G), added subpars. (K) and (L).

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(6), in amending par. (14) generally, inserted ", through 1989," after "shall" and substituted provisions relating to exceptions for former provisions which related to the special needs of areas characterized by low population density with respect to the detention of juveniles and exceptions for temporary detention in adult facilities of juveniles accused of serious crimes against persons.

Subsec. (a)(17), (18). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(11), (12), added par. (17) and redesignated former par. (17) as (18). Former par. (18) redesignated (19).

Subsec. (a)(19). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(11), redesignated par. (18) as (19). Former par. (19) redesignated (20).

Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(7), in provisions preceding (A), substituted "shall be" for "are" after "arrangements" and substituted "chapter and shall provide for the terms and conditions of such protective arrangements established pursuant to this section, and such" for "chapter. Such", inserted "and" at end of subpar. (D), substituted a semicolon for the period at end of subpar. (E), and struck out last sentence, which read as follows: "The State plan shall provide for the terms and conditions of the protection arrangements established pursuant to this section;".

Subsec. (a)(20), (21). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(11), redesignated pars. (19) and (20) as (20) and (21), respectively. Former par. (21) redesignated (22).

Subsec. (a)(22). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(11), redesignated par. (21) as (22). Former par. (22) redesignated (23).

Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(8), substituted "agency designated under paragraph (1)" for "criminal justice council".

Subsec. (a)(23). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(11), redesignated par. (22) as (23).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(b), substituted "agency designated under subsection (a)(1)" for "criminal justice council designated pursuant to section 5633(a) of this title" and "subsection (a)" for "section 5633(a) of this title".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(c), substituted "3" for "2" before "additional years".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(d), made a conforming amendment to the reference to sections 3783, 3784, and 3785 of this title to reflect the renumbering of the corresponding sections of the original act.

1980—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(1), in provisions preceding par. (1), provided for 3-year, rather than annual, plans and annually submitted performance reports which describe the progress in implementing programs contained in the original plan and the status of compliance with State plan requirements.

Pub. L. 96–509, §§11(a)(15)(B), 19(g)(11), in provisions following par. (22), substituted reference to section 3743 of this title for reference to section 3733(a) of this title and inserted provision that plans be modified by States as soon as possible after Dec. 8, 1980, in order to comply with the requirements of par. (14).

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(g)(1), substituted "State criminal justice council established by the State under section 3742(b)(1) of this title" for "State planning agency established by the State under section 3723 of this title".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(g)(2), substituted "criminal justice council" for "planning agency".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A). Pub. L. 96–509, §§11(a)(2), 19(g)(3), provided that State advisory groups shall consist of between 15 and 33 members rather than between 21 and 33 members and substituted "juvenile delinquency" for "a juvenile delinquency".

Subsec. (a)(3)(B). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(3), provided that locally elected officials be included on State advisory groups and made clear that special education departments be included along with other public agencies for representation on State advisory groups.

Subsec. (a)(3)(E). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(4), provided that one-fifth of the members of State advisory groups be under 24 years of age at the time of their appointment, rather than one-third under 26 years of age.

Subsec. (a)(3)(F). Pub. L. 96–509, §§11(a)(5), (6), 19(g)(4), substituted in cl. (i) "criminal justice council" for "planning agency", in cl. (ii) provision that the State advisory groups submit recommendations to the Governor and the legislature at least annually regarding matters related to its functions for provision that the State advisory groups advise the Governor and the legislature on matters related to its functions as requested, in cl. (iii) "criminal justice council" for "planning agency other than those subject to review by the State's judicial planning committee established pursuant to section 3723(c) of this title", in cl. (iv) "criminal justice council and local criminal justice advisory" for "planning agency and regional planning unit supervisory" and "section 3793a of this title" for "sections 3768(b) and 5671(b) of this title", and added cl. (v).

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(7), provided that State juvenile justice plan requirements conform to State criminal justice application requirements and required a State concentration of effort to coordinate State juvenile delinquency programs and policy.

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(8)(A)–(C), in provisions preceding subpar. (A), clarified that the advanced techniques described in this paragraph are to be used to provide community-based alternatives to "secure" juvenile detention and correctional facilities and that advanced techniques can be used for the purpose of providing programs for juveniles who have committed serious crimes, particularly programs designed to improve sentencing procedures, provide resources necessary for informed dispositions, and provide for effective rehabilitation.

Subsec. (a)(10)(A). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(9), inserted provisions for inclusion of education and special education programs among community-based programs and services.

Subsec. (a)(10)(E). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(10), clarified that educational programs included as advanced techniques should be designed to encourage delinquent and other youth to remain in school.

Subsec. (a)(10)(H). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(11), provided that statewide programs through the use of subsidies or other financial incentives to units of local government be designed to (1) remove juveniles from jails and lock-ups for adults, (2) replicate juvenile programs designed as exemplary by the National Institute of Justice, (3) establish and adopt standards for the improvement of juvenile justice within the State, or, (4) increase the use of nonsecure, community-based facilities and discourage the use of secure incarceration and detention.

Subsec. (a)(10)(I). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(12), revised subpar. (I) to provide that advanced technique programs designed to develop and implement projects relating to juvenile delinquency and learning disabilities include on-the-job training programs to assist law enforcement and juvenile justice personnel to more effectively recognize and provide for learning disabled and other handicapped juveniles.

Subsec. (a)(10)(J). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(8)(D), added subpar. (J).

Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(g)(5), substituted "provide" for "provides".

Subsec. (a)(12)(A). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(13), clarified that juveniles who are charged with or who have committed offenses that would not be criminal if committed by an adult shall not be placed in secure detention facilities or secure correctional facilities rather than simply, as formerly, juvenile detention or correctional facilities.

Subsec. (a)(12)(B). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(g)(6), substituted "Administrator" for "Associate Administrator".

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(15)(A), added par. (14). Former par. (14) redesignated (15).

Subsec. (a)(15). Pub. L. 96–509, §§11(a)(14), (15)(A), 19(g)(7), redesignated former par. (14) as (15) and in par. (15) as so redesignated, provided that the annual reporting requirements of the results of the monitoring required by this section can be waived for States which have complied with the requirements of par. (12)(A), par. (13), and par. (14), and which have enacted legislation, conforming to those requirements, which contains, in the opinion of the Administrator, sufficient enforcement mechanisms to ensure that such legislation will be administered effectively and substituted "to the Administrator" for "to the Associate Administrator". Former par. (15) redesignated (16).

Subsec. (a)(16), (17). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(15)(A), redesignated former pars. (15) and (16) as (16) and (17), respectively. Former par. (17) redesignated (18).

Subsec. (a)(18). Pub. L. 96–509, §§11(a)(15)(A), 19(g)(8), redesignated former par. (17) as (18) and, in subpar. (A) of par. (18) as so redesignated, substituted "preservation of rights" for "preservation or rights". Former par. (18) redesignated (19).

Subsec. (a)(19), (20). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(15)(A), redesignated former pars. (18) and (19) as (19) and (20), respectively.

Subsec. (a)(21). Pub. L. 96–509, §§11(a)(15)(A), 19(g)(9), redesignated former par. (20) as (21) and substituted "State criminal justice council will from time to time, but not less often than annually, review its plan and submit to the Administrator" for "State planning agency will from time to time, but not less often than annually, review its plan and submit to the Associate Administrator". Former par. (21) redesignated (22).

Subsec. (a)(22). Pub. L. 96–509, §§11(a)(15)(A), 19(g)(10), redesignated former par. (21) as (22) and substituted "Administrator" for "Associate Administrator".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(g)(12), substituted "criminal justice council" for "planning agency".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(b), made conforming amendment, redefined "substantial compliance" with regard to subsection (a)(12)(A) of this section to include either 75 percent deinstitutionalization of juveniles who are charged with or who have committed offenses that would not be criminal if committed by an adult, or such nonoffenders as dependent or neglected children or the removal of 100 percent of such juveniles from secure correctional facilities, and inserted provision at end defining substantial compliance with regard to subsec. (a)(14) of this section.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 96–509, §§11(c), 19(g)(13), substituted reference to sections 3783, 3784, and 3785 of this title for reference to sections 3757, 3758, and 3759 of this title and provided that redistributed allotments be used for the purposes of subsections (a)(12)(A), (a)(13) or (a)(14) of this section, and further provided that the Administrator shall make such reallocated funds available on an equitable basis to States that have achieved full compliance with the requirements under subsecs. (a)(12)(A) and (a)(13) of this section.

1977—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(1), in introductory text substituted provisions relating to functions under subpar. (F) and participation in the development and review of the plan, for provisions relating to advisement of the State planning agency and its supervisory board, in subpar. (C) inserted provision relating to representatives from business groups and businesses, and in subpar. (E) inserted requirement for at least three of the members to be or have been under the jurisdiction of the juvenile justice system, and added subpar. (F).

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 95–115. §4(c)(2), inserted provisions relating to grants or contracts with local private agencies or the advisory group, and substituted "units of general local government or combinations thereof in" for "local governments in".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(3), substituted provisions relating to requirements respecting expenditure of funds through programs of units of general local government or combinations thereof and programs of local private agencies, for provisions relating to requirements respecting expenditure of funds through programs of local government.

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(4), inserted provision relating to regional planning agency and "unit of general" before "local government".

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(5), inserted provisions relating to programs and projects developed under the study.

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(6)(A)(i), (B), inserted provisions relating to availability of funds to the State advisory group and provisions expanding authorized use of funds to include encouragement of diversity of alternatives within the juvenile justice system and adoption of juvenile justice standards, and substituted reference to unit of general local government or combination of such unit with the State, for reference to local government.

Subsec. (a)(10)(A). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(6)(A)(ii), inserted "twenty-four hour intake screening, volunteer and crisis home programs, day treatment, and home probation," after "health services,".

Subsec. (a)(10)(C). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(6)(A)(iii), substituted "other youth to help prevent delinquency" for "youth in danger of becoming delinquent".

Subsec. (a)(10)(D). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(6)(A)(iv), substituted provisions relating to programs stressing advocacy activities, for provisions relating to programs of drug and alcohol abuse education and prevention and programs for treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicted youth and drug dependent youth as defined in section 201(q) of this title.

Subsec. (a)(10)(G). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(6)(A)(v), inserted "traditional youth" after "reached by".

Subsec. (a)(10)(H). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(6)(A)(vi), substituted "are" for "that may include but are not limited to programs".

Subsec. (a)(10)(I). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(6)(A)(vii), added subpar. (I).

Subsec. (a)(12). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(7), redesignated existing provisions as subpar. (A), substituted provisions relating to detention requirements respecting programs within three years after submission of the initial plan, for provisions relating to detention requirements respecting programs within two years after submission of the plan, and added subpar. (B).

Subsec. (a)(13). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(8), inserted "and youths within the purview of paragraph (12)" after "delinquent".

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 95–115, §§3(a)(3)(B), 4(c)(9), inserted "(A)" after "(12)" and "Associate" before "Administrator" and substituted "facilities, correctional facilities, and non-secure facilities" for "facilities, and correctional facilities".

Subsec. (a)(15). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(10), struck out "all" before "disadvantaged".

Subsec. (a)(19). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(11), struck out ", to the extent feasible and practical" before "the level".

Subsec. (a)(20), (21). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(a)(3)(B), inserted "Associate" before "Administrator" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(12), substituted provisions relating to advice and recommendations for provisions relating to consultations.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(13), inserted provisions relating to failure to achieve compliance with the requirements of subsec. (a)(12)(A) within the three-year time limitation.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(14), inserted provision relating to the State choosing not to submit a plan and provision relating to reallocation of funds by the Administrator.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(15), struck out subsec. (e) which related to reallotment of funds in a State where the State plan fails to meet the requirements of this section as a result of oversight or neglect.

1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–503 substituted "(15), and (17)" for "and (15)" in provisions preceding par. (1).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–385 not applicable with respect to funds appropriated for any fiscal year that begins before Dec. 21, 2018, see section 3 of Pub. L. 115–385, set out as a note under section 11102 of this title.

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–273 effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–294 effective Sept. 13, 1994, see section 604(d) of Pub. L. 104–294, set out as a note under section 13 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–690 effective Oct. 1, 1988, but amendment by section 7258(a) of Pub. L. 100–690 not applicable to a State with respect to a fiscal year beginning before Nov. 18, 1988, if the State plan is approved before such date by the Administrator for such fiscal year, see section 7296(a), (b)(1) of Pub. L. 100–690, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–473 effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 670(a) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–115 effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 263(c) of Pub. L. 93–415, as added by Pub. L. 95–115 and repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449, formerly set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(3)(B), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1052, provided in part that the amendment of subsec. (a)(5) of this section by section 4(c)(3)(B) of Pub. L. 95–115 is effective Oct. 1, 1978.

Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(6)(B), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1053, provided in part that the amendment of subsec. (a)(10) of this section by section 4(c)(6)(B) of Pub. L. 95–115 is effective Oct. 1, 1978.

Savings Provision

Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(B), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4994, provided that: "Notwithstanding the amendment made by subparagraph (A)(ii) [amending this section], section 223(c)(3) of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (42 U.S.C. 5633(c)(3)) [now 34 U.S.C. 11133(c)(3)], as in effect on the day prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 4, 1992], shall remain in effect to the extent that it provides the Administrator authority to grant a waiver with respect to a fiscal year prior to a fiscal year beginning before January 1, 1993."

Termination of Advisory Committees

Advisory committees established after Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period beginning on the date of their establishment, unless, in the case of a committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such committee is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a committee established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided for by law. See section 14 of Pub. L. 92–463, Oct. 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 776, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

¹ So in original. The comma probably should be a semicolon.

² So in original. Probably should be "to enhance".

³ See References in Text note below.

Part C—Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Block Grant Program

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior part C of title II of Pub. L. 93–415 related to national programs, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12210(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1880.

§§11141 to 11146. Repealed. Pub. L. 115–385, title II, §206, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5140

Section 11141, Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §241, as added Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12210(4), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1880, related to authority to make grants. Section was formerly classified to section 5651 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

A prior section 241 of Pub. L. 93–415, title II, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1125; Pub. L. 95–115, §§3(a)(3)(A), (5), 5(a), (f), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1048, 1049, 1056, 1057; Pub. L. 96–509, §19(j), Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2765; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §631, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2118; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7259, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4441; Pub. L. 102–586, §2(g)(1), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4994, related to the National Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12210(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1880.

Section 11142, Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §242, as added Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12210(4), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1884, related to allocation of funds. Section was formerly classified to section 5652 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

A prior section 242 of Pub. L. 93–415, title II, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1126; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7260, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4441; Pub. L. 102–586, §2(g)(2), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4995, related to the information function of the Institute, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12210(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1880.

Section 11143, Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §243, as added Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12210(4), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1884, related to eligibility of States for grants. Section was formerly classified to section 5653 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

A prior section 243 of Pub. L. 93–415, title II, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1126; Pub. L. 95–115, §§3(a)(3)(B), 5(b), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1048, 1057; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §632, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2118; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7261, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4442; Pub. L. 102–586, §2(g)(3), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4995, related to research, demonstration, and evaluation, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12210(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1880.

Section 11144, Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §244, as added Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12210(4), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1885, related to grants given by States for local projects. Section was formerly classified to section 5654 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

A prior section 244 of Pub. L. 93–415, title II, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1127; Pub. L. 95–115, §5(f), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1057; Pub. L. 96–509, §19(k), Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2765; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §633, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2119; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7262, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4442; Pub. L. 102–586, §2(g)(3), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4996; Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(2)(D)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–50, 2681-76, related to technical assistance and training functions, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12210(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1880.

Section 11145, Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §245, as added Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12210(4), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1885, related to eligibility of entities. Section was formerly classified to section 5655 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

A prior section 245 of Pub. L. 93–415, title II, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1127; Pub. L. 95–115, §5(c), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1057; Pub. L. 96–509, §19(l), Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2765, provided for the functions of the Advisory Committee, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §§634, 670(a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2119, 2129, effective Oct. 12, 1984.

Another prior section 245 of Pub. L. 93–415 was classified to section 5659 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–273.

Another prior section 245 of Pub. L. 93–415 was classified to section 5656 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 100–690.

Section, 11146, Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §246, as added Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12210(4), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1886, related to grants to Indian tribes. Section was formerly classified to section 5656 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

A prior section 246 of Pub. L. 93–415, title II, formerly §250, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1128; renumbered §249 and amended Pub. L. 95–115, §§3(a)(3)(B), 5(e)(1), (2)(A), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1048, 1057; Pub. L. 96–509, §19(o), Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2765; renumbered §248 Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §638, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2120; renumbered §246 and amended Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7263(a)(2)(E), (b)(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4443, 4447; Pub. L. 102–586, §2(g)(5), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4996, related to the curriculum for training program, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12210(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1880.

Another prior section 246 of Pub. L. 93–415, title II, formerly §247, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1127; Pub. L. 95–115, §5(d), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1057; renumbered §246 and amended Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §636, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2120, set forth additional functions of the Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §§7263(a)(2)(C), 7296(a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4443, 4463, effective Oct. 1, 1988.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of Repeal

Repeal not applicable with respect to funds appropriated for any fiscal year that begins before Dec. 21, 2018, see section 3 of Pub. L. 115–385, set out as a note under section 11102 of this title.

Part D—Research; Evaluation; Technical Assistance; Training

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior part D of title II of Pub. L. 93–415 related to gang-free schools and communities and gang intervention, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12210(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1880.

§11161. Research and evaluation; statistical analyses; information dissemination

(a) Research and evaluation

(1) The Administrator shall—

(A) annually publish a plan to identify the purposes and goals of all agreements carried out with funds provided under this subsection; and

(B) conduct research or evaluation in juvenile justice matters, for the purpose of providing research and evaluation relating to—

(i) the prevention, reduction, and control of juvenile delinquency and serious crime committed by juveniles;

(ii) the link between juvenile delinquency and the incarceration of members of the families of juveniles;

(iii) successful efforts to prevent status offenders and first-time minor offenders from subsequent involvement with the juvenile justice and criminal justice systems;

(iv) successful efforts to prevent recidivism;

(v) the juvenile justice system;

(vi) juvenile violence;

(vii) the prevalence and duration of behavioral health needs (including mental health, substance abuse, and co-occurring disorders) among juveniles pre-placement and post-placement in the juvenile justice system, including an examination of the effects of secure detention in a correctional facility;

(viii) reducing the proportion of juveniles detained or confined in secure detention facilities, secure correctional facilities, jails, and lockups who are members of minority groups;

(ix) training efforts and reforms that have produced reductions in or elimination of the use of dangerous practices;

(x) methods to improve the recruitment, selection, training, and retention of professional personnel who are focused on the prevention, identification, and treatment of delinquency;

(xi) methods to improve the identification and response to victims of domestic child sex trafficking within the juvenile justice system;

(xii) identifying positive outcome measures, such as attainment of employment and educational degrees, that States and units of local government should use to evaluate the success of programs aimed at reducing recidivism of youth who have come in contact with the juvenile justice system or criminal justice system;

(xiii) evaluating the impact and outcomes of the prosecution and sentencing of juveniles as adults;

(xiv) successful and cost-effective efforts by States and units of local government to reduce recidivism through policies that provide for consideration of appropriate alternative sanctions to incarceration of youth facing nonviolent charges, while ensuring that public safety is preserved;

(xvi) ¹ evaluating services, treatment, and aftercare placement of juveniles who were under the care of the State child protection system before their placement in the juvenile justice system;

(xvii) determining—

(I) the frequency, seriousness, and incidence of drug use by youth in schools and communities in the States using, if appropriate, data submitted by the States pursuant to this subparagraph and subsection (b); and

(II) the frequency, degree of harm, and morbidity of violent incidents, particularly firearm-related injuries and fatalities, by youth in schools and communities in the States, including information with respect to—

(aa) the relationship between victims and perpetrators;

(bb) demographic characteristics of victims and perpetrators; and

(cc) the type of weapons used in incidents, as classified in the Uniform Crime Reports of the Federal Bureau of Investigation; and

(xviii) other purposes consistent with the purposes of this subchapter and subchapter I.

(2) The Administrator shall ensure that an equitable amount of funds available to carry out paragraph (1)(B) is used for research and evaluation relating to the prevention of juvenile delinquency.

(3) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to permit the development of a national database of personally identifiable information on individuals involved in studies, or in data-collection efforts, carried out under paragraph (1)(B)(x).

(4) Not later than 1 year after December 21, 2018, the Administrator shall conduct a study with respect to juveniles who, prior to placement in the juvenile justice system, were under the care or custody of the State child welfare system, and to juveniles who are unable to return to their family after completing their disposition in the juvenile justice system and who remain wards of the State in accordance with applicable confidentiality requirements. Such study shall include—

(A) the number of juveniles in each category;

(B) the extent to which State juvenile justice systems and child welfare systems are coordinating services and treatment for such juveniles;

(C) the Federal and local sources of funds used for placements and post-placement services;

(D) barriers faced by State ² and Indian Tribes in providing services to these juveniles;

(E) the types of post-placement services used;

(F) the frequency of case plans and case plan reviews;

(G) the extent to which case plans identify and address permanency and placement barriers and treatment plans;

(H) a description of the best practices in discharge planning; and

(I) an assessment of living arrangements for juveniles who, upon release from confinement in a State correctional facility, cannot return to the residence they occupied prior to such confinement.

(b) Statistical analyses

The Administrator shall—

(1) plan and identify the purposes and goals of all agreements carried out with funds provided under this subsection; and

(2) undertake statistical work in juvenile justice matters, for the purpose of providing for the collection, analysis, and dissemination of statistical data and information relating to juvenile delinquency and serious crimes committed by juveniles, to the juvenile justice system, to juvenile violence, and to other purposes consistent with the purposes of this subchapter and subchapter I.

(c) Grant authority and competitive selection process

The Administrator may make grants and enter into contracts with public or private agencies, organizations, or individuals and shall use a competitive process, established by rule by the Administrator, to carry out subsections (a) and (b).

(d) Implementation of agreements

A Federal agency that makes an agreement under subsections (a)(1)(B) and (b)(2) with the Administrator may carry out such agreement directly or by making grants to or contracts with public and private agencies, institutions, and organizations.

(e) Information dissemination

The Administrator may—

(1) review reports and data relating to the juvenile justice system in the United States and in foreign nations (as appropriate), collect data and information from studies and research into all aspects of juvenile delinquency (including the causes, prevention, and treatment of juvenile delinquency) and serious crimes committed by juveniles;

(2) establish and operate, directly or by contract, a clearinghouse and information center for the preparation, publication, and dissemination of information relating to juvenile delinquency, including State and local prevention and treatment programs, plans, resources, and training and technical assistance programs; and

(3) make grants and contracts with public and private agencies, institutions, and organizations, for the purpose of disseminating information to representatives and personnel of public and private agencies, including practitioners in juvenile justice, law enforcement, the courts, corrections, schools, and related services, in the establishment, implementation, and operation of projects and activities for which financial assistance is provided under this subchapter.

(f) National recidivism measure

The Administrator, in accordance with applicable confidentiality requirements and in consultation with experts in the field of juvenile justice research, recidivism, and data collection, shall—

(1) establish a uniform method of data collection and technology that States may use to evaluate data on juvenile recidivism on an annual basis;

(2) establish a common national juvenile recidivism measurement system; and

(3) make cumulative juvenile recidivism data that is collected from States available to the public.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §251, as added Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12211, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1888; amended Pub. L. 115–385, title II, §207, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5140.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5661 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(1)(A)(i), substituted "shall" for "may" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(1)(A)(ii), substituted "annually publish a plan to identify" for "plan and identify".

Subsec. (a)(1)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(1)(A)(iii)(I), added cl. (iii) and struck out former cl. (iii) which read as follows: "successful efforts to prevent first-time minor offenders from committing subsequent involvement in serious crime;".

Subsec. (a)(1)(B)(vii). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(1)(A)(iii)(II), added cl. (vii) and struck out former cl. (vii) which read as follows: "appropriate mental health services for juveniles and youth at risk of participating in delinquent activities;".

Subsec. (a)(1)(B)(ix) to (xviii). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(1)(A)(iii)(III), (IV), added cls. (ix) to (xiv) and redesignated former cls. (ix) to (xi) as (xvi) to (xviii), respectively.

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(1)(B)(i), in introductory provisions, substituted "December 21, 2018" for "November 2, 2002" and inserted "in accordance with applicable confidentiality requirements" after "wards of the State".

Subsec. (a)(4)(D). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(1)(B)(ii), inserted "and Indian Tribes" after "State".

Subsec. (a)(4)(H), (I). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(1)(B)(iii)–(v), added subpars. (H) and (I).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(2), substituted "shall" for "may" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(3), added subsec. (f).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–385 not applicable with respect to funds appropriated for any fiscal year that begins before Dec. 21, 2018, see section 3 of Pub. L. 115–385, set out as a note under section 11102 of this title.

Effective Date

Part effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as an Effective Date of 2002 Amendment note under section 11101 of this title.

¹ So in original. There is no cl. (xv).

² So in original. Probably should be "States".

§11162. Training and technical assistance

(a) Training

The Administrator—

(1) shall develop and carry out projects for the purpose of training representatives and personnel of public and private agencies, including practitioners in juvenile justice, law enforcement, courts (including model juvenile and family courts), corrections, schools, and related services, to carry out the purposes specified in section 11102 of this title;

(2) may make grants to and contracts with public and private agencies, institutions, and organizations for the purpose of training representatives and personnel of public and private agencies, including practitioners in juvenile justice, law enforcement, courts (including model juvenile and family courts), corrections, schools, and related services, to carry out the purposes specified in section 11102 of this title; and

(3) shall provide periodic training for States regarding implementation of the core requirements, current protocols and best practices for achieving and monitoring compliance, and information sharing regarding relevant Office resources on evidence-based and promising programs or practices that promote the purposes of this chapter.

(b) Technical assistance

The Administrator—

(1) shall develop and implement projects for the purpose of providing technical assistance to representatives and personnel of public and private agencies and organizations, including practitioners in juvenile justice, law enforcement, courts (including model juvenile and family courts), corrections, schools, and related services, in the establishment, implementation, and operation of programs, projects, and activities for which financial assistance is provided under this subchapter, including compliance with the core requirements;

(2) may make grants to and contracts with public and private agencies, institutions, and organizations, for the purpose of providing technical assistance to representatives and personnel of public and private agencies, including practitioners in juvenile justice, law enforcement, courts (including model juvenile and family courts), corrections, schools, and related services, in the establishment, implementation, and operation of programs, projects, and activities for which financial assistance is provided under this subchapter;

(3) shall provide technical assistance to States and units of local government on achieving compliance with the amendments to the core requirements and State Plans made by the Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 2018, including training and technical assistance and, when appropriate, pilot or demonstration projects intended to develop and replicate best practices for achieving sight and sound separation in facilities or portions of facilities that are open and available to the general public and that may or may not contain a jail or a lock-up; and

(4) shall provide technical assistance to States in support of efforts to establish partnerships between a State and a university, institution of higher education, or research center designed to improve the recruitment, selection, training, and retention of professional personnel in the fields of medicine, law enforcement, the judiciary, juvenile justice, social work and child protection, education, and other relevant fields who are engaged in, or intend to work in, the field of prevention, identification, and treatment of delinquency.

(c) Training and technical assistance to mental health professionals and law enforcement personnel

The Administrator shall provide training and technical assistance to mental health professionals and law enforcement personnel (including public defenders, prosecutors, police officers, probation officers, judges, parole officials, and correctional officers) to address or to promote the development, testing, or demonstration of promising or innovative models (including model juvenile and family courts), programs, or delivery systems that address the needs of status offenders and juveniles who are alleged or adjudicated delinquent and who, as a result of such status, are placed in secure detention or confinement or in nonsecure residential placements.

(d) Best practices regarding legal representation of children

In consultation with experts in the field of juvenile defense, the Administrator shall—

(1) share best practices that may include sharing standards of practice developed by recognized entities in the profession, for attorneys representing children; and

(2) provide a State, if it so requests, technical assistance to implement any of the best practices shared under paragraph (1).

(e) Best practices for status offenders

Based on the available research and State practices, the Administrator shall—

(1) disseminate best practices for the treatment of status offenders with a focus on reduced recidivism, improved long-term outcomes, and limited usage of valid court orders to place status offenders in secure detention; and

(2) provide a State, on request, technical assistance to implement any of the best practices shared under paragraph (1).

(f) Training and technical assistance for local and State juvenile detention and corrections personnel

The Administrator shall coordinate training and technical assistance programs with juvenile detention and corrections personnel of States and units of local government—

(1) to promote methods for improving conditions of juvenile confinement, including methods that are designed to minimize the use of dangerous practices, unreasonable restraints, and isolation and methods responsive to cultural differences; and

(2) to encourage alternative behavior management techniques based on positive youth development approaches that may include methods responsive to cultural differences.

(g) Training and technical assistance to support mental health or substance abuse treatment including home-based or community-based care

The Administrator shall provide training and technical assistance, in conjunction with the appropriate public agencies, to individuals involved in making decisions regarding the disposition and management of cases for youth who enter the juvenile justice system about the appropriate services and placement for youth with mental health or substance abuse needs, including—

(1) juvenile justice intake personnel;

(2) probation officers;

(3) juvenile court judges and court services personnel;

(4) prosecutors and court-appointed counsel; and

(5) family members of juveniles and family advocates.

(h) Training and technical assistance to support juvenile court judges and personnel

The Attorney General, acting through the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention and the Office of Justice Programs in consultation with entities in the profession, shall provide directly, or through grants or contracts, training and technical assistance to enhance the capacity of State and local courts, judges, and related judicial personnel to—

(1) improve the lives of children currently involved in or at risk of being involved in the juvenile court system; and

(2) carry out the requirements of this chapter.

(i) Free and reduced price school lunches for incarcerated juveniles

The Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture, shall provide guidance to States relating to existing options for school food authorities in the States to apply for reimbursement for free or reduced price lunches under the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act (42 U.S.C. 1751 et seq.) for juveniles who are incarcerated and would, if not incarcerated, be eligible for free or reduced price lunches under that Act.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §252, as added Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12211, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1890; amended Pub. L. 115–385, title II, §208, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5142.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a)(3) and (h)(2), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 93–415, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1109, known as the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1974 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

The Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 2018, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), is Pub. L. 115–385, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5123. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2018 Amendment note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

The Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act, referred to in subsec. (i), is act June 4, 1946, ch. 281, 60 Stat. 230, which is classified generally to chapter 13 (§1751 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1751 of Title 42 and Tables.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5662 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–385, §208(1)(A), struck out "may" after "Administrator" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–385, §208(1)(B), inserted "shall" before "develop and carry out projects" and struck out "and" at end.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 115–385, §208(1)(C), inserted "may" before "make grants to and contracts with" and substituted "; and" for period at end.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 115–385, §208(1)(D), added par. (3).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–385, §208(2)(A), struck out "may" after "Administrator" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–385, §208(2)(B), inserted "shall" before "develop and implement projects" and ", including compliance with the core requirements" after "this subchapter" and struck out "and" at end.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 115–385, §208(2)(C), inserted "may" before "make grants to and contracts with" and substituted semicolon for period at end.

Subsec. (b)(3), (4). Pub. L. 115–385, §208(2)(D), added pars. (3) and (4).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–385, §208(3), inserted "prosecutors," after "public defenders," and "status offenders and" after "needs of".

Subsecs. (d) to (i). Pub. L. 115–385, §208(4), added subsecs. (d) to (i).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–385 not applicable with respect to funds appropriated for any fiscal year that begins before Dec. 21, 2018, see section 3 of Pub. L. 115–385, set out as a note under section 11102 of this title.

Part E—Developing, Testing, and Demonstrating Promising New Initiatives and Programs

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior part E of title II of Pub. L. 93–415 related to State challenge activities, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12210(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1880.

§11171. Grants and projects

(a) Authority to make grants

The Administrator may make grants to and contracts with States, units of general local government, Indian tribal governments, public and private agencies, organizations, and individuals, or combinations thereof, to carry out projects for the development, testing, and demonstration of promising initiatives and programs for the prevention, control, or reduction of juvenile delinquency. The Administrator shall ensure that, to the extent reasonable and practicable, such grants are made to achieve an equitable geographical distribution of such projects throughout the United States.

(b) Use of grants

A grant made under subsection (a) may be used to pay all or part of the cost of the project for which such grant is made.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §261, as added Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12212, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1891.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5665 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 261 of title II of Pub. L. 93–415, as added Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7263(a)(2)(F), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4443; amended Pub. L. 102–586, §2(g)(7), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 5000, related to authority to make grants and contracts, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12210(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1880.

Another prior section 261 of Pub. L. 93–415 was renumbered section 299 and was classified to section 11181 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–385, title IV, §402(c)(1), Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5160.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Part effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as an Effective Date of 2002 Amendment note under section 11101 of this title.

§11172. Grants for technical assistance

The Administrator may make grants to and contracts with public and private agencies, organizations, and individuals to provide technical assistance to States, units of general local government, Indian tribal governments, local private entities or agencies, or any combination thereof, to carry out the projects for which grants are made under section 11171 of this title.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §262, as added Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12212, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1891.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5666 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 262 of Pub. L. 93–415 was classified to section 5665a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–273.

Another prior section 262 of Pub. L. 93–415 was renumbered section 299A and is classified to section 11182 of this title.

§11173. Eligibility

To be eligible to receive a grant made under this part, a public or private agency, Indian tribal government, organization, institution, individual, or combination thereof shall submit an application to the Administrator at such time, in such form, and containing such information as the Administrator may reasonably require by rule.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §263, as added Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12212, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1891.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5667 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 263 of Pub. L. 93–415 was set out as notes under section 5601 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to repeal and editorial reclassification of section 5601 of Title 42 as section 11101 of this title. See Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note and Effective Date note under section 11101 of this title.

§11174. Reports

Recipients of grants made under this part shall submit to the Administrator such reports as may be reasonably requested by the Administrator to describe progress achieved in carrying out the projects for which such grants are made.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §264, as added Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12212, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1891.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5668 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Part F—General and Administrative Provisions

Editorial Notes

Codification

Part F of title II of Pub. L. 93–415, classified to this part, was formerly part I of title II of Pub. L. 93–415, prior to redesignation as part F by Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12210(3), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1880.

Pub. L. 102–586, §2(i)(1)(A), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 5006, redesignated part E of title II of Pub. L. 93–415 as I.

Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7266(1), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449, redesignated part D of title II of Pub. L. 93–415 as E and substituted "General and Administrative Provisions" for "Administrative Provisions".

Prior Provisions

A prior part F of title II of Pub. L. 93–415 related to treatment for juvenile offenders who are victims of child abuse or neglect, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12210(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1880.

§11181. Repealed. Pub. L. 115–385, title IV, §402(c)(1), Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5160